外文文献译文及原文 - 副本(DOC)

目录

1外文文献译文 (3)

1外文文献原文 (4)

2外文文献译文 (7)

2外文文献原文 (9)

1、外文文献译文

《人力资本投资》节选

作者：西奥多·威廉·舒尔茨

《人力资本投资》---- 简要介绍

1960年舒尔茨在美国经济学会年会上发表的题为《人力资本投资》的演说中，对于人力资本观点作了非常系统的论述。这篇演说震惊了西方整个学术界，这不仅因为舒尔茨一向给人的印象是一位农业经济学家，而且还因为一般人总以为资本是有形的、物质的，至于教育、在职训练、保健、人口流动等方面的投资也可以增加一国资本存量和加速经济发展的观念对于当时的经济学界来说的确是很新鲜的。这次会议之后，人力资本成为经济学中一个非常热门的新兴领域，“人力资本”也成了西方教育经济学的基本概念，人力资本理论成为现代西方资产阶级发展经济学的一个主要学派。

《人力资本投资》---- 内容提要

舒尔茨这篇《人力资本投资》被人称之为：人力资本研究新领域的“独立宣言”，其在文中提出了九项主张：“在税收政策上应该给人力资本给予优惠；防止人人力资本的闲置和老化；避免对人力资本投资进行人为的干扰；完善人力资本市场，银行应积极主动地提供人力资本所需的费用，鼓励私人和公共投资；政府应承担人力资本投资的大部分费用，特别是资助劳动力向城市转移；重视低收入者的人力资本投资；明确教育和保健同样具有经济意义，它们是一项投资，要扭转投资在这方面的不平衡；增加政府投入、扩大人力资本投资，以减少收入的不平等；

舒尔茨所提出的人力资本理论的基本内涵是：把资本分为物质资本和人力资本两种形式。人力资本是体现在劳动者身上的以劳动者的数量和质量表示的资本。劳动者的知识、技术水平、劳动技能的高低不同，决定了人力资本对经济的生产性作用的不同，结果使国民收入增长的程度也不同。

舒尔茨的人力资本理论有五个主要观点：

（一）人力资本存在于人的身上，表现为知识、技能、体力（健康状况）价值的总和。一个国家的人力资本可以通过劳动者的数量、质量以及劳动时间来度量。

（二）人力资本是投资形成的。投资渠道有五种，包括营养及医疗保健费用、学校教育费用、在职人员培训费用，择业过程中所发生的人事成本和迁徙费用。

（三）人力资本投资是经济增长的主要源泉。舒尔茨说，人力投资的增长无疑已经明显地提高了投入经济奋飞过程中的工作质量，这些质量上的改进也已成为经济增长的一个重要的源泉。有能力的人民是现代经济丰裕的关键。

（四）人力资本投资是效益最佳的投资。人力投资的目的是为了获得收益。舒尔茨对1929--1957年美国教育投资对经济增长的关系作了定量研究，得出如下结论：各级教育投资的平均收益率为17％；教育投资增长的收益占劳动收入增长的比重为70％；教育投资增长的收益占国民收入增长的比重为33％。也就是说，人力资本投资是回投率最高的投资。

（五）人力资本投资的消费部分的实质是耐用性的，甚至比物质的耐用性消费品更加经久耐用。

1、外文文献原文

《Human capital investment》excerpt

Author: Theodore W. Schultz

《Human capital investment》Brief introduction "Human capital investment" in a speech entitled Schultz 1960 annual meeting of the American Economic Association, the human capital point of view made for a very systematic exposition. This speech shocked the whole of Western academia, not only because Schultz has always given the impression that an agricultural economist, but also because most people think the capital is tangible, material, as for education, job training, health care investment, migration and other aspects can also increase a country's capital stock and accelerate economic development concept for the prevailing economic circles is indeed very fresh. Following this meeting, the human capital to become a very popular economics

emerging field of "human capital" Western education has become the basic concepts of economics, human capital theory as a major school of modern Western bourgeois development economics.

《Human capital investment》Summary

Schultz this "human capital investment" was called: a new field of research in human capital "Declaration of Independence", which makes nine claims in the article: "On tax policy should give preferential treatment to human capital; prevent people from human inactivity and aging capital; avoid investments in human capital man-made interference; perfect human capital market, banks should take the initiative to provide the necessary human capital costs, encourage private and public investment; government should bear most of the cost of investment in human capital , especially subsidized labor to cities; emphasis on low-income investment in human capital; clear education and health care also makes economic sense, they are an investment, the investment to reverse the imbalance in this regard; increased government investment, expand human capital investments to reduce income inequality;

The basic meaning of human capital theory was proposed by Schultz: The capital is divided into physical and human capital in two forms. Human capital is reflected in the body of capital to labor quantity and quality of labor representation. Knowledge workers, technical level, high and low labor skills, human capital determines the different productive role in the economy, resulting in different degrees of national income growth.

Schultz 's human capital theory has five main points :

( A ) human capital exists in the human body , expressed as the sum of knowledge skills , physical ( health status ) values. A country's human capital can be measured by the number of workers, quality, and labor time .

(B ) investment in human capital formation . There are five investment channels , including nutrition and health care costs , the cost of school education , in-service training of personnel costs, personnel costs that occur