《国际市场营销学》第五章习题参考答案
市场营销学第五章课后练习
16.我国家庭结构发展趋势中最显著的特征是家庭小型化、特殊化，这一变化趋势要求企业 在产品设计和包装制作时，必须考虑到如何使产品更适应小家庭的需要。 答案为 D
17.社会结构主要包括阶层结构、区域结构、乡结构、就业结构和社会组织结构等。 答案为 A
2 一家航空公司由于其广告是一位空姐微笑着低头向旅客提供香槟的画面，而几乎丧失了为 中东地区服务的资格，因为伊斯兰教文化基本原则是穆斯林不允许喝酒，不戴面纱的妇女不 得和非亲属男性在一起；中国海尔空调商标上的海尔兄弟图案在法国受到欢迎，因为购买空 调的多为女性，她们喜欢孩子，但是在中东地区却禁止该标志出现，因为两个孩子没有穿上 衣。 问题：（1）这两个事例说明了哪些因素对市场营销的影响？ （2）应怎样避免类似问题的出现？ （3）除此之外，还有哪些社会文化因素会影响营销活动？试举例说明。
3.企业内部环境是企业市场营销环境的中心。即便身处相同的外部环境，不同企业的营销活 动所取得的效果往往不同，根本原因就在于由企业内部环境因素决定的企业自身特点不同。 答案为 C
4.企业内部构成包括最高管理者以及财务、研发、生产、会计等各个职能部门。 答案为 D
5.企业文化是近年来日益受到重视的企业内部要素。企业文化主要包括企业在各种实践活动 中所表现出的文化气质、素养、审美观念等外在形式和企业的价值观念、经营哲学等内在理 念。 答案为 A
A.一般竞争者 B.品牌竞争者 C.愿望竞争者 D.产品形式竞争者 8 经销中间商又称为（） A.代理商 B.生产商 C.代理中间商 D.买卖中间商 9 营销活动的出发点和归宿是（） A.顾客
B.中间商 C.营销服务机构 D.社会公众 10 根据购买者及其购买目的的不同，可以把顾客市场分消费者市场和（） A.政府市场 B.组织市场 C.机构市场 D.中间商市场 11 构成市场的第一要素是（） A.环境 B.需求 C.人口 D.经济 12 直接决定市场的潜在容量的是（） A.市场规模 B.性别结构 C.经济发展程度 D.人口规模 13 属于幼儿市场主要需求的类别是（） A.玩具 B.家具 C.光盘 D.计算机 14 银色市场的需求不包括（） A.保健品 B.服装 C.营养品 D.老年人健身器材 15 商品采购和消费的基本单位是（） A.公司 B.组织 C.家庭 D.市场 16 我国家庭结构发展趋势中最显著的特征是（） A.多样化和复杂化 B.复杂化和特殊化 C.简单化和特殊化 D.小型化和特殊化 17 我国社会结构不包括（） A.人口结构 B.阶层结构 C.区域结构 D.就业结构 18 人口在不同地区的密集程度是（）
国际市场营销学(山东联盟-泰山学院)知到章节答案智慧树2023年
国际市场营销学（山东联盟-泰山学院）知到章节测试答案智慧树2023年最新第一章测试1.能够有效地解释企业的跨国经营行为的理论是参考答案:产品生命周期学说2.国际营销与国际贸易的交易动机都是比较利益参考答案:错3.多国营销又被称为跨国营销参考答案:错4.国际市场，又称为世界市场，是世界范围内因国际分工和经济联系而进行商品、服务、技术交换活动的场所。
参考答案:对5.国际营销和国际贸易均是跨国界的经济活动，二者有类似的理论基础。
参考答案:对第二章测试1.市场信息是市场决策的基础。
参考答案:对2.市场信息的特征包括参考答案:时效性;分散性;可压缩性;系统性;可储存性3.市场信息系统是由（）构成的参考答案:分析系统;调研系统;内部报告系统;情报系统4.间接资料调研方法也叫做文案调研法或者二手资料收集法。
参考答案:对5.面谈调查的优势是成本低、速度快。
参考答案:错第三章测试1.目前欧盟已经实现了完全经济一体化参考答案:错2.多变关系主要包括东西方关系和南北关系。
参考答案:对3.目前主要的区域经济一体化组织包括参考答案:关税同盟;经济联盟;特惠贸易区;共同市场;自由贸易区4.区域经济一体化对企业国际市场营销的影响主要包括参考答案:特惠效应;增长效应5.区域经济组织不存在交叉性。
参考答案:错第四章测试1.风俗习惯与审美情趣属于社会环境因素。
参考答案:错2.起飞前的准备阶段是罗斯托经济发展阶段理论中最重要的阶段。
错3.重视效率、尊重女性是阿拉伯商人的商业惯例。
参考答案:错4.跨国公司可以通过合资、增加税收、增加出口、使用目标国原材料等方式降低在目标市场国的政治风险。
参考答案:对5.价格管制和劳工问题属于目标市场国的经济风险因素。
参考答案:错第五章测试1.最终消费者市场的人数众多，购买频率较低。
错2.AISAS模式中，最后一个S代表share，分享。
参考答案:对3.产业市场购买者数量多，购买频率高。
参考答案:错4.政府购买要收到公众的监督。
国际市场营销 全球营销学每章课后习题答案
全球营销学第四版每章课后习题答案第一章Introduction to Global Marketing1.What are the basic goals of marketing? Are these goals relevant to globalmarketing?P31、Surpass the competition at the task of creating perceived value for customers2、The Guide line is the value equation –Value = Benefits/Price (Money, Time, Effort, Etc.)P42.What is mean by “global localization”?（全球本土化策略）Is Coca-Cola a globalproduct? Explain.The phrase “global localization” represents an attempt to capture the spirit of the rallying cry for o rganizations in the 21st century, namely, “think globally, act locally.”Most people will agree that Coca-Cola is a global product by virtue of the fact that it is available in more than 195 countries in red cans bearing the distinctive signature style. It must be noted, however, that customer service efforts are adapted to the needs of particular markets, e.g., vending machines in Japan. Thus, Coca-Cola is both global and local.3.Describe some of the global marketing strategies available to companies. Giveexamples of companies that use the different strategies.Global marketing strategies: 1. global market participation is the extent to which a company has operations in major world markets; 2. standardization versus adaptation is the extent to which each marketing mix element can be standardized or adapted in various country markets; 3. concentration of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed in one or a few country locations; 4. coordination of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed interdependently around the globe; 5. integration of competitive moves is the extent to which a firm’s competitive marketing tactics in different parts of world are interdependent.Examples: 1. Coke is the best-known, strongest brand, as the Coca-Cola Company, supporting its Coke, Fanta, and Powerade brands with marketing mix elements both that are globe and local, is adept at adapting sales promotion, distribution, and customer service efforts to local needs;2. Mcdonald’s business model is a restaurant system that can be set up virtually anywhere in the world and offers core menu items-hamburgers, French fries, and soft drinks-in most countries, and the company also customizes menu offerings according to local eating customs.4.How do the global marketing strategies of Harley-Davidson and Toyota differ?Harley-Davidson motorcycles are known the world over as “the” all-American motorcycle. Harley’s mystique and heritag e are associated with the USA. The company backs up this positioning with exports from two U.S. manufacturing locations. By contrast, Toyota builds some models (e.g., Camry and Avalon) for the U.S. market in the U.S., a fact that Toyota stresses in its American ad. Thus, Harley-Davidson serves global markets while sourcing locally, while Toyota’s strategy calls for serving world markets and using the world as a source of supply.5.Describe the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, regiocentric, andgeocentric management orientations.The premise of an ethnocentric orientation is that home country products and management processes are superior. An ethnocentric company that neither sources inputs from, nor seeks market opportunities in the world outside the home country may be classified as an domestic company. A company that does business abroad while still presuming the superiority of the home country may be classified as an international company. Such a company would rely on an extension strategy whereby it would export, without adaptation, products designed for the domestic market.The polycentric orientation that predominates at a multinational company leads to aview of the world in which each country markets is different from the others. Local country managers operating with a high degree of autonomy adapt the marketing mix in a polycentric, multinational company. Managers who are regiocentric or geocentric in their orientations recognize both similarities and differences in world markets. Market opportunities are pursued using both extension and adaptation strategies. The regiocentric and geocentric orientations are characteristic of global transnational companies.OrEthnocentric orientation: home country is superior to the rest of the world, sees similarities in foreign countries，leads to a standardized or extension approach; Polycentric orientation: the opposite of ethnocentrism, each country in which a company does business is unique, sees differences in foreign countries, leads to localized or adaption approach; Regiocentric orientation: a region becomes the relevant geographic unit; management`s goal is to develop an integrated regional strategy; Geocentric orientation：views the entire world as a potential market and strives to develop integrated world market strategies.6.Identify and briefly describe some of the forces that have resulted in increased globalintegration and the growing importance of global marketing.P21+Driving Forces：Regional economic agreements、Market needs and wants、TechnologyTransportation and communication improvements、Product development costs、Quality、World economic trends、LeverageRestraining Forces：Management myopia、Organizational culture、National controls 7.Define leverage and explain the different types of leverage utilized by companieswith global operations.Define leverage：P25第二章The Global Economic Environment1.Explain the difference between market capitalism, centrally planned capitalism,centrally planned socialism, and market socialism. Give an example of a country that illustrates each types of system.Market capitalism is an economic system in which individuals and firms allocate resources and production resources are privately owned. (England).Centrally planned capitalism is an economic system in which command resource allocation is utilized extensively in an environment of private resource ownership. (Sweden)Centrally planned socialism, in this type of economic system, the state has broad powers to serve the public interest as it sees fit. (Former Soviet Union)Market socialism, in such a system, market allocation policies are permitted within an overall environment of state ownership. (China)2.What is a BEM? Identify the BEMs according to their respective stages of economicdevelopment.P53P56-583. A manufacture of satellite dishes is assessing the world market potential for hisproducts. He asks you if he should consider developing countries as potential markets.How would you advise him?Despite the difficult economic conditions in parts of developing countries, many nations will involve into attractive markets.One of marketing’s roles in developing countries is to focus resources on the task of creating and delivering products that are best suited to local needs and incomes. The role of marketing to indentify people’s needs and wants is the same in all countries, irrespective of level of economic development. It is also an opportunity to help developing countries join the information age.And P654.Turn to the Index of Economic Freedom (Table 2-1) and identify where the BEMs areranked. What does the result tell you in terms of the relevance of the index to global marketers?P52第三章Social and Cultural Environments1.What are some of the elements that make up culture? How do these find expression inyour native culture?Culture is a collection of Values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, and attitudes that distinguish one society from another.Culture is acted out in social institutions, such as, family, education, religion, government, business.2.What is the difference between a low-context culture and a high-context culture?Give an example of a country that is an example of each type and provide evidence for your answer.PPT 第四章4-63.How can Hofstede’s cultural typologies help Western marketers better understandAsian culture?P874.Explain the self-reference criterion(自我参照准则). Go to the library and findexamples of product failures that might have been avoided through the application of the SRC.Unconscious reference to one’s own cultural values; creates cultural myopia5.Briefly explain the social research of Everrtt Rogers regarding diffusion ofinnovations,……P94pare and contrast USA and Japan in terms of traditions and organizationalbehavior and norms.第四章The Legal and Regulatory Environments of Global Marketing1.What is sovereignty? What is it an important consideration in the politicalenvironment of global marketing?sovereignty2.Describe some of the sources of political risk. Specially, what forms can political risktake?Tension between aspirations and realityPrimarily occurs in lower and lower-middle income countries–Indonesia and economic crisisWhen political risk occurs in high income countries, it is generally due to a long-standing conflict–Northern IrelandP1423.Briefly describe some of the differences between the legal environment of a countrythat embraces common law and one that observes civil law.4.Global marketers can avoid legal conflicts by understanding the reasons conflictsarise in the first place. Identify and describe several legal issues that relate to global commerce.Intellectual PropertyAntitrustContractualLicensing and Trade Secrets5.“See you in court” is one way to respond when legal issues arise. What otherapproaches are possible?LitigationFormal arbitration–Settles disputes outside of court–Groups agree to abide by panel’s decision1958 United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards–Most important treaty regarding international arbitration第五章Global Information Systems and Market Research1.Explain two information technology puts powerful tools in the hands of globalmarketers.Modern IT tools provide the means for a company's marketing information system and research functions to provide relevant information in a timely, cost –efficient, and actionable manner.Electronic data interchange (EDI) allows business units to submit orders, to issue invoices, to conduct business electronically, Wal-Mart legendary for its EDI, save time and money, enables retailers to improve inventory management. Transaction formats are universalEfficient Consumer Response (ECR) This is in addition to EDI, an effort for retailers and vendors to work closely on stock replenishment(补充). ECR can be defined as a joint initiative by members of a supply chain to work toward improving and optimizing(最优化) aspects of the supply chain to benefit customersIntranet, Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS), Data Warehouses are also helping businesses improve their ability to target consumers and increase loyalty.2.What are the different modes of information acquisition? Which is the most importantfor gathering strategic information?3.4、Outline the basic steps of the market research process.5、What is the difference between existing, latent, and incipient demand? How mightthese differences affect the design of a marketing research project?Demand and profit potential, in turn, depend in part on whether the market being studied can be classifieds existing or potential. Existing markets are those in which customer needs are already being served by one or more companies. In some instances, there is no existing market to research and. information may be readily available. A latent market is in essence, an und iscovered segment .It’s a market in which demand would materialize if an appropriate product were made available. An incipient market is a market that will emerge if particular economic demographic, political, or sociocultural trend continues. A company is not likely to achieve satisfactory results if it offers a product in an incipient market before the trends have taken root.Market growth, brand loyalty, market segment, product, sales promotion, pricing, distribution, will be different in marketing research project.6.Describe some of the analytical techniques used by global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each technique?A number of techniques are available for analyzing survey data.Factor analysis can be used to transform large amount of data into manageable units. It is useful in psychographic segmentation studies or creating perceptual maps; cluster analysis allows the researchers to group variables into clusters that maximize within-group similarities and between-group differences. It can be used to do global marketing research, to perform benefit segmentation, and to identify new product opportunities. Multi dimensional scaling is another technique for creating perceptual maps which is particular useful when there are many product to choose and consumers have difficulty in verbalizing their conceptions. Conjoint analysis is used to gain insights into the combination of features that will be the most attractive to consumers. It is useful when determines the values and utilities of the various levels of product features and plots them graphically.第六章Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning1.differentiate the five basic segmentation strategies. Give an example of a companythat has used each one.P170-P1831、IncomePopulationsAge distributionGenderEducationOccupation2、Grouping people according to attitudes, value, and lifestyles3、4、Benefit segmentation focuses on the value equation–Value = Benefits / Price5、The population of many countries includes ethnic groups of significant size2.Explain the difference between segmenting and targeting.P200pare and contrast standardized, concentrated, and differentiated global marketing.Illustrate each strategy with an example from a global company.Standardized global marketing is mass marketing on a global scale with undifferentiated target marketing (Revlon International)Concentrated global marketing, involves devising a marketing mix to reach a niche. A niche is simply a single segment of the global market. (Germany`s Winter halter) Differentiated global marketing, represents a more ambitious approach than concentrated target marketing with multi-segment targeting and two or more distinct markets (Rover)4.5.What is positioning? Identify the different positioning strategies presented in thechapter and give examples of companies or products that illustrate each.Locating a brand in consumers’minds over and against competitors in terms of attributes and benefits that the brand does and does not offer.P192-1956.What is global consumer culture positioning? What other strategic positioningchoices do global marketers have?Identifies the brand as a symbol of a particular global culture or segment.P1967.What is high-touch product? Explain the difference between high-tech productpositioning and high-touch product positioning. Can some products be positioned using both strategies? Explain.High-tech products are sophisticated technologically complex, and/or difficult to explain or understand, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established objective standards. High-tech global consumer positioning also works well for special interest products associated with leisure of recreation.High-touch products, consumers are generally energized by emotional motives rather than rational ones, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established subjective, aesthetic terms.Some products can be positioned using both strategies, with both satisfying buyers’ rational criteria and evoking an emotional response. Nokia, for example, combines technical performance with a fashion orientation.第七章Global Market Entry Strategies:1.What are the advantages and disadvantages of using licensing as a market entry tool?Give examples of companies from different countries that use licensing as a global marketing strategy.Advantages to LicensingProvides additional profitability with little initial investmentProvides method of circumventing tariffs, quotas, and other export barriersAttractive ROILow costs to implementDisadvantages to LicensingLimited participationReturns may be lostLack of controlLicensee may become competitorLicensee may exploit company resourcesP2062.What is foreign direct investment? What forms can FDI take?P209Partial or full ownership of operations outside of home countryForms:Joint ventures–Minority or majority equity stakes–Outright acquisition3.Do you agree with Ford’s decision to acquire Jaguar? What was more valuable toFord---the physical assets or the name?P2154.What is meant by the phrase global strategic partnership? In what ways does this formof market entry strategy differ from more traditional forms such as joint ventures? Participants remain independent following formation of the allianceParticipants share benefits of alliance as well as control over performance of assigned tasksParticipants make ongoing contributions in technology, products, and other key strategic areasPPT3055.What are Keiretsu? How does this form of industrial structure affect companies thatcompete with Japan or that are trying to enter the Japanese market?PPT307书P2276.Which Strategic options for market entry or expansion would a small company belikely to pursue? A large company?StrategiesCompanies must decide to expand by:–Seeking new markets in existing countries–Seeking new country markets for already identified and served market segments第八章Product and Brand Decisions1.What is the difference between a product and a brand?A product is a good, service, or ideaBrandsBundle of images and experiences in the customer’s mindA promise made by a particular company about a particular productA quality certificationDifferentiation between competing productsThe sum of impressions about a brand is the Brand ImageThe added value that accrues to a product as a result of investments in the marketing of the brandAn asset that represents the value created by the relationship between the brand and customer over time2.How do local, international, and global products differ? Cite examplesLocal Product is one that has achieved success in a single national market and represents the lifeblood of domestic companies. （Coca-cola, ginseng beverage only in Japan）International product is offered in several markets in a particular region (Euro-product, only in euro zone)Global product meets the wants and needs of a global market and is offered in all world regions (personal stereos)3.What are some of the elements that make up a brand? Are these elements tangible orintangible?IntangibleP2414.What criteria should global marketers consider when making product designdecisions?In many instances, packaging is an integral element of product-related design decisions. Packaging is designed to protect or contain the product during shipping；Labeling provides consumers with various types of information; Aesthetics differ around the world. Global marketers must understand the importance of visual aesthetics; Product Warranties is a written guarantee that assures the buyer is getting what they paid for or provides a remedy in case of a product failure. Warranties can be used as a competitive tool5.How can buyer at titudes about a product’s country of origin affect marketing strategy?买家对于原产国的态度对营销策略有什么影响？Perceptions about and attitudes toward particular countries often extend to products and brands known to originate in those countries–Japan–Germany–France–ItalyP252-2546.Identify several global brands. What are some of the reasons for the global success ofthe brands you chose?Both products and brand are good……7.Briefly describe various combinations of product-communication strategies availableto global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each?Product-communication extension (dual extension) is a strategy selling the same product with the same promotional appeals used in domestically when pursuing opportunities outside the home market. It used frequently with industrial (business to business) products.Product extension-communication adaptation strategy is a relatively low cost of implementation because the physical product is unchanged, and the main costs are associated with market research and revising promotional appeals. It used frequently when consumer conceptions outside the home market are very different from domestic marketProduct adaptation-communication extension is an approach to global product planning is to extend, without change, the basic home-market communications strategy while adapting the product to local use or preference conditions. It used frequently when natural conditions outside the home market are very different from domestic market Product-communication adaptation (dual adaptation) strateg y is an approach used both the different product serves and advertising appeals to consumer receptivity when comparing a new geographic market to the home market, environmental conditions or consumer preferences differ;第九章Pricing Decisions1.What are the basic factors that affect price in any market? What considerations enterinto the pricing decision?In global marketing, the task of setting prices is complicated by fluctuating exchange rates. Currency fluctuations can create significant problems and opportunities for the classic international company that exports from the home country.Inflation, or a persistent upward change in price levels, is a problem in many country markets. It can be caused by an increase in the money supply and currency devaluation. Governmental policies and regulations that affect pricing decisions include dumping legislation, resale price maintenance legislation, price ceilings, and general reviews of price levels.Pricing decisions are bounded not only by cost and nature of demand but also by competitive action.Competitive Behavior: If competitors do not adjust their prices in response to rising costs it is difficult to adjust your price to maintain operating margins; If competitors are manufacturing or sourcing I a lower-cost country, it may be necessary to cut prices to stay competitiveThe global marketer has several options for addressing the problem of price escalation orthe environmental factors described in the last section.2.Define the various types of pricing strategies and objectives available to globalmarketers.Market Skimming and Financial Objectives: Market Skimming charges a premium price which may occur at the introduction stage of product life cyclePenetration Pricing and Non-Financial Objectives: Penetration Pricing charges a low price in order to penetrate market quickly which appropriates to saturate market prior to imitation by competitors3.Identify some of the environmental constraints on global pricing decisions. Currency FluctuationsInflationary EnvironmentGovernment Controls, Subsidies, RegulationsCompetitive BehaviorSourcing4.Why do price differences in world markets often lead to gray marketing?Because price differences in world markets lead to trademarked products are exported from one country to another where they are sold by unauthorized persons or organizationsGray marketing occurs when product is in short supply, when producers use skimming strategies in some markets, and when goods are subject to substantial mark-ups 5.What is dumping? Why was dumping such an important issue during the UruguayRound of GATT negotiations?Sale of an imported product at a price lower than that normally charged in a domestic market or country of origin.P2966.What is transfer price? Why is it an important issue for companies with foreignaffiliates(外国子公司)? Why did transfer pricing in Europe take on increased importance in 1999?The transfer price is that Pricing of goods, services, and intangible property bought and sold by operating units or divisions of a company doing business with an affiliate in another jurisdiction.P2997.What is the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, and geocentric pricingstrategies? Which one would you recommend to a company that has global market aspirations?P291-292 PPT240-242pare and contrast the different forms of countertrade.Countertrade occurs when payment is made in some form other than moneyOptions–BarterThe least complex and oldest form of bilateral, non-monetary counter-tradeA direct exchange of goods or services between two parties–Counter-purchase P303-304–Offset–Compensation trading–Cooperation agreements–Switch trading第十章Global Marketing Channels and Physical Distribution1.In what ways can channel intermediaries create utility for buyers?ObjectivesMarketing channels exist to create utility for customers–Place utility -availability of a product or service in a location that is convenient to a potential customer–Time utility -availability of a product or service when desired by a customer–Form utility -availability of the product processed, prepared, in proper condition and/or ready to use–information utility -availability of answers to questions and general communicationabout useful product features and benefits2.What factors influence the channel structures and strategies available to globalmarketers?B2CThe characters of both buyers and products have an important influence on channel design.The number of individual buyers and their geographic distribution, income, shopping habits and different channel approaches.Products characters such as degree of standardization, perishability, bulk, service requirements, and unit price have an impact as well.Channels tends to be longer as the number of consumers to be served increases and the price per unit decreases. Bulky products usually require channel arrangements that minimize the shipping distances and the number of times products change hands before they reach the ultimate customer.B2BAs is true with consumer channels, product and consumer characteristics have an impact on channel structure. Three basic elements are involved: the manufacture's sales force, distributors or agents and wholesalers.Channel strategy in a global marketing program must fit the company's competitive position and overall marketing objectives in each national market.market factors: consumer profiles, market size and location of country.3.What is cherry picking? What approaches can be used to deal with this problem?P323pare and contrast the typical channel structures for consumer products andindustrial products.P340 PPT252-2555.Identify the different forms of retailing and cite an example of each form. Identifyretailers from as many different countries as you can.PPT258-259 P3256.Identify the four retail market expansion strategies discussed in the text. What factorsdetermine the appropriable mode?Organic–Company uses its own resources to open a store on a green field site or acquire one or more existing retail facilitiesFranchise–Appropriate strategy when barriers to entry are low yet the market is culturally distant in terms of consumer behavior or retailing structuresChain Acquisition–A market entry strategy that entails purchasing a company with multiple existing outlets in a foreign countryJoint Venture–This strategy is advisable when culturally distant, difficult-to-enter markets are targeted 7.What special distribution challenges exist in Japan? What is the best way for anon-Japanese company to deal with these challenges?第十一章Global Marketing Communications Decisions:Advertising and Public Relations1.In what ways can global brands and global advertising campaigns benefit a company? P3482.How does the “standardized versus localized” debate apply to advertising?Four difficulties that compromise an organization’s communicat ion efforts–The message may not get through to the intended recipient.–The message may reach the target audience but may not be understood or may even be misunderstood.–The message may reach the target audience and may be understood but still may not induce the recipient to take the action desired by the sender.–The effectiveness of the message can be impaired by noise.。
国际市场营销课后习题答案
《国际市场营销理论与实务》（第2版）习题答案仅供参考第一章国际市场营销概述一、单项选择题C C B C B二、多项选择题1.ABDE2.ABCD3.ACDE三、简答题1.简述国际营销和国际贸易的异同（1）相同点。
国际市场营销与国际贸易都是以获得利润收入为目的而进行的跨越国境的经济活动。
（2）不同点。
①所依据的理论点不同；②商品(劳务)交换的行为主体不同；③强调重点不同；④商品(劳务)转移的形态不同；⑤国际市场营销涉及企业整体发展战略问题；⑥评价绩效的信息来源不同。
2.简述企业走向国际市场的主要动因（1）国际营销的竞争动因①避开竞争锋芒。
②追逐竞争对手。
③锻炼竞争能力。
④延长产品生命周期，发挥竞争优势。
（2）国际营销的资源动因①开发自然资源。
②利用劳动力资源。
③获取技术资源。
④赢取信息资源。
（3）国际营销的利润动因①通过规模效应，获得更大利润。
②利用资源优势，获得更大利润。
③利用优惠政策，获得更大利润。
同时，一些国家为了吸引外商投资，在税收等方面采取一系列优惠政策。
国际企业也可以通过东道国政府的优惠政策获得更大的收益。
3.试区别国内营销、出口营销、国际营销、多国营销、全球营销（1）国内营销。
国内营销是指国内市场为企业唯一的经营范围，企业经营的目光、焦点、导向及经营活动集中于国内消费者、国内供应商、国内竞争者。
其公司在国内从事营销活动可能是有意识的、自觉的战略选择，活着是无意识的、不自觉的想躲避国外竞争者的挑战，有时甚至由于对外界环境的无知而造成“出口恐惧症”，对出口销售持消极态度。
（2）出口营销。
出口营销时期一般指20世纪第二次世界大战后至60年代。
但是，此阶段仍以出口产品为主组织国际市场营销活动，对国际市场调研、产品开发的自觉性还不够。
这是企业进入国际市场的第一阶段。
其目标市场是国外市场，企业在国内生产产品到国外销售，满足国外市场需求。
在这一阶段产品与经验成为发展出口营销的关键。
同时，国际营销者还要研究国际目标市场，使产品适应每个国家的特殊要求。
市场营销学 《第五章 市场购买行为分析》练习题
《第五章市场购买行为分析》练习题一、单项选择题1.消费者不可能在真空里做出自己的购买决策，其购买决策在很大程度上受到文化、社会、个人和心理等因素的影响。
其中，社会角色与地位属于( )。
A．文化因素B．社会因素C．个人因素D．心理因素2.人们之所以对同一刺激物产生不同的知觉，是因为人们要经历三种知觉过程，即选择性注意、选择性曲解和( )。
A．选择性保留B．选择性专业化C．选择分销D．选择定位3.人们对于刺激物的理解是通过感觉进行的。
所谓感觉是指通过视、听、嗅、味、触五种感官对刺激物的反应。
随着感觉的深人，将感觉到的材料通过大脑进行分析综合，从而得到( )。
A．诱因B．需要C．知觉D．反应4.由于市场营销环境不断变化，新产品、新品牌不断涌现，消费者的购买行为必须经过多方搜集有关信息之后，才能做出购买决策，这本身就是一个( )过程。
A．驱使力B．学习C．强化D．刺激物5.对于价格低廉、经常购买、品牌差异小的产品，消费者不需要花时间进行选择，也不需要经过搜集信息、评价产品特点等复杂过程，因而，其购买行为最简单。
消费者只是被动地接收信息，出于熟悉而购买，也不一定进行购后评价。
这种购买行为属于( )。
A．化解不协调购买行为B．习惯性购买行为C．寻求多样化购买行为D．复杂购买行为6.( )由以下产业所组成：农业、林业、水产业；制造业；建筑业；通讯业；公用事业；银行业、金融业和保险业；服务业等。
A．政府市场B．转卖者市场C．生产者市场D．消费者市场7.对消费者的购买行为具有最广泛、最深远影响的因素是( )。
A．文化因素B．社会因素C．个人因素D．心理因素8.家庭成员对人们的购买行为影响颇大，家庭成员属于( )。
A．直接参照群体B．间接参照群体C．向往参照群体D．次要参照群体9.下列影响消费者购买行为的因素中哪一项不属于社会因素( )。
A．参照群体B．身份C．社会阶层D．家庭10.根据参与者的介入和品牌间的差异程度，消费者购买食盐这一行为属于( )。
市场营销第五章习题答案
市场营销第五章习题答案市场营销第五章习题答案市场营销是现代商业发展中的重要环节，它涉及到企业的销售、推广、定价等方面。
在市场营销的学习过程中，习题是一种常见的学习工具，通过解答习题可以帮助我们更好地理解和掌握市场营销的知识。
下面将针对市场营销第五章的习题进行解答，帮助读者更好地理解这一章节的内容。
一、选择题1. 在市场营销中，市场定位是指（）。
A. 企业在市场上的地位B. 企业在消费者心目中的形象C. 企业在竞争对手中的地位D. 企业在市场中的定价策略答案：B. 企业在消费者心目中的形象解析：市场定位是指企业在消费者心目中的形象和地位。
通过市场定位，企业可以确定自己在市场上的位置，并制定相应的营销策略。
2. 市场细分是指将整个市场划分为若干个（）。
A. 不同的市场B. 不同的消费者群体C. 不同的产品种类D. 不同的销售渠道答案：B. 不同的消费者群体解析：市场细分是将整个市场划分为若干个不同的消费者群体。
通过市场细分，企业可以更好地满足不同消费者群体的需求，提高市场营销的效果。
3. 市场营销的目标是（）。
A. 实现销售增长B. 提高企业形象C. 获得市场份额D. 满足消费者需求答案：D. 满足消费者需求解析：市场营销的目标是满足消费者的需求。
通过满足消费者的需求，企业可以提高销售额、获得市场份额，并提高企业的形象。
二、判断题1. 市场营销的核心是销售。
答案：错误解析：市场营销的核心是满足消费者的需求，销售只是市场营销的一部分。
2. 市场细分是将整个市场划分为若干个相同的消费者群体。
答案：错误解析：市场细分是将整个市场划分为若干个不同的消费者群体，这些群体具有不同的需求和特点。
三、问答题1. 请简要解释市场定位的概念和作用。
答：市场定位是指企业在消费者心目中的形象和地位。
市场定位的作用主要有以下几个方面：- 帮助企业了解自己在市场上的位置和竞争对手的情况，从而制定相应的营销策略。
- 帮助企业确定目标消费者群体，针对不同的消费者群体制定不同的营销策略。
《国际市场营销学》课后习题答案
1、企业走向国际市场得主要动因就是什么？我国企业走向国际市场得动因有哪些特殊性？国内市场需求饱与及市场竞争激烈；国际市场得吸引力;政府鼓励与支持企业出口政策;科学技术发展为企业跨国经营提供物质前提；我国动因：国内市场竞争激烈;国外产品通过各种渠道大量涌入国内市场，使国内市场呈现出饱与状态，企业为实现产品得竞争日益激烈；获取国外先进科学技术及先进得管理技术；利用俩种资源与俩个市场获取国外低成本得生产资源及引进外资;2、什么就是国际市场营销？国际营销同国内营销有何联系与区别？国际市场营销就是指在一国以上把企业生产得商品或劳务引导到消费者或用户中去得经营活动;一)国际营销与国内营销得联系1．基础得共同性国际营销与国内营销都以经济学得基本原理作为理论基础。
现代管理学、统计学、数学、会计学、社会学、心理学等诸多学科得内容，既可以指导国内营销活动,又广泛运用于国际营销之中。
2．观念得一致性在当代经济活动中，国际营销观念与国内营销观念本质上就是一致得,都以“市场观念"作为指导原则，以满足消费者与用户得需求为中心。
所谓满足需求，一就是指满足消费者与用户对商品或服务在使用价值上得需求；二就是指满足消费者与用户得心理需求。
由于观念得一致性，企业得国内外营销活动也具有一致性,即企业在国内外营销活动中都必须做到：（1)企业生产、销售产品与服务都要有自己得目标市场,即要有特定得用户作为自己得买主;（２)企业提供得产品与服务,不仅在物质功能上而且在价值观念上，都要满足目标市场得需求；(３)企业销售产品与服务在时间、地点、方式、价格等方面,都必须便于顾客购买；(4）及时为顾客提供信息与满意得售后服务,以满足现实顾客与潜在顾客对商品与服务得多种需要。
3。
经营得延伸性在经营上，国际营销与国内营销往往存在一定得联系.就其经营发生得过程来瞧，国际营销就是国内营销得延伸。
粗略说来,企业先从事国内营销,再逐渐发展到国际营销。
也就就是说，企业发展国际营销,一般都有一个渐进得过程。
《国际市场营销学》参考答案
《国际市场营销学》学员作业参考答案第一单元(第1—4章)作业题参考答案一、单项选择题1．A 2．D 3．C 4．B 5．B6．C 7．D 8．A 9．D 10．B11．D 12．B 13．A 14．C 15．A二、简答题1．答：国际市场营销(International Marketing)简称国际营销，是指在复杂的国际市场环境中，识别和确定国外消费者和用户的需要，并通过提供能满足这些需要的商品和劳务实现企业目标的整体营销活动。
2．答：一、拓宽企业的生存和发展空间，增强企业活力；二、外向型经济发展的需要；三、国外营销环境的吸引力；四、规避国际贸易壁垒的需要；五、利用外国资源、参与国际分工；六、接近市场，使产品更加适销对路；七、实现规模经济的需要。
3．答：企业遇到环境威胁时，一般有三种选择：一是抵抗，即设法限制或扭转不利因素的发展；二是减轻，即努力降低威胁的严重性；三是回避，即主动转移到较有利的其他市场。
4．答：国体；政体；政党制度；政府政策的稳定性；民族主义；行政效率及清廉程度。
5．答：各国关于广告的法律法规很多，归纳起来主要有以下几类：①对广告产品的限制。
②对广告的内容及真实性的限制。
③对于广告媒体的限制。
④对广告对象的限制。
⑤对广告时间的限制。
⑥对于广告税收的规定。
6．答：非关税措施主要有以下形式：进口配额、进口许可证制、政府采购条款、最低限价制、海关程序、各种复杂苛刻的标准与规定等。
7．答：技术环境对营销的影响主要体现在以下几个方面：1．对需求的影响。
2．对产品策略的影响。
3．对交易方式的影响。
4．对营销管理的影响。
5．对竞争战略的影响。
8．答：马斯洛将人们的需求按由低到高的顺序分成5个层次，即生理需求(衣、食、住)、安全需求(人身安全、健康保护)、社会需求(社交活动、归属感、友谊、爱情)、自尊需求(得到社会尊重和承认、自尊心获得满足)和自我实现需求(自我潜能极度发挥、追求理想的实现)。
9．答：1．确认需要、产生购买动机阶段。
(完整版)《国际市场营销学》课后习题答案
1.企业走向国际市场的主要动因是什么？我国企业走向国际市场的动因有哪些特殊性？国内市场需求饱和及市场竞争激烈；国际市场的吸引力；政府鼓励与支持企业出口政策；科学技术发展为企业跨国经营提供物质前提；我国动因：国内市场竞争激烈；国外产品通过各种渠道大量涌入国内市场，使国内市场呈现出饱和状态，企业为实现产品的竞争日益激烈；获取国外先进科学技术及先进的管理技术；利用俩种资源与俩个市场获取国外低成本的生产资源及引进外资；2.什么是国际市场营销？国际营销同国内营销有何联系和区别？国际市场营销是指在一国以上把企业生产的商品或劳务引导到消费者或用户中去的经营活动；一)国际营销与国内营销的联系1．基础的共同性国际营销与国内营销都以经济学的基本原理作为理论基础。
现代管理学、统计学、数学、会计学、社会学、心理学等诸多学科的内容，既可以指导国内营销活动，又广泛运用于国际营销之中。
2．观念的一致性在当代经济活动中，国际营销观念与国内营销观念本质上是一致的，都以“市场观念”作为指导原则，以满足消费者和用户的需求为中心。
所谓满足需求，一是指满足消费者和用户对商品或服务在使用价值上的需求；二是指满足消费者和用户的心理需求。
由于观念的一致性，企业的国内外营销活动也具有一致性，即企业在国内外营销活动中都必须做到：（1）企业生产、销售产品与服务都要有自己的目标市场，即要有特定的用户作为自己的买主；（2）企业提供的产品和服务，不仅在物质功能上而且在价值观念上，都要满足目标市场的需求；（3）企业销售产品与服务在时间、地点、方式、价格等方面，都必须便于顾客购买；（4）及时为顾客提供信息和满意的售后服务，以满足现实顾客和潜在顾客对商品和服务的多种需要。
3．经营的延伸性在经营上，国际营销与国内营销往往存在一定的联系。
就其经营发生的过程来看，国际营销是国内营销的延伸。
粗略说来，企业先从事国内营销，再逐渐发展到国际营销。
也就是说，企业发展国际营销，一般都有一个渐进的过程。
《国际市场营销》课后习题参考答案
《国际市场营销》课后习题参考答案学习情境一走进国际市场营销一、简述题１．试区分国内市场营销、国际贸易与国际市场营销。
答：（1）国际市场营销与国际贸易的主要区别是：角度不同，范围不同，流向不同，对象不同。
（2）国际市场营销与国内市场营销相比，除了跨国性、异国性、多国性以外，更有复杂性、风险性、激烈性的特征。
２．试讨论国际市场营销学发展的不同阶段。
答：企业国际市场营销的发展同世界经济一体化及本国市场经济的发展是紧密相连的，其发展演变经历了一个过程，即国内市场营销→出口营销→国际市场营销→多国营销→全球营销。
从现实看，众多国家的企业仍处于国际市场营销阶段，少数发达国家的跨国公司已进入全球营销阶段。
３．试述几种国际市场营销观念的区别。
答：在西方国家企业的营销活动中，先后出现了五种营销观念，即生产观念、产品观念、推销观念、市场营销观念和社会市场营销观念。
在市场国际化、全球化、竞争激烈化的发展形势下，国际市场营销新观念也应运而生。
（1）生产观念：生产观念是以产品生产为中心的观念。
（2）产品观念：产品观念也是以产品生产为中心，但它认为：消费者并不是仅关注买得到和买得起的产品，更欢迎那些质量高、性能好、有特色、价格合理的产品。
（3）销售观念。
销售观念是一种以产品销售为中心的观念。
它认为：只要企业努力做好产品推销，消费者就会购买。
（4）市场营销观念。
市场营销观念是一种以消费者的需求为中心的经营思想。
它认为企业的一切活动都应以消费者中心，满足消费者的需求是企业的责任。
（5）社会营销观念。
社会营销观念是一种以社会利益为中心的市场营销观念。
它认为：企业不仅要考虑消费者的现实需求，更要考虑潜在需求；要善于引导消费，在获取效益的同时，还要考虑生态效益和社会效益。
４．你认为中国５００强企业应如何开展跨国营销活动？答：我国企业在国际营销中存在的问题是体制上、观念上等多方面复杂因素相互作用的结果，要解决这些问题，需要政府和企业共同努力采取相应的对策。
东财《国际市场营销学》在线作业五满分答案
东财《国际市场营销学》在线作业五一、单选题（共 15 道试题，共 60 分。
）1. 美国桂格麦片公司成功地推出桂格超脆麦片后，又利用这一品牌及其图样特征，推出雪糕、运动衫等产品，这是（）的表现。
A. 品牌质量策略B. 品牌重新定位策略C. 品牌延伸策略D. 无品牌策略-----------------选择：C2. 制造商尽可能地通过许多负责任的、适当的批发商、零售商推销其产品。
这种市场展露程度叫做（）。
A. 选择性分销B. 密集性分销C. 大量分销D. 独家分销-----------------选择：B3. 为国际市场提供与国内市场相同产品的是（）。
A. 产品国际化B. 国际产品标准化C. 产品同质化D. 国际产品差异化-----------------选择：B4. （）是指品牌中可以用语言表达的部分。
A. 品牌化B. 品牌名称C. 品牌标志D. 商标-----------------选择：B5. 下列影响消费者购买行为的因素中哪项属于文化因素（）。
A. 参照群体B. 社会角色C. 社会阶层D. 家庭-----------------选择：C6. 在成本加成定价法中“加成”的含义是指（）。
A. 一定比率的利润B. 一定比率的价格C. 固定比率的利润D. 固定比率的成本-----------------选择：A7. 直接的主动的接触国际市场，公司业务导向以国际为主，主要以国际投资作为参加国际活动的方式，这说明企业国际化处在（）。
A. 第一阶段B. 第二阶段C. 第三阶段D. 第四阶段-----------------选择：D8. 市场营销观念属于（）导向阶段。
A. 生产B. 销售C. 市场D. 社会-----------------选择：C9. 消费者不可能在真空里做出自己的购买决策，其购买决策在很大程度上受到文化、社会、个人和心理等因素的影响。
其中，社会角色与地位属于（）。
A. 文化因素B. 个人因素C. 社会因素D. 自然因素E. 心理因素-----------------选择：C10. 企业通过增加商业网点，借助多渠道将同一产品送达同一市场，短期削价等措施，在现有市场上扩大现有产品的销售。
国际市场营销课后习题答案
《国际市场营销理论与实务》（第2版）习题答案仅供参考第一章国际市场营销概述一、单项选择题C C B C B二、多项选择题1.ABDE2.ABCD3.ACDE三、简答题1.简述国际营销和国际贸易的异同（1）相同点。
国际市场营销与国际贸易都是以获得利润收入为目的而进行的跨越国境的经济活动。
（2）不同点。
①所依据的理论点不同；②商品(劳务)交换的行为主体不同；③强调重点不同；④商品(劳务)转移的形态不同；⑤国际市场营销涉及企业整体发展战略问题；⑥评价绩效的信息来源不同。
2.简述企业走向国际市场的主要动因（1）国际营销的竞争动因①避开竞争锋芒。
②追逐竞争对手。
③锻炼竞争能力。
④延长产品生命周期，发挥竞争优势。
（2）国际营销的资源动因①开发自然资源。
②利用劳动力资源。
③获取技术资源。
④赢取信息资源。
（3）国际营销的利润动因①通过规模效应，获得更大利润。
②利用资源优势，获得更大利润。
③利用优惠政策，获得更大利润。
同时，一些国家为了吸引外商投资，在税收等方面采取一系列优惠政策。
国际企业也可以通过东道国政府的优惠政策获得更大的收益。
3.试区别国营销、出口营销、国际营销、多国营销、全球营销（1）国营销。
国营销是指国市场为企业唯一的经营围，企业经营的目光、焦点、导向及经营活动集中于国消费者、国供应商、国竞争者。
其公司在国从事营销活动可能是有意识的、自觉的战略选择，活着是无意识的、不自觉的想躲避国外竞争者的挑战，有时甚至由于对外界环境的无知而造成“出口恐惧症”，对出口销售持消极态度。
（2）出口营销。
出口营销时期一般指20世纪第二次世界大战后至60年代。
但是，此阶段仍以出口产品为主组织国际市场营销活动，对国际市场调研、产品开发的自觉性还不够。
这是企业进入国际市场的第一阶段。
其目标市场是国外市场，企业在国生产产品到国外销售，满足国外市场需求。
在这一阶段产品与经验成为发展出口营销的关键。
同时，国际营销者还要研究国际目标市场，使产品适应每个国家的特殊要求。
国际市场营销第五章习题
国际市场营销第五章习题一、名词解释消费者市场便利品选购品参考群体生产者市场中间商市场二、判断题1．按照马斯洛的需要层次理论，人们在满足了生理的需要之后，就会追求自我实现的需要。
（）2．根据购买目的的不同，可以把整个市场划分为消费者市场、生产者市场、中间商市场和政府、团体市场。
（）3．生产者市场的需求是派生的需求。
（）4．消费者行为模式是“反应——刺激”模式。
（）5．影响消费者购买行为的基本因素是社会因素和心理因素。
（）6．公众人物像姚明是属于消费者参考群体中的首要群体。
（）三、单项选择题1．消费者“黑箱”包括两方面的内容：一是消费者特征；二是（）。
A．企业的营销刺激B．消费者购买决策过程C．消费者购买意向D．竞争者行为2．按照马斯洛需要层次理论，人们在满足了安全的需要之后，就会追求（）。
A．尊重的需要B．生理的需要C．社会的需要D．自我实现的需要3．中间商在采购产品时，应特别注重产品的（）。
A．利润率B．价格C．适销性D．技术含量4．生产者市场具有多项特点，但是没有______这一特点。
（）A．需求具有派生性B．多数为专家购买C．购买力流动性大D．市场波动性较大5．消费者在购买商品时通常要货比三家以后才会做出购买决策的商品是（）。
A．便利品B．选购品C．特殊品D．非渴求品四、多项选择题1．影响消费者购买行为的社会和文化因素主要有（）。
A．民族B．生活方式C．家庭D．相关群体E．宗教2．影响消费者的购买行为的心理因素包括（）。
A．个性B．动机C．认知D．学习E．信念3．消费者认为可信度最高的信息来源是（）。
A．个人来源B．商业来源C．公共来源D．经验来源E．消费者组织来源4．影响国际生产者购买行为的因素主要有（）。
A．环境因素B．组织因素C．人际因素D．个人因素E．文化因素5．可供中间商选择的商品搭配策略主要有（）。
A．独家产品B．深度搭配C．广泛搭配D．混合搭配E．广告搭配五、简答题1．什么是消费者市场？消费者市场有些什么特征？2．简述影响消费者购买行为的基本因素。
国际市场营销知到章节答案智慧树2023年吉林财经大学
国际市场营销知到章节测试答案智慧树2023年最新吉林财经大学第一章测试1.国内市场营销是国际市场营销的延伸。
（）参考答案:错2.多国市场观念强调海外市场的差异性和海外业务的重要性。
（）参考答案:对3.经济全球化是指世界经济活动超越国界，相互联系、相互依存而形成的有机经济整体的过程。
（）参考答案:对4.国际市场营销与国际贸易的差异不包括（）。
参考答案:目的不同5.国内市场延伸观念反映的思想导向（）。
参考答案:本国中心思想导向6.（）应深化区域合作交流，加快推进平台机制创新，不断提升综合服务功能。
参考答案:政府7.国内市场营销和国际市场营销的差异点有（）。
参考答案:多国协调和控制;营销环境;可控因素8.国际市场营销观念主要有（）。
参考答案:多国市场观念;全球营销观念;国内市场延伸观念9.经济全球化，使得多数国家经济利益相互交织，可以（）。
参考答案:减少了贸易壁垒;外国企业更容易进入本国市场;增加企业全球化经营的可能性;取消对外商直接投资的限制10.中国企业国际化经营的现状（）。
参考答案:跨文化经营能力仍需提升;国际市场营销观念还需提升;对国际市场缺乏深入研究第二章测试1.市场机会是指由环境变化造成的对企业国际市场营销活动有吸引力和利益空间的领域。
（）参考答案:对2.环境威胁是指环境中有利于企业营销及其发展的因素，对企业形成挑战。
（）参考答案:错3.政治风险的测量方法需要多种方法结合使用，不能单独使用。
（）参考答案:错4.以下哪种国际市场环境分析方法是指获取和利用外部环境中有关事件信息、趋势信息和关系信息的行为，以协助企业的高级管理者制订其未来行动的计划。
（）参考答案:环境扫描法5.行使审判权和检察权的政府机构是（）。
参考答案:司法机构6.国际商务活动中各方当事人之间发生争议，争端双方要求第三方调解分歧，从而达成一致协议，属于哪种解决国际争端的方法（）。
参考答案:调解7.国际市场营销环境主要包括（）。
国际市场营销学课后答案chapter 5 outline
Chapter 5The International Marketing Plan1. Please Give the overview of Chapter 52. Please describe the International Market Segmentation:3. What are the approaches to brand positioning:4. Please mention the Rationale for Target Marketing:5. Please complete the following terms:a. Accessibility:b. Actionability:c. Applications Positioning:d. Attribute/Benefit Positioning:e. Benefit Segmentation:∙International Market Segmentation: Involves identifying countries and consumers who are similar with regard to key traits. International segmentation must be performed at the country level and at the consumer level.∙Positioning the Brand: Entails placing the brand in the consumer's mind in relation to other competing products, based on product traits and benefits that are relevant to the consumer. There are six approaches to brand positioning: Attribute positioning, price/quality positioning, applications positioning, product user positioning, product class positioning, and competitor positioning.The Rationale for Target Marketing:Target marketing is used to identify segments of international consumers that are similar with regard to key traits, to select segments that the company can serve most efficiently, and to communicate product traits that differentiate the product in the consumers' minds. Accessibility: The ability to communicate with the international target market. Actionability: The extent to which the target market segment is responsive to the marketing strategies used.Applications Positioning: The marketing of a very precise product application that is differentiated in the consumers’ minds from other products that have a more general use. Attribute/Benefit Positioning: Positioning that communicates product attributes and benefits, differentiating each brand from the other company brands and from those of competitors. Benefit Segmentation: The process of identifying international market segments based on important differences between the benefits sought by the target market from purchasing a particular product.REVIEW QUESTIONSTrue/False1.False2.False3.False4.True5.True Multiple Choice1. D2. C3. C4. B。
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1.解释下列概念：
知识经济: 所谓知识经济，也叫作智能经济，是指建立在科学技术知识信息的开发研究、生产分配及应用推广基础上的经济形态。
它是以高新技术产业为主，以智力资源的拥有和配置为基础，以科学技术为依托的一种可持续发展的新型经济形式。
创造需求观念: 创造需求观念是以技术革新为契机，去挖掘消费者无法意识到的消费需求，开发出新产品去创造、引导消费者的消费，并形成企业特定的市场。
EDI : EDI 是一种由电子计算机和通讯网络来处理业务文件的技术，这一新型贸易方式无需纸张单据，因而被称为“无纸贸易”。
互联网：互联网是指将两台计算机或者是两台以上的计算机终端、客户端、服务端通过计算机信息技术的手段互相联系起来的结果，人们可以远距离的实现参与者之间的互动、分享与联系。
4C: 以顾客为中心的4C (顾客、成本、方便、沟通）
电子商务: 电子商务是指那种改变了传统的商业模式，通过电子通信，包括电话、传真机、信用卡、电视、自动提款机和基于互联网络而进行的商业贸易。
2.试述知识经济的特征。
答: 科学和技术的研究开发日益成为知识经济的重要基础; 信息和通信技术在知识经济的发展过程中处于中心地位; 服务业在知识经济中扮演了主要角色; 人力的素质和技能成为知识经济实现的先决条件.
3.知识经济时代技术革命的主要特点是什么？
答：它引起社会生产力的巨大变化，推进着社会生产率的提高，并推动了许多全新领域的产生；促进工业结构高级化；科技革命将推进传统工业的改造；以电子信息技术为核心的现代科技革命从地域范围上看是一场全球性革命。
4.技术革命对国际营销有什么影响？
答：对顾客需求的影响：消费者需求趋于个性化；消费者行为趋于理性化；市场竞争加剧，消费者面临更多的选择；消费者对价格更加敏感；知识消费将成为最重要的消费领域。
对营销观念的影响：技术革命一方面使技术日新月异，产品的生命周期将大大缩短，新产品层出不穷；另一方面消费者的需求更多样化、个性化及高档化，因此，企业不仅适应消费者需求，还必须不断地进行营销创新，营销创新的关键是营销观念创新，即从满足顾客需求转变为创造需求。
对交易方式的影响：EDI的使用将大大增加交易速度，降低交易费用，扩大客户范围；大大拓宽了市场营销网络，创造了一个全新的网上贸易市场，电子商务应运而生。
对营销管理的影响：信息技术革命带来全球通信便捷，使得远程办公、远程会议和远程管理成为可能，信息成本不断下降，这种现代化的管理模式和方式越来越易于操作，而且可以大幅度压缩传统的旅行费用和额外开支。
对竞争战略的影响：技术革命的加速发展，使企业在获取巨大利润的同时，需要大量的投入和承担巨大风险，因此采用高技术开拓国际市场的企业，一般都注重与相关企业建立战略合作联盟，从而使传统的单纯的对抗竞争形式变成既是竞争对手又是合作伙伴、相互依赖相互竞争的形式
5. 简述互联网的商业应用。
答：厂商利用互联网做广告，进行客户调查，寻找合作伙伴及分销商，发布产品信息，与客户沟通，提供服务信息以及获取市场分析的数据等。
Web2.0的出现使网络应用更趋向人与人之间的信息交换和协同合作，其模式更加以用户为中心，其核心是强调参与者之间的互动、分享与关系。
Web2.0 的发展，在两个方面对市场营销产生了重大的影响：其一是促成了社会化媒体的发展，其二是创造性顾客的兴起。
6.利用互联网开展营销有什么特点？
答: 跨时空；多媒体；交互式；拟人化；整合性；高效性；经济性；技术性。
7.互联网对国际营销有何影响？
答：以顾客为中心提供产品和服务；以顾客能接受的成本进行定价；产品实行直接的销售；从强迫式促销转向加强与顾客直接沟通交互式的促销方式。
8.试述技术革命的发展趋势。
答：钠米材料与纳米技术的发展；两个领域技术的融合：网络融合和媒体融合；生物技术的发展；新能源技术的发展；新海洋技术的发展。
课后案例问题提示
结合知识点和你的亲身经历，谈谈百度如何利用新技术和新媒体进行营销？
答：在百度的营销中，充分利用了移动终端和新兴的社交平台，结合相关理论作答。