2014年四川大学管理科学与工程考博真题
四川大学管理学真题_2000-2021_
川大行管考研真题总结——管理学一. 名词解释2012年1、直线职权于参谋职权2、网络技术计划3、组织结构4、经济人5、科学管理理论6、人本管理2011年（每小题5分，共30分）1、组织社会责任2、韦伯“官僚制”3、预测4、职能职权5、审计控制6、高效能团队1、矩阵式组织结构2、反馈控制3、管理层次与管理幅度4、管理的两重性5、德尔菲法6、首长负责制与委员会制2009年1、管理创新2、头脑风暴法3、权变组织机构4、强化理论5、控制关键点6、不确定性决策2008年1、管理的技术方法2、滚动计划法3、矩阵式组织4、期望理论5、现场控制6、制度创新2007年1、管理2、激励3、效益原理4、前馈控制5、组织结构6、管理伦理2006年1、责任原理2、组织设计3、预算控制4、集体决策5、授权6、管理创新2005年1、目标管理2、决策3、控制4、公平理论5、管理6、组织文化其它较早年份汇总1、霍桑试验2、双因素论3、管理方格图4、德尔菲法5、管理幅度二、判断分析2012年2.扁平化组织是未来的组织模式，所以所有的组织都应采取扁平化组织2011年1.群体决策优于个人决策2.最简单有效的控制方法就是实施自我控制1、相对于组织的管理目标而言，组织的资源总是有限的。
2、领导者就是拥有管理权力的人。
2009年1、委员会管理的效率高于个人管理。
2、为了实现创新的目标，必须实现颠覆性的变革。
2008年1、人具有社会性，所以现代管理学认为被管理者都是“社会人”。
2、自然环境是管理者面对的唯一的管理环境因素。
2007年1、管理必须注重科学性与艺术性的结合。
2、管理学中的领导就是指领导者。
3、按照亚当斯密的观点，分工可以带来效率的大大提高就是因为节约了工作时间。
2006年1、管理人员可以充分地利用非正式沟通为自己服务，比如管理人员可以将自己所需要传递但又不便从正式渠道传递信息，利用非正式渠道进行传递。
2、根据霍桑试验证明人是“复杂人”，是复杂的社会关系的成员，因此，要发动员工的积极性，还必须从社会、心理方面去努力。
2007-2014年四川大学考博试题 专业课一 资本论》研究与市场经济
2007-2014年四川大学考博试题专业课一《资本论》研究与市场经济2007年考题1、马克思的商品理论及其现实意义2、马克思的扩大再生产理论3、马克思的收入分配理论与西方经济学的收入分配理论比较2008年考题1、马克思的货币理论及其现实意义？（30分）2、马克思的资本循环和周转理论及其现实意义？（30分）3、马克思经济危机理论和西方经济危机理论的比较？（40分）2009年考题1、论马克思经济危机理论及其2008年的全球金融危机？（40分）2、论马克思的地租理论及其现实意义？（30分）3、论劳动力价格是如何形成的？（30分）2010年考题1、比较马克思劳动价值论和效用价值论？（40分）2、马克思的平均利润及其生产价格理论及其现实意义。
（30分）3、论马克思的社会资本再生产理论。
（30分）2011年考题1、比较马克思通货膨胀理论和西方通货膨胀理论。
（40分）2、马克思工资理论及其现实意义。
（30分）3、论马克思虚拟资本理论及其现实意义。
（30分）2012年考题1、论马克思价格理论以及应用2、论马克思地租理论及其现实意义3、试比较马克思失业理论与西方经济学失业理论2013年考题1、论马克思通货膨胀理论与西方货币主义学派通货膨胀理论的异同2、论马克思价值生产与分配理论及其现实意义3、论马克思资本循环与周转理论及其现实意义2014年考题1、论马克思劳动力再生产理论及其现实意义2、试比较马克思土地所有权理论和西方经济产权理论的不同3、论社会总产品实现与中国经济结构调整四川大学博士入学考试参考书：专业课一《资本论》研究与市场经济1、《资本运行论——资本论与市场经济》弓孟谦北京大学出版社2、《经济理论比较研究》洪远朋复旦大学出版社3、《资本论》的现代解析洪银兴经济科学出版社3、《资本论》教程简编洪远朋复旦大学出版社。
四川大学历年考博英语翻译题答案
2004 答案1.英译汉第一次世界大战和经济大萧条迫使人们不得不重新冷静地评价来势迅猛的技术大爆炸。
一种思想派别——技术决定主义认为，现代社会再也不是19世纪及20世纪初期的工业年代了。
他们说，后工业时代社会已经成为一种现实。
先进电子技术所带来的复杂的社会技术网络已经使国家的政府机构，资本主义性质的公司和人口拥挤的城市失去原有的作用。
2.汉译英Moon gazing is an ancient art. To prehistoric hunters their understanding of the moon overhead was a unerring as heartbeat. They knew that every 29 days it became full-bellied and brilliant, then sickened and died, and then was the reborn. They knew that the waxing moon appeared larger and higher overhead after each succeeding sunset while the waning moon rose later each night until it vanished in the sunrise.2003 答案1.英译汉：现在，城市化比以前任何时候都更有影响。
它是世界性的，到处都可以感受到它的影响。
联合国的统计数字表明，在约30年的时间里，全世界过半的人口将住在城市里。
这是个具有深远意义的转变，也许是人类史的一个重要里程碑并将以现在无法想象的方式去影响着人类和大自然。
整个人类的定居史都与地形学和资源有着密切的联系。
直到几个世纪之前，人类定居模式还是主要由农业、渔业、采矿业、水利和国防而定。
城镇和村落相继发展成了商业和市场中心，服务于落后地区。
2014年同等学力申硕《管理科学与工程学科综合水平考试》真题及答案
2014年同等学力申硕《管理科学与工程学科综合水平考试》真题及答案一、单项选择题（每小题1分，共16分）1.下列样本统计量中受奇异点的影响最小的是（D）。
A.均值B.方差C.标准差D.中位数【答案】D【解析】奇异点，即样本中的极端值。
D项，中位数是一组数据排序后处于中间位置上的变量值，是位置平均数，不受极端值的影响。
2.下面图形工具中可以用来分析两个变量之间的相关性的是（B）。
A.直方图B.散点图C.茎叶图D.饼状图【答案】B【解析】B项，散点图是用二维坐标展示两个变量之间关系的一种图形，可以用来分析两个变量之间的相关性。
A项，直方图又称质量分布图，是由一系列高度不等的纵向条纹或线段表示数据分布的情况；C项，茎叶图是反映原始数据分布的图形；D项，饼图显示一个数据系列，这些数据源自数据表的行或列。
ACD三项都是用来描述单变量数据特征的图形工具，不可以用来分析两个变量之间的相关性。
3.有一种领导理论，它将领导方式分为四类，即命令式、说服式、参与式和授权式。
这种领导理论是（C）。
高级管理学P390A.管理方格理论B.权变理论C.领导的生命周期理论D.特质理论【答案】C【解析】C项，领导的生命周期理论将领导方式分为：命令式、说服式、参与式和授权式。
A项，管理方格理论将领导方式分为：贫乏型、乡村俱乐部型、中庸之道型、团队型；B项，权变理论认为有效的领导是由领导者、被领导者和环境条件三者决定的；D项，领导特质理论认为领导的有效性取决于领导个人特征。
4.企业管理层次的差异决定了目标体系的垂直高度。
这样，企业目标就成了一个有层次的体系和网络，即是目标的（A）。
A.层次性B.多重性C.变动性D.组织性【答案】A【解析】目标的特征包括：①目标的层次性，②目标的多重性，③目标的网络性，④目标的时间性。
其中，目标的层次性是指组织目标一般要进行分解，以使组织中不同层次的员工明白应当做什么才有助于总体目标的实现。
5.明茨伯格认为，战略是由5种规范的定义阐明的。
四川大学考试试题(A闭卷)
四川大学考试试题（A闭卷）（20 11 ——20 12 学年第 1 学期）课程号：303023060课序号：课程名称：电机学任课教师：曾成碧、赵莉华、张代润、苗虹适用专业年级：电气学生人数：印题份数：学号：姓名：成绩：注：1试题字迹务必清晰，书写工整。
本题 2 页，本页为第 1 页2 题间不留空，一般应题卷分开教务处试题编号：3务必用A4纸打印12.直流发电机经 装置，将电枢线圈的交流感应电动势转换为直流电动势。
13.同步电机电枢反应性质取决于 ；直流电机电枢反应的性质则取决于 。
二、简答题（37分）1．用相量图判断图示变压器的连接组别。
（6分）1） 2）2. 试比较三相对称负载时同步发电机的电枢磁势和励磁磁势的性质，它们的大小、位置和转速各由哪些因素决定的？（6分）3. 画出异步电动机的“T ”型等效电路图，说明各参数的物理意义。
并说明等效电路中的参数 '21s r s -能否用电容或者电感代替？（6分）4. 画出一台并联于无穷大电网运行的发电机的V 形曲线图并加以简单说明。
如果该同步发电机的负载电流超前于电压一个相角，如逐渐减小其励磁电流，试问电枢电流如何变化？（7分）5．一同步发电机单独带感性负载，在额定转速并保持励磁电流不变的情况，试画出其端电压随负载电流之间的变化曲线，并说明原因（6分）6.一台直流发电机在额定转速下的空载电动势为230V （等于额定电压），试分析当磁通减少10%或者转速增加20%时，电动势分别变为多少？（6）三、计算题（共28分）1.一台三相电机，极对数p=2，三相绕组的有效匝数均为1100w NK = 匝，通入的电流为0028.2sin ,28.2sin(240),28.2sin(120)A B C i tA i t A i t A ωωω==-=-，已知三相绕组轴线顺时针排列，请画出0150t ω=瞬间，基波合成磁势的位置及旋转方向（方法不限），并写出幅值大小。
2014年四川大学博士入学考试英语真题及答案
2014年四川大学博士入学考试英语真题及答案I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet allthis oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or tofall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems the never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ____.[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society[D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.[A] they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those ____.[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors[D] who could dip fir away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should ____.[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D] take the fundamental realities for granted5. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ____.[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction[C] suspicion [D] susceptibilityPassage TwoThe government-run command post in Tunis is staffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows that painstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowly desert locust（蝗虫）. In recent moths, billions of the 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening the sky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is already creating great destruction in the Middle East and is now treating southern Europe. The current crisis began in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan, making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust, which lays its eggs in the earth. The insect onslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite a tenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. A good-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up 100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a single night.All $150 million may be needed this year. The U.S. has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000 gal. of pesticide. The European Community has donated $3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. But relief efforts are hampered by the relative mildness of approved pesticides, which quickly lose their deadly punch and require frequent replications. The most effective locust killer Dieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ____.[A] the command post is stationed with people all the time.[B] the command post is crowded with people all the time.[C] there are clocks around the command post.[D] the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.7. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ____.[A] rich soil.[B] wet land[C] spaces covered crops and vegetation[D] the Red Sea8. People are alert at the threat of the locust because ____.[A] the insects are likely to create another African famine.[B] the insects may blacken the sky.[C] the number of the insects increases drastically.[D] the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.9. Which of the following is true?[A] Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.[B] Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectiveness of certain pesticides.[C] Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has been widely accepted in many countries.[D] Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated withlocust-killing chemicals by the end of June.10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ____.[A] to devise antilocust plans.[B] to wipe out the swarms in two years.[C] to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.[D] to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.Passage ThreeThe London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sports ship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push the International Olympic Committee to appoint an “ethics champion” for future Games.The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow’s sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest.Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disaster that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have been settled in full.Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to acting as moral guardian of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games.In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010.But McCarthy also defended the commission’s role in evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue.“What has been lost in all of this story is that a really excellent, sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locog’s examination of Dow Chemical’s current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that.” said McCarthy.“As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done to the victims. Who is responsible for that injustice is a matter for the courts and a matter for others. We have a specific remit and terms of reference that we operate under and we have operated diligently under those terms.”The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It finds that “good press” has been made to wands many of Locog’s sustainability target, but that “major challenges” remain.In particular, the commission found that there was no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical.“We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation if they’re not going to do it through renewable energy,” said McCarthy. “There are some good initiatives, butquite frankly they just haven’t done it.”11. Why was Dow’s sponsorship criticized according to the passage?[A] The products are not sustainable.[B] It was related to Bhopal disaster.[C] It bribed the London Olympic committee.[D] It can’t reduce 20% of the carbon emission.12. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?[A] Commission’s role[B] Commission’s achievements[C] Commission’s complaints[D] Commission’s defense13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word “row”(Para. 1)?[A] line [B] argument[C] boating [D] course14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability target mentioned in the passage?[A] Ethic champion of the games.[B] Reduction in carbon emissions.[C] The wind turbine proved to be impractical.[D] Renewable energy is not available.15. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?[A] Commission defends its own role in evaluating controversial.[B] Dow’s way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.[C] Campaign against Dow’s sponsorship.[D] IOC’s review on the controversy.Passage FourAs Facebook dominates the news with its initial public offering, activists are seizing the moment to pressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to its white-male board.A women’s rights group called Ultraviolet, which has been running an online petition that claims to have attracted more than 50,000 signatures, is escalating its push, posting a new YouTube video called “Do Women Have a Future at Facebook?”. The video shows photos of successful women such as Hillary Clinton getting their heads cropped off the replaced with the smiling face of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.“Facebook has grown off the backs of women, who make up the majority of its users and are responsible for the majority of sharing and fan activity on the site,” the group says in a blurb accompanying the video. An all-male board, the group says, is “not just wrong, it’s bad for business”. Arelated campaign, called Face It, criticizes the lack of ethnic diversity on the seven-member board. “seven white men: That’s ridiculous,” the group says on its homepage, along side headshots of the men. The campaign, whichlists dozens of human-rights groups and corporate executives as supporters, also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it, Facebook”, the video cites a recent Zuckerberg letter to investors that says:“Facebook was notoriginally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a social mission-to make the world more open and connected.”That message is at odds with the pale-faced board, activists say. Susan Stautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, an organization forfemale corporate board members, says Zuckerberg’s thinking is flawed. “If you’re trying to expand a company globally, then you want someone on theboard who has built a global brand,” she says. “Most of these guys on Facebook’s board all have the same skills-they’re mostly from Silicon Valley and Washington. You want someone who has worked in China and India and rising markets. You want someone who has marketed to women. When you’re putting together a board, you don’t want your best friends, you want the best people.”Having zero female directors does not appear to be a good business plan, research shows. Companies with women on the board perform substantially better than companies with all-mall boards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500 companies conducted by the research group Catalyst. The study showed that over the course of four to five years, companies with three or more female board members, on average, outperformed companies with no female board members by 84 percent when it came to return on sales and by 60 percent when it came toreturn on invested capital.Facebook may secretly be on the lookout for a female board member, according to a recent Bloomberg report. Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg said Facebook had enlisted the corporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to help seek some diversity. Spencer Stuary says it does not comment on clients due to confidentiality agreements.16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about the Ultraviolet Group?[A] It is a non-government organization.[B] It is appealing for “more female roles in big corporations likeFacebook” through the Internet.[C] It has the support of many female celebrities such as Hillary Clinton.[D] It is getting more and more support from the society.17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about the campaign “Face It”?[A] It pointed out the irrational composition of Facebook’s board of directors.[B] The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.[C] It indicated the original objective of Zuckerberg’s establishment of Facebook.[D] It is constantly using other media devices to support Facebook.18. The underlined phrase “at odds with” in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning of ____.[A] against all odds [B] supported by[C] disagree with [D] waifs and strays19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should _____.[A] have a complex system of management.[B] possess the most market globally.[C] have your best and close friends as your board members.[D] have a diverse board member in which everyone has his/her ownspecialties and can contribute different skills into the corporation.20. What will probably happen to Facebook?[A] The corporation will turn to Spencer Stuart for recruiting more female board members.[B] The corporation will dominate the news because its worldwide popularity.[C] The corporation will gradually lose its users because it does not havefemale board members.[D] None of the above.Passage FiveFor this generation of young people, the future looks bleak. Only one in six is working full time. Three out of five live with their parents or other relatives. A large majority-73 percent-think they need more education to find a successful career, but only half of those say they will definitely enroll in the next few years. No, they are not the idle youth of Greece or Spain or Egypt. They are the youth of America, the world’s richest country, who do not have college degrees and aren’t getting them anytime soon. Whatever the sob stories about recent college graduates spinning their wheels as baristas or clerks, the situation for their less-educated peers is far worse. For this group, finding work that pays a living wage and offers some sense of security has been elusive.Despite the continuing national conversation about whether college is worth it given the debt burden it entails, most high school graduates without college degrees said they believe they would be unable to get good jobs without more education.Getting it is challenging, though, and not only because of formidable debt levels. Ms. McClour and her husband, Andy, have two daughters under 3 and another due next month. She said she tried enrolling in college classes, but the workload became too stressful with such young children. Mr. McClour works at a gas station. He hates his work and wants to study phlebotomy, but the nearest school is an hour and half away.Many of these young people had been expecting to go to college since they started high school, perhaps anticipating that employers would demand skillshigh schools do not teach. Just one in ten high school graduates without college degrees said they were “extremely well prepared by their high school to succeed in their job after graduation.” These young people worried about getting left behind and were pessimistic about reaching some of the milestones that make up the American dream. More than half-56 percent-of high school graduates without college diplomas said that their generation would have less financial success than their parents. About the same share believed they would find work that offered health insurance within that time frame. Slightly less than half of respondents said the next few years would bring work with good job security or a job with earnings that were high “enough to lead a comfortable life”. They were similarly pessimistic about being able to start a family or buy a home.The online survey was conducted between March 21 and April 2, and covered a nationally representative survey of 544 high school graduates from the classes of 2006-11 who did not have bachelor’s degrees. The margin of sampling error was plus or minus 5 percentage points.21. What does the underlined phrase “spinning their wheels” mean in Paragraph 1?[A] fastening the pace [B] confusing the situation[C] asking for help [D] scooting out22. What will the high school graduates probably do according to the article?[A] Find jobs right after graduation.[B] Receive further study in college.[C] Go to join the national conversation.[D] Pay for the debt.23. What does the story of “Andy and Ms. McClour” try to inform us?[A] They both prefer making money to education.[B] Colleges do not accept students who are married and have children.[C] Although people are eager to join in the college, life burden may block in the way.[D] None of the above.24. What is the financial outlook for this generation compared with their parents?[A] They have a prosperous outlook compared with the last generation.[B] Their financial situation is not as successful as their parents.[C] It depends on how hard they work and their educational background.[D] Not mentioned in the article.25. What can we infer from the last sentence?[A] The online survey is done nationally.[B] The result of the survey is completely trustworthy.[C] There is more or less inaccuracy of the survey.[D] The survey will have a continuous part coming soon.Passage SixSome 60 years ago, George Orwell wrote an allegorical novel, called Nineteen Eighty-Four, to describe life in a futuristic Britain under a oneparty police-sate presided over by an all-powerful figure known as Big Brother. One of the fealures of the nasty world described by Orwell was its systematic misuse of language, which went by the name of “Newspeak”. By re-defining words and endlessly repeating them, the Ministry of Truth through the Thought Police was able to control what people thought, and through that, their actions. Language was instrumental in destroying the culture.The same technique is being used by different people today, with similar effects. In all areas of public administration, the words “spouse”, “husband” and “wife” have been replace by the word “partner”, althoughthe words are subtly but substantially different in meaning, and conveydifferent realities. In some schools and university departments, feminist ideologues have dictated that the personal pronoun “he” must not be used,and is replaced by the word “they”, which means something different. Theword “homophobic”, which just a few years ago was used to describe a person who supported vigilante action against homosexuals, is now being used to describe anyone who defends the universal definition of marriage.Although the transformation of language is seen most obviously aroundsocial issues, it is also being used systematically to shape political debate. So, we are told that the federal government is introducing a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, which is newspeak for its new carbon tax. The fact is thatthe new tax is not remotely concerned with “carbon pollution” at all, but rather with emissions of the gas CO2 which is not a pollutant by any credible definition, but rather, an essential building block in every cell in everyliving plant and creature. By the government’s own admission, it will notlead to any reduction in CO2 levels, either in Australia or globally. And the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme is being introduced in Australia at the same time the government is expanding exports of coal, which is virtually 100 percent carbon, to countries such as China.We live in a society in which the ordinary meaning of words is being systematically manipulated by spin-doctors and ideologues, as a means of changing the way people think, and, more fundamentally, the way they act. Language is an important part of the culture wars. For those of us who seethis as a challenge to the foundations of society, it is important that we identify the problem and expose it.It is clearly preferable to avoid using the new debased, transformed language of the politically-correct left, although this can be difficult in situations where constant usage has already normalized it, as has happened with the term “same-sex marriage”. The alternative phrase, “same-sex unions”, has a different meaning. When such terms are used, they should be identified for what they are: a form of linguistic dishonesty, designed to undermine existing institutions and transform them.26. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about George Orwell’s allegorical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?[A] It describes a story that happens in the future.[B] One of the features in the novel is the misuse of language.[C] It is the most famous detective novel in the world.[D] It was written in the 20th century.27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of misuse of language?[A] Feminists insist “he” be replaced by “they”.[B] “Partner” has taken the place of “husband” and “wife”.[C] “Homophobic” is now being employed to refer to defend conventionalunderstanding of marriage.[D] The meaning of “literacy” is no longer restricted to the ability to read and write.28. The example of carbon pollution is used to illustrate _______.[A] transformation of language is usually seen in social issues.[B] transformation of language is also tracked in political debate.[C] transformation of language is generated in the age of information.[D] transformation of language is legitimate to a certain extent.29. The underlined word “credible” in Para. 3 means ______.[A] reliable [B] correct[C] beneficial [D] provable30. According to the passage, transformed language serves to _______.[A] make people sound fashionable[B] change the way people think and act[C] eliminate discrimination against minorities[D] None of the aboveII. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each)31. The town was flooded when the river burst its banks. To make it worse, thestorm _____ outside.[A] raided [B]ragged [C] raged [D]reaped32. My new laptop can _____ information much more quickly than my old computer.[A] proceed [B] precede [C] produce [D] process33. The country’s failure to abide by the Kyoto Protocol was _____ in all newspapers.[A] announced [B] denounced [C] renounced [D] trounced34. The company has _____ over three decades into a multi-million dollar organization.[A] evolved [B] revolved [C] involved [D] devolved35. We would like to _____ our customers of the best possible service.[A] assure [B] ensure [C] insure [D] ensue36. The government has promised to offer 10 million of emergency food aid tohelp ______ the famine in this region.[A] release [B] relate [C] reveal [D]relieve37. The course _____ two years’ training into six intensive months.[A] impresses [B] compresses [C] depresses [D] represses38. Make sure you pour the juice into the glass without _____ it.[A] splitting [B] spilling [C] spinning [D] spitting39. The vast majority of people in any culture _____ to the established standard of that culture.[A] confine [B] conform [C] confront [D] confirm40. Tom pointed out that the living standard of urban and _____ people continued to improve.[A] remote [B] municipal [C] rural [D] provincial41. The Egyptians _____ an area almost equal to France and Spain combined.[A] dwell [B] settle [C] reside [D] inhabit42. I’m going to have to take these clothes off, for I’m _____ to the skin![A] dipped [B] soaked [C] immersed [D] submerged43. The WHO has to come up with new and effective measures to _____ his nextmove in the game.[A] limit [B] cut [C] curb [D] keep44. My grandfather sat back in his chair for a few minutes to _____ his next move in the game.[A] think [B] ponder [C] reflect [D] dwell45. At this school we aim to _____ the minds of all the students by reading.[A] cultivate [B] instruct [C] teach [D] coach46. Most doctors _____ on a diet which contains a lot of fat.[A] criticize [B] object [C] oppose [D] frown47. Since you intend to sell your house, how will you _____ of all the furniture?[A] disapprove [B] discard [C] dispose [D] disregard48. The politicians were discussing the best way to _____ democracy andprosperity in their country.[A] hinder [B] foster [C] linger [D] quote49. Only one member of the committee _____ from the final report.[A] dissented [B] crawled [C] whispered [D] redeemed50. We always try to _____ him with financial assistance if necessary.[A] dazzle [B] sanction [C] accommodate [D] terminateIII. Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each)The term “quality of life” is difficult to define. It (51) a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food, family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on. (52) speaking, the quality of life, especially (53) seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree (54) which these various areas of life are available or provide (55) for the individual.As activity carried (56) as one thinks fit during one’s spare time, leisure has the following (57): relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and。
四川大学华西医学院肿瘤学2014年考博真题考博试卷
瑞戈非尼是一种口服激酶抑制剂，能阻断 VEGFR 1-3，Tie-2，Raf-1、BRAF、BRAFV600，
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KIT，RET，PDGFR 和 FGFR。目前 FDA 已经批准该药物用于治疗转移性结直肠癌和晚 期胃肠道间质瘤患者。
二、判断题：略 三、 简答题 1. EGFR 信号通路简介及在肺癌中的治疗策略 2. 肿瘤免疫逃逸机制，及针对免疫逃逸的治疗进展 3. 经典型霍奇金淋巴瘤的病理分型、分级、治疗原则 4. 简述恶性肿瘤的恶性生物学行为与肿瘤靶向治疗，举例说明
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1. Pancoast 综合征 Pancoast 综合征又称肺尖肿瘤综合征，是指因肺尖部的肿瘤浸润、压迫而引 起的上肢顽固性疼痛和同侧 Horner 综合征的一组病征。 7. 驱动基因 8. PD-1/PD-L1 信号通路
PD-1 与 PD-L1 在激活的 T 细胞结合后，促使 PD-1 的 ITSM 结构域中的酪氨酸发生磷 酸化，进而引起下游蛋白激酶 Syk 和 PI3K 的去磷酸化，抑制下游 AKT、ERK 等通路的 活化，最终抑制 T 细胞活化所需基因及细胞因子的转录和翻译，发挥负向调控 T 细胞活 性的作用。PD-1 是一个诱导表达的蛋白，即 T 细胞在未被激活的时候是几乎没有 PD-1 的表达的，只有在 T 细胞活化之后，PD-1 才会被诱导表达。PD-L1 组成性的低表达于抗 原递呈细胞（APCs）、以及非造血细胞如血管内皮细胞、胰岛细胞以及免疫豁免部位（如 胎盘、睾丸和眼睛）。炎性细胞因子如 I 型和 II 型干扰素、TNF-α和 VEGF 等均可以诱导 PD-L1 的表达。 肿瘤细胞及肿瘤微环境通过上调 PD-L1 表达并与肿瘤特异的 CD8+T 细胞表面的 PD-1 结合，来限制宿主的免疫反应。肿瘤细胞主要通过以下途径上调 PD-L1 表达：1. EGFR、 MAPK 或 PI3K-Akt 通路的激活，STAT3 蛋白高表达和 HIF-1 转录因子等均可以上调 PD-L1 的表达；2. 编码 PD-L1 的基因扩增（9p24.1）；3. EB 病毒的诱导（EB 病毒阳性 的胃癌和鼻咽癌，没有 9p24.1 基因扩增，也可以表现为 PD-L1 的高表达）；4. 表观遗传 学的机制等。
四川大学考博局解简答题汇总
四川大学既往考博局解简单题汇总详解1.膀胱炎时，可口服氟哌酸进行治疗，药物自口腔经小肠吸收，经血液循环后，排入尿液进入膀胱，最后排出体外，请依次写出药物入口至随尿排出体外所经过的解剖路径（可用箭头表示）口服氟哌酸→口腔→咽→食管→胃→小肠→大肠→肠系膜上静脉→肝门静脉→下腔静脉→心脏→主动脉→肾动脉→肾小球→肾小盏→肾大盏→肾盂→输尿管→膀胱→尿道→体外2.阐述甲状腺位置，毗邻及其血供、甲状腺血管与神经的关系？甲状腺（thyroid gland)腺体呈“H”形，分为左右侧叶和连接两侧叶的峡部。
峡部缺如者占7%，有锥状叶者约占70%，且多连于左侧叶。
甲状腺的两侧叶位于喉下部和气管上部的前外侧，上极平甲状软骨中点，下极至第6气管软骨。
有时侧叶的下极可伸至胸骨柄的后方，称为胸骨后甲状腺。
甲状腺峡部位于第2-4气管软骨前方。
甲状腺的前面由浅入深依次为皮肤、浅筋膜、颈筋膜浅层、舌骨下肌群和气管前筋膜，但在峡部前面正中宽约0.5-1.0cm处无肌肉覆盖。
侧叶的后内侧与喉和气管以及喉返神经等相邻；侧叶的后外侧与颈动脉鞘及鞘内的颈总动脉、颈内静脉和迷走神经，以及位于椎前筋膜深面的颈交感干相邻。
当甲状腺肿大时，如向后压迫食管和气管，科引起吞咽和呼吸困难；如压迫喉返神经，可出现声音嘶哑；如向后外方压迫交感干时，可出现Horner综合征，即患侧瞳孔缩小，眼裂变窄及眼球内陷。
甲状腺的血管神经：是甲状腺最重要的周围关系，在甲状腺上极，有甲状腺上动脉、甲状腺上静脉及与其伴行的喉上神经。
神经行其后内，近腺体处渐分离；在甲状腺下极，有甲状腺下动脉、甲状腺下静脉及与其相交的喉返神经。
血管水平由外向内走向腺体，神经垂直由下向上行向腺体，于腺体下极相交。
右侧血管与神经间近似平行关系，左侧血管与神经间则呈现相互垂直关系。
在甲状腺外侧缘中份，可见甲状腺中静脉。
该静脉壁薄短粗，横过颈总动脉前方，直接汇入颈内静脉，是较危险的不可忽视的血管。
14年生物学综合 考博真题和答案四川大学
一：必答题1.在你的研究领域或你感兴趣的领域中，请简述你认为的二个重大的科学突破和一个最有希望突破的科学问题，并说明其对生物科学研究的作用和影响。
在此领域中，哪些科学问题你愿意以毕生精力去解决。
2.在你亲自参加的研究课题中，请叙述一组令你特别兴奋或标志性的实验（可简图帮助说明）包括：1.实验目的2.实验设计和手段3.试验中所遇到的具体问题和解决方法4.实验结果对该领域的贡献5.下一步实验设计和想法二：选答三题1.请阐述宏基因组学在微生物领域的研究策略与应用答：宏基因组学（Metagenomics）又叫微生物环境基因组学、元基因组学。
它通过直接从环境样品中提取全部微生物的DNA,构建宏基因组文库，利用基因组学的研究策略研究环境样品所包含的全部微生物的遗传组成及其群落功能。
它是在微生物基因组学的基础上发展起来的一种研究微生物多样性、开发新的生理活性物质（或获得新基因）的新理念和新方法。
其主要含义是：对特定环境中全部微生物的总DNA（也称宏基因组）进行克隆，并通过构建宏基因组文库和筛选等手段获得新的生理活性物质；或者根据rDNA数据库设计引物，通过系统学分析获得该环境中微生物的遗传多样性和分子生态学信息。
策略是从特定环境中直接分离所有微生物DNA , 将大片段的DNA克隆到受体菌中表达 , 然后根据某些生物活性筛选有应用价值的克隆。
包括两个方面: ①宏基因组文库的构建 : 宏基因组文库的构建沿用了分子克隆的基本原理和技术方法 , 并根据具体环境样品的特点和建库目的采用了一些特殊的步骤和对策。
一般包括样品总 D N A 的提取、与载体连接和在宿主细胞建立中克隆②宏基因组文库的筛选: 根据其研究目的,宏基因组文库筛选通常有功能筛选和序列筛选两种方法。
宏基因组学在基础微生物学研究中的应用1.发现新基因由于自然界中大多数微生物物种及其生物量是未知的 , 其中存在大量不可培养的微生物。
通过构建宏基因组文库 , 而且从中鉴定出的大多数基因将都是新的基因。
四川大学考博真题-生物学综合2005-2014
《生物学综合》《生物学综合2014》1、请简述在你的研究领域或你感兴趣遏领域中最让你感到振奋的两个突破性进展，并说明其对生物科学研究的作用和影响。
在此领域中，哪些科学问题你愿以毕生精力去解决？为什么？（20分）答：2、在你亲自参加的研究课题中，请叙述一组令你特别兴奋或者标志性的实验（可用简图帮助说明），包括：1）实验目的/要回答的问题，2）实验设计和手段，3）实验中所遇到的具体问题和解决办法，4）实验结果和对该领域的贡献，5）下一步实验设计和想法。
（20分）答：3、阐述宏基因组学在什么领域的研究策略与应用。
（20分）答：4、阐述如何医用微生物生产生物柴油，以及微生物生产生物柴油的优点和可能存在的问题。
（20分）答：5、论述引种与生物入侵的关系及其现实指导意义。
（20分）答：6、对于转基因的争论，谈谈你的看法或感悟。
（20分）答：7、2013年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的获奖内容是细胞内蛋白质分选的膜泡运输调节机制。
请回答细胞内蛋白质分选的主要路径有哪些？（20分）答：8、植物激素在调节生长发育过程中发挥着重要作用，列举一种激素，详细阐明其生理功能及其作用机制。
（20分）答：9、论述植物抗病的生理和生子生物学基础。
答：10、物质循环是生态系统的基本功能之一，简述碳循环过程，并阐述其余全球气候变化有什么重要联系，以及提倡低碳的重要意义。
（20分）答：11、比较原核与真核细胞基因表达及调控在那些水平上存在着差异。
（20分）答：一、原核生物基因表达调控的特点：（1）基因表达一般以操纵子为单位；（2）只有一种RNA聚合酶，识别原核细胞的启动子，催化所有RNA的合成；（3）无核膜，转录和翻译过程是偶联的；（4）基因一般不含内含子，在原核细胞中缺乏真核细胞和转录后加工系统；（5）基因表达的调控主要在转录水平，这种调控比对基因产物的直接调控要慢。
二、真核生物基因表达调控的特点：（1）基因组DNA的存在形式可影响基因表达；（2）真核基因的转录和翻译不是偶联在一起的，基因转录在细胞核中进行，翻译在细胞质中进行；（3）真核基因表达的调控是多层次的；（4）基因表达具有组织和细胞类型特异性；（5）不同的真核细胞在基因表达调控中对信号分子的反应不同。
历年四川大学自主招生试题汇总
历年四川大学自主招生试题汇总四川大学2015自主招生笔试和面试题“华约”、“北约”、“卓越”三大自主招生联盟解体之后，这也是近年来川大首次自己单独举行自主招生测试。
据记者了解，此次川大的双特生选拔，笔试和面试连在一起考了5个多小时，考题都是专家针对学生个人状况手写的题目。
四川大学：5个专家1个考生现场手写题目据了解，2015年川大自主招生包括“学科特长”计划、“双特生”和“国家试点学院”3类，其中，“双特生”的选拔备受瞩目。
所谓双特生，就是“在某一学科领域具有特殊兴趣、爱好和特殊专长、潜质并在某一学科领域已经取得一定成绩，有一定独到见解的奇才、偏才和怪才”。
据考生表示，“双特生”的选拔是笔试和面试连在一起的，从上午9点进场，一直到下午2点过，才开始有考生走出考场，甚至连午饭，都是食堂阿姨抬着盒饭送进去的。
考生回忆，双特生选拔分为3部分。
首先是初面，现场约5到7名专家老师作为评委，对考生的专业特长进行初步了解。
第二步，专家们针对初面情况和学生专业，现场为考生专门拟出适合他个人的笔试题目，出的题都是手写的。
笔试时间是45分钟。
笔试过后，考生们开始等待最后一轮考核，也就是最终面试。
这一步被考生们称为“深度对话”，专家们与考生交流他的特殊才能，摸底考生的实际水平。
最终的考核结果将分为“出类拔萃”、“特别优秀”、“优秀”和“不合格”。
只有“出类拔萃”的考生，才有机会被破格录取。
而“特别优秀”、“优秀”则分别代表着录取时，高考成绩可享受一定程度的优惠。
据考生回忆，川大笔试的题目中多是科学常识类、社会时事类等，比如埃博拉病毒、韩国mers、计算机相关的几个缩写。
当然，也有比较有意思，一位考生说，自己印象最深的题目是“同性恋”这个词最早出自古希腊哪个诗人笔下。
还有考生被问到了“为什么寺庙招聘和尚”的问题。
一位来自辽宁的考生孟同学介绍，面试主要有两个环节，一是一到两分钟的自我介绍，二是随机抽选问题然后回答。
孟同学介绍，自己抽中的英语考题是一段阅读理解，“观点说，一个两岁小孩生了非常严重的病，被建议安乐死，但争议很大，问看法。
四川大学2014年博士研究生入学考试参考书目汇总
四川大学2014年博士研究生入学考试参考书目汇总招生单位名称:经济学院学科专业名称考试科目名称参考书目备注政治经济学 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社2001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3001 政治经济学研究洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社朱方明:《政治经济学》四川大学出版社经济思想史 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社2001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3002 经济思想史洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社胡寄窗:《中国经济思想史》，上海财经大学出版社裴小革:《外国经济思想史》，中国财政经济出版社，2000年版1经济史 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社2001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3003 经济史洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社樊亢、宋则行:《外国经济史》(近代、现代1、2、3)，人民出版社，1984年版高德步、王珏:《世界经济史》，人民大学出版社，2005年版朱伯康施正康:《中国经济史》(1-2)，复旦大学出版社，2005年版西方经济学 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社2001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3004 现代西方经济学洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社曼昆:《经济学原理》，清华大学出版社萨缪尔森:《经济学》，商务印书馆2世界经济 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社2001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3005 世界经济研究洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社李天德:《世界经济学》，四川大学出版社，2008年版人口、资源与环境经济学 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社2001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3006 人口、资源与环境经济学洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社邓宏兵、张毅:《人口、资源与环境经济学》，科学出版社，2007年版张帆、李东:《环境与自然资源经济学》，上海人民出版社组织经济学 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社2001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3007 组织经济学洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社科斯:《制度、契约与组织》，经济科学出版社，20033年版杜马:《组织经济学》，华夏出版社，2005年版朱方明:《企业经济学》经济科学出版社，2009法经济学 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社2001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3008 法经济学洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社卢现祥:《法经济学》，北京大学出版社，2007年版宏观经济学 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社2001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3009 宏观经济学洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社谭崇台:《发展经济学》，上海人民出版社，高鸿业:《西方经济学》第五版，中国人民大学出版社金融经济学马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语42001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3010金融经济学洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社李天德:《国际金融学》，四川大学出版社，2008年版统计学1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语高鸿业主编:《西方经济学》第五版，中国人民大学出2073 经济学理论版社3011 统计学贾俊平、何晓群:《统计学》，中国人民大学出版社，2000年版5。
四川大学期末考试试题（闭卷A）
四川大学期末考试试题（闭卷A）（2014——2015学年第一学期）课程号：102105020课序号：01, 02课程名称：英语经贸文写作任课教师：谢关平成绩：适用专业年级：2012级国贸学生人数：160 印题份数：170 学号：姓名：注：1试题字迹务必清晰，书写工整。
本题8 页，本页为第 1 页2 题间不留空，一般应题卷分开教务处试题编号：3务必用A4纸打印本题8 页，本页为第 2 页教务处试题编号：本题8 页，本页为第 3 页教务处试题编号：本题8 页，本页为第 4 页教务处试题编号：V. Fill in the contract form in English with the particulars given in the following letters and/ortelexes(20%):（1）Incoming LetterVancouver，July 25，2014LI DU TEXTILE IMP.EXP CORP.，Beijing，ChinaRe：COTTON BATH TOWELSDear Sirs，A customer of our firm，who is one of the biggest importers in Canada，is in the market for the subject commodity. We would therefore ask you to make us an offer as soon as possible.When offering，kindly quote your lowest priced on the basis of CFR Vancouver including our commission of 3% with indication of colors，assortments，method of packing and any additional information you consider necessary. We shall appreciate it if you arrange for shipment to be made as early as possible by a direct steamer to Vancouver.We are looking forward to receiving your offer.Yours faithfully，VANCOUVER TRADINC CO.，LTD.（2）Outgoing LetterBeijing，August 2，2014VANCOUVER TRADING CO.，LTD.Vancouver，CanadaDear Sirs，Thank you for your letter of July 25 inquiring for COTTON BATH TOWELS. We are glad to send you under separate cover our quotation sheet No. AC-8115 for your reference. Sample cuttings of each design have been dispatched today by air parcel.本题8 页，本页为第 5 页教务处试题编号：学号：姓名We expect our quotation will reach you in due time and assure you of our best and prompt attention to your requirements at any time.Your early reply will be highly appreciated.Yours faithfully，LI DU TEXTILE IMP/EXP CORP.（3）INCOMING TelexAugust 10，2014RE: COTTON BATH TOWELSTKS FR UR LTR AUG 2 AS WELL AS SMPL CUTTINGS OF THE SUBJECT GDS. ON EXAMG UR SMLPLS，OUR CSTMARS HV FAN INTRST IN ART NO.G303 N WISH TO PLACE TLR ORDR FR 1，000 DZ IN WHITE N YELLOW COLOR EQUALLY ASSORTED FR SHPMT OCT/NOV. AS USUAL，OUR SIGHT IRRE - LC WL B OPND IN UR FAVOR 30 DAYS BFR SHPMT TIME. RGDS.（4）Outgoing letterBeijing，August 11，2014VANCOUVER TRADING CO.，LTD.Vancouver，CanadaDear Sirs，Thank you for your order of August 10 for 1，000 dozen COTTON BATH TOWELS. We are now making you the following offer，subject to your confirmation reaching us not later than August 20：1，000 dozen of Art. No. G3030 COTTON BATH TOWELS （details as per your telex of August 10）at CAN $ 24 per dozen CFRC2 Vancouver for shipment from any Chinese mainland port in October. Please note that，there is no direct steamer available for Vancouver in October，we find it only possible to ship the goods with transshipment at Hong Kong. The goods are to be packed in cartons each containing 5/10 dozen at buyers’option. We look forward to your early acceptance.本题8 页，本页为第 6 页教务处试题编号：学号：姓名Yours faithfully，LI DU TEXTILE IMP/EXP CORP.（5）Incoming TelexAugust 15，2014TK U FR UR LTR AUG 11. UR OFR 1，000 DZ COTTON BATH TOWELS ACEPTD. V R NOW ARRANGING WITH OUR BK FR RELEVANT LC. AS TO PACKG，V PREFER CTNS CONTAINING 5 DZ. PLS SEND CONTRACT ASAP. RGDS.SALES CONTRACTCONTRACT NO.98 – 110SELLERS：BUYERS：This Contract is made by and between the Buyers and the Sellers，whereby the Buyers agree to buy and the Sellers agree to sell the under - mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below：Commodity：Specifications：Quantity：Unit Price：Packing：Shipping Mark：Insurance：Time of Shipment：Port of Shipment：本题8 页，本页为第7 页教务处试题编号：学号：姓名本题8 页，本页为第8 页教务处试题编号：。
川大经济学院考博真题(2007-2019)
四川大学经济学院资本论考博历年真题（2007-2019）一、《资本论》第一卷1、马克思的商品理论及其现实意义20072、马克思劳动价值理论基本原理20163、马克思的货币理论及其现实意义20084、马克思的价格理论及其现实意义20195、试述马克思工资理论20176、马克思工资理论及其现实意义20117、论劳动力价格是如何形成的20098、论马克思的资本积累理论20159、马克思的失业理论201810、马克思的相对人口过剩理论2019二、《资本论》第二卷1、马克思资本周转理论20162、马克思的资本循环和周转理论及其现实意义20083、论马克思资本循环与周转理论及其现实意义20134、资本循环周转理论及其现实意义20185、论马克思的社会资本再生产理论20106、马克思的扩大再生产理论20077、论社会总产品实现与中国经济结构调整2014三、《资本论》第三卷1、论马克思的价格理论以及应用20122、试述马克思的平均利润和生产价格理论20173、马克思的平均利润及其生产价格理论及其现实意义20104、论马克思虚拟资本理论及其现实意义20115、论马克思货币银行学理论及其现实意义20156、论马克思地租理论及其现实意义20097、论马克思地租理论及其现实意义20128、论马克思价值生产与分配理论及其现实意义2013四、《资本论》其他理论1、比较马克思通货膨胀理论和西方通货膨胀理论20112、论马克思通货膨胀理论与西方货币主义学派通货膨胀理论的异同20133、马克思经济危机理论和西方经济危机理论的比较20084、论马克思经济危机理论及其2008 年的全球金融危机20095、马克思收入分配理论与西方经济学收入分配理论的比较20076、论马克思劳动力再生产理论及其现实意义20147、比较马克思劳动价值论和效用价值论20108、试比较马克思失业理论与西方经济学失业理论20129、试比较马克思土地所有权理论和西方经济学产权理论的不同2014五、社会主义经济理论1、论述中国经济新常态20152、论述中国供给侧结构性改革20163、论实体经济与虚拟经济的关系20174、试述我国经济从高速增长转向高质量发展20185、试述国有企业与民营企业的关系2019更多资本论资料https:///thread-7057969-1-1.html 2001《资本论》与社会主义经济理论指定参考书目马克思：《资本论》1-3 卷，人民出版社，1975 年或2004 年洪远鹏：《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社，2002 年张宇等：《中国特色社会主义政治经济学》，高等教育出版社，2017 年四川大学经济学院考博西经历年真题（2007-2019）一、纯微观经济理论1、理性人假定及其局限性20072、西方经济学的均衡分析方法及其应用20183、论述消费者选择理论20084、试比较基数效用论和序数效用论及其评价20145、效用论的基本内容及评价20126、论述边际收益递减规律20077、试述企业成本理论及其现实意义20178、试述西方经济学市场结构理论及其现实意义20159、试对不同市场进行比较分析200910、简述不完全竞争市场的类型和特征11、一般均衡论201612、试论帕累托最优201113、试述纳什均衡思想201914、公平与效率的基本思想述评201315、试述市场失灵的主要原因及政府的微观经济政策201016、试述市场失灵及其微观经济政策2015二、纯宏观经济理论1、论述国民收入决定理论20082、试述总需求总供给模型及其对现实经济的解释20103、试述总需求与总供给的关系20174、通货膨胀及其经济效应20125、试论菲利普斯曲线及其评价20146、就业与通货膨胀之间的关系20167、论述宏观经济政策目标及其相关关系20078、试述经济增长、就业和通货膨胀的关系20179、试论货币政策原理及其现实意义201110、论述财政政策原理及其现实意义200911、试论财政政策与经济发展201412、论论述财政政策原理及现阶段财政政策评述201913、试论述当前我国宏观经济政策201514、简述经济周期理论201815、真实周期理论201316、论述西方经济学中对技术进步的理论观点2019三、经济发展学理论1、试述经济发展的结构主义思路20112、论述经济发展的新古典主义思路20123、试述经济发展的激进主义思路20134、反贫困理论及政策述评20165、论述新古典增长理论20086、论述经济增长阶段理论20097、试论平衡增长理论2010更多西经资料https:///thread-7058782-1-1.html 3001 西方经济学指定参考书目高鸿业：研究生用西方经济学，经济科学出版社，2004 年谭崇台：《发展经济学概论》，武汉大学出版社，2008 年。
2014年川大细胞生物学考博真题
2014年川大细胞生物学考博真题一、名词解释（每题2分，共40分）1、血影2、内质网应激3、N-连接糖基化4、兼性异染色质5、不对称分裂6、脂筏7、类病毒8、核纤层9、成熟促进因子10、溶酶体过载11、器官发生12、失巢凋亡13、细胞决定14、重编程15、短暂细胞16、交叉端化17、巴氏小体18、间体19、干细胞巢20、热休克蛋白二、简答题（每题10分，共60分）1、蛋白起始合成后的去向2、G蛋白偶联受体如何形成，设计那些细胞结构，如何转运到细胞膜3、亚细胞水平上，真核细胞三大结构体系是什么，并简述其各自的主要功能4、核仁周倜现象及其发生机制5、动物有丝分裂和胞质分裂中，细胞骨架作用，以及如何起作用6、一瓶细胞死亡，可用什么实验证明它发生凋亡，简述其依据。
2014年川大细胞生物学考博真题三、名词解释（每题2分，共40分）1血影:红细胞经过低渗处理，细胞破裂释放出血红蛋白和其他胞内可溶性蛋白，留下一个保持原型的空壳，称为血影。
2内质网应激：3N-连接糖基化：在内质网的腔面，寡糖链连接在插入膜内的磷酸多醇上，当与糖基化有关的氨基酸残基出现后，通过再摸上的糖基转移酶的作用，讲寡糖基由磷酸多连醇转移到相应的天冬酰胺残基上，这一过程称为N-链接的糖基化。
4兼性异染色质：在某些细胞类型或一定的发育阶段，原来的常染色质聚缩，并丧失基因转录活性，变为异染色质，如X染色体随机失活。
异染色质化可能是关闭基因活性的一种途径。
5不对称分裂：6脂筏:是一种相对稳定的、分子排列较紧密的、流动性较低的膜脂微区，富含鞘磷脂、胆固醇和膜蛋白，脂筏比质膜其他部位较厚一些。
7类病毒：与病毒不同的是，类病毒没有蛋白质外壳，为共价闭合的单链RNA8核纤层核纤层普遍存在于高等真核细胞中，是内层核被膜下纤维蛋白片层，其纤维直径为10毫微米左右，纤维纵横排列整齐呈纤维网络状。
核纤层在核内与核基质连接，在核外与中等纤维相连，构成贯穿于细胞核和细胞质的统一网架结构体系。
四川大学期末考试试题(A卷)
四川大学期末考试试题（A卷）
（2007-2008学年上期）
课程号：30332860 课序号：0，1，2 课程名称：电机学任课教师：赵莉华，曾成碧，张代润成绩：适用专业年级：电气工程及自动化05级学生人数：340 印题份数：345 学号：姓名：
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、同步发电机在过励时向电网发出，产生
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四川大学华西医学院_重症医学2014--2017年考博真题试卷
四川大学华西医院
2015 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：重症医学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
PCT 结果的影响因素 严重高钠血症 CRRT 时的置换液配方调整 近年来 SAP 治疗进展方面的
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四川大学华西医院
2016 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：重症医学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释 肺顺应性 ECOM 重症超声 创伤死亡三角 SEPSIS3.0 二、简答题 1.限制性液体治疗。 2.感染性休克患者中激素的治疗原则。 三、论述题 1.重症患者的救治原则及流程 2.VAP 3.前负荷
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四川大学华西医院
2017 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：重不给分。 一、名词解释 1、 糖异常 2、 跨肺压 3、 EGDI 4、 容量反应性 5、 肺顺应性 6、 莱尔米特征 7、 路易体痴呆 二、简答题 1、重症患者识别。 2、感染性休克血管活性药物使用。 3、癫痫的用药原则。 4、黄斑回避及其机制。 三、问答题 重症患者镇静阵痛原则及流程，休克，肺保护性通气策略。
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pct结果的影响因素症严重高钠血症crrt时的置换液配方调整来近年来sap治疗进展方面的第1页共1页四川大学华西医院2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目
四川大学华西医院
2014 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：重症医学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。