托福听力Lecture 分类词汇完整版
TOEFL 听力_ 大Lecture 中必须掌握的词汇
社会科学：1.Economy and bussiness(经济与商业)(1)regulation）1（market pattern(市场形态)---self-sufficient economy自给自足的自然经济---a pure free market economy自由的市场经济（no government intervention/involvement没有政府的干预= 并列关系Free competition自由竞争---monopoly垄断---anti-trustlegislation反托拉斯立法-反垄断---transportation—railroad—oil---financial）---a central government controled/administrated economy计划经济---mixed economy混合经济（social regulation宏观调控---A. aim/purposea. to aviod monopoly宏观调控[make profits挣利润]b.to aviod fraud(经济上欺诈)c.to maintain the stability/saftyof the societyd.to aviod the manipulationfrom the stock holders,security holders and futureholders(股票，证券，期货的恶意操控)---financialmarket(微观调控)B.methoda.tax/taxationernment:spending/expenditure(支出) (2)demand and supply）1（valuation regulation价值规律---考点：relation, case study/analysis(案例研究，分析)---把握目的，位置决定目的（revaluation/appreciation升值；devaluation贬值）(3)marketing(营销) strategy(战略)）1（M & A=merge and accquisition兼并和重组---A.brand sense品牌理念=brand name+artificial meaning/concept/notation(品牌理念)√[case]B.mass media method大众传播手段---advertisement；commercial(特制电视商业有偿广告)；Interneta.logo(商标)b.spokepersonc.introduction(spokesperson---celebrity)d.slogan(标语)---concept(理念)C.contrast对比[cases]---10—记字头D.brand---loyalty品牌忠诚度a.attempt试用b.expansion of productsc.platform平台E.localization本土化（对于跨国公司，跨地公司）a.taste品位b.culture/belief信仰c.cunsumer-testing消费心理，消费习惯公司规模：Agency/firm---company---corporation,enterprise---JV=Joint Venture合资企业---MNC=Multinational Corporation跨国公司(4)business management---human resource(人力资源)[case---e-Person=executive-person高管]---CEO（首席执行官），CFO（首席财政官），CTO （首席技术官），COO（首席运营总监），CAO（游戏公司-首席娱乐总监）A.qualities.---各种执行官pany---success/failureC.theory理论2.Philosophy(哲学)听力中4位有名的哲学家：Socrates(苏格拉底), Plato(柏拉图), Aristotle(亚里士多德), John Dewey(约翰杜威)建树是不变的：(1)Socrates苏格拉底(被绞死)：---柏拉图的老师规律：谈到苏格拉底必谈柏拉图metaphysics(形而上学派)(2)Plato柏拉图《The Republic》理想国---柏拉图最著名的著作，其实是他和他老师苏格拉底共同的功绩：Academy：西方哲学史上，开创了第一家讲哲学思想的学堂：“学源”---1.教育Education---2.伦理道德Ethics(3)Aristotle亚里士多德：）1（他的哲学思想遍及领域之广无人能及方面：physics, natural science, politics, arts, poetics(诗学)）2（但大多数哲学思想在后来一一被推翻）3（是西方哲学思想的奠基人---积极评价）4（当晚年只研究一个领域---伦理道德Ethics---幸福happiness(4)John Dewey约翰杜威---pragmatics实用主义哲学---education教育（专门研究）（philosopher哲学家, thinker思想家, educator教育家））1（率先提出了教育应该全民教育(no social rank education)-无差别，无社会等级教育）2（理论联系实际(“put into practice” theory)）3（个人教育可以带动全民教育(individual education)3.Art History(难题，艺术历史)---所有艺术史文章的考点：该艺术时期的最大特点(hallmark)代表人物(person)代表作品(work)代表人物的第一人第一作(first)诞生的背景和后期给社会带来的影响(background+effect)鼎盛时期的发展情况(peak,summit Baroque巴洛克时期---Music,Fine Arts,Architecture---考点：emotional感性艺术,extreme ornamentation极端的装修装饰dissonance对称,中轴线（又臭又长）Music：(1)trill(颤音)/grace notes修饰音符(2)orchestra(管弦乐队)/symphony(交响乐队)(3)F(发)/B(西)---音名---semi-tone半音阶的使用(4)Opera(歌剧)---鼎盛时期(5)concerto(协奏曲)，sonata(奏鸣曲)Music代表人物：Monteverdi Claudio蒙特威尔第.克劳迪奥！！---歌剧之父，巴洛克音乐之父代表作：Orfeo/Orfio《奥菲欧》鼎盛时期：Technique-oriented纯技术导向的---只有技术没有艺术---以歌剧(Opera)为最Choir唱诗班/巴洛克前期的合唱团---唱merit(赞美歌)---早期用童男童女(纯洁)鼎盛时期比的是谁唱的大声唱的高(男的变声)---出现阉人歌手(eunuch performer/singer)后期分声部(V oices)—理性时期---tenor男高音baritone男中音soprnao男低音mezzo-soprnao女高音alto女中音，女低音Arts：鲁本斯(Robins)---是欧洲第一个巴洛克式的画家---代表作品：Bless Peace《祝福和平》---巴洛克美术之父鼎盛时期：先炫技：比颜色的艳丽(多)---color，线条的复杂性---line complexity 后炫画布(canvas)后期都回归理性Architecture：Appliance实用性—所以不存在过于“炫”特点：(1)huge pillar大型立柱(2)Floating sculpture浮雕(3)mural/fresco壁画Renaissance文艺复兴时期---理性艺术rational art----哲学中也考（内容一样）启蒙运动Enlightenment---相互影响，时间上启蒙运动先人性humanismb 达芬奇Da Vinci美德merit by nature艺术与科学art scienceImpressionism意象派---哲学中也考（乌托邦派utopianism/理想主义派idealism）只限于绘画和音乐---特点：utopianism乌托邦派/idealism理想主义派abstract抽象Imagination/illusion幻想No accompany无伴奏Vague coloration模糊色彩处理Romantics浪漫主义---偏文学---关键词：(1)elaboration修辞(2)Romantic≠love---会进行对比comparison…(3)Wordsworth的生平(life)---最鼎盛时期是早期作品的第一阶段---文章容易出题Work(代表作)-早期第一阶段-代表作不确定Drama戏剧---Neo-classics新古典主义Performance表演艺术Actor/actoress演员Theater舞台（装饰）---注意比较概念---容易出题Compared with Romantic和浪漫主义进行对比注意听：Difference；Advantages/Disvantages：strengh/weakness演员，舞台设计搭配之间的优劣点代表人物：Wordsworth华兹华斯Photorealism照片写实主义---Fine Art---VS---Impressionism---写实，关键，特点：(1)Detail细节(2)reflection:mirror/window镜像画代表人物：七类代表人物---听到新人就记4.History and Anthropology5.Mass Communication(大众传播)6.Political Science地球科学：1.地质地理题：山---Alps阿尔卑斯山Amdes安第斯山脉Rockies罗基山脉Applachians阿巴拉奇亚山Cascades卡斯卡达山脉St.Helens圣海伦斯山山的考法：(1)formation/age形成方式和年代的概念---注意数字(height,length,altitude,age)Range；mountain ranges山脉）1（collision of tectonic plates板块的挤压，碰撞（原因：Plate Tectonic板块构造说Continental Drifting大陆漂移学说Plate movementHotspot热力点 temperature---crust,mantle,core---在mantle---有lava/magama---导致Plate movment）2（during volcanic eruption/action火山爆发（原因：rock---cool downigneous rock火山岩(2)volcano---eruption/erupt考点：classification分类）1（eruption cycle喷发周期（三种火山：active volcano活火山Inactive/extinct volcane死火山Dormant volcane休眠火山=潜在的活火山）2（eruption intensity喷发强度（两种火山：shield volcano盾状火山---没事喷着玩由火山结构决定特点：形状像盾牌，喷发周期短，喷发强度小Composite volcano复式火山---很多层---导致火山的内部压强大(pressure)密度大(density)特点：喷发周期强，喷发强度大听的方法：听火上的类型(type)；听火上的位置(与山的关系---与哪个山相连)(location—other mountain)次生灾害(productive disasters)---火山灰(ash cloud/volcanic ash)地震(earthquake)山崩(landslide)------常说道：Cascade是雪山---终年低温常年积雪---雪崩(avalanche)泥石流(mudslide)杀生(kill creatures)听调查和调查者(survey&research reaults)听火山由静到动的过程(process)湖(Great Lakes)---五大湖---最大湖：Superior最西边----背的方法：SHMEO二大湖：Huron三大湖：Michigan---全部湖水面积都在美国本土第四湖：Erie第五湖：Ontraio最东边都属于：Freshwater lake淡水湖=Sweetwater lake最常考点：咸淡对比---湖水文章经常对比的出题---盐湖saltwater lake---Great Salt Lake位于Utah---容易对比对比方面：(1)date(2)structure---outlet出口—出盐分(3)climate---evaporation amount蒸发量(4)prehistoric lake史前湖---eg：Great Salt lake---Bonnevile Lake邦纳维尔湖海---考点：(1)oceanic volcanic island海洋火山岛---火山周围的海容易长atoll(环状珊瑚岛)---tropical热带，sub-tropical亚热带容易长常见：lagoon泻湖---海洋火山经过长时间的风化侵蚀没了，但是珊瑚还在，造成珊瑚岛周围的海水稳定高---适合mass spawn大规模产卵(2)oceanic current洋流---plankton浮游生物---洋流的交汇可以使得大量的浮游生物的营养物质翻转---特点：死后释放出毕生所吸收的所有海洋元素，供下一代浮游生物享用---靠喝水存活(吸收海水中nutrition)---冷暖流(cold current/warm current)结论：1.temperature gap---温度差horizontal movement2.density gap---密度差verticle movement(3)iceberg/glacier冰山，冰川---冰山顶：ice cap冰底：ice bottom冰层：ice layer/ice sheet）1（formation process形成（核心词：refrozen再冻---remelt再化的循环circulation---把Air---compress挤出(weight主要原因是重力) ）2（movement运动（核心词：velocity速度）3（condition条件（A.frozen snow冻雪B.conserved/permanent low temperature常年低温C.frozen snow→frequently→fern积雪=accumulated snow）4（enviroment/ecology环境和生态（关键方面：climate/landscape）矿石洞：石(rock)：igneous rock火成岩，火山岩（lava---cool down）Sedimentary rock沉积岩，水成岩（eroded by sea/water/ocean water）Metamorphic rock变质岩（stress压力/pressure压强/heat高温）矿(ore)---element(元素)：Oxygen氧气Nitrogen氮Silicon硅（注意读法）Carbon碳Aluminum（注意读法）Calcium钙（注意读法）Sodium钠Iron铁Potassium钾Magnesium镁Titanium钛Hydrogen氢Chloric氯Amino氨Methane甲烷Lead铅Oxide(氧化物)：Monoxide一氧化物Dioxide二氧化物Trioxide三氧化物Peroxide过氧化物洞(cave)---cave-man原始人(1)solution cave酸溶洞（weak/mild acid由中酸，弱酸溶解而成的）(2)sea cave（eroded by water经水侵蚀）(3)lava cave（after volcanic action火山运动之后）2.天文学(Astronomy)(1)9 planets---Mercury水星；Venus金星；Earth地球；Mars火星；Jupiter木星；Saturn土星；Uranus天王星；Neptune海王星；Pluto冥王星(2)solar system太阳系Earth-moon system地月系Galaxy星系(3)luminous/ring/aurora(4)Earth-shape形状/revolution转动生命科学：1.Fly苍蝇：特点：visual systm视觉系统(compound eye复眼)复眼结构(structure)：成千上万的晶状体小眼(ommatidium)构成了一个复眼，并且附着在复眼的表面上复眼特点(features)：时好时坏(1)在一定视觉范围内，复眼对于动态事物高度敏感，静态事物高度近视(2)不能分辨组合图形和立体事物---只能看到平面的2.Bat蝙蝠：特点：auditory system听觉系统器官(organ)：inner ear内耳；tympana中耳；auricle外耳；auditory canal听管；vibrating membrane/disc震动鼓膜、骨盘；eardrum耳膜器官特点(feature)：inner ear→pronunciation/different sound/signalTympana→passage只是声音的通道，预防内耳的病Auricle→collect waves收集声波,decoration装饰(mammal哺乳动物---才有外耳)Auditory canal→birds鸟类(长一个或者两个)Vibrating membrane/disc→蛙跳类动物---decoration装饰有的长在knee膝盖/gill腮→考点：只能辨别声音的存在不能辨别声音的含义，内容蝙蝠专有：Echolocation回声定位系统---利用ultarsound超声波3.defensive system防御系统---monarch butterfly黑脉精斑蝶(1)camouflage伪装Eg:monarch butterfly---特点：在太阳光的照射下，金斑变成惨绿色斑点，与绿叶颜色相同濒临灭绝原因---endangered insect：---等死）1（bump撞死）2（caterpillar---color,horizontal stripe有彩色，横条状---挑食---饿死starve）3（pollinator传粉者---只对着一朵花采，直到采死花为止---nectar花蜜，花粉---被花农毒死(爱恨交加---采的速度快)Disguise伪装：）1（environmental color环境色相一致---最常变绿色）2（location color位置颜色(2)mobbing围攻）1（group living=gregarious residence群居）2（small…没有固定说法---体积弱小）3（predator→prey(叫人)---turnover逆转predator←prey捕食者--被捕食者(3)warning color警告色Natural enemy’s color A黑→B白→C红---evolution进化---导致C遇到B时自然的变成了“黑色”---起到了防御的作用两种情况使得警告色失效：）1（时间长了知道了，聪明---不多见）2（B动物饿疯了(4)poison liquid/gas =毒液，毒气。
托福听力词汇分类总结
托福阅读、听力词汇分类总结EDUCATIONSchoolingkindergarten primary primary-school elementary elementary-school secondary secondary-school university college normal-university key-university comprehensive comprehensive-university technical technical-school vocational vocational-certificate organization union the-students’-union canteen university-medical-service campus campus-clinic auditorium library laundry dormitory laboratory semester option course counsel counseling-center remediation classmate monitor genial fatherly supervise exalt praise supplicated follow imitate exhibit attend administrate graduate postgraduate doctor specialized principle textbook video lecture recite pronounce repetition imitation compose repeatSubjectscompulsory compulsory-course mandatory mandatory-subject mathematics physics chemistry biology politics history geography P.E. geology literature science sociology philosophy psychology engineering medicine astronomy economics law finance architecture ethnology botany zoologyMathematicsmathematician arithmetic calculation calculator abacus numeral sum aggregate fraction decimal decimal-fraction decimal-point digit percentage addition plus subtraction minus minus-sign multiplication multiplication-table multiply power square division divide algebra equation formula root geometry geometric dimension parallel parallel-lines quadrilateral area rectangle polygon cube volume circle ellipse oval cone circumference diameter radius triangle angle degree differential calculus differential-calculus integral-calculus function probability statistics quantitative deduction inference inductionPhysicsmechanics acoustics electromagnetism optics dynamics force velocity acceleration equilibrium motion inertia gravitation relativity gravity vibration media frequency wavelength pitch intensity echo resonance sonar electricity static static-electricity magnetism magnet electromagnet magnetic magnetic-field electric-current direct-current alternating-current electric-circuit electric-charge electric-voltage electric-shock electric-appliance conductor insulator semiconductor battery cell dry-battery storage-battery electronics electronic electronic-component integrated circuit integrated circuit chip electron-tube vacuum vacuum-tube transistor amplification amplify oscillation optical optical-fiber lens convex concave microscope telescope magnifier spectrum ultraviolet x-rays gamma-rays infrared-rays microwaves transparent translucent opaqueChemistrychemical property chemical-property chemical-composition chemical-makeup agent chemical-agent chemical-reaction chemical-change bond chemical-bond apparatus substance matter material element periodic periodic-table hydrogen oxygen nitrogen helium carbon calcium silicon sulfur iodine compound hydrocarbon derivative alchemy petroleum petroleum-products crude-oil refine gasoline methane solution dissolve solvent solubility cohesion adhesion atom nucleus electron neutron proton molecule particle particle-accelerator ion catalysis catalyst artificial synthetic synthetic-fiber polymer polymerization plastic dyeInfant Educationinfant immature naïve curious inquisitive emulate slothful ignorant selfish shortsighted self-centered bias naughty diffident dependent self-respect self-control allowance social interpersonal rational moral attain preference foster interact behavior blame mental intellectual potential agile creative intellect imagination activity clumsy stimulate respond puzzle distract nature leadLIVING ORGANISMHuman Evolutionera Eolithic Neolithic tribe hominid primate chimp ape gorilla anthropoid cavemandweller skeleton molar intelligence transition mutation resemble capacity capability specimen coexist famine originate homogeneous clan stone-age iron-age Paleolithic Mesolithic cranialLaboring Activitiesdig spade shovel furrow pluck pioneer develop pick cultivate spear club defensive rough sharpen hunt grab poultry tame domesticate slaughter fatigue workable inventive facility tackle net handmade maintain apprentice blacksmith silversmith reposeHuman Body Structureskull brain forehead eyebrow eyelid eyelash eye ear cheek mouth lip tongue tooth chin neck throat shoulder wrist elbow finger thumb chest heart intestine liver kidney stomach lung belly waist hip spine knee shin heel toe thigh ankleAnimal Speciesmarine aquatic dolphin seal selfish crab prawn lobster terrestrial mammal chimpanzee reindeer zebra amphibian bat bedbug beetle spider firefly dragonfly rooster dove kingfisher swallow eagle nightingale peacock penguin woodpeckerBody Structure of Animalsbeak wing feather limb talon fell fur hoof horn breast flank paw fin gill tentacle antenna claw ventral abdomenInhabitinghabitat continent rainforest Antarctic Arctic burrow cave cavern den grassland honeycomb lair nest nestle perch roost menagerie pigpen pigsty pond fishbowl Habits and Characteristicstruculent feral ferocious fiendish fierce combative cultivated meek tractable dociletimid cunning gregarious hive herbivorous carnivorous omnivorous nocturnal ecdysis Breeding and Migrationinbreeding mate copulate multiply propagate multiply propagate reproduce crossbreed thoroughbred pregnant childbearing parturition calf offspring whelp runt mature migrate immigratePlant Speciesazalea peony lotus orchid daffodil gardenia laurel bush shrub evergreen cypress willow holly ivy olive scrub palm oak elm aspen pine bamboo cotton reed straw hay tissue spore bean cabbage carrot cauliflower cress cucumber eggplant garlic oat onion pea peanut potato pumpkin radish tomato almond cherry coconut grape lemon mango peach pear pineapple strawberry walnut watermelonPlant Cultivationgreen finger gardener planter peasant crop breed harrow plough hoe graft implantation muck manure hose irrigate drain scissor trim weed mow fertilize pesticide harvest reapPlant Growthseed sprout bud germinate bloom pollen petal calyx corolla fragrant florescence blossom blown wither shrivel wilt defoliate blight decompose rot perish putrefy toxin stalk stem trunk parasite transplant transpiration photosynthesis respiration fertilizer lush thrive ripe proliferous pullulatePlant Colorsviolet lavender mauve purple magenta rosy sanguine scarlet reddish pink ivory milky jade verdant maize yellowish golden maroon chocolate sandy brown grizzle indigo azure palePlant Applicationbouquet perfume garland wreath beautify textile horticulture carpenter charcoal nutriment honey brew popcorn yogurt beverage wineASTRONOMY AND GEOGRAPHY Heavenly Bodiescosmos milky-way galaxy constellation interstellar luminary celestial solar nova supernova stellar cynosure shooting-star comet nucleus quasar sidereal starlet planet planetary Venus Mars Saturn Mercury Jupiter asteroid lunarAstronomical Phenomenachromosphere aureole eclipse eyewitness fantastic sunset sunglow impact polychrome aurora zenith solstice nebula meteorite meteor sunspot weightlessness revolution rotation phase crescent coincidence tide astronomer drift float horizon axis sphere Astronomical Technologyastronaut cosmonaut spacecraft shuttle hatch spacesuit rocket satellite controller instrument module cabinet prototype radar screen screw experimental maiden unmanned liftoff launch eject kindle insulation sacrifice shock synchronous deploy accelerate fuel observe base planetarium observatory astrolabe sundial almanac astrology horoscope magnetosphere orbit globe aerospace atmosphere light-year mission probe explodeTopographies and Landformsterrain physiognomy alpine barren bluff cliff cape crest bog marsh moorland canyon valley cavern cove foothill highland plateau tableland upland terrace meadow oasis peninsula plain prairie reef iceberg volcano crater slope tributary downstream deltaRocks and Mineralsmineral ore basalt bauxite crystal diamond dripstone emerald flint gem granite jade lime marble mineral-deposit moonstone opal quartz ruby turquoise spa bedrock gravel boulder cobble pebble coalmine lode quarry prospecting dowseGeographical Phenomenabackwash cascade convection debris-flow erosion soil-erosion landslide rupture sediment weathering circulation erupt dormant collide deposit scour alluvial Climatemonsoon subtropics subtropical littoral continental coastal oceanic Mediterranean moisture humid grassy drought arid semiarid seasonal annual variable global regional abnormality abominable disgusting wicked wile execrable delightful pleasant temperate polarWeatherforecast weather-forecast predict blizzard drizzle downpour sleet raindrop intermittent freakish barometric scale subzero frost icicle flake chilly icy frigid dew hail lightning fog thunder moderate violent squall trade breeze gale cyclone hurricane typhoon tornado headwind gusty flood tsunami smoky muggy sultry scorching smother Geographic Terminologyequator meridian latitude longitude perigee torrid tropical macroclimate continental-shelf oceanic-trench glacial megarelief mollisol permafrost migration markstone vegetation humidity multimeter multisensor nephograph nonius pantograph pedometer penetrometer perforatorLiving Environmentbiosphere ecosystem environment fauna fenland flora mountainous preserve reciprocal reserve settlement tropic wetland zonePollutioninfrared ultraviolet radiation ozone ozone-layer noxious toxic waste solid-waste sewage-disposal purification decibel dump ecologist rain-forest food-chain pollution-free pollutant acid acid-rain carcinogen contamination pollute pollution discharge disposable drainage effluent leakage sewage emission greenhouse-effect radioactive misshapen exhaust fume spit junk litter trash lumber overexploitation exhaustion abate shortage desertification destruction deterioration endangered disaster hazardous red-tide sandstormEnvironmental Protection Measuresadministration convention declaration awareness obligation penalty propagandize utilization afforestation windbreak greening landscaping green-industry protection conservation decontaminate purifier disposal filtration separator dike landfill biodegradable degradable environment-friendly economization recovery sustainable recycle recyclable renewableSCIENTIFIC RESEARCHArcheologyruin remains relic antique antiquity archeologist excavation excavate unearth artifact archaeology acclimate accustom adapt adjust ancient biological degenerate evidence evolution evolve extinct fossil gene genetic gradual inheritance maladaptive optimization origin procedure species supersede survive variationTechnological Productiondigital device monitor sensor scanner laptop LCD processor hardware cable interface software operating-system network homepage multi-media download password accessory portableApplication and Developmentinnovation computerize internet log-on log-off hyperlink online memory deciphercommercial profitable automatic intricate substitute technology robot impact overthrowInvention and Creationcreate creation invent invention devise contrive originate originality patent multifunction apply necessity advanced profit valuableENTERPRISETradesagriculture fishery butchery manufacture masonry joinery lumbering glazing mining shipbuilding aviation utilities journalism insurance tourism retailing advertising moonlighting intermediary underwriter hairdressing textile hosieryModern Agricultureagricultural silt cold agrarian pilot rural idyllic irrigation farm-animal farm-car farm-crane farm-product farm-vehicle farm-working farming farming-season autarkic tractor combine cowboy ranch cross pasture contract mechanize smallholder pastoral graze nomadicEnterprise Classificationventure joint-venture enterprise SOE FOE Sino-foreign-joint-ventures cartel combine conglomerate cooperative corporation lose-making profit-making public-institution Competitionopponent rival respectable admirable upright appreciate sportsmanship impartial unjust inimical vilify befoul telltale skullduggery malign underestimate undercut outbid promotion appraise debt bankruptImport and Exportimportation exportation commerce transaction rebate purchase bulk bulk-sale distribution hire-purchase installment installment-plan dispute consultation mediation tariff delivery transit warehouse endorse receipt clearance liquidation dumping anti-dumping barrier trade-barrier domestic external overseasProducts and Servicescommodity merchandise appliance utensil machinery component assemble condiment confectionery cosmetic dairy feedstuff mobile telecommunication electronic energy-saving glassware porcelain headwear household logistic stationery Advertising and Publicizingadvertisement brand communication target consumer customer persuasion cognition motivation marketing brainwash promote model strategy popularity magnify exaggerate impact irreplaceable irresponsible nonprofit leaflet tract junk-mail billboard posterCommercial Policyconvention alliance policy implement bilateral mutual mutually recognition abide negotiate repeal countervail violate undermine elimination liberalization beneficial intransigence economic operational investment guarantee propertyCommercial OrganizationsWTO IMF CTG EFTA AFTA JCCT NAFTA UNCTAD GATTPrice and Insuranceduty customs charge freight due commission surcharge import-surcharge allowance damage variable import-variable-duties FOB net capital fund retail retail-price wholesale wholesale-price fluctuate compensation pilferage valuation parent-company directorate chairman headquarter personnel branch-office business-office personnel-department human-resources-departmentgeneral-affairs-department accounting auditing sales sales-department sales-promotion-department international-department public-relations-department planning-department brainpower research-and-development-department secretarial secretarial-pool teamwork unitedPositionadministrator president principal minister ambassador official director director-general executive supervisor accountant broker cashier jobber analyst coordinator decorator architect engineer technician professor assistant lecturer tutor librarian consultant intern proofreader agent receptionist recruiter security staff Responsibilityarrange cooperate demonstration disposition handle documentation registration statistic fulltime permanent part-time temporary installation interpret modification negotiation promotionLabor Unionsorganize union guild society association consortium unionize guildhall advocate convener conflict defuse instigate safeguard nonunion voluntary non-governmental Office Suppliescomputer mouse keyboard printer electrograph cabinet drawer notebook ball-print vase pencil-vase clip tack file envelope lampJob Hunting and Recruitmentwant-ad recruit request applicant application apply recommendation resume job-hopping job-hunt investigate identify assessment candidate inform interview hesitate relax ease presentation describe confident contact participate feedback panelJob Requirementsaccountable aggressive adaptable capable diploma bachelor collaboration coordination team-work sedulity diligence faithful initiative persistent practical experienced familiarity professional proficiency proficient resourceful tactful knowledgeable logical flexibilityEmploymentemployment counselor inquiry career content job-market well-paid white-collar blue-collar overtime qualified cautious enthusiasm attitude motivation compete team-spirit impression letter-of-reference appoint nominate promote annoy isolate bossy dismiss shelve lay-off layoff pension bonus tax enrollment register leave attendance check-on-work-attendance schedule agendaCareer DevelopmentEntrepreneur prospect expand improvement promising lifelong raiseCULTUREArt GenresClassicism romanticism realism symbolism impressionism expressionism naturalism existentialism fauvism abstract-art cubism Byzantine futurism Romanesque Gothic BaroquePainting and SculptureExhibition gallery salon inspiration artist sculptor pigment crayon brush chalk frame canvas sketch portrait watercolor landscape seascape engraving nude caricature tracing plaster clay profile engrave carve statue bronze vivid lifelikeLiterature and DramaMasterpiece essay anthology prose novel biography allegory myth fiction science-fiction criticism satire reportage attractive thought-provoking copyright poet poetry poem ode sonnet verse rhyme playwright theatre drama comedy farce mummery perform plot episode denouementLanguage Origin and UsageAboriginal exotic Latin Greek Rome French orient communicate lingual bilingual linguist linguistic verbal oral pronunciation accent stress fluent coherent articulate vocabulary expression phrase clause adage byword idiom proverb motto slang jargon ironyMusic and DanceMusician songster pianist soloist soprano tenor bass conductor rap rock jazz symphony blues R&B bassoon flute violin piano pantomime opera ballet anthem solo lyrics melody rhythm time composition cassette microphone step ballroom arena pop MovieFilmdom first-run-cinema continuous-performance-cinema projector showing screening premiere festival film-festival certificate censor’s-certificate distributor director producer adaptation adapter scenarist stagehand actor leading-actor actress leading-actress supporting-role costar cinematographer utility-man stand-in stunt stunt-man swordsman cast screenplay script exterior lighting shooting shooting-schedule special-effects slow-motion montage sound-effects dub studio property spotlight serial trailer silent-cinema sound-motion picture newsreel documentary literary-film musical tragedy swordsmen-film detective-film ethical ethical-film affectional affectional-filmBroadcastingBroadcast wave transmitter receiver signal preside anchor anchorperson newscast newscaster audience fair-sounding talkative DJ BBC VOA program rank ranks hotline consult announceNewsPress news-agency wire-service news-conference carry censor release journalist accredit accredited-journalist correspondent stringer contributing-editor copy-editor contributor columnist free-lancer journal weekly periodical quarterly newssheet extra supplement chart column contribution press-release title caption cartoon photograph headline banner update newsletter breaking-news fudge bulletin highlight affair anecdote back-alley-news rumor slander grapevine expose abstract brief boil-down digest editorialTraditions and CustomsConvention custom habitude civilization legacy aboriginal ancestor background antiquated timeworn dated unique folk extinction preserve diversityFolkwaysFolkway civilian honest virtuous unsophisticated sophisticated hypocritical plain sincere warmhearted zealous intense hospitable humaneTranscultural CommunicationCommunication culture misunderstanding barrier promote enhance exchange respect PublishingPress compile edit proofread publish stack volume dictionary subscribe issue hardcover paperback e-book edition handbook pirated catalogue table-of –contents content flyleaf preface index introduction chapter author signatureLIVINGClothingCostume dress suit tuxedo jacket sweater sportswear vest shirt tie pant sock sneakerblouse skirt jumper jean underwear bikini gown robe lace cap hat scarf glove shabby gorgeous luxurious formfitting skintight corpulent layette mantle cloak hood shawl brief waistcoat slipper sandal trainer gumshoe high-heels loafer wellies boot dot stripe embroidery linen knitting knitwear tweed corduroy satin flannelHabitationProvince town county countryside capital metropolis shopping-centre downtown uptown district residential residential-area urban suburb outskirt slum village hamlet locality shelter house building skyscraper flat shed cabin hut refuge townhouse cell basement apartment villa tent castleHouse DecorationDecorate decoration ornament layout outline furniture heater ceiling skylight spacious capacious simple crude traditional classical modern fashionable stylish comfortable toilet lavatory washroom balcony transom windowsillHousewaresArmchair easy-chair stool footstool bench tea-table bookcase wardrobe built-in wardrobe bookshelf closet chest-of-drawers sofa screen fug carpet mattress quilt blanket tapestry sheet bedspread dressing-table bath-towel towel-rack sponge curtain shutter kettle cooker pressure-cooker ladle oven microwave toaster dishwasher air-condition air-conditioning electric electric-cooker electric-fan electric-iron chandelier pendant pendant-lamp fluorescent fluorescent-lamp reading-lamp desk-lamp bedside-lamp floor-lamp lampshade bulb bulb-holder switch socket plug refrigerator television washer washing-machine flashlight vacuum vacuum-cleaner NutritionNutrition variety nourishment vitamin protein fiber dextrose amino-acid grain cereal vegetable vegetarian choosy tasteless nutrient balanced intake digest metabolism indigestion nourish absorbFood and DrinkBeef veal pork mutton lamb duck seafood shrimp crab bacon ham sausage frankfurter steak rib cream butter cheese snack junk-food biscuit hamburger toast cookie sandwich pizza spaghetti dessert pudding broth salad pepper vinegar spice seasoning stew appetite juice lemonade soda cocktail sherry champagneRestaurantRestaurant cafeteria dining-room flavor delicious spicy horrible terrible book reserve chef waitress waiter knife fork menu bill tip economicalShoppingSupermarket department department-store mall flea-market clerk sales-promotion discount reduction secondhand bargain stockBody-BuildingGymnasium coach equipment instruction aerobics aerobic oxygen endurance muscle tired message pant gasp physical stature bonny towel sweat membership fee shadowboxing kickboxing Yoga jog hikeVehicleVessel dugout rowboat canoe ferry ferryboat raft skiff steamer yacht motorboat lifeboat cabin stateroom tourist-class first-class first-class-cabin steerage freighter cargo-boat tanker patrol-boat frigate gunboat bus minibus coach texi texi-rank texi-stand taxicab trailer compact-car lorry wagon moped motorbike motorcycle ambulance jeep limousine roadster trolley tramcar streetcar underground tube subway conductor railway railroad express-train fast-train through-train stopping-train excursion-train commuter commuter-train suburban-train carriage sleeper berth bunk booking-office ticket-office ticket-collector platform platform-ticket left-luggage-office terminal terminus car-attendant train-attendant rack transfer civil-aviation aircraft airplane airliner jet airline boarding-check airport air-terminal tarmac air-hostess stewardess steward aircraft-crew pilot takeoffVoyageTourist journey route itinerary do-it-yourself independent guide travel-agent agency travel-agency guidebook transportation vehicle voyage destination sightsee sight scene scenery motel reservation passport expire luggage memento souvenirFamily RelationsFamily-tree generation lineage stock origin kin ancestry extraction descent noble-birth humble-birth next-to-kin forebear forefather affinity offspring descendant progeny relative relation premarital cousin sibling rely newlywed bride bridegroom bridesmaid beatific harmony rapport reverent gracious venerate spoil cosset henpecked gentle gap illegitimate strict scold brutal tough separate divorce abandon adopt stepfather stepmother stepson orphan rejoinFriendship and LovePal colleague roommate fraternal neighborly reliable loyalty easygoing deceptive sociable gauche unfriendly eccentric betray cheat dump quarrel indifferent passive impassive nonchalant troublemaker odious censorious tolerate bighearted ingenuous amiable beneficent charm lovesick amorous passionate beloved pious pursue engage marry wedding church partner nullDiseasesAutism barrenness complication anemia amnesia allergy sleepwalking phobia tuberculosis rabies pinkeye sunstroke asthma tumor virus alcoholism pathology psychiatric venereal inflamed tumid turgid wan paralytic chronic acute communicable contagious remittent infectMedicineHeal therapy convalesce recuperate hospitalization medicate psychoanalyze antidote relapse exacerbate aggravate surgery specialist surgeon physician dentist oculist pediatric chemist dispenser matron remediable incurable curative analgesic antibacterial balm cure-all sanatorium scalpel sickbay ward sickbed medication remedy pill tablet capsule powder dose dosage aspirin tranquillizer laxative pain-killer antibiotic drug lotion tonic prescription pharmacy symptom generic-drugpharmaceutical herb injection cure treatment course alleviate soothe medical pharmacist side-effect potent effectiveBad HabitsInhale marijuana poppy addiction junkie stub tobacco cigarette ashtray drunkard inebriate libation bibulous alcohol liquor tipple toast refrain abstinence teetotal temperance gamble gluttony oversleep vigil indulge abuse wallowSOCIAL ISSUESSocial configurationSlave slavery kingdom capitalist feudalism feudalist capitalism communism communistRaceRace racial ethnic racism segregation racialism genocidal minority ethnicity look-down-upon discriminate discrimination prejudice riot segregate isolation equal dark-skinned ghetto immigrantCrimeCrime commit delinquency sin offence kidnap abduct robbery blackmail extortion hijack murder assassinate violence rape arson counterfeiting pirate computer-fraud smuggle smuggling traffic drug-trafficking swindle guilty criminal gangster blackguard ringleader polarization soar frustration desperation unemployment JudicatureProsecution accuse adjudicate convict deprive verdict evidence criminal-record intention motivation gang court judge jury trial justice judicial courtroom venue witness victim lawyer attorney defend sanction arrest illegal legitimateFeminismFeminism feminist equality opportunity campaign revolution sponsor involve approve decry criticizeATHLETIC SPORTSBall GamesTennis basketball volleyball badminton baseball soccer hockey golf bat rugby handball cricket ice-hockey football billiards bowls forecourt forehand ballplayer ballpark infield outfield backboard court goal goalpost judge goalkeeper fullback backfield forward centerTrack and FieldAthlete relay relay-race hurdling marathon sprint dash pole-vault gavelock race middle-distance-race cross-country-race hurdle the 400-meter-hurdle hurdler decathlon high-jump long-jump broad-jump triple-jump hop step-and-jump vault throwing shop putting-the-shot shot-put discus throwing-the-discus hammer throwing-the-hammer javelin walk foot-raceOthersChampion skiing skating boxing jogging diving springboard gymnast gymnastics horizontal horizontal-bar parallel-bars ring trapeze side-horse pommel pommelled-horse weight-lifting wrestling Greece-roman-wrestling judo fencing winter-sports downhill-race slalom ski-jump ice-skating figure-skating figure-skating roller-skating。
托福听力对话中常考词汇
托福听力对话中常考词汇2016托福听力对话中常考词汇托福词汇是托福考试备考的重要的一部分，大家在备考的时候要积累托福词汇题，以下是yjbys网店铺整理的`关于托福听力对话中常考词汇，供大家备考。
1.orientation meeting/session [.ɔ:rien'teiʃən] 新生情况介绍会Ex: The University has arranged an orientation session.2.professor’s office hour 教授答疑时间Ex: Many freshmen are uncertain or shy about utilizing a professor’s office hours.3.lecture ['lektʃə] n. 演讲，讲课Ex: Several hundred people are expected to attend the lecture.4.lecture hall n.讲堂，讲演厅，报告厅Ex: The lecture hall was jammed when the professor arrived at the very last moment.5.tutorial [tju:'tɔ:riəl] n. 个别指导Ex: Small group tutorials are used to discuss problems which come up in lectures.6. deadline ['dedlain] n. 最后期限，截止时间Ex: There's no way I can meet that deadline.7. overdue ['əuvə'dju:] adj. 过期的Ex: I must take these books back to the library - they're overdue.There is a fine if the reserved library books are even one hour overdue.8. schedule ['skedʒul]n. 时间表，计划v. 安排，计划Ex: According to the schedule, the first lecture begins at 9.00 amThe test is scheduled to begin in one hour.9. time slot [slɔt] 时间空档Ex: If you have two final exams scheduled at the same time, you will have to move one exam to another time slot10.signature ['signitʃə] n. 签字，签名Ex: Each child must obtain the signature of his or her parents11.thesis ['θi:sis] n. 毕业论文Ex: a master's/doctoral thesis on the effects of global warming12.dissertation [.disə'teiʃən] n. 论文Ex: He wrote his dissertation on an obscure 16th-century poet.13.course [kɔ:s] n. 课程Ex: compulsory/required/mandatory course; elective course, optional course;foundation course，introductory course，intermediate level course， advanced course 13.elective [i'lektiv] n. 选修科目Ex: She took three electives last term.14. option ['ɔpʃən] n. 选修科目Ex: She is taking French as an option next year15.presentation [.prezen'teiʃən] n. (国外学生在课堂上所做的)演讲Ex: The speaker gave an interesting presentation on urban transport.16. field work 野外考察实地考察Ex：Offered by most departments for academic credit, field work enables students to examine the way the theories and the practical experiences of a particular discipline interact.17. attendance [ə'tendəns] n. 出勤，上课Ex: Attendance at lectures is compulsory.18.skip/miss classes 缺课，旷课Ex: He skipped chemistry class three times last month19. tuition fees 学费Ex: Many students will not have to pay tuition fees if their financial situation is below a certain level.20. course syllabus ['siləbəs] 课程大纲Ex: Course syllabus lists the course objectives, required reading assignments, examination dates, and other course requirements such as attendance【2016托福听力对话中常考词汇】。
托福听力词汇完整版
新托福IBT听力场景入学：enrollment/register 登记, 注册opening ceremony n.开业典礼, 仪式commencement ceremony 毕业典礼convocation n.正式会议（可指简单的毕业典礼）orientation meeting开学说明会staff n.全体职员freshman （大学）一年级学生sophomore （大学）二年级学生junior （大学）三年级学生senior （大学）四年级学生tuition fee 费用placement test 开学测试excellent 出色的average 平均的，一般的below average 低于平均水平的，差的结构及称谓:university- president 大学，校长chancellor 名誉校长college 学院science/ arts school 理科/文科学院undergraduate 本科postgraduate /graduate 研究生建筑物buildings:canteen.餐厅/cafeteria.自助餐厅dining hall 食堂administration building 行政大楼wing/annex 配楼teaching building教学楼dormitory n.宿舍auditorium n.会堂, 礼堂=lecture hall assembly n.集合,集会computer lab 计算实验室，机房选课学科major 主修minor 副修science理科, arts文科, engineering 工科Mathematics 数学physics 物理chemistry 化学biology 生物学（micro-微marin-海洋）geography 地理学electronics 电子学computer science 计算机科学astronomy 天文学electronics engineering 电子工程学botany 植物学psychology 心理学zoology 动物学architecture 建筑学oceanography 海洋学ecology 生态学medical science 医学archaeology 考古学history 历史学linguistic 语言学pedagogy 教育学，教学法anthropology 人类学economics 经济学statistics 统计学accounting 会计学philosophy 哲学课程类型required、compulsory course 必修课selective/optional course选修课elective course 选修课lecture 讲座seminar 高级研讨性课colloquium n.报告课tutorial 个人辅导课程workshop 专题课程级别Introductory 入门级elementary, fundamental 初级Intermediate, secondary 中级Advanced 高级Prerequisite 先修课程上课：Syllabus 教学大纲Required textbook 要求的课本Attendance 出勤Grading system 打分体系Class participation 课堂参与Otherssemester/term 学期quarter小学期course guideline 课程纲要exemption 免修Professor’s signature 教授的签字（用于注册课程）Course cap课程容量（可以招收的学生数）openings （可供注册的名额）Take选（课）, drop 退（课）Late registration晚注册Deregistration 注销教师称号professor 教授lecturer = instructor 讲师teaching assistant = TA 助教research assistant = RA 助研counselor, adviser 咨询者，顾问president 大学校长faculty 全体教职员dean 院长coordinator 班主任，协调人tutor 个人辅导supervisor 管理人作业：assignment 作业（lab/book/oral/mix media）report 实验报告project 项目survey 调查presentation 发言term paper 学期论文（research paper）thesis/essay/dissertation 论文journal 学术期刊social investigation 社会调查questionnaire n.调查表, 问卷observation n.观察interview vt.n.采访collect data 收集数据broad (论文等)内容宽泛narrow down (论文等)缩小范围source （写论文的）参考资料critical thinking 评判性思维lack your own ideas缺少自己的想法deadline n.最终期限extension 延期due date/time期限outline n.大纲, 提纲(roadmap) bibliography n书目, 参考书目reference 参考plagiarism n. 抄袭revise v. 修改rewrite v. 重写final draft 完成稿speech n.演讲presentation 演讲，陈述eye contact 目光接触intonation 音调考试：mid-term exam 期中考final exams = finals 期末考cumulative final 总结性考试take-home exam（拿回家的开卷考试，一般有限定的时间）open-book exam 开卷考试subjective test 主观性测试objective test 客观性测试pop quiz 抽查式测验blue book 答题本assessment n估价appraisal n.评价, 估价make up for补考,resit, retake重考grade （mark 、score）分数成绩：perfect grade 优异成绩low grade 低分high mark 高分passing grade 及格分failing grade 不及格分full marks 满分straight A's 全Abe all A's and B's 全是A和BB plus B加A minus A减pass the exam with flying colors 以优异成绩通过考试graduate with honors 以荣誉毕业diploma, degree, certificate 文凭，学位，证书考试问题：分析成绩低的原因，给出解决办法图书馆：library图书馆librarian图书管理员publication 出版物periodical 期刊magazine 杂志book catalog 图书目录classified catalog 分类目录title index 书目索引alphabetic index 按字母顺序排列的索引circulation desk借书处reserved books 馆藏书（只能在图书馆内借阅）library card 借书证overdue fine 过期罚金periodical reading room 期刊阅览室online journal 在线期刊video tape 录像带back issue 过期杂志current issue 近期杂志archive 档案non-fiction 非小说类文学作品science-fiction 科幻小说copier 复印机check out 办理（借、还）手续renew 续借overdue过期interlibrary service 馆际服务部分名称information desk n.服务台delivery/circulation desk借书台shelf n.书架（vt.）stacks 书架photocopy room复印室return area 还书处students locker 学生存储间reference section 参考书部科研过程Hypothesis 假说Alternative hypothesis择一假说Null hypothesis无效假说, 零假说Collect dataSurvey 调查Questionnaire 调查问卷Experiment 实验Interfere, influence 打扰Observation 观察Analyze data 分析数据Interpret data 翻译数据Analysis 分析Analytical 分析的Subject 主题,科目,受制于…的SampleTreatment group 实验组Control group 实验对照组校内工作，课外活动及寻找经济援助：Letter of reference/recommendation 推荐信Competitive 竞争的Benefit future careerField research 实地调查研究Collect data for papersWaiter, waitress，Babysitter 临时保姆Work at the libraryQualification资格, qualified 合格的Resume, CV 简历financial aid经济援助Scholarship/Fellowship 奖学金Teaching assistantship 助教奖学金Research assistantship 研究奖学金Grant 助学金Loan 贷款Need-based以需求为基础Merit-based 以优秀为基础Student union 学生会Clubs 俱乐部Career service住宿：宿舍：accommodation n.住处, 膳宿residence hall宿舍suite 套间studio 工作室，独立套间village 村落（校内一栋一栋的房子，可以用做宿舍）lounge n.公共大厅（可以用做娱乐）home-stay 在国外住在房东家里的那种roommate同屋者,室友corridor n. 走廊,过道，租房lease n.租借, 租约landlord 房东landlady女房东rent租金tenant 房客patio n.阳台，sliding door n.推拉门single room 单人房twin room 双人房two-bedroom apartmenthouse key 房锁匙床上用品:pillow n.枕头bed linen n. 床上用品sheet n. 被单mattress n.床垫blanket n.毯子towel n.手巾, 毛巾quilt n.棉被电器类electric appliance(instrument;equipment) 电器heater, furnace 加热器，炉子heating unit 暖气片air conditioner 空调设备stove 炉子microwave oven 微波炉washer / dryer 洗衣机/烘干机（laundry 洗衣店）utensil 器皿；用具kitchen utensil 炊具oven 烤箱；烤炉dishwasher 洗碟机washing machine 洗衣机(hot-water) heater 热水器coffeepot 咖啡壶fridge(refrigerator/freezer)冰箱vacuum cleaner 吸尘器tape player 录音机CD player CD机Laundromat 自动洗衣店maintenance 维修，保养家具类furniture 家具bookshelf 书架bookcase 书柜couch 沙发chest 柜子；橱；箱子dresser (bureau) 梳妆台cabinet (电视机等)机箱；储藏柜；陈列柜cupboard (closet) 碗橱storage wall 壁橱rug 小地毯carpet 地毯curtain 窗帘bathtub 浴缸fixture （房屋）固定装置furnishings 室内陈设日常生活/问题:personalpossessions/property/belongings个人财产get insurance for personal possessions/property/belongsgarbage/rubbish/waste n.垃圾dispose v. 处理gas meter煤气表insect n.昆虫burglar n.夜贼leaking/leakage n. 泄漏lost key丢钥匙break in 闯入讲座场景词汇Geology地质学Slide n. 滑坡Landslide n.山体滑坡Mud泥土, soil土壤Earth n. 土Sink v.下沉Ground water 地下水Irrigation n. 灌溉Freeze, froze, frozen v.冷冻Melt v.融化moltenGravity n.重心Aggravate v.加重Lean v.倾斜Slope n.斜坡Steep adj.陡峭Erode v., erosion n.腐蚀Fossil n.化石Dinosaur n.恐龙Sediment, deposit 沉淀物Marble 大理石granite 花岗岩Ore 矿石Stalactite 钟乳石Refine v. 提炼Platinum v. 铂金Seismology 地震学Vibration, tremor, 震动Wave 波动Volcano, volcanic 火山，火山的Volcanic eruption 火山喷发Magnitude 级数Collision n.碰撞Active adj.积极的Dormant adj.休眠的Extinct adj. 熄灭的Magma n.岩浆Lava n.岩浆Erupt v.喷发explode v.爆炸(explosion)boom n.爆炸Blast n.爆炸Avalanche n.雪崩地球科学Earth’s interior 地球的内部Seismic waves地震波Compression 压缩Shear（a deformation of an object in which parallel planes remain parallel but are shifted in a direction parallel to themselves）Slow down减慢速度Reflect 反射Depth深度Density 密度Boundary边界Mantle地幔Crust地壳Core地心Continental plate 大陆板块Tectonic plate (地球表面的)构造板块Continental drift 大陆漂移Layer, strata 层Stratify 分层Crack 裂缝Molten lava 融化的岩浆Climatic shift=Climatic changes气候变化Consistent pattern 统一的，始终一致的Solar energy太阳能Radiate 发射，放射Crude approximation 大概的猜测Speculation猜测Cooling down冷却Mechanism 机制Length of the dayPhysical force 体力Imaginary line虚拟线Artificial reservoir 人工水库LatitudeRedistribute再分配，再分布Spin 快速旋转Minerals 矿物质Diverse 多样的Specimen，Sample样品Abundant 丰富的Glassy像玻璃的Amazon stones天河石Firing vapor 炙热的水蒸汽Wipe out 根除，彻底消灭Mt Everest 珠穆朗玛峰Elevation 海拔，海拔增高Precise measurement精确的测量Global Positioning System全球定位系统Longitude 经度Latitude 维度Alternative sources of energy 可替代资源Gas hydrate气体水合物Trap 困住Flame 火焰Potential 潜在的Model 模式Geological fault地质断层Crack 裂缝seismic gap地震活动空白地带postulate 假设chunk 大块cylinder 圆柱cylindrical 圆柱形的ground tilt measurement地倾斜观测evacuate 撤出sedimentary adj. 沉淀性的accumulate 积累商业Insurance 保险Note 注意Contract合约Verbal agreement口头协议Repay 偿还Interest 利息Merchant 商人Cautious 谨慎的Paramount 极为重要的Manufacture 制造Label 标签Contention 所持观点Inform 告知Cost成本Profit利润loss损失Net净的，gross粗略的Supply and demand供求Supply chain供应链Fluctuation 浮动Recession 衰退Depression 萧条Marketing strategies市场营销策略Survey 调查Surplus 剩余Shipment 运输Distribution 分布Retail 零售Whole sale 批发Franchise特许经营Budget预算哲学Socrates, Plato and AristotleTheme 主题Logic 逻辑Rhetoric 修辞Fundamental causes 基本原因Principles of the universe 宇宙的原则Perceive 看待，观察Perception 观点Sense 感觉Soul 灵魂spiritElement 组成成分Reasoning 推理Ration理性, rational有理性的Contemplation 沉思，思考Judgment判断Just公正的，justice公正Justify证明, justification 合理的理由Explicit 明确的Ethics道德规范Ethical theory 伦理理论Moral 有道德的Ultimate truth终极真理Universal 普遍的Search for truth 追求真理Vary v.不相同Intrinsic 内部的Extrinsic 外部的Critic 评论家Old-fashioned 过时的Valuable 有价值的Survive 生存，存活Conservative 保守的Liberal 开放的Impractical不实际的Empirical经验主义的Cognitive 认知的Weaken 削弱Diminish （影响力）减小Medieval 中世纪Renaissance 文艺复兴Doctrine教义,主义,学说Idealism 唯心论，理想主义Epistemology n. 认识论Metaphysics形而上学,玄学Reconcile和解,调停天文学astronomyconstellation星座zodiac （星象学的星座）planet 行星sun 恒星Jupiter 木星Pluto 冥王星Saturn 土星Mercury 水星Mars 火星Venus金星Neptune海王星Uranus天王星Ceres 谷物星（the largest asteroid and the first discovered）White dwarf 白矮星Big Dipper 北斗七星Asteroid belt 小行星带Milky Way 银河系Galaxy n.星系orbit v.运行n.轨道rotate v. 转Axis n.轴track n. 轨道outer space外太空gravity n.重力equator n.赤道tropical 热带的brightness n.亮度dimension n.维度distance n. 距离Eclipse (日月食)Wane, diminish v. 逐渐变小Centripetal 向心Centrifugal 离心Nebula 星云(an immense cloud of gas (mainly hydrogen) and dust in interstellar space）Nebulous adj. 星云的Gas 气体(rock, ice, hydrogen, oxygen) Particle 微粒Polar light 极光Astronomical 天文的Astrophysics 天文物理学Big Dipper 北斗七星Black hole 黑洞Celestial天体的Celestial map 天体图Centrifugal force 离心力Chondrite 球粒状陨石Chromosphere太阳的色球层Clockwise 顺时针Cluster 星团，一群星星Comet 彗星Cosmos宇宙,cosmetic宇宙的Cosmology宇宙学Emission 排放物，发射Faint 微弱的Feeble 微弱的Gaseous bodies 气态包Gravitational force 吸引力Greenwich mean time 格林尼治时间High resolution 高清晰度Ignite 引燃Illusive object 幻影物体Image 影响，形象Infinite 无限的Infrared ray 红外射线Interferometer 干扰仪Intergalactic 星系间的International date line 国际日期变更线Interplanetary 星球间的Interstellar星际的Leap year 闰年Light year光年Luminosity光亮度Lunar阴历的，月亮的Massive 巨大的Meteor流星Meteor shower 流星雨Meteorite陨石Meteoroid流星体Molten 融化的Naked eye 裸眼Observatory 天文台Photosphere 光球层Planetarium 天文馆Planetoid 小行星Polestar 北极星Pseudoscience 伪科学Quasar类星体Radiation 辐射Revolution 旋转Rotation 旋转Satellite 卫星Sky atlas天体图Solar corona日冕Space debris 太空垃圾Space shuttle 太空飞船Space suit 太空服Spin 快速旋转Star cluster 星群，星团Stellar 星星的Sunspot 太阳黑子Time difference 时差Time zone 时区表演艺术（舞蹈，电影，音乐etc.）Genre 艺术分类Performing art 表演艺术modern dance piece现代舞concert 音乐会play剧opera歌剧film 电影camera 摄影camera shotanalytical 分析的parallel 平行的ballet芭蕾舞choreographer 舞蹈指导Fine/visual arts 视觉艺术Abstract art抽象艺术landscape风景photography摄影exposure 曝光develop film 冲洗胶卷negative n. 底片portrait(portray v. )肖像, 人像、still life静物sculpture雕塑statue 人物雕像lifelike 逼真的vividanthem国歌Critic 评论家Criticism 批评，评论Review n.评论Masterpiece 杰作Have aesthetic value 有美学价值Aesthetic appeal 美学吸引力Feature 特点Characteristics 特点Distinct adj.与众不同的Unique 独一无二的Style 风格Technique 技巧Gallery n.画馆Edition n.专辑Release v. 发行Debut n.首映Impressionist 印象主义者Impressionism 印象派Perspective 透视法Angle 角度Press/Publishing house出版社Acclaim v. 盛赞mirage海市蜃楼prolific多产Preserve v. 保存Extinct adj.灭绝的，消失的文学Literature 文学Poetry诗歌biography传记autobiography 自传detective stories 侦探小说drama戏剧novel小说Novelist 小说家collection of short stories短篇小说集Allegory寓言Comparative literature比较文学Diary 日记Editorial 社论，重要评论Fiction 小说Aestheticism 唯美Autobiography 自传Descriptive prose 描述散文Fairy tale 童话Futurism 未来派Legend 传说Literary studies 文学研究Narrative prose 叙述性散文Podium 讲台Prose 散文Realism 现实主义School of literature 文学派别Leading character 主要角色Literary criticism 文学评论Literary studies 文学学习Modernism 现代主义Plot 情节Poetry 诗歌Prologue前言Proverb谚语Surrealism 超现实主义美术Art gallery艺廊Calligraphy书法Imitating模仿Landscape painting风景画Oil painting油画Paste粘贴Crayon 蜡笔，粉笔，颜料Pigmentation 颜料Canvas 帆布Wax 蜡Spectrum 光谱Perspective透视画法Poster海报Portrait肖像Model模式，模特mural壁画Panorama全景Pastel drawing蜡笔画Sketch草图Autograph手稿建筑Architecture建筑学Architect建筑师Architectural style建筑风格Art deco 装饰艺术Art moderneGeometric patterns 几何图形Arch 拱门Castle 城堡Cathedral大教堂Framing结构Lobby n. 大厅(entrance hall) Elevator n. 电梯Fa?ade n. 正面Stairs 楼梯Interior 内部的Exterior 外部的Impressionistic style印象派风格Mosque清真寺Pyramid金字塔Revival 复活Renaissance 文艺复兴Medieval中世纪527 (Sofia)-1520音乐Accompaniment 伴奏Audition 试听，试表演Band music 乐队音乐Chord弦乐，弦Classical music古典音乐Concerto 协奏曲Lullaby 催眠曲Duet 二重奏Harmony 和弦，和谐Rock and roll 摇滚Serenade 小夜曲Solo 独奏Sonata 奏鸣曲Symphony 交响乐Ballad歌谣Folk music 民间音乐Prelude 前奏Epilogue 尾声Score 乐谱Note 音符Notation 乐谱，记号法Chord symbol和弦符号Lyrics 歌词Tempo 节奏Melody 主旋律Rhythm节奏Tune 旋律Conduct 指挥Violin 小提琴Viola 中提琴Cello大提琴Oboe双簧管Clarinet单簧管krummhorn['kr?mh?:n]n. 变号(一种古双簧乐器)Harp 竖琴考古anthropologist 人类学家ecological 生态的anthropologist 生态人类学家archaeology 考古学anthropology 人类学morphology 形态学Ancient civilization 古代文明origin 起源originate 起源于ancestor 祖先hominid 人（科）homogeneous 同一种族（种类）的tribe 部落clan 氏族archeologist 考古学家excavation 挖掘excavate (unearth) 挖掘Scoop铲子ruins 遗迹，废墟remains 遗迹，遗骸artifact 手工艺品pottery 陶器(potter)Porcelain瓷器fossil 化石relic 遗物，文物Rock painting 岩石画antique 古物，古董antiquity 古代，古老skull 颅骨Cranial颅骨的Stone Age 石器时代Bronze Age （青）铜器时代Iron Age 铁器时代Paleolithic 旧石器时代的Mesolithic 中石器时代的Neolithic 新石器时代的Exhume 挖掘PaleoanthropologyPrehistoric史前的Primitive原始的动物微生物Amino acid 氨基酸Antibody 抗体Bacterium 细菌Biological agencyCalcium钙Carbohydrate 碳水化合物Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Cell细胞Chromosome 染色体Disinfection 消毒Enzymes 酶Fatigue 疲惫Fermentation 发酵Fungus 菌类Gene基因Genetic engineering 基因工程学Glucose 葡萄糖Immunology免疫学Incubation 孵蛋Inflection传染Malaria 疟疾Microbe 微生物Nucleus 细胞核One-celled单细胞的Oxidation氧化Parasitic animal 寄生动物Parasite disease 寄生虫病Parasitology 寄生虫学Pathogen 病菌，病原体Protozoa 原生动物Sanitation 卫生Schistosomiaisis 血吸虫病Starch 淀粉Sterilization 消毒Toxin 毒素Vaccine 疫苗Virus 病毒Yeast 酵母动物living organism 生物bacterium(pl.bacteria)细菌algae海藻coral珊瑚rodent 啮齿类动物primate 灵长类动物ape 猿chimpanzee n. 黑猩猩gorilla 大猩猩monkey n. 猴子mammal 哺乳类动物dinosaur n.恐龙bat (ecolotion) 蝙蝠（声波定位）snowshoe hare 雪兔子raccoon 浣熊polar bear 北极熊snout (动物的)口鼻部;reptile 爬行类动物snake, cobra眼镜蛇, rattle snake 响尾蛇lizard蜥蜴,snail 蜗牛amphibian adj. 两栖动物crocodile 鳄鱼frog n. 青蛙tadpole 蝌蚪toad 蟾蜍pond 池塘puddle 水坑insect n.昆虫mosquito 蚊子fly 苍蝇cricket 蟋蟀grasshopper 蚱蜢honey beemonarch butterfly 大花蝶large migratory American butterfly having deep orange wings with black and white markings; the larvae feed on milkweed egg 卵larvae 幼虫caterpillar 毛虫pupa/ chrysalis 茧termite n. 白蚁marine adj. 海洋的beaver 狸whale 鲸shark 鲨鱼dolphin 海豚penguin 企鹅predator n. 捕食者prey n. 被捕食者aquatic adj.水生的shrimp 虾lobster 龙虾clam 蚌crab 螃蟹bird, humming birdartery 动脉scale 鳞片claw爪, paw爪子horn 角hormone 荷尔蒙intestine 肠hive 蜂巢pollen n. 花粉pollinate v.授粉hibernate 冬眠migrate v. 迁徙communicate v. 交流保护色evolve 进化evolution n. 进化endotherm n.温血动物,恒温动物poikilotherm n. 冷血动物beak 鸟嘴enzymes 酵母secretion(n.) secrete(v.) 分泌pancreas 胰腺odor 气味(还有aroma fragrance scent smell)gland 腺体chromosome 染色体植物botany植物学botanist 植物学家tundra苔原;冻土地带,冻原fungus(pl. fungi ) 菌类laurel 月桂chestnut tree 栗子树root 根branch 枝stem 茎algae(pl. alga) 海藻organism 有机物birch tree (bark) 桦树crops 谷物corn 玉米maize 玉米chlorophyll 叶绿素amino acids 氨基酸protein 蛋白质nitrogen 氮photosynthetic(adj.) photosynthesis(n.) 光合作用lichen 地衣,苔藓squash 南瓜one of a group of large vegetables with solid flesh and hard skins, such as PUMPKIN sbean 豆类植物nectar花蜜flower花floral 花的petal 花瓣bloom 开花blossom 花pollen花粉moss 苔藓herbicide 除草剂herb 草本植物herbivorous 食草的classification 分类hierarchy 级别hazardous 有毒害的Meteorology 气象meteorology 气象meteorologist 气象学家forecast (predict) 预报climate 气候atmosphere 大气层troposphere 对流层Convection 对流Stratosphere 同温层Barometer 气压计current （气）流vapor 蒸汽evaporate 蒸发damp (wet; moist; humid) 潮湿的humidity 湿度moisture 潮湿；水分saturate 饱和absorb 吸收dew 露frost 霜fog (mist) 雾smog 烟雾droplet 小水珠condense 浓缩crystal 水晶体downpour (torrential rain) 大雨tempest (storm) 暴风雨drizzle 细雨shower 阵雨hail 冰雹blizzard (snowstorm) 暴风雪avalanche (snowslide) 雪崩precipitation （雨、露、雪等）降水Thunder 雷Lightening 闪电breeze 微风Blast 大风gale 大风whirlwind 旋风Cyclone 旋风，飓风typhoon 台风hurricane 飓风Monsoon 季风Sandstorm沙尘暴Dust storm沙尘暴tornado (twister, cyclone) 龙卷风Tropical depression热带低气压Wind direction 风向Wind velocity 风速Wind scale 风力funnel 漏斗，漏斗云cumulonimbus 积雨云disaster (calamity, catastrophe) 灾难devastation 破坏submerge 淹没overwhelm v. 淹没drought 干旱Avalanche雪崩Balmy 温和的Chilly寒冷的Frigid僵硬的，严格的Heat-wave热浪Tepid adj.微温的环保environmental protection 环境保护environmentally-friendly 环保的preserve v.保护，保存污染：pollute, pollution, pollutant contaminant n.污染物contaminate v.污染ecosystem生态系统ecology n.生态学antiseptic adj.防腐的atmospheric pollution大气污染垃圾: rubbish, garbage, trash, waste, litter处理: dispose of, burn, bury (landfill), recycle, reduce, reuse,dump回收:glass, paper, water,milk carton牛奶盒, tyre,aluminium cans铝罐,plastic bags, rubbish bags biodegradable packaging可降解包装, throwaway 可丢弃的disposable 可丢弃的discourage v. 不鼓励燃料none-renewable 不可再生的fossil fuels矿石燃料:natural gas, coal, petroleumlimited/finite natural resources 有限的自然资源alternative energy替代能源,replace=substitute v.取代wind power, hydropower水电,solar (lunar) power太阳能,nuclear power核能radioactivity n. 辐射性use up, deplete, exhaust v. 用光，耗尽conserve v. 节省，节约,污染: water pollution, air pollution,soil pollution土壤污染,noise pollutionsoil erosion 土壤侵蚀soil pollution土壤污染stain n.污染，污点，玷污stink v.发出臭味tar n.焦油toxic chemical 有毒的化学物品fume n.烟，气味light pollution日光污染refuse废物sewage污水pesticide n.杀虫剂chemical waste化学废料congest v.使充满危害动物:poaching非法打猎，盗猎,damage natural habitat破坏自然栖息地,rare breed稀有物种,endangered species濒危物种,extinct adj.灭绝(die out, disappear), animal rights activist动物权益保护者, natural reserve(giant panda大熊猫)自然保护区,protect wild life保护野生动物, preserve v.保护disastrous灾难性的, devastation破坏, have disastrous effect on…对。
托福听力LECTURE学术词汇-
Lecture vocabulary Anthropology 人类学Anthropologist 人类学家Barbarism 野蛮状态Burial 埋葬Celebrate 庆祝Ceremony 仪式Charity 慈善团体Civilization 文明Conscience 良心Courteous 有礼貌的Demography 人口统计学Descendent 后代Dignity 尊严Divine 神的,神圣的Era 时代,年代Ethnic 种族的,部落的Ethnography 人种论Hereditary 世袭的,遗传的Hierarchy 等级制度Humane 仁慈的,人道的Magnificent 壮丽的,宏伟的Majestic 威严的Mercy 宽容,怜悯Moral 道德的Obedient 顺从的,服从的Pictograph 象形文字Rite 仪式,典礼Ritual (宗教仪式Sedentary 作着的,(人群固定不迁移的Sincere 真心实意的Solemn 庄重的,隆重的Splendid 壮丽的,辉煌的Status 状况,身份Sublime 超群的,令人赞叹的Subsistence 生计,生存Uprising 起义,暴动Virtue 美德,优点,长处Weave 编,织Worship 崇拜,崇敬Archaeology 考古学Aborigine 土著居民Animism 万物有灵论,泛灵论Artifact 人工制品,手工艺品Conservation 保存,保护Corpse 尸体Date 确定(或推定。
的年代Excavate 挖出,发掘Extinct 灭绝的,绝种的Flourish 繁荣,兴旺Hominoid 人科的动物,类人动物Incise 雕Medieval 中古时期的,中世纪的Mural 壁画Prehistoric 史前的Preserve 保护,维持的Primeval 原始的Primitive 原始的,上古的Provenience 起源地,出处Radiocarbon dating 放射性碳年代测定Relic 遗迹,遗物Ruins (复数废墟Specimen 标本Architecture 建筑学Abbey 大修道院,Antique 古董,古董的Arch 拱顶,拱形物Aisle 过道,通道Asymmetrical 不匀称的,不对称的Atrium (高楼大厦的中庭,天井Blueprint 蓝图,计划Canopy 华盖Cellar 地下储藏室,地窖Column 柱,圆柱Crypt 教堂地下室Dome 圆屋顶Edifice 建筑(尤指宏伟的建筑 Engraving 雕刻工作Frame 框架,构架Landlord 房东Marble 大理石Monument 纪念碑Mosaic 马赛克Occupancy 占有,占用Pagoda 塔Patio 露台,平台Picturesque 生动的,风景如画的Pillar 柱子,房柱Property 财产,房地产Pyramid 金字塔Renovation 修复,装修Residence 居住,住宅Sanctuary 圣所,庇护所Spacious 宽敞的Spatial 空间的,关于空间的Specification 规格(说明,明细规范Sublime 超群的,令人赞叹的Symmetrical 对称的,匀称的Tenant 房客Urban 城市的Vault (教堂的拱顶Zoning 分区制,分区布局Art 艺术Abstract 抽象的Abstract Expressionism 抽象表现主义Adorn 装饰Array 排列,陈列Artistic 艺术的Aspect 神态,面貌Authentic 真实的,可靠地Bead 水珠,珠子Carve 雕刻Cast 铸造Character 特征,性格Conspicuous 显眼的,显著地Counterfeit 防止,伪造,Craft 工艺,手艺Cubism 立体派(20世纪的一种艺术流派 Duplicate 复制Embed 把。
托福听力地理学讲座必考词汇
托福听力地理学讲座必考词汇本文是托福听力地理学类讲座必考词汇供大家学习使用。
托福听力地理学类讲座必考词汇地理学* Volcano 火山* active volcano 活火山* dormant volcano 休眠火山* Extinct Volcano 死火山* Drought 旱灾* Rainstorm 暴雨* Flood 洪水* debris flow 泥石流* Ozone Layer 臭氧层* aurora 极光* solar wind 太阳风* magnetosphere 磁层* wetlands 湿地Horizon地平线continent大陆，洲terrestrial陆地生物landscape地形vegetation植被Rainforest雨林swamp沼泽;湿地tundra苔原;冻原;冻土地带mesa台地hill小山;丘陵lagoon泻湖;环礁湖;咸水湖basin盆地valley 山谷gorge峡谷latitude纬度Longitude经度equator赤道Tropic of Cancer 北回归线Tropic of Capricorn 南回归线The tropics 热带地区The temperate zone温带The frigid zone寒带Hemisphere半球pole 极点Polar circle 极圈The Arctic 北极区The Antarctic 南极地区The primemeridian南极地区The Arctic circle 北极圈The Antarctic circle南极圈frost 冰冻，严寒Atmosphere大气层spell轮替Climate气候Temperature气温precipitation降水;冰雹moisture湿度;潮湿humidity湿度;湿气。
新托福听力场景词汇
CONVERSATION1. 课程相关事务场景♦D iscussion讨论, presentation 发言topic题目, lecture演讲slide滑过,幻灯片library图书馆, collection聚集,收藏品,check in 报到，记录check out借，结账离开librarian图书管理员♦R eport报道, office hour办公时间，师生互动时间, submit上交on disk在磁盘上hard copy纸质版, soft copy电子文件, print打印, computer lab电脑室♦P roject课题，理科生作业tons of大量, cover 包括，写过，报导re-write 重写, research data研究数据database数据库, input输入output输出, , complete完成♦T erm paper,期末论文grade成绩, complicated复杂的, terrible mistake严重的错误, edited version编辑过的版本, overtired过于劳累的, rushing against the clock争分夺秒, mark标记，成绩, draft草稿, print打印, final paper,期末论文maintaining average维持平均, application申请, drop放弃re-take再上一遍, extension延期, discuss讨论, check back查阅记录, re-reading重读, submission服从，提交（物），投降♦e xam schedule考试日程表, term术语,学期（mid-term期中考试）, date日期, book,预定department部门,系, invigilator监考人, sign up注册, sheet纸张,单bulletin board公告栏faculty lounge老师休息室, square广场, draft,草稿dean院系主任, review复习，评论, draw up起草, manually用手，手动的, consult商量，请教, register登记♦P hysiology 生理学, sophomore大二学生, junior student大三学生，senior student 大四学生，second year course大二课程, first year student一年级学生, transfer转学, begin my first lecture开始我的第一堂讲课, introduce介绍, approach接近,方法, laws of physics and chemistry物理和化学定理, process of life生命的过程, vital force生命力, philosophical approach哲学方法, scientific experimentation科学实验♦F inal exam期末考试, midterm期中考试, multiple choice question多选题, essay question问答题,论述题comprehensive exam综合题, subject科目, textbook教科书, class note课堂笔记the final will count for 50% of your grade期末成绩将占你总成绩的50%，research project研究科目, run into problems遭遇问题♦S chool bulletin board学校公告栏, required course 必修课，first year student一年级学生, third year student3年级学生, research paper研究论文, final format最终格式, hand in上交, assignment作业, final grade期末成绩♦different concept不同的观念, hand in上交, issue发出,发行,问题revision 修正，复习, proposed topics所推荐的题目make comment作出评论the most frequent problem很多频繁的问题, broad宽的, preliminary outline最初的纲要, schedule时间表, available可利用的, appointment约定, final outline 最终的大纲, no more than two pages long不超过2个页长，thesis statement 论文观点, precise statement明确的观点, conclusion结论♦W orkshop研讨会, intensive加强的, techniques and skills技术和技能, personal attention 个人的注意力, advantage优势♦C onsecutive summer接下来的夏季, community center社区中心, workshop 研讨会, beginning students初学生, advanced students高学生, last four weeks前四个星期, credit（学分,积分）is awarded给予学分, spring break 美国各大学的春季休息，春假♦D iscuss讨论, administer管理, attendance出席, optional class选修课2. 相关事务+专业讨论场景♦C ourse课程, summer session暑假课程, elective n.选修课程, bird course容易的课程, splendor光彩，显赫, lecture hall,演讲厅lab实验室, tough decision艰难的问题, pick选择,挖, choose选择, relaxed放松, advice劝告♦E nquiry询问, credit course学分课程, off-campus在校外, program课程, remote远程, access使用,进入, internet因特网, degree学位distance education远程教育, diploma毕业证书, requirement要求, format格式, printed materials打印材料, audio-tapes磁带, video视频, teleconferencing 电话对话的, deliver投递, cost花费, fixed date固定日期, history历史，历史学♦D rop降低,退（课）fail,不及格flunk不及格math 数学, rough粗糙的, test,试验med school医学院♦U se your advice使用你的建议, premed医学预科生, introductory course介绍课程, non-science major主修科学, be weak in在某一方面是弱项, do poorly in在某些方面较弱, meet at the same time遇见在同一时间, modern drama course现代戏剧课程♦S emester学期, enroll in登记, 注册graduate course研究生课程, qualified 有资格的, hard time keeping up有困难跟上, favorite interest喜欢的兴趣, challenging反对，挑战的，要求, easy grade 容易混学分的课程♦P ermission to register允许注册, take the prerequisite先决条件, the beginning course课程开始, catalog目录, instructor教员，指导书, previous experience以前的经验, formal training正式的培训, decision决定♦S ignature信号，签名, schedule card选课卡, advisor’s approval导师赞同, quite a heavy load相当沉重的负担, drop the course放弃课程, seminar讨论会♦S ign up for a noncredit course报名没有学分的课程, intermediate level中级的水平, regular meeting定期的会议♦T ransfer转学, bachelor’s degree学士学位, associate degree, selectives选择性的, letters of recommendation推荐信♦H ard course艰难的进程rehearsal练习，训练, extra time额外的时间, once a week一星期一次♦F light program飞行计划，license执照, excellent reputation极好的声望3. 迟到旷课场景♦f eel good感觉好, point out指出, chapter章，回textbook课本, divide分开, project课题, focus重点, due到期的show up显示出, transcribe抄写，email电子信函♦o versleep睡过头, talk about谈论关于♦l ecture series讲座系列, attend出席，照顾，致力于, admission允许,录取♦f ill me in something: to tell sb about recent events,esp because they havebeen away from a place♦e g. You’d better fill me in on what’s been happening.dentist牙科医生, emergency紧急情况，非常时刻, missed somebody’s lecture错过某人的演讲, note笔记，记录，注意, make sense能说的通sense of humor/achievement/responsibility幽默感/成就感/责任感4. 转学场景♦g rad school 研究生院，public university公立的大学, private university私人的大学, community college社区学院, reputation名声class size班级大小, personal attention个人注意力, individual attention特别, interact互相影响, group discussion讨论团体, tuition学费，讲授, expense消费，开支, cost 花费, afford提供, affordable负担的起, location位置, environment环境, large city大城市, small town小城镇, college town学院城镇, top student顶尖学生, application申请，应用, experience经历，经验, special特别的，专车，特刊5. 实验室场景♦L aboratory实验室, research procedure研究程序, lab assistant实验室助手, retrieve information恢复信息, track the course追踪进程, monitor班长，监控，监视器, track the progress跟踪进度♦L ab instructor实验室教员, lab experience实验室经验, setup计划，设置，机构, equipment设备, result结果，产生, grade成绩, lab notebook实验室手册, proper precautions预先措施, protective goggles护目镜, toxic effect of chemicals化学品有毒的影响, lab procedure实验室程序, heavy metal重金属♦W orkbook工作手册，练习本, material重要的，材料, experiment尝试, available可利用的，有效的6. 图书馆场景♦L ibrary图书馆, spread out伸展出去, focus焦点, jam拥挤，果酱, spot地点，认出，恰巧, crowd人群，拥挤, comfy舒服的，轻松的,comfirm证实，far away 遥远的♦f inish完成，结束, renew更新，重申,renew a book续借, library card图书馆卡, late最近的，晚的；晚, mixed up使混合, request请求, fine罚款, overdue 过期的, pay工资，付, process处理，过程, sign符号，签名, suspend推迟，使暂停, privilege优待borrowing privilege借书特权(延长借书的时间)♦L ibrarian图书管理员, facilities设备, reference room资料室, reference material参考资料, dictionary字典, bibliography参考书目, literature guide文学指南, telephone book电话本, periodical room期刊室, newspaper报纸, magazine杂志, academic journal学术期刊, current issue现期刊物, back issue过期发行物, card catalog卡片目录, listed by title通过标题列出, by author and by topic依据作家和题目, call number电话号码♦R eturn返回，报答, shelves架子,check out借, reserve book预定书籍, overnight use 只出借一夜（的书）♦s econdhand bookstore二手书的书店, inscription题词，刻印, front cover封面，机壳前盖, signature签名，信号, poetry book诗卷♦p aperback section平装部分, index索引搜索♦e xit gate大门出口reserve预订，储备, additional copy额外的副本, article 物品，文章7. 课堂内容讨论场景♦b ursary大学奖学金，财务办公室, department部门，系, financial aid财政的援助, monetary财政的, grant授予，同意, determine决定, committee委员会, donor捐赠者, apply for申请，请求, financially金融上, in need在需要, consider认为, out-of-town城外的, requirement要求, website网站, on-line 上线, official官方的，官员, document文件, in person亲自，外貌上♦S cholarship学问，奖学金, available可利用的，有效的, maintain维持, average平均的, mark标记, apply for申请，请求, applicant申请人, committee委员会, honor信用，荣誉, award奖品, candidate候选人, weight 重量, guarantee担保, grade point average (GPA)平均分数, percent百分比, website网站, address地址, rigorous严格的, extra-curricular课外, hardship 困苦, achievement成就，完成, letter of recommendation推荐信, fill满足，被充满, time consuming job耗时的工作, recommend推荐, eligibility合格，适任, enrollment入学，注册8. 论文场景♦O rganize组织, essay小论文topic题目, chosen选择，精选的, broad宽的, narrow it down沿着狭窄的, compare比较, focused专心的，聚焦, interested 感兴趣的, begin开始，首先, discussion讨论, opinion意见，主张, fact实际, support支持, check检查, statistics统计学, percentage百分率, include包括, words语言，字, rough draft草稿, break down打断, subtopic小标题, reference 引用，参考，证明, material题目，主题，一般规则♦R esearch paper研究论文, discuss讨论, theory理论，推测, work progress工作进度♦R eport报告, subject科目, catalog目录, published source已发布的资料, gather material收集材料♦I nformation信息, plagiarize抄袭, failing grade失败的成绩, gather收集, assimilate the information thoroughly彻底地吸收信息, paraphrase释义, capture the mian idea获得主意, quote directly直接地应用, finalize the research paper完成研究论文♦D raft草稿, clear up the problem澄清这一问题9. 实地考查场景♦L ist列表, supply供给, on site, kit装备，工具箱, notebook笔记本, axe斧, glove 手套, instrument工具, measure测量，程度，尺寸, clean使干净，打扫, cancel 取消, weather天气，露天的, clothes衣服, outside外部的，在…范围之外, food 食物, snack小吃, transportation运输, transport运输, dig挖♦T rip leader旅行领袖, participate参与，分享，分担, report报告, field trip野外旅行10. 体育运动场景♦S pring cycling season春天骑自行车的时节, regular hobby一般嗜好, physical fitness routine日常健身例行要做的事, bicyclist骑脚踏车的人, expert riders熟练的骑手♦E ndurance test忍耐力测验, recreational cyclists娱乐骑自行车的人, racers比赛者♦S ki patrol滑雪巡逻队, ski patroller滑雪巡逻员, safety安全♦P hysical education class 体育课, rock climbing攀登岩石, rope绳, belt地带, buckle扣住, safety equipment安全设备,游玩场景♦B reak休息，打破，突变, racket球拍, reserve a court预定一个球场♦R ock concert摇滚音乐会, vacation假期，搬出, weather天气，露天的，风化11. 打工场景♦S ummer break暑假, excellent opportunity极好的机会, practice练习, dilemma 困境, difficult decision困难的决定, plan计划, volunteer志愿者, NGO （nongovernmenal organization）民间组织, chance可能性，机会, share分享, interesting有趣的, spend花费, accept同意, program程序, interview面试, company公司, application申请, apply for申请, money钱, advice建议♦T ough艰苦的, stressed有压力的，紧张的, dread可怕的, cram for the exam 临时抱佛脚（为准备考试）part-time兼职, balance平衡, hit the book k书, energy活力, tired疲倦的, sconsolation安慰, get through到达，做完, fondness爱好♦A nnouncement通告, hire租金，工钱，出租, part-time assistant兼职助理, experience经历, daily每日的♦L aboratory assistant研究室助手, fill out an application填一张申请表, fit into my schedule（将某事）安排进我的时间表♦V ariety of job opportunities多样的工作机会, responsible for有责任的, volunteer志愿者, service服务，维修, postions are open空缺的职位, link of service维修环节, career training职业培训, demand physical endurance需要身体的忍耐力, receive no salary没有薪水收到, pay for living expense支付生活开销, housing and food allowance住房和伙食补助, additional information 额外的信息♦I nternship实习, career opportunities事业机会, working experience工作经历, short term experience简短的学期经验, permanent employment永久就业full-time专职的，全日制的, academic credit学分, supervise管理，指导，监督, hand out分发, career advisory service职业咨询服务, living expense生活开销♦R un奔跑，管理，经营, marathon马拉松赛跑, motivator动力, inspire鼓舞, positive积极的, sponsor保证人，赞助, tons of money许多钱,♦I ntroduce介绍, volunteer志愿者, salary薪水, ceremony典礼, alumni男校友12. 报到注册场景♦R egistration注册，登记，挂号, time时间, determine决定, first year student 一年级学生, mail邮件, designated date指定的日期, specific time特定的时间, admission letter 录取信（通知）, average平均, previous以前的, session会议，学期，开会, pay支付, credit card信用卡, bank银行，岸, teller讲述者，计票员, confirmation slip确认错误, in person亲自♦R egistration注册, date日期，约会, newly admitted student最近承认的学生, undergraduate大学生, junior晚辈，大三学生, sophomore大二年级生, returning student回归生, senior高级的，年长的, check检查, pay attention专心, time时间，定期的, register注册，记录，登记, designated time指定的时间, pay支付, fee小费, financial aid财政的援助, financial officer财政的公务员, sponsor保证人，赞助, authorization letter认可信, on-line上线13. 校园生活场景♦m eal ticket 饭票，student card 学生卡，cafeteria 自助餐厅，move迁居，移动, accent口音，pod豆荚, international group国际团体, major主要的，成年人，主修, lucky幸运的, excellent极好的, booklet小册子, regulation规则，管理, rule规则，统治, conductive传导的, self-policed自身的治安, problem难题, allow允许, smoke烟, cook煮, plug插头, dryer烘干机, voltage电压, alarm警报, kitchen厨房, leftover残余物, clean-up day打扫日, hot water热水, meter 公尺, washroom洗手间, laundry facility洗熨设备, basement地下室, conserving energy保存能力, lounge area休息室, heat高温，压力, air-conditioning空气调节, storage area仓库, permit允许, hallway门厅, community space社区空间, prior notification优先的告示, safe安全的，保险箱, valuable有价值的, housekeeper管家, vacuum cleaner吸尘器, lock锁, key 钥匙, fire prevention equipment炉火预防设备, arrange安排, in advance预先，提前, religious propaganda宗教的宣传, dorm宿舍, furnishing：an article of furniture for the interior of a building, park公园，停放♦R oommate室友, dormitory宿舍，住宅的, unpacking our things取出用品, neat 优雅的，平滑的，齐整的♦H ousing office住宿办公室, living off campus在校外住宿, cost花费, rent租金，出租，租借, utilities实用工具, need a car to commute用一辆车的交换, noisy 响声，嘈杂的, peace and quiet安静♦W inter break寒假, dean院长，系主任, vacation arrangement假期准备, fill up the forms填满表格, heating cost暖气费，temporary accommodation暂时的住处♦H ousing director住宿主管, checkout procedure借出手续, leave for vacation 动身去度假, return your key归还你的钥匙, maintenance crew 物业, residence advisor宿舍舍监, pass around大约经过♦A partment公寓, dump倾倒，倒垃圾, functional功能的, noisy响声，嘈杂的14. 医院场景♦D iagnose诊断, patient’s illness患者的疾病, painful痛苦的, technological advance先行的技术, blood and tissue sample血液和组织样本, diagnostic techniques诊断的技术, detect diseases发现疾病, X rays X射线, side effect 副作用, uncomfortable不安的, endure pain忍耐疼痛♦M edical clinic and infirmary医院, nursing staff护理人员, get sick生病, a really bad cold重感冒, develop terrible coughs发生很糟糕的咳嗽, pneumonia肺炎, stay in the infirmary呆在医院, don’t feel well身体不好, rest more and skip a few classes休息和翘一些课, have medical excuse 请病假, emergency number紧急号码♦M odern medical facility近代的医学设施, health needs健康需要, dental clinic 牙医诊所, maternity ward产科病房, operating room（外科）手术室, special sugery特殊手术, surgeons外科医生♦S tudent Health Services学生健康检查部门, blood pressure（生理）血压, university nutritionists大学营养学家, processed foods加工食品, universityhospital大学医院♦P ain疼痛, discharge排放, slight earache轻微的耳痛, take it easy放轻松♦P revention阻止, symptoms症状, cough咳嗽, fever发热, chill寒心, flu流感, influenza流行性感冒, overtired累过头的, stressed out压得，累得喘不过气, virus病毒, sneeze打喷嚏，喷嚏, airborne virus靠空气传播的病毒, body’s resistance 身体抵抗力, ward off the flu避开流感, immune system免疫系统, fight off illness击退疾病, immunized免疫的，使免疫, vaccine疫苗，疫苗的, university health center大学健康中心。
托福听力分类词汇完整版
新托福IBT听力场景入学：enrollment 登记, 注册opening ceremony n.开业典礼, 仪式commencement ceremony 毕业典礼convocation n.正式会议（可指简单的毕业典礼）orientation meeting开学说明会staff n.全体职员freshman （大学）一年级学生sophomore （大学）二年级学生junior （大学）三年级学生senior （大学）四年级学生tuition, fee 费用placement test 开学测试excellent 出色的average 平均的，一般的below average 低于平均水平的，差的结构及称谓: university- president 大学，校长chancellor 名誉校长college 学院school 学院dean 院长principal 中学校长professor 教授associate professor 副教授assistant professor 助理教授coordinator 班主任，协调人counselor 辅导员advisor 指导老师instructor 讲师tutor 个人辅导supervisor 管理人undergraduate 本科graduate 研究生建筑物buildings:canteen.餐厅cafeteria.自助餐厅administration building 行政大楼main building主楼wing/annex 配楼teaching building教学楼dormitory n.宿舍auditorium n.会堂, 礼堂=lecture hall assembly n.集合,集会hallcomputer lab 计算实验室，机房dining hall 食堂选课学科major 主修minor 副修science理科, arts文科, engineering 工科Mathematics 数学physics 物理chemistry 化学biology 生物学geography 地理学electronics 电子学computer science 计算机科学astronomy 天文学electronics engineering 电子工程学botany 植物学psychology 心理学zoology 动物学architecture 建筑学oceanography 海洋学ecology 生态学medical science 医学archaeology 考古学history 历史学linguistics 语言学pedagogies 教育学，教学法anthropology 人类学economics 经济学statistics 统计学accounting 会计学philosophy 哲学类型required、compulsory course 必修课selective/optional course选修课elective course 选修课lecture 讲座seminar 高级研讨性课colloquium n.报告课tutorial 个人辅导课程workshop 专题课程级别Introductory 入门级elementary, fundamental 初级Intermediate, secondary 中级Advanced 高级Prerequisite 先修课程上课：Attend class 上课Miss class 缺课Skip class逃课Syllabus 教学大纲Required textbook 要求的课本Attendance 出勤Grading system 打分体系Class participation 课堂参与杂semester/term 学期quarter小学期course guideline 课程纲要major 主修minor 副修exemption 免修syllabus 教学大纲Professor’s signature 教授的签字（用于注册课程）Course cap课程容量（可以招收的学生数）,openings （可供注册的名额）Take选（课）, drop 退（课）Late registration晚注册Deregistration 注销教师称号professor 教授lecturer = instructor 讲师teaching assistant = TA 助教research assistant = RA 助研counselor, adviser 咨询者，顾问president 大学校长teacher/faculty 教师student's advisor 学生顾问physicist 物理学家mathematician 数学家chemist 化学家historian 历史学家statistician 统计学家作业：assignment 作业homework = coursework = schoolwork = studies 作业lab report 实验报告book report 读书报告project 作业presentation 发言term paper 学期论文（research paper）thesis/essay/dissertation 论文journal 学术期刊social investigation 社会调查survey 调查questionnaire n.调查表, 问卷observation n.观察interview vt.n.采访collect data 收集数据broad (论文等)内容宽泛narrow down (论文等)缩小范围source （写论文的）参考资料critical thinking 评判性思维lack your own ideas缺少自己的想法deadline n.最终期限extension 延期due date/time期限outline n.大纲, 提纲(roadmap) bibliography n书目, 参考书目reference 参考plagiarism n. 抄袭revise v. 修改rewrite v. 重写final draft 完成稿speech n.演讲presentation 演讲，陈述eye contact 目光接触intonation 音调考试：mid-term exam 期中考final exams = finals 期末考cumulative final 总结性考试take-home exam（拿回家的开卷考试，一般有限定的时间）open-book exam 开卷考试subjective test 主观性测试objective test 客观性测试pop quiz 抽查式测验blue book 答题本assessment n估价appraisal n.评价, 估价make up for补考,resit, retake重考grade （mark 、score）分数成绩：perfect grade 优异成绩low grade 低分high mark 高分passing grade 及格分failing grade 不及格分full marks 满分straight A's 全Abe all A's and B's 全是A和BB plus B加A minus A减pass the iexam with flying colors 以优异成绩通过考试graduate with honors 以荣誉毕业diploma, degree, certificate 文凭，学位，证书考试问题：分析成绩低的原因，给出解决办法图书馆：library图书馆librarian图书管理员publication 出版物periodical 期刊magazine 杂志book catalogue 图书目录classified catalogue 分类目录bibliography 参考书目title index 书目索引alphabetic index 按字母顺序排列的索引circulation desk借书处reserved books 馆藏书（只能在图书馆内借阅）library card 借书证overdue fine 过期罚金periodical reading room 期刊阅览室online journal 在线期刊video tape 录像带back issue 过期杂志current issue 近期杂志archive 档案non-fiction 非小说类文学作品science-fiction 科幻小说copier 复印机check out 办理（借、还）手续renew 续借overdue过期interlibrary service 馆际服务部分名称information desk n.服务台delivery/circulation desk借书台shelf n.书架photocopy room复印室return area 还书处students locker 学生存储间reference section 参考书部科研过程HypothesisAlternative hypothesis择一假说Null hypothesis无效假说, 零假说Collect dataSurvey, questionnaire ExperimentInterfere, influence ObservationAnalyze dataInterpret dataAnalysisAnalyticalSubjectSampleTreatment groupNon-treatmentControl group校内工作，课外活动及寻找经济援助：Letter of reference/recommendation CompetitiveBenefit future careerField researchCollect data for papersWaiter, waitress，BabysitterWork at the library Qualification资格, qualified 合格的Resume, CVfinancial aid经济援助Scholarship Fellowship Teaching assistantship 助教奖学金Research assistantship 研究奖学金Grant 助学金Loan 贷款Need-based以需求为基础Merit-based 以优秀为基础Student union 学生会Clubs 俱乐部Membership 成员资格Career service住宿：宿舍：accommodation n.住处, 膳宿residence hall宿舍suite 套间studio 工作室，独立套间village 村落（校内一栋一栋的房子，可以用做宿舍）lounge n.公共大厅（可以用做娱乐）home-stay 在国外住在房东家里的那种roommate同屋者,室友corridor n. 走廊,过道，租房lease n.租借, 租约landlord 房东landlady女房东rent租金tenant 房客patio n.阳台，sliding door n.推拉门single room 单人房twin room 双人房two-bedroom apartmenthouse key 房锁匙床上用品:pillow n.枕头bed linen n. 床上用品sheet n. 被单mattress n.床垫blanket n.毯子towel n.手巾, 毛巾quilt n.棉被电器类electric appliance(instrument; equipment) 电器heater, furnace 加热器，炉子heating unit 暖气片air conditioner 空调设备stove 炉子microwave oven 微波炉washer / dryer 洗衣机/烘干机（laundry 洗衣店）utensil 器皿；用具kitchen utensil 炊具oven 烤箱；烤炉range 煤气灶dishwasher 洗碟机washing machine 洗衣机(hot-water) heater 热水器coffeepot 咖啡壶refrigerator (freezer) 冰箱vacuum cleaner 吸尘器tape player 录音机CD player CD机Laundromat 自动洗衣店maintenance 维修，保养家具类furniture 家具bookshelf 书架bookcase 书柜couch 沙发chest 柜子；橱；箱子dresser (bureau) 梳妆台cabinet (电视机等)机箱；储藏柜；陈列柜cupboard (closet) 碗橱storage wall 壁橱rug 小地毯carpet 地毯curtain 窗帘bathtub 浴缸fixture （房屋）固定装置furnishings 室内陈设日常生活/问题:personalpossessions/property/belongings个人财产get insurance for personal possessions/property/belongs garbage/rubbish/waste n.垃圾dispose v. 处理gas meter煤气表insect n.昆虫burglar n.夜贼leaking/leakage n. 泄漏lost key丢钥匙break in 闯入讲座场景词汇Geology地质学Slide n. 滑坡Landslide n.山体滑坡Mud泥土, soil土壤Earth n. 土Sink v.下沉Ground water 地下水Irrigation n. 灌溉Freeze, froze, frozen v.冷冻Melt v.融化molten Gravity n.重心Aggravate v.加重Lean v.倾斜Slope n.斜坡Steep adj.陡峭Erode v., erosion n.腐蚀Fossil n.化石Dinosaur n.恐龙Sediment, deposit 沉淀物Marble 大理石granite 花岗岩Ore 矿石Stalactite 钟乳石Refine v. 提炼Platinum v. 铂金Seismology 地震学Vibration, tremor, 震动Wave 波动Volcano, volcanic 火山，火山的Volcanic eruption 火山喷发Magnitude 级数Collision n.碰撞Active adj.积极的Dormant adj.休眠的Extinct adj. 熄灭的Magma n.岩浆Lava n.岩浆Erupt v.喷发explode v.爆炸(explosion)boom n.爆炸Blast n.爆炸Avalanche n.雪崩地球科学Earth’s interior 地球的内部Seismic waves地震波Compression 压缩Shear（a deformation of an object in which parallel planes remain parallel but are shifted in a direction parallel to themselves）Slow down减慢速度Reflect 反射Depth深度Density 密度Boundary边界Mantle地幔Crust地壳Core地心Continental plate 大陆板块Tectonic plate (地球表面的)构造板块Continental drift 大陆漂移Layer, strata 层Stratify 分层Crack 裂缝Molten lava 融化的岩浆Climatic shift=Climatic changes气候变化Consistent pattern 统一的，始终一致的Solar energy太阳能Radiate 发射，放射Crude approximation 大概的猜测Speculation猜测Cooling down冷却Mechanism 机制Length of the dayPhysical force 体力Imaginary line虚拟线Artificial reservoir 人工水库LatitudeRedistribute再分配，再分布Spin 快速旋转Minerals 矿物质Diverse 多样的Specimen，Sample样品Abundant 丰富的Glassy像玻璃的Amazon stones天河石Firing vapor 炙热的水蒸汽Wipe out 根除，彻底消灭Mt Everest 珠穆朗玛峰Elevation 海拔，海拔增高Precise measurement精确的测量Global Positioning System全球定位系统Longitude 经度Latitude 维度Alternative sources of energy 可替代资源Gas hydrate气体水合物Trap 困住Flame 火焰Potential 潜在的Model 模式Geological fault地质断层Crack 裂缝seismic gap地震活动空白地带postulate 假设chunk 大块cylinder 圆柱cylindrical 圆柱形的ground tilt measurement地倾斜观测evacuate 撤出sedimentary adj. 沉淀性的accumulate 积累商业Insurance 保险Note 注意Contract合约Verbal agreement口头协议Repay 偿还Interest 利息Merchant 商人Cautious 谨慎的Paramount 极为重要的Manufacture 制造Label 标签Contention 所持观点Inform 告知Cost成本Profit利润loss损失Net净的，gross粗略的Supply and demand供求Supply chain供应链Fluctuation 浮动Recession 衰退Depression 萧条Marketing strategies市场营销策略Survey 调查Surplus 剩余Shipment 运输Distribution 分布Retail 零售Whole sale 批发Franchise特许经营Budget预算哲学Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Theme 主题Logic 逻辑Rhetoric 修辞Fundamental causes 基本原因Principles of the universe 宇宙的原则Perceive 看待，观察Perception 观点Sense 感觉Soul 灵魂spiritElement 组成成分Reasoning 推理Ration理性, rational有理性的Contemplation 沉思，思考Judgment判断Just公正的，justice公正Justify证明, justification 合理的理由Explicit 明确的Ethics道德规范Ethical theory 伦理理论Moral 有道德的Ultimate truth终极真理Universal 普遍的Search for truth 追求真理Vary v.不相同Intrinsic 内部的Extrinsic 外部的Critic 评论家Old-fashioned 过时的Valuable 有价值的Survive 生存，存活Conservative 保守的Liberal 开放的Impractical不实际的Empirical经验主义的Cognitive 认知的Weaken 削弱Diminish （影响力）减小Medieval 中世纪Renaissance 文艺复兴Doctrine教义,主义,学说Idealism 唯心论，理想主义Epistemology n. 认识论Metaphysics形而上学,玄学Reconcile和解,调停天文学astronomy constellation 星座zodiac （星象学的星座）planet 行星sun 恒星Jupiter 木星Pluto 冥王星Saturn 土星Mercury 水星Mars 火星Venus金星Neptune海王星Uranus天王星Ceres 谷物星（the largest asteroid and the first discovered）White dwarf 白矮星Big Dipper 北斗七星Asteroid belt 小行星带Milky Way 银河系Galaxy n.星系orbit v.运行n.轨道rotate v. 转Axis n.轴track n. 轨道outer space外太空gravity n.重力equator n.赤道tropical 热带的brightness n.亮度dimension n.维度distance n. 距离Eclipse (日月食)Wane, diminish v. 逐渐变小Centripetal 向心Centrifugal 离心Nebula 星云(an immense cloud of gas (mainly hydrogen) and dust in interstellar space）Nebulous adj. 星云的Gas 气体(rock, ice, hydrogen, oxygen) Particle 微粒Polar light 极光Astronomical 天文的Astrophysics 天文物理学Big Dipper 北斗七星Black hole 黑洞Celestial天体的Celestial map 天体图Centrifugal force 离心力Chondrite 球粒状陨石Chromosphere太阳的色球层Clockwise 顺时针Cluster 星团，一群星星Comet 彗星Cosmos宇宙,cosmetic宇宙的Cosmology宇宙学Emission 排放物，发射Faint 微弱的Feeble 微弱的Gaseous bodies 气态包Gravitational force 吸引力Greenwich mean time 格林尼治时间High resolution 高清晰度Ignite 引燃Illusive object 幻影物体Image 影响，形象Infinite 无限的Infrared ray 红外射线Interferometer 干扰仪Intergalactic 星系间的International date line 国际日期变更线Interplanetary 星球间的Interstellar星际的Leap year 闰年Light year光年Luminosity光亮度Lunar阴历的，月亮的Massive 巨大的Meteor流星Meteor shower 流星雨Meteorite陨石Meteoroid流星体Molten 融化的Naked eye 裸眼Observatory 天文台Photosphere 光球层Planetarium 天文馆Planetoid 小行星Polestar 北极星Pseudoscience 伪科学Quasar类星体Radiation 辐射Revolution 旋转Rotation 旋转Satellite 卫星Sky atlas天体图Solar corona日冕Space debris 太空垃圾Space shuttle 太空飞船Space suit 太空服Spin 快速旋转Star cluster 星群，星团Stellar 星星的Sunspot 太阳黑子Time difference 时差Time zone 时区表演艺术（舞蹈，电影，音乐etc.）Genre 艺术分类Performing art 表演艺术modern dance piece现代舞concert 音乐会play剧opera歌剧film 电影camera 摄影camera shotanalytical 分析的parallel 平行的ballet芭蕾舞choreographer 舞蹈指导Fine/visual arts 视觉艺术Abstract art抽象艺术landscape风景photography摄影exposure 曝光develop film 冲洗胶卷negative n. 底片portrait(portray v. )肖像, 人像、still life静物sculpture雕塑statue 人物雕像lifelike 逼真的vividanthem 国歌Critic 评论家Criticism 批评，评论Review n.评论Masterpiece 杰作Have aesthetic value 有美学价值Aesthetic appeal 美学吸引力Feature 特点Characteristics 特点Distinct adj.与众不同的Unique 独一无二的Style 风格Technique 技巧Gallery n.画馆Edition n.专辑Release v. 发行Debut n.首映Impressionist 印象主义者Impressionism 印象派Perspective 透视法Angle 角度Press/Publishing house出版社Acclaim v. 盛赞mirage 海市蜃楼prolific 多产Preserve v. 保存Extinct adj.灭绝的，消失的文学Literature 文学Poetry诗歌biography传记autobiography 自传detective stories 侦探小说drama戏剧novel小说Novelist 小说家collection of short stories短篇小说集Allegory寓言Comparative literature比较文学Diary 日记Editorial 社论，重要评论Fiction 小说Aestheticism 唯美Autobiography 自传Descriptive prose 描述散文Fairy tale 童话Futurism 未来派Legend 传说Literary studies 文学研究Narrative prose 叙述性散文Podium 讲台Prose 散文Realism 现实主义School of literature 文学派别Leading character 主要角色Literary criticism 文学评论Literary studies 文学学习Modernism 现代主义Plot 情节Poetry 诗歌Prologue前言Proverb谚语Surrealism 超现实主义美术Art gallery艺廊Calligraphy书法Imitating模仿Landscape painting风景画Oil painting油画Paste粘贴Crayon 蜡笔，粉笔，颜料Pigmentation 颜料Canvas 帆布Wax 蜡Spectrum 光谱Perspective透视画法Poster海报Portrait肖像Model模式，模特mural 壁画Panorama全景Pastel drawing蜡笔画Sketch草图Autograph手稿建筑Architecture建筑学Architect建筑师Architectural style建筑风格Art deco 装饰艺术Art moderneGeometric patterns 几何图形Arch 拱门Castle 城堡Cathedral大教堂Framing结构Lobby n. 大厅(entrance hall) Elevator n. 电梯Façade n. 正面Stairs 楼梯Interior 内部的Exterior 外部的Impressionistic style印象派风格Mosque清真寺Pyramid金字塔Revival 复活Renaissance 文艺复兴Medieval中世纪Byzantine architecture 527 (Sofia)-1520音乐Accompaniment 伴奏Audition 试听，试表演Band music 乐队音乐Chord弦乐，弦Classical music古典音乐Concerto 协奏曲Lullaby 催眠曲Duet 二重奏Harmony 和弦，和谐Rock and roll 摇滚Serenade 小夜曲Solo 独奏Sonata 奏鸣曲Symphony 交响乐Ballad歌谣Folk music 民间音乐Prelude 前奏Epilogue 尾声Score 乐谱Note 音符Notation 乐谱，记号法Chord symbol和弦符号Lyrics 歌词Tempo 节奏Melody 主旋律Rhythm节奏Tune 旋律Conduct 指挥Violin 小提琴Viola 中提琴Cello大提琴Oboe双簧管Clarinet单簧管krummhorn['krʌmhɔ:n]n. 变号(一种古双簧乐器)Harp 竖琴考古anthropologist 人类学家ecological 生态的anthropologist 生态人类学家archaeology 考古学anthropology 人类学morphology 形态学Ancient civilization 古代文明origin 起源originate 起源于ancestor 祖先hominid 人（科）homogeneous 同一种族（种类）的tribe 部落clan 氏族archeologist 考古学家excavation 挖掘excavate (unearth) 挖掘Scoop铲子ruins 遗迹，废墟remains 遗迹，遗骸artifact 手工艺品pottery 陶器(potter)Porcelain瓷器fossil 化石relic 遗物，文物Rock painting 岩石画antique 古物，古董antiquity 古代，古老skull 颅骨Cranial颅骨的Stone Age 石器时代Bronze Age （青）铜器时代Iron Age 铁器时代Paleolithic 旧石器时代的Mesolithic 中石器时代的Neolithic 新石器时代的Exhume 挖掘Paleoanthropology Prehistoric史前的Primitive原始的动物微生物Amino acid 氨基酸Antibody 抗体Bacterium 细菌Biological agencyCalcium钙Carbohydrate 碳水化合物Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Cell细胞Chromosome 染色体Disinfection 消毒Enzymes 酶Fatigue 疲惫Fermentation 发酵Fungus 菌类Gene基因Genetic engineering 基因工程学Glucose 葡萄糖Immunology免疫学Incubation 孵蛋Inflection传染Malaria 疟疾Microbe 微生物Nucleus 细胞核One-celled单细胞的Oxidation氧化Parasitic animal 寄生动物Parasite disease 寄生虫病Parasitology 寄生虫学Pathogen 病菌，病原体Protozoa 原生动物Sanitation 卫生Schistosomiaisis 血吸虫病Starch 淀粉Sterilization 消毒Toxin 毒素Vaccine 疫苗Virus 病毒Yeast 酵母动物living organism 生物bacterium(pl.bacteria) 细菌algae海藻coral珊瑚rodent 啮齿类动物primate 灵长类动物ape 猿chimpanzee n. 黑猩猩gorilla 大猩猩monkey n. 猴子mammal 哺乳类动物dinosaur n.恐龙bat (ecolotion) 蝙蝠（声波定位）snowshoe hare 雪兔子raccoon 浣熊polar bear 北极熊snout (动物的)口鼻部;reptile 爬行类动物snake, cobra眼镜蛇, rattle snake 响尾蛇lizard蜥蜴,snail 蜗牛amphibian adj. 两栖动物crocodile 鳄鱼frog n. 青蛙tadpole 蝌蚪toad 蟾蜍pond 池塘puddle 水坑insect n.昆虫mosquito 蚊子fly 苍蝇cricket 蟋蟀grasshopper 蚱蜢honey beemonarch butterfly 大花蝶large migratory American butterfly having deeporange wings with black and white markings; the larvae feed on milkweed egg 卵larvae 幼虫caterpillar 毛虫pupa/ chrysalis 茧termite n. 白蚁marine adj. 海洋的beaver 狸whale 鲸shark 鲨鱼dolphin 海豚penguin 企鹅predator n. 捕食者prey n. 被捕食者aquatic adj.水生的shrimp 虾lobster 龙虾clam 蚌crab 螃蟹bird, humming birdartery 动脉scale 鳞片claw爪, paw爪子horn 角hormone 荷尔蒙intestine 肠hive 蜂巢pollen n. 花粉pollinate v.授粉hibernate 冬眠migrate v. 迁徙communicate v. 交流camouflage 保护色evolve 进化evolution n. 进化endotherm n.温血动物,恒温动物poikilotherm n. 冷血动物beak 鸟嘴enzymes 酵母secretion(n.) secrete(v.) 分泌pancreas 胰腺odor 气味(还有aroma fragrance scent smell)gland 腺体chromosome 染色体植物botany植物学botanist 植物学家tundra苔原;冻土地带,冻原fungus(pl. fungi ) 菌类laurel 月桂chestnut tree 栗子树root 根branch 枝stem 茎algae(pl. alga) 海藻organism 有机物birch tree (bark) 桦树crops 谷物corn 玉米maize 玉米chlorophyll 叶绿素amino acids 氨基酸protein 蛋白质nitrogen 氮photosynthetic(adj.) photosynthesis(n.) 光合作用lichen 地衣,苔藓squash 南瓜one of a group of large vegetables with solid flesh and hard skins, such as PUMPKIN sbean 豆类植物nectar花蜜flower花floral 花的petal 花瓣bloom 开花blossom 花pollen花粉moss 苔藓herbicide 除草剂herb 草本植物herbivorous 食草的classification 分类hierarchy 级别hazardous 有毒害的Meteorology 气象meteorology 气象meteorologist 气象学家forecast (predict) 预报climate 气候atmosphere 大气层troposphere 对流层Convection 对流Stratosphere 同温层Barometer 气压计current （气）流vapor 蒸汽evaporate 蒸发damp (wet; moist; humid) 潮湿的humidity 湿度moisture 潮湿；水分saturate 饱和absorb 吸收dew 露frost 霜fog (mist) 雾smog 烟雾droplet 小水珠condense 浓缩crystal 水晶体downpour (torrential rain) 大雨tempest (storm) 暴风雨drizzle 细雨shower 阵雨hail 冰雹blizzard (snowstorm) 暴风雪avalanche (snowslide) 雪崩precipitation （雨、露、雪等）降水Thunder 雷Lightening 闪电breeze 微风Blast 大风gale 大风whirlwind 旋风Cyclone 旋风，飓风typhoon 台风hurricane 飓风Monsoon 季风Sandstorm沙尘暴Dust storm沙尘暴tornado (twister, cyclone) 龙卷风Tropical depression热带低气压Wind direction 风向Wind velocity 风速Wind scale 风力funnel 漏斗，漏斗云cumulonimbus 积雨云disaster (calamity, catastrophe) 灾难devastation 破坏submerge 淹没overwhelm v. 淹没drought 干旱Avalanche雪崩Balmy 温和的Chilly寒冷的Frigid僵硬的，严格的Heat-wave热浪Tepid adj.微温的环保environmental protection 环境保护environmentally-friendly 环保的preserve v.保护，保存污染：pollute, pollution, pollutant contaminant n.污染物contaminate v.污染ecosystem生态系统ecology n.生态学antiseptic adj.防腐的atmospheric pollution大气污染垃圾: rubbish, garbage, trash, waste, litter 处理: dispose of, burn, bury (landfill), recycle, reduce, reuse,dump回收:glass, paper, water,milk carton牛奶盒, tyre,aluminium cans铝罐,plastic bags, rubbish bags biodegradable packaging可降解包装, throwaway 可丢弃的disposable 可丢弃的discourage v. 不鼓励燃料none-renewable 不可再生的fossil fuels矿石燃料:natural gas, coal, petroleumlimited/finite natural resources 有限的自然资源alternative energy替代能源,replace=substitute v.取代wind power, hydropower水电,solar (lunar) power太阳能,nuclear power核能radioactivity n. 辐射性use up, deplete, exhaust v. 用光，耗尽conserve v. 节省，节约,污染: water pollution, air pollution,soil pollution土壤污染,noise pollutionsoil erosion 土壤侵蚀soil pollution土壤污染stain n.污染，污点，玷污stink v.发出臭味tar n.焦油toxic chemical 有毒的化学物品fume n.烟，气味light pollution日光污染refuse废物sewage污水pesticide n.杀虫剂chemical waste化学废料congest v.使充满危害动物:poaching非法打猎，盗猎,damage natural habitat破坏自然栖息地, rare breed稀有物种,endangered species濒危物种,extinct adj.灭绝(die out, disappear), animal rights activist动物权益保护者, natural reserve(giant panda大熊猫)自然保护区,protect wild life保护野生动物, preserve v.保护disastrous灾难性的, devastation破坏, have disastrous effect on…对。
最新托福听力场景学科分类词汇大全
新托福IBT听力场景词汇对话场景选课学科major 主修minor 副修science理科, arts文科, engineering 工科Mathematics 数学physics 物理chemistry 化学biology 生物学geography 地理学electronics 电子学computer science 计算机科学astronomy 天文学electronics engineering 电子工程学botany 植物学psychology 心理学zoology 动物学architecture 建筑学oceanography 海洋学ecology 生态学medical science 医学archaeology 考古学history 历史学linguistics 语言学pedagogies 教育学，教学法anthropology 人类学economics 经济学statistics 统计学accounting 会计学philosophy 哲学类型required、compulsory course 必修课selective/optional course选修课elective course 选修课lecture 讲座seminar 高级研讨性课colloquium n.报告课tutorial 个人辅导课程workshop 专题课程级别Introductory 入门级elementary, fundamental 初级Intermediate, secondary 中级Advanced 高级Prerequisite 先修课程上课：Attend class 上课Miss class 缺课Skip class逃课Syllabus 教学大纲Required textbook 要求的课本Attendance 出勤Grading system 打分体系Class participation 课堂参与杂semester/term 学期quarter小学期course guideline 课程纲要major 主修minor 副修exemption 免修syllabus 教学大纲Professor’s signature 教授的签字（用于注册课程）Course cap课程容量（可以招收的学生数）,openings （可供注册的名额）Take选（课）, drop 退（课）Late registration晚注册Deregistration 注销教师称号professor 教授lecturer = instructor 讲师teaching assistant = TA 助教research assistant = RA 助研counselor, adviser 咨询者，顾问president 大学校长teacher/faculty 教师student's advisor 学生顾问physicist 物理学家mathematician 数学家chemist 化学家historian 历史学家statistician 统计学家作业、论文assignment 作业homework = coursework = schoolwork = studies 作业lab report 实验报告book report 读书报告project 作业presentation 发言term paper 学期论文（research paper）thesis/essay/dissertation 论文journal 学术期刊social investigation 社会调查survey 调查questionnaire n.调查表, 问卷observation n.观察interview vt.n.采访collect data 收集数据broad (论文等)内容宽泛narrow down (论文等)缩小范围source （写论文的）参考资料critical thinking 评判性思维lack your own ideas缺少自己的想法deadline n.最终期限extension 延期due date/time期限outline n.大纲, 提纲(roadmap) bibliography n书目, 参考书目reference 参考plagiarism n. 抄袭revise v. 修改rewrite v. 重写final draft 完成稿speech n.演讲presentation 演讲，陈述eye contact 目光接触intonation 音调考试mid-term exam 期中考final exams = finals 期末考cumulative final 总结性考试take-home exam（拿回家的开卷考试，一般有限定的时间）open-book exam 开卷考试subjective test 主观性测试objective test 客观性测试pop quiz 抽查式测验blue book 答题本assessment n估价appraisal n.评价, 估价make up for补考,resit, retake重考grade （mark 、score）分数成绩：perfect grade 优异成绩low grade 低分high mark 高分passing grade 及格分failing grade 不及格分full marks 满分straight A's 全Abe all A's and B's 全是A和BB plus B加A minus A减pass the iexam with flying colors 以优异成绩通过考试graduate with honors 以荣誉毕业diploma, degree, certificate 文凭，学位，证书考试问题：分析成绩低的原因，给出解决办法图书馆library图书馆librarian图书管理员publication 出版物periodical 期刊magazine 杂志book catalogue 图书目录classified catalogue 分类目录bibliography 参考书目title index 书目索引alphabetic index 按字母顺序排列的索引circulation desk借书处reserved books 馆藏书（只能在图书馆内借阅）library card 借书证overdue fine 过期罚金periodical reading room 期刊阅览室online journal 在线期刊video tape 录像带back issue 过期杂志current issue 近期杂志archive 档案non-fiction 非小说类文学作品science-fiction 科幻小说copier 复印机check out 办理（借、还）手续renew 续借overdue过期interlibrary service 馆际服务部分名称information desk n.服务台delivery/circulation desk借书台shelf n.书架photocopy room复印室return area 还书处students locker 学生存储间reference section 参考书部科研过程HypothesisAlternative hypothesis择一假说Null hypothesis无效假说, 零假说Collect dataSurvey, questionnaireExperimentInterfere, influenceObservationAnalyze dataInterpret dataAnalysisAnalyticalSubjectSampleTreatment groupNon-treatmentControl group校内工作，课外活动及寻找经济援助Letter of reference/recommendation CompetitiveBenefit future careerField researchCollect data for papersWaiter, waitress，BabysitterWork at the libraryQualification资格, qualified 合格的Resume, CVfinancial aid经济援助Scholarship FellowshipTeaching assistantship 助教奖学金Research assistantship 研究奖学金Grant 助学金Loan 贷款Need-based以需求为基础Merit-based 以优秀为基础Student union 学生会Clubs 俱乐部Membership 成员资格Career service入学enrollment 登记, 注册opening ceremony n.开业典礼, 仪式commencement ceremony 毕业典礼convocation n.正式会议（可指简单的毕业典礼）orientation meeting开学说明会staff n.全体职员freshman （大学）一年级学生sophomore （大学）二年级学生junior （大学）三年级学生senior （大学）四年级学生tuition, fee 费用placement test 开学测试excellent 出色的average 平均的，一般的below average 低于平均水平的，差的结构及称谓:university- president 大学，校长chancellor 名誉校长college 学院school 学院dean 院长principal 中学校长professor 教授associate professor 副教授assistant professor 助理教授coordinator 班主任，协调人counselor 辅导员advisor 指导老师instructor 讲师tutor 个人辅导supervisor 管理人undergraduate 本科graduate 研究生建筑物buildings:canteen.餐厅cafeteria.自助餐厅administration building 行政大楼main building主楼wing/annex 配楼teaching building教学楼dormitory n.宿舍auditorium n.会堂, 礼堂=lecture hall assembly n.集合,集会hall computer lab 计算实验室，机房dining hall 食堂住宿宿舍：accommodation n.住处, 膳宿residence hall宿舍suite 套间studio 工作室，独立套间village 村落（校内一栋一栋的房子，可以用做宿舍）lounge n.公共大厅（可以用做娱乐）home-stay 在国外住在房东家里的那种roommate同屋者,室友corridor n. 走廊,过道，租房lease n.租借, 租约landlord 房东landlady女房东rent租金tenant 房客patio n.阳台，sliding door n.推拉门single room 单人房twin room 双人房two-bedroom apartmenthouse key 房锁匙床上用品:pillow n.枕头bed linen n. 床上用品sheet n. 被单mattress n.床垫blanket n.毯子towel n.手巾, 毛巾quilt n.棉被电器类electric appliance(instrument; equipment) 电器heater, furnace 加热器，炉子heating unit 暖气片air conditioner 空调设备stove 炉子microwave oven 微波炉washer / dryer 洗衣机/烘干机（laundry 洗衣店）utensil 器皿；用具kitchen utensil 炊具oven 烤箱；烤炉range 煤气灶dishwasher 洗碟机washing machine 洗衣机(hot-water) heater 热水器coffeepot 咖啡壶refrigerator (freezer) 冰箱vacuum cleaner 吸尘器tape player 录音机CD player CD机Laundromat 自动洗衣店maintenance 维修，保养家具类furniture 家具bookshelf 书架bookcase 书柜couch 沙发chest 柜子；橱；箱子dresser (bureau) 梳妆台cabinet (电视机等)机箱；储藏柜；陈列柜cupboard (closet) 碗橱storage wall 壁橱rug 小地毯carpet 地毯curtain 窗帘bathtub 浴缸fixture （房屋）固定装置furnishings 室内陈设日常生活/问题:personalpossessions/property/belongings个人财产get insurance for personal possessions/property/belongsgarbage/rubbish/waste n.垃圾dispose v. 处理gas meter煤气表insect n.昆虫burglar n.夜贼leaking/leakage n. 泄漏lost key丢钥匙break in 闯入【小站托福TPO】iPad版•Practice模式下，可以逐题突破，对照注解、原文及翻译；长按原文单词，可以开启字典查词功能，也可加入生词本，每日反复背诵加强；Test模式下，可高度模拟真实考试，为考试做好充分准备。
托福听力学习类核心词汇
托福听力学习类核心词汇托福听力常见主题必备词汇分类, 学习类核心词汇总分享,今天给大家带来了托福听力常见主题必备词汇分类，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福听力高频话题学习类常见词汇汇总enrolment 注册selective/elective/option 选修课required course/pulsory course 必修课course arrangement 课程安排application form 申请表letter of remendation 推荐信programme/program 某一专业的课程总称school 学院graduate school 研究生院undergraduate 本科postgraduate 研究生school of Arts and Sciences 文理学院score 成绩credit 学分degrees 学位assessment 对学生的学习情况进行评估handout 上课老师发的印刷品assignment 作业presentation 针对某一专题进行的发言project 需要学生进行独立钻研的课外课题paper/thesis/dissertation 论文/硕士论文/博士论文essay 短论文journal 周记/每周要做的作业participation 出勤lecture 老师的讲课tutorial 助教的辅导TA(Teaching Assistant) 助教office hour 教授与学生面谈的时间coordinator 课程协调人/班主任短短24天，托福听力从19分怒冲到28高分，总成绩整整提升21分，这是一种什么样的体验?今天就由 ___学员于丰华同学，将自己“饱受折磨”近一个月所摸索出来的规律倾囊相出。
一提到托福听力，想必大家跟我一样首先会问自己“听力到底能不能不记笔记?”其实答案很简单：需要!我们可以从lecture的本质说起，每一段文章都是教授讲座下的环境模拟，ETS想制造出一个最真实的环境，那么试想一下，到了真正的美国课堂上，我们会记笔记吗?答案是肯定的，甚至我们会嫌一个本太少。
托福听力对话的常考话题词汇
托福听力对话的常考话题&词汇为了帮助大家高效备考托福听力，下面小编给大家带来托福听力对话的常考话题&词汇，希望大家喜欢！托福听力对话的常考话题&词汇一、话题托福官方指南中将托福听力对话部分分为两类：office hours与service encounters。
office hours是美国课后与老师交流的时间，讲的基本是一些与学术或是课程有关的问题。
而service encounters则是校园中日常起居有关的话题。
近期来说conversation的话题包含讨论论文/研究项目、图书馆相关问题、工作选课相关问题等。
依据去年考试频次主要考察的是如下话题分类作业考试类，比如TPO12-C1资讯类，比如TPO5-C1校园服务类，比如TPO33-C1图书馆相关类，比如TPO27-C1、TPO7-C2课堂内容讨论类，比如TPO31-C1工作就业类，比如TPO6-C1、TPO11-C2细化其内容，主要讲的包含：1、询问作业a) 澄清作业具体要求b) 作业具体要求,步骤,先后顺序等问题c) 学生对完成作业难易度的判断2、询问课程a) 学生咨询选课计划,选多少,选哪些,及如何满足某些课的特殊要求b) 教授对学生选课计划的担忧 c) 教授对学生选课的建议 d) 该课程最终得分情况3、询问论文a) 对话目的- 确定论题, 选定题目有困难b) 讨论论文得分及被教授指出优缺点c) 论文进度及教授的具体要求 d) 请求延期4、询问考试a) 关于考试建议,复习建议b)分数讨论,过低如何补救c) 大小测验占总成绩比重(出勤率及课堂参与度) d) 成绩单出现的问题(出错/更改)5、图书馆场景a) 还书是否及时overdue, duedate b) 是否罚款fine, check out(付帐后离开) c) 借书时困难的解决 put an hold on the book(预约借书) d) 还书时发生误会等二、词汇托福听力词汇是基础，在上述场景和话题中，有些词汇是经常出现的，大家一定要熟悉这些词汇。
托福听力讲座经济学学科词汇梳理
托福听力讲座经济学学科词汇梳理想要更准确迅速地理解听力内容，我们需要掌握一些和学科相关的专业词汇，保持自己对此类英文词义和词音的灵敏度。
经济学是让很多同学感到头痛的一个学科类别，下面我们来看看托福听力讲座部分涉及到的高频经济学学科词汇。
托福听力讲座经济学学科词汇梳理1经济学 Economics商业 Businessprosper[?pr?sp?]vi.繁荣The dotcom crash n.互联网泡沫out of business 歇业，破产.irrational adj.不理性的boom and bust 繁荣与萧条industry n.产业，工业native to 原产至hail from 来自于，出产于remote mountainous region n.偏远山区nomad [?n?um?d]n.游牧民merchant [?m?:t??nt]n.商人diplomat [?dipl?m?t]n.外交官tulip mania n.狂热gardening=horticulture n.园艺disposable income n.可支配收入托福听力讲座经济学学科词汇梳理2luxury [?l?k??ri]n.奢侈品commodity [k??m?diti]n.商品specimen [?spes?m?n]n.样本variation [?ve?ri?ei??n]n.变种gold [g?uld]n.金子(区：goal目标)promissory note n.本票guarantee [?g?r?n?ti:]v.担保speculation [?spekju?lei??n]n.投机profit [?pr?fit]n.利润revenue =income n.收入cost [k?st]n. 成本borrowing [?b?r?ui?]n.借款mortgage [?m?:gid?]n./vt. 抵押auction [??:k??n]n./vt.拍卖bidder [?bid?]n.投标者Panic [?p?nik]n. 恐慌collapse[k??l?ps]n./vt.崩溃service[?s?:vis]n.服务product[?pr?d?kt]n.产品potential customer n.潜在客户备考托福听力都需要注意哪些问题学习托福听力的学生都知道，在托福听力学习中经常会出现一些不妥和需要加强的毛病。
托福听力LECTURE学术词汇
Lecture vocabulary Anthropology人类学Anthropologist人类学家Barbarism野蛮状态Burial埋葬Celebrate庆祝Ceremony仪式CharityCivilizationConscienceCourteousDemographyDescendentDignityDivineEraEthnicEthnographyHereditaryHierarchyHumaneMagnificent MajesticMercyMoral Obedient PictographRiteRitual Sedentary SincereSolemn SplendidStatusSublime Subsistence UprisingVirtueWeaveWorship慈善团体文明良心有礼貌的人口统计学后代尊严神的，神圣的时代，年代种族的，部落的人种论世袭的，遗传的等级制度仁慈的，人道的壮丽的，宏伟的威严的宽容，怜悯道德的顺从的，服从的象形文字仪式，典礼（宗教）仪式作着的，（人群）固定不迁移的真心实意的庄重的，隆重的壮丽的，辉煌的状况，身份超群的，令人赞叹的生计，生存起义，暴动美德，优点，长处编，织崇拜，崇敬Archaeology考古学Aborigine土著居民Animism万物有灵论，泛灵论Artifact人工制品，手工艺品Conservation保存，保护Corpse尸体Date确定（或推定）。
的年代Excavate挖出，发掘ExtinctFlourishHominoidInciseMedievalMuralPrehistoric Preserve Primeval Primitive Provenience Radiocarbon dating RelicRuinsSpecimen Architecture AbbeyAntiqueArchAisle Asymmetrical AtriumBlueprint CanopyCellarColumnCryptDomeEdificeEngravingFrameLandlord灭绝的，绝种的繁荣，兴旺人科的动物，类人动物雕中古时期的，中世纪的壁画史前的保护，维持的原始的原始的，上古的起源地，出处放射性碳年代测定遗迹，遗物（复数）废墟标本建筑学大修道院，古董，古董的拱顶，拱形物过道，通道不匀称的，不对称的（高楼大厦的）中庭，天井蓝图，计划华盖地下储藏室，地窖柱，圆柱教堂地下室圆屋顶建筑（尤指宏伟的建筑）雕刻工作框架，构架房东Marble大理石Monument纪念碑Mosaic马赛克Occupancy占有，占用Pagoda塔Patio露台，平台Picturesque生动的，风景如画的Pillar柱子，房柱Property财产，房地产Pyramid Renovation Residence SanctuarySpaciousSpatial Specification Sublime SymmetricalTenantUrbanVaultZoningArtAbstractAbstract Expressionism AdornArrayArtisticAspectAuthenticBeadCarveCastCharacter Conspicuous CounterfeitCraftCubismDuplicateEmbedEminent金字塔修复，装修居住，住宅圣所，庇护所宽敞的空间的，关于空间的规格（说明），明细规范超群的，令人赞叹的对称的，匀称的房客城市的分区制，分区布局艺术抽象的抽象表现主义装饰排列，陈列艺术的神态，面貌真实的，可靠地水珠，珠子雕刻铸造特征，性格显眼的，显著地防止，伪造，工艺，手艺立体派（20世纪的一种艺术流派）复制把。
托福听力分类词汇完整版15页
新托福IBT听力场景入学：enrollment 登记, 注册opening ceremony n.开业典礼, 仪式commencement ceremony 毕业典礼convocation n.正式会议（可指简单的毕业典礼）orientation meeting开学说明会staff n.全体职员freshman （大学）一年级学生sophomore （大学）二年级学生junior （大学）三年级学生senior （大学）四年级学生tuition, fee 费用placement test 开学测试excellent 出色的average 平均的，一般的below average 低于平均水平的，差的结构及称谓:university- president 大学，校长chancellor 名誉校长college 学院school 学院dean 院长principal 中学校长professor 教授associate professor 副教授assistant professor 助理教授coordinator 班主任，协调人counselor 辅导员advisor 指导老师instructor 讲师tutor 个人辅导supervisor 管理人undergraduate 本科graduate 研究生建筑物buildings:canteen.餐厅cafeteria.自助餐厅administration building 行政大楼main building主楼wing/annex 配楼teaching building教学楼dormitory n.宿舍auditorium n.会堂, 礼堂=lecture hall assembly n.集合,集会hallcomputer lab 计算实验室，机房dining hall 食堂选课学科major 主修minor 副修science理科, arts文科, engineering 工科Mathematics 数学physics 物理chemistry 化学biology 生物学geography 地理学electronics 电子学computer science 计算机科学astronomy 天文学electronics engineering 电子工程学botany 植物学psychology 心理学zoology 动物学architecture 建筑学oceanography 海洋学ecology 生态学medical science 医学archaeology 考古学history 历史学linguistics 语言学pedagogies 教育学，教学法anthropology 人类学economics 经济学statistics 统计学accounting 会计学philosophy 哲学类型required、compulsory course 必修课selective/optional course选修课elective course 选修课lecture 讲座seminar 高级研讨性课colloquium n.报告课tutorial 个人辅导课程workshop 专题课程级别Introductory 入门级elementary, fundamental 初级Intermediate, secondary 中级Advanced 高级Prerequisite 先修课程上课：Attend class 上课Miss class 缺课Skip class逃课Syllabus 教学大纲Required textbook 要求的课本Attendance 出勤Grading system 打分体系Class participation 课堂参与杂semester/term 学期quarter小学期course guideline 课程纲要major 主修minor 副修exemption 免修syllabus 教学大纲Professor’s signature 教授的签字（用于注册课程）Course cap课程容量（可以招收的学生数）,openings （可供注册的名额）Take选（课）, drop 退（课）Late registration晚注册Deregistration 注销教师称号professor 教授lecturer = instructor 讲师teaching assistant = TA 助教research assistant = RA 助研counselor, adviser 咨询者，顾问president 大学校长teacher/faculty 教师student's advisor 学生顾问physicist 物理学家mathematician 数学家chemist 化学家historian 历史学家statistician 统计学家作业：assignment 作业homework = coursework = schoolwork = studies 作业lab report 实验报告book report 读书报告project 作业presentation 发言term paper 学期论文（research paper）thesis/essay/dissertation 论文journal 学术期刊social investigation 社会调查survey 调查questionnaire n.调查表, 问卷observation n.观察interview vt.n.采访collect data 收集数据broad (论文等)内容宽泛narrow down (论文等)缩小范围source （写论文的）参考资料critical thinking 评判性思维lack your own ideas缺少自己的想法deadline n.最终期限extension 延期due date/time期限outline n.大纲, 提纲(roadmap) bibliography n书目, 参考书目reference 参考plagiarism n. 抄袭revise v. 修改rewrite v. 重写final draft 完成稿speech n.演讲presentation 演讲，陈述eye contact 目光接触intonation 音调考试：mid-term exam 期中考final exams = finals 期末考cumulative final 总结性考试take-home exam（拿回家的开卷考试，一般有限定的时间）open-book exam 开卷考试subjective test 主观性测试objective test 客观性测试pop quiz 抽查式测验blue book 答题本assessment n估价appraisal n.评价, 估价make up for补考,resit, retake重考grade （mark 、score）分数成绩：perfect grade 优异成绩low grade 低分high mark 高分passing grade 及格分failing grade 不及格分full marks 满分straight A's 全Abe all A's and B's 全是A和BB plus B加A minus A减pass the iexam with flying colors 以优异成绩通过考试graduate with honors 以荣誉毕业diploma, degree, certificate 文凭，学位，证书考试问题：分析成绩低的原因，给出解决办法图书馆：library图书馆librarian图书管理员publication 出版物periodical 期刊magazine 杂志book catalogue 图书目录classified catalogue 分类目录bibliography 参考书目title index 书目索引alphabetic index 按字母顺序排列的索引circulation desk借书处reserved books 馆藏书（只能在图书馆内借阅）library card 借书证overdue fine 过期罚金periodical reading room 期刊阅览室online journal 在线期刊video tape 录像带back issue 过期杂志current issue 近期杂志archive 档案non-fiction 非小说类文学作品science-fiction 科幻小说copier 复印机check out 办理（借、还）手续renew 续借overdue过期interlibrary service 馆际服务部分名称information desk n.服务台delivery/circulation desk借书台shelf n.书架photocopy room复印室return area 还书处students locker 学生存储间reference section 参考书部科研过程HypothesisAlternative hypothesis择一假说Null hypothesis无效假说, 零假说Collect dataSurvey, questionnaire ExperimentInterfere, influenceObservationAnalyze dataInterpret dataAnalysisAnalyticalSubjectSampleTreatment groupNon-treatmentControl group校内工作，课外活动及寻找经济援助：Letter of reference/recommendation CompetitiveBenefit future careerField researchCollect data for papersWaiter, waitress，BabysitterWork at the libraryQualification资格, qualified 合格的Resume, CVfinancial aid经济援助Scholarship FellowshipTeaching assistantship 助教奖学金Research assistantship 研究奖学金Grant 助学金Loan 贷款Need-based以需求为基础Merit-based 以优秀为基础Student union 学生会Clubs 俱乐部Membership 成员资格Career service住宿：宿舍：accommodation n.住处, 膳宿residence hall宿舍suite 套间studio 工作室，独立套间village 村落（校内一栋一栋的房子，可以用做宿舍）lounge n.公共大厅（可以用做娱乐）home-stay 在国外住在房东家里的那种roommate同屋者,室友corridor n. 走廊,过道，租房lease n.租借, 租约landlord 房东landlady女房东rent租金tenant 房客patio n.阳台，sliding door n.推拉门single room 单人房twin room 双人房two-bedroom apartmenthouse key 房锁匙床上用品:pillow n.枕头bed linen n. 床上用品sheet n. 被单mattress n.床垫blanket n.毯子towel n.手巾, 毛巾quilt n.棉被电器类electric appliance(instrument; equipment) 电器heater, furnace 加热器，炉子heating unit 暖气片air conditioner 空调设备stove 炉子microwave oven 微波炉washer / dryer 洗衣机/烘干机（laundry 洗衣店）utensil 器皿；用具kitchen utensil 炊具oven 烤箱；烤炉range 煤气灶dishwasher 洗碟机washing machine 洗衣机(hot-water) heater 热水器coffeepot 咖啡壶refrigerator (freezer) 冰箱vacuum cleaner 吸尘器tape player 录音机CD player CD机Laundromat 自动洗衣店maintenance 维修，保养家具类furniture 家具bookshelf 书架bookcase 书柜couch 沙发chest 柜子；橱；箱子dresser (bureau) 梳妆台cabinet (电视机等)机箱；储藏柜；陈列柜cupboard (closet) 碗橱storage wall 壁橱rug 小地毯carpet 地毯curtain 窗帘bathtub 浴缸fixture （房屋）固定装置furnishings 室内陈设日常生活/问题:personalpossessions/property/belongings个人财产get insurance for personal possessions/property/belongsgarbage/rubbish/waste n.垃圾dispose v. 处理gas meter煤气表insect n.昆虫burglar n.夜贼leaking/leakage n. 泄漏lost key丢钥匙break in 闯入讲座场景词汇Geology地质学Slide n. 滑坡Landslide n.山体滑坡Mud泥土, soil土壤Earth n. 土Sink v.下沉Ground water 地下水Irrigation n. 灌溉Freeze, froze, frozen v.冷冻Melt v.融化moltenGravity n.重心Aggravate v.加重Lean v.倾斜Slope n.斜坡Steep adj.陡峭Erode v., erosion n.腐蚀Fossil n.化石Dinosaur n.恐龙Sediment, deposit 沉淀物Marble 大理石granite 花岗岩Ore 矿石Stalactite 钟乳石Refine v. 提炼Platinum v. 铂金Seismology 地震学Vibration, tremor, 震动Wave 波动V olcano, volcanic 火山，火山的V olcanic eruption 火山喷发Magnitude 级数Collision n.碰撞Active adj.积极的Dormant adj.休眠的Extinct adj. 熄灭的Magma n.岩浆Lava n.岩浆Erupt v.喷发explode v.爆炸(explosion)boom n.爆炸Blast n.爆炸Avalanche n.雪崩地球科学Earth’s interior 地球的内部Seismic waves地震波Compression 压缩Shear（a deformation of an object in which parallel planes remain parallel but are shifted in a direction parallel to themselves）Slow down减慢速度Reflect 反射Depth深度Density 密度Boundary边界Mantle地幔Crust地壳Core地心Continental plate 大陆板块Tectonic plate (地球表面的)构造板块Continental drift 大陆漂移Layer, strata 层Stratify 分层Crack 裂缝Molten lava 融化的岩浆Climatic shift=Climatic changes气候变化Consistent pattern 统一的，始终一致的Solar energy太阳能Radiate 发射，放射Crude approximation 大概的猜测Speculation猜测Cooling down冷却Mechanism 机制Length of the dayPhysical force 体力Imaginary line虚拟线Artificial reservoir 人工水库LatitudeRedistribute再分配，再分布Spin 快速旋转Minerals 矿物质Diverse 多样的Specimen，Sample样品Abundant 丰富的Glassy像玻璃的Amazon stones天河石Firing vapor 炙热的水蒸汽Wipe out 根除，彻底消灭Mt Everest 珠穆朗玛峰Elevation 海拔，海拔增高Precise measurement精确的测量Global Positioning System全球定位系统Longitude 经度Latitude 维度Alternative sources of energy 可替代资源Gas hydrate气体水合物Trap 困住Flame 火焰Potential 潜在的Model 模式Geological fault地质断层Crack 裂缝seismic gap地震活动空白地带postulate 假设chunk 大块cylinder 圆柱cylindrical 圆柱形的ground tilt measurement地倾斜观测evacuate 撤出sedimentary adj. 沉淀性的accumulate 积累商业Insurance 保险Note 注意Contract合约Verbal agreement口头协议Repay 偿还Interest 利息Merchant 商人Cautious 谨慎的Paramount 极为重要的Manufacture 制造Label 标签Contention 所持观点Inform 告知Cost成本Profit利润loss损失Net净的，gross粗略的Supply and demand供求Supply chain供应链Fluctuation 浮动Recession 衰退Depression 萧条Marketing strategies市场营销策略Survey 调查Surplus 剩余Shipment 运输Distribution 分布Retail 零售Whole sale 批发Franchise特许经营Budget预算哲学Socrates, Plato and AristotleTheme 主题Logic 逻辑Rhetoric 修辞Fundamental causes 基本原因Principles of the universe 宇宙的原则Perceive 看待，观察Perception 观点Sense 感觉Soul 灵魂spiritElement 组成成分Reasoning 推理Ration理性, rational有理性的Contemplation 沉思，思考Judgment判断Just公正的，justice公正Justify证明, justification 合理的理由Explicit 明确的Ethics道德规范Ethical theory 伦理理论Moral 有道德的Ultimate truth终极真理Universal 普遍的Search for truth 追求真理Vary v.不相同Intrinsic 内部的Extrinsic 外部的Critic 评论家Old-fashioned 过时的Valuable 有价值的Survive 生存，存活Conservative 保守的Liberal 开放的Impractical不实际的Empirical经验主义的Cognitive 认知的Weaken 削弱Diminish （影响力）减小Medieval 中世纪Renaissance 文艺复兴Doctrine教义,主义,学说Idealism 唯心论，理想主义Epistemology n. 认识论Metaphysics形而上学,玄学Reconcile和解,调停天文学astronomyconstellation星座zodiac （星象学的星座）planet 行星sun 恒星Jupiter 木星Pluto 冥王星Saturn 土星Mercury 水星Mars 火星Venus金星Neptune海王星Uranus天王星Ceres 谷物星（the largest asteroid and the first discovered）White dwarf 白矮星Big Dipper 北斗七星Asteroid belt 小行星带Milky Way 银河系Galaxy n.星系orbit v.运行n.轨道rotate v. 转Axis n.轴track n. 轨道outer space外太空gravity n.重力equator n.赤道tropical 热带的brightness n.亮度dimension n.维度distance n. 距离Eclipse (日月食)Wane, diminish v. 逐渐变小Centripetal 向心Centrifugal 离心Nebula 星云(an immense cloud of gas (mainly hydrogen) and dust in interstellar space）Nebulous adj. 星云的Gas 气体(rock, ice, hydrogen, oxygen) Particle 微粒Polar light 极光Astronomical 天文的Astrophysics 天文物理学Big Dipper 北斗七星Black hole 黑洞Celestial天体的Celestial map 天体图Centrifugal force 离心力Chondrite 球粒状陨石Chromosphere太阳的色球层Clockwise 顺时针Cluster 星团，一群星星Comet 彗星Cosmos宇宙,cosmetic宇宙的Cosmology宇宙学Emission 排放物，发射Faint 微弱的Feeble 微弱的Gaseous bodies 气态包Gravitational force 吸引力Greenwich mean time 格林尼治时间High resolution 高清晰度Ignite 引燃Illusive object 幻影物体Image 影响，形象Infinite 无限的Infrared ray 红外射线Interferometer 干扰仪Intergalactic 星系间的International date line 国际日期变更线Interplanetary 星球间的Interstellar星际的Leap year 闰年Light year光年Luminosity光亮度Lunar阴历的，月亮的Massive 巨大的Meteor流星Meteor shower 流星雨Meteorite陨石Meteoroid流星体Molten 融化的Naked eye 裸眼Observatory 天文台Photosphere 光球层Planetarium 天文馆Planetoid 小行星Polestar 北极星Pseudoscience 伪科学Quasar类星体Radiation 辐射Revolution 旋转Rotation 旋转Satellite 卫星Sky atlas天体图Solar corona日冕Space debris 太空垃圾Space shuttle 太空飞船Space suit 太空服Spin 快速旋转Star cluster 星群，星团Stellar 星星的Sunspot 太阳黑子Time difference 时差Time zone 时区表演艺术（舞蹈，电影，音乐etc.）Genre 艺术分类Performing art 表演艺术modern dance piece现代舞concert 音乐会play剧opera歌剧film 电影camera 摄影camera shotanalytical 分析的parallel 平行的ballet芭蕾舞choreographer 舞蹈指导Fine/visual arts 视觉艺术Abstract art抽象艺术landscape风景photography摄影exposure 曝光develop film 冲洗胶卷negative n. 底片portrait(portray v. )肖像, 人像、still life静物sculpture雕塑statue 人物雕像lifelike 逼真的vividanthem国歌Critic 评论家Criticism 批评，评论Review n.评论Masterpiece 杰作Have aesthetic value 有美学价值Aesthetic appeal 美学吸引力Feature 特点Characteristics 特点Distinct adj.与众不同的Unique 独一无二的Style 风格Technique 技巧Gallery n.画馆Edition n.专辑Release v. 发行Debut n.首映Impressionist 印象主义者Impressionism 印象派Perspective 透视法Angle 角度Press/Publishing house出版社Acclaim v. 盛赞mirage海市蜃楼prolific多产Preserve v. 保存Extinct adj.灭绝的，消失的文学Literature 文学Poetry诗歌biography传记autobiography 自传detective stories 侦探小说drama戏剧novel小说Novelist 小说家collection of short stories短篇小说集Allegory寓言Comparative literature比较文学Diary 日记Editorial 社论，重要评论Fiction 小说Aestheticism 唯美Autobiography 自传Descriptive prose 描述散文Fairy tale 童话Futurism 未来派Legend 传说Literary studies 文学研究Narrative prose 叙述性散文Podium 讲台Prose 散文Realism 现实主义School of literature 文学派别Leading character 主要角色Literary criticism 文学评论Literary studies 文学学习Modernism 现代主义Plot 情节Poetry 诗歌Prologue前言Proverb谚语Surrealism 超现实主义美术Art gallery艺廊Calligraphy书法Imitating模仿Landscape painting风景画Oil painting油画Paste粘贴Crayon 蜡笔，粉笔，颜料Pigmentation 颜料Canvas 帆布Wax 蜡Spectrum 光谱Perspective透视画法Poster海报Portrait肖像Model模式，模特mural壁画Panorama全景Pastel drawing蜡笔画Sketch草图Autograph手稿建筑Architecture建筑学Architect建筑师Architectural style建筑风格Art deco 装饰艺术Art moderneGeometric patterns 几何图形Arch 拱门Castle 城堡Cathedral大教堂Framing结构Lobby n. 大厅(entrance hall) Elevator n. 电梯Façade n. 正面Stairs 楼梯Interior 内部的Exterior 外部的Impressionistic style印象派风格Mosque清真寺Pyramid金字塔Revival 复活Renaissance 文艺复兴Medieval中世纪Byzantine architecture 527 (Sofia)-1520 音乐Accompaniment 伴奏Audition 试听，试表演Band music 乐队音乐Chord弦乐，弦Classical music古典音乐Concerto 协奏曲Lullaby 催眠曲Duet 二重奏Harmony 和弦，和谐Rock and roll 摇滚Serenade 小夜曲Solo 独奏Sonata 奏鸣曲Symphony 交响乐Ballad歌谣Folk music 民间音乐Prelude 前奏Epilogue 尾声Score 乐谱Note 音符Notation 乐谱，记号法Chord symbol和弦符号Lyrics 歌词Tempo 节奏Melody 主旋律Rhythm节奏Tune 旋律Conduct 指挥Violin 小提琴Viola 中提琴Cello大提琴Oboe双簧管Clarinet单簧管krummhorn['krʌmhɔ:n]n. 变号(一种古双簧乐器)Harp 竖琴考古anthropologist 人类学家ecological 生态的anthropologist 生态人类学家archaeology 考古学anthropology 人类学morphology 形态学Ancient civilization 古代文明origin 起源originate 起源于ancestor 祖先hominid 人（科）homogeneous 同一种族（种类）的tribe 部落clan 氏族archeologist 考古学家excavation 挖掘excavate (unearth) 挖掘Scoop铲子ruins 遗迹，废墟remains 遗迹，遗骸artifact 手工艺品pottery 陶器(potter)Porcelain瓷器fossil 化石relic 遗物，文物Rock painting 岩石画antique 古物，古董antiquity 古代，古老skull 颅骨Cranial颅骨的Stone Age 石器时代Bronze Age （青）铜器时代Iron Age 铁器时代Paleolithic 旧石器时代的Mesolithic 中石器时代的Neolithic 新石器时代的Exhume 挖掘PaleoanthropologyPrehistoric史前的Primitive原始的动物微生物Amino acid 氨基酸Antibody 抗体Bacterium 细菌Biological agencyCalcium钙Carbohydrate 碳水化合物Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Cell细胞Chromosome 染色体Disinfection 消毒Enzymes 酶Fatigue 疲惫Fermentation 发酵Fungus 菌类Gene基因Genetic engineering 基因工程学Glucose 葡萄糖Immunology免疫学Incubation 孵蛋Inflection传染Malaria 疟疾Microbe 微生物Nucleus 细胞核One-celled单细胞的Oxidation氧化Parasitic animal 寄生动物Parasite disease 寄生虫病Parasitology 寄生虫学Pathogen 病菌，病原体Protozoa 原生动物Sanitation 卫生Schistosomiaisis 血吸虫病Starch 淀粉Sterilization 消毒Toxin 毒素Vaccine 疫苗Virus 病毒Yeast 酵母动物living organism 生物bacterium(pl.bacteria)细菌algae海藻coral珊瑚rodent 啮齿类动物primate 灵长类动物ape 猿chimpanzee n. 黑猩猩gorilla 大猩猩monkey n. 猴子mammal 哺乳类动物dinosaur n.恐龙bat (ecolotion) 蝙蝠（声波定位）snowshoe hare 雪兔子raccoon 浣熊polar bear 北极熊snout (动物的)口鼻部;reptile 爬行类动物snake, cobra眼镜蛇, rattle snake 响尾蛇lizard蜥蜴,snail 蜗牛amphibian adj. 两栖动物crocodile 鳄鱼frog n. 青蛙tadpole 蝌蚪toad 蟾蜍pond 池塘puddle 水坑insect n.昆虫mosquito 蚊子fly 苍蝇cricket 蟋蟀grasshopper 蚱蜢honey beemonarch butterfly 大花蝶large migratory American butterfly having deep orange wings with black and white markings; the larvae feed on milkweed egg 卵larvae 幼虫caterpillar 毛虫pupa/ chrysalis 茧termite n. 白蚁marine adj. 海洋的beaver 狸whale 鲸shark 鲨鱼dolphin 海豚penguin 企鹅predator n. 捕食者prey n. 被捕食者aquatic adj.水生的shrimp 虾lobster 龙虾clam 蚌crab 螃蟹bird, humming birdartery 动脉scale 鳞片claw爪, paw爪子horn 角hormone 荷尔蒙intestine 肠hive 蜂巢pollen n. 花粉pollinate v.授粉hibernate 冬眠migrate v. 迁徙communicate v. 交流camouflage 保护色evolve 进化evolution n. 进化endotherm n.温血动物,恒温动物poikilotherm n. 冷血动物beak 鸟嘴enzymes 酵母secretion(n.) secrete(v.) 分泌pancreas 胰腺odor 气味(还有aroma fragrance scent smell)gland 腺体chromosome 染色体植物botany植物学botanist 植物学家tundra苔原;冻土地带,冻原fungus(pl. fungi ) 菌类laurel 月桂chestnut tree 栗子树root 根branch 枝stem 茎algae(pl. alga) 海藻organism 有机物birch tree (bark) 桦树crops 谷物corn 玉米maize 玉米chlorophyll 叶绿素amino acids 氨基酸protein 蛋白质nitrogen 氮photosynthetic(adj.) photosynthesis(n.) 光合作用lichen 地衣,苔藓squash 南瓜one of a group of large vegetables with solid flesh and hard skins, such as PUMPKIN sbean 豆类植物nectar花蜜flower花floral 花的petal 花瓣bloom 开花blossom 花pollen花粉moss 苔藓herbicide 除草剂herb 草本植物herbivorous 食草的classification 分类hierarchy 级别hazardous 有毒害的Meteorology 气象meteorology 气象meteorologist 气象学家forecast (predict) 预报climate 气候atmosphere 大气层troposphere 对流层Convection 对流Stratosphere 同温层Barometer 气压计current （气）流vapor 蒸汽evaporate 蒸发damp (wet; moist; humid) 潮湿的humidity 湿度moisture 潮湿；水分saturate 饱和absorb 吸收dew 露frost 霜fog (mist) 雾smog 烟雾droplet 小水珠condense 浓缩crystal 水晶体downpour (torrential rain) 大雨tempest (storm) 暴风雨drizzle 细雨shower 阵雨hail 冰雹blizzard (snowstorm) 暴风雪avalanche (snowslide) 雪崩precipitation （雨、露、雪等）降水Thunder 雷Lightening 闪电breeze 微风Blast 大风gale 大风whirlwind 旋风Cyclone 旋风，飓风typhoon 台风hurricane 飓风Monsoon 季风Sandstorm沙尘暴Dust storm沙尘暴tornado (twister, cyclone) 龙卷风Tropical depression热带低气压Wind direction 风向Wind velocity 风速Wind scale 风力funnel 漏斗，漏斗云cumulonimbus 积雨云disaster (calamity, catastrophe) 灾难devastation 破坏submerge 淹没overwhelm v. 淹没drought 干旱Avalanche雪崩Balmy 温和的Chilly寒冷的Frigid僵硬的，严格的Heat-wave热浪Tepid adj.微温的环保environmental protection 环境保护environmentally-friendly 环保的preserve v.保护，保存污染：pollute, pollution, pollutant contaminant n.污染物contaminate v.污染ecosystem生态系统ecology n.生态学antiseptic adj.防腐的atmospheric pollution大气污染垃圾: rubbish, garbage, trash, waste, litter处理: dispose of, burn, bury (landfill), recycle, reduce, reuse,dump回收:glass, paper, water,milk carton牛奶盒, tyre,aluminium cans铝罐,plastic bags, rubbish bags biodegradable packaging可降解包装, throwaway 可丢弃的disposable 可丢弃的discourage v. 不鼓励燃料none-renewable 不可再生的fossil fuels矿石燃料:natural gas, coal, petroleumlimited/finite natural resources 有限的自然资源alternative energy替代能源,replace=substitute v.取代wind power, hydropower水电,solar (lunar) power太阳能,nuclear power核能radioactivity n. 辐射性use up, deplete, exhaust v. 用光，耗尽conserve v. 节省，节约,污染: water pollution, air pollution,soil pollution土壤污染,noise pollutionsoil erosion 土壤侵蚀soil pollution土壤污染stain n.污染，污点，玷污stink v.发出臭味tar n.焦油toxic chemical 有毒的化学物品fume n.烟，气味light pollution日光污染refuse废物sewage污水pesticide n.杀虫剂chemical waste化学废料congest v.使充满危害动物:poaching非法打猎，盗猎,damage natural habitat破坏自然栖息地,rare breed稀有物种,endangered species濒危物种,extinct adj.灭绝(die out, disappear), animal rights activist动物权益保护者, natural reserve(giant panda大熊猫)自然保护区,protect wild life保护野生动物, preserve v.保护disastrous灾难性的, devastation破坏, have disastrous effect on…对。
托福听力重点词汇
托福听力重点词汇2017托福听力重点词汇在托福备考阶段，我们要知道哪些是托福听力词汇的重点，根据重点来进行复习，效果明显会更加令人满意。
下面是店铺整理汇总的托福听力重点词汇，提供给考生复习。
TOP1--Lecture 1contemporary [kən'temp(ə)r(ər)ɪ] n. 同时代的人、东西 adj. 当代的;属于同一时期的exhibit [ɪg'zɪbɪt; eg-] n. 展览品;证据;展示会gallery ['gæl(ə)rɪ] n. 画廊impressionism [ɪm'preʃənɪzəm] n. 印象派，印象主义realism ['rɪəlɪz(ə)m] n. 现实主义brushstroke n. 一笔;笔的一划;绘画技巧texture ['tekstʃə] n. 质地canvas ['kænvəs] n. 帆布、画布landscape ['læn(d)skeɪp] n. 风景，景色bleak [bliːk] adj. 阴冷的;荒凉的blurry ['bləri] adj. 模糊的pinkish ['pɪŋkɪʃ] adj. 略带桃色的barn [bɑːn] n. 谷仓posture ['pɒstʃə] n. 姿势depiction [dɪ'pɪkʃən] n. 描写，叙述pumpkin ['pʌm(p)kɪn] n. 南瓜mess up陷入困境;搞糟wrap [ræp] vt. 包;缠绕zigzag ['zɪgzæg] n. 之字形;Z字形 vt. 使成之字形;使曲折行进chaotic [keɪ'ɒtɪk] adj. 混沌的;混乱的，无秩序的vibrant ['vaɪbrənt] adj. 振动的;充满生气的hint [hɪnt] n. 暗示;线索accessible [ək'sesɪb(ə)l] adj. 易接近的;可进入的;可理解的illustration [ɪlə'streɪʃ(ə)n] n. 说明;插图;例证;图解agency ['eɪdʒ(ə)nsɪ] n. 代理，中介;代理处，经销处portrait ['pɔːtrɪt] n. 肖像;描写;半身雕塑像Lecture 2geology [dʒɪ'ɒlədʒɪ] n. 地质学;地质情况analysis [ə'nælɪsɪs] n. 分析;分解sandstone ['sæn(d)stəʊn] n. [岩] 砂岩;沙岩mountain range山脉fundamental [fʌndə'ment(ə)l] adj. 基本的，根本的solidify [sə'lɪdɪfaɪ] vt. 团结;凝固uranium [jʊ'reɪnɪəm] n. [化学] 铀lead [led] n.铅refinement [rɪ'faɪnm(ə)nt] n. 精制;文雅;[化工][油气][冶] 提纯particle ['pɑːtɪk(ə)l] n. 颗粒radioactive [,reɪdɪəʊ'æktɪv] adj. [核] 放射性的;有辐射的molten ['məʊlt(ə)n] adj. 熔化的;铸造的;炽热的magma ['mægmə] n. [地质] 岩浆lava ['lɑːvə] n. 火山岩浆volcano [vɒl'keɪnəʊ] n. 火山crystallize ['krɪstə'laɪz] vt. 使结晶vi. 结晶zircon ['zɜːk(ə)n] n. [矿物] 锆石sample ['sɑːmp(ə)l] n. 样品;样本;例子granite ['grænɪt] n. 花岗岩assumption [ə'sʌm(p)ʃ(ə)n] n. 假定;设想individual [ɪndɪ'vɪdjʊ(ə)l] adj. 个人的;个别的grain [greɪn] n.颗粒efficient [ɪ'fɪʃ(ə)nt] adj. 有效率的accurate ['ækjʊrət] adj. 精确的technical ['teknɪk(ə)l] adj. 工艺的，科技的;技术上的predict [prɪ'dɪkt] vi. 作出预言;作预料vt. 预报，预言;预知continent ['kɒntɪnənt] n. 大陆，洲，陆地split apart分开conclusively [kən'klu:sivli] adv. 最后地;决定性地evidence ['evɪd(ə)ns] n. 证据，证明planet ['plænɪt] n. 行星Lecture 3archaeology [,ɑːkɪ'ɒlədʒɪ] n. 考古学Turkish ['tə:kiʃ] n. 土耳其语original [ə'rɪdʒɪn(ə)l; ɒ-]adj. 原始的;最初的inhabitant [ɪn'hæbɪt(ə)nt] n. 居民;居住者neolithic [,ni:əu'liθik] adj. [古] 新石器时代的;早先的Stone Age石器时代accomplish [ə'kʌmplɪʃ; ə'kɒm-] vt. 完成;实现;达到brick [brɪk] n. 砖，砖块obsidian [əb'sɪdɪən] n. 黑曜石volcanic [vɒl'kænɪk] n. 火山岩adj. 火山的flake [fleɪk] n. 小薄片rectangular [rek'tæŋgjʊlə] adj. 矩形的storey ['stɔːrɪ] n. [建] 楼层;叠架的一层hatchway ['hætʃweɪ] n. 舱口;天窗diagonal [daɪ'æg(ə)n(ə)l] n. 对角线;斜线adj. 斜的;对角线的;斜纹的hearth [hɑːθ] n. 灶台;炉边;炉床;壁炉地面chip [tʃɪp] n.碎片plaster ['plɑːstə] vt.粘贴;涂以灰泥;敷以膏药soot [sʊt] n. 煤烟，烟灰grave [greɪv] n. 墓穴，坟墓;rib [rɪb] n. 肋骨;排骨;肋状物burial ['berɪəl] n. 埋葬;葬礼;弃绝adj. 埋葬的violent ['vaɪəl(ə)nt] adj. 暴力的;猛烈的ancestor ['ænsestə] n. 始祖，祖先excavation [ekskə'veɪʃ(ə)n] n. 挖掘，发掘speculate ['spekjʊleɪt] vi. 推测;投机;思索artifact ['ɑrtə,fækt] n. 人工制品;手工艺品clue [kluː] n. 线索;(故事等的)情节cereal ['sɪərɪəl] n. 谷类，谷物religious [rɪ'lɪdʒəs] adj. 宗教的Lecture 4adapt [ə'dæpt] vi. 适应vt. 使适应marmot ['mɑːmət] [脊椎] 土拨鼠rodent ['rəʊd(ə)nt] n. [脊椎] 啮齿动物squirrel ['skwɪr(ə)l] n. 松鼠habitat ['hæbɪtæt] n. [生态] 栖息地portion ['pɔːʃ(ə)n] n. 部分hibernate ['haɪbəneɪt] vi.(动物)冬眠observe [əb'zɜːv] v. 观察region ['riːdʒ(ə)n] n. 地区;范围temperate ['temp(ə)rət] adj. 温和的mate [meɪt] v.交配available [ə'veɪləb(ə)l] adj. 有效的，可得的;可利用的territorial [,terɪ'tɔːrɪəl] adj. 领土的;区域的;土地的;地方的aggressive [ə'gresɪv] adj. 侵略性的;好斗的;有进取心的;有闯劲的ritual ['rɪtʃʊəl] n. 仪式;惯例;礼制impersonal [ɪm'pɜːs(ə)n(ə)l] adj. 客观的;非个人的;没有人情味的offspring ['ɒfsprɪŋ] n. 后代，子孙edible ['edɪb(ə)l] adj. 可食用的survive [sə'vaɪv] v. 幸存;活下来greeting ceremony 欢迎仪式bizarre [bɪ'zɑː]adj. 奇异的inhabit [ɪn'hæbɪt] vt. 栖息;居住于;占据meadow ['medəʊ] n. 草地;牧场harsh [hɑːʃ] adj. 严厉的;严酷的nurture ['nɜːtʃə] vt. 养育TPO2-Lecture 1philosophy [fɪ'lɒsəfɪ] n. 哲学ethical ['eθɪk(ə)l] adj. 伦理的;道德的th eory ['θɪərɪ] n. 理论;原理distinction [dɪ'stɪŋ(k)ʃ(ə)n] n. 区别;差别;特性technical ['teknɪk(ə)l] adj.专门的extrinsic [ɪk'strɪnsɪk; ek-] adj. 外在的;外来的;非固有的intrinsic [ɪn'trɪnsɪk] adj. 本质的，固有的instrument ['ɪnstrʊm(ə)nt] n.乐器amateur ['æmətə; -tʃə; -tjʊə; ,æmə'tɜː]n. 爱好者;业余爱好者;外行ultimate ['ʌltɪmət] adj. 最终的;极限的;根本的attainment [ə'teɪnm(ə)nt] n. 达到criteria [krai'tiəriə] n. 标准，条件(criterion的复数)obtain [əb'teɪn] vt. 获得vi. 获得intellectual [,ɪntə'lektʃʊəl; -tjʊəl] adj. 智力的;聪明的;理智的contemplation [,kɒntem'pleɪʃ(ə)n] n. 沉思Lecture 2psychology [saɪ'kɒlədʒɪ] n. 心理学behaviorism [bi'heiviəriz(ə)m] n. 行为主义mental ['ment(ə)l] adj. 精神的;脑力的process ['prəʊses] n. 过程，进行;方法，步骤verify ['verɪfaɪ] vt. 核实;查证accuracy ['ækjʊrəsɪ] n. [数] 精确度，准确性muscular ['mʌskjʊlə] adj. 肌肉的;肌肉发达的;强健的observe [əb'zɜːv] v. 观察manifestation [,mænɪfe'steɪʃ(ə)n] n. 表现;显示laryngeal [lə'rɪn(d)ʒɪəl] adj. 喉的larynx ['lærɪŋks] n.喉;喉头electrode [ɪ'lektrəʊd] n. [电] 电极potential [pə(ʊ)'tenʃ(ə)l] n. 潜能;可能性;[电] 电势identical [aɪ'dentɪk(ə)l] n. 完全相同的事物adj. 同一的;完全相同的ideomotor [,aɪdɪə'məʊtə] adj. 观念运动的assumption [ə'sʌm(p)ʃ(ə)n] n. 假定;设想alternative [ɔːl'tɜːnətɪv; ɒl-] n. 二中择一;供替代的选择equivalent [ɪ'kwɪv(ə)l(ə)nt] n. 等价物，相等物adj. 等价的，相等的account for对…负有责任;对…做出解释;说明……的原因Lecture 3astronomy [ə'strɒnəmɪ] n. 天文学asteroid ['æstərɒɪd] n. [天] 小行星multiply ['mʌltɪplaɪ] vt. 乘decimal ['desɪm(ə)l] n. 小数Mercury ['mə:kjuri] n. 水星Venus ['viːnəs] n. [天] 金星Mars [mɑːz] n. [天] 火星planet ['plænɪt] n. 行星tantalizingly ['tæntə,laiziŋli] adv. 逗人地;…得令人着急Jupiter ['dʒuːpɪtə] n. [天] 木星predict [prɪ'dɪkt] vt. 预报，预言gravitation [grævɪ'teɪʃ(ə)n] n. 重力;万有引力;地心吸力telescope ['telɪskəʊp] n. 望远镜Uranus ['juərənəs] n. [天] 天王星Saturn ['sæt(ə)n] n. [天] 土星validity [və'lɪdɪtɪ] n. [计] 有效性;正确;正确性Lecture 4botany ['bɒt(ə)nɪ] n. 植物学delay [dɪ'leɪ] v. 延期fiber ['faibə] n. 纤维;光纤textile industry纺织工业plastics ['plæstiks] n. 塑料explosive [ɪk'spləʊsɪv; ek-] n. 炸药;爆炸物Manila hemp马尼拉麻;蕉麻exceptionally [ik'sepʃənəli] adv. 异常地;特殊地resistant [rɪ'zɪstənt] adj. 抵抗的，反抗的combination [kɒmbɪ'neɪʃ(ə)n] n. 结合;组合;联合flexible ['fleksɪb(ə)l] adj. 灵活的;柔韧的;易弯曲的steel cable [材] 钢丝绳;[材] 钢索moor [mɔː; mʊə] vt. 系住;使停泊degrade [dɪ'greɪd] vt.使……降解zinc [zɪŋk] n. 锌stainless ['steɪnlɪs] adj. 不锈的;纯洁的，未被玷污的;无瑕疵的anchor ['æŋkə] n. 锚bundle ['bʌnd(ə)l] n. 束;捆compose [kəm'pəʊz] vt. 构成twist [twɪst]v. 扭曲;拧TPO 3-Lecture 1habitat ['hæbɪtæt] n. [生态] 栖息地，产地species ['spiːʃiːz; -ʃɪz; 'spiːs-] n. [生物] 物种;种migrate [maɪ'greɪt; 'maɪgreɪt] vi. 移动;随季节而移居;移往hemisphere ['hemɪsfɪə] n. 半球breed [briːd] vt. 繁殖;饲养;养育nectar ['nektə] n. [植] 花蜜efficient [ɪ'fɪʃ(ə)nt] adj. 有效率的;有能力的;生效的pollinate ['pɒlɪneɪt] vt. 对...授粉pollen ['pɒlən] n. [植] 花粉cattle ['kæt(ə)l] n. 牛;牲畜available [ə'veɪləb(ə)l] adj. 有效的，可得的;可利用的nesting site筑巢区;营巢区survive [sə'vaɪv] v. 幸存;活下来preserve [prɪ'zɜːv] vt. 保存;保护concrete ['kɒŋkriːt] adj.实在的，具体的ecological tourism生态旅游creature ['kriːtʃə] n. 动物，生物;人;创造物route [ruːt] n. 路线;航线;通道database ['deitəbeis] n. 数据库，资料库label ['leɪb(ə)l] vt. 标注;贴标签于track [træk] vt. 追踪lifespan ['laɪfspæn] n. 寿命;预期生命期限destination [,destɪ'neɪʃ(ə)n] n. 目的地，终点complexity [kəm'pleksətɪ] n. 复杂，复杂性;复杂错综的事物Lecture 2category ['kætɪg(ə)rɪ] n. 种类，分类establish [ɪ'stæblɪʃ; e-] vt. 建立;创办;安置hybrid ['haɪbrɪd] n. 杂种，混血儿;混合物conform to符合;遵照classify ['klæsɪfaɪ] vt. 分类;分等confusing [kən'fju:ziŋ] v. 使迷惑;使混乱不清(confuse的ing形式)adj. 混乱的;令人困惑的fuse [fjuːz] v. 融合;熔化，熔融fiction ['fɪkʃ(ə)n] n. 小说;虚构，编造;谎言element ['elɪm(ə)nt] n. 元素;要素aquatic [ə'kwætɪk; -'kwɒt-]adj. 水生的;水栖的creature ['kriːtʃə] n. 动物，生物;人;创造物display [dɪ'spleɪ] vt. 显示;表现;陈列mollusk ['mɒləsk] n. [无脊椎] 软体动物narration [nə'reɪʃ(ə)n] n. 叙述，讲述;故事portray [pɔː'treɪ] vt. 描绘;扮演uncanny [ʌn'kænɪ] adj. 神秘的;离奇的;可怕的suspicious [sə'spɪʃəs] adj. 可疑的;怀疑的;多疑的innovator ['ɪnə,vetɚ] n. 改革者，创新者investigate [ɪn'vestɪgeɪt] v. 调查;研究documentary [dɒkjʊ'ment(ə)rɪ] n. 纪录片artistic [ɑː'tɪstɪk] adj. 艺术的;风雅的;有美感的incorporate [ɪn'kɔːpəreɪt] vt. 包含，吸收;体现;把……合并straightforward [streɪt'fɔːwəd] adj. 简单的;坦率的;明确的Lecture 3origin ['ɒrɪdʒɪn] n. 起源;原点;出身;开端preserved [pri'zə:vd] adj. 保藏的pipe up高声说话primitive ['prɪmɪtɪv] adj. 原始的，远古的;简单的，粗糙的slide [slaɪd] n.幻灯片masterpiece ['mɑːstəpiːs] n. 杰作;绝无仅有的人confirmation [kɒnfə'meɪʃ(ə)n] n. 确认;证实;证明;批准paleolithic [,pælɪəʊ'lɪθɪk] adj. 旧石器时代的Stone Age石器时代shelter ['ʃeltə] n. 庇护;避难所;遮盖物inhabit [ɪn'hæbɪt] vt. 栖息;居住于;占据penetrate ['penɪtreɪt] v. 渗透torch [tɔːtʃ] n. 火把，火炬;手电筒;启发之物inspire [ɪn'spaɪə] vt. 激发;鼓舞;启示;产生;使生灵感inaccessible [ɪnək'sesɪb(ə)l] adj. 难达到的;难接近的;难见到的represent [reprɪ'zent] v. 代表enhance [ɪn'hɑːns; -hæns; en-] vt. 提高;加强;增加perspective [pə'spektɪv] n. 观点;远景;透视图vitality [vaɪ'tælɪtɪ] n. 活力，生气;生命力，生动性depict [dɪ'pɪkt] vt. 描述;描画herbivore ['hə:bivɔ:, 'ə:-] n. [动] 食草动物bison ['baɪs(ə)n] n. 北美野牛;欧洲野牛rhinocero n. 朝天犀牛mammoth ['mæməθ] n. 长毛象;猛犸象;庞然大物species ['spiːʃiːz; -ʃɪz; 'spiːs-]n. [生物] 物种;种类Lecture 4astronomy [ə'strɔnəmi] n. 天文学spectroscopy [spek'trɒskəpɪ] n. [光] 光谱学analyze ['ænə,laɪz] vt. 对…进行分析，分解emit [ɪ'mɪt] vt. 发出，放射identify [aɪ'dentɪfaɪ] v. 确定;认同;一致composition [kɒmpə'zɪʃ(ə)n] n.[材] 构成;合成物crystal ['krɪst(ə)l] n. 结晶，晶体;水晶prism ['prɪz(ə)m] n. 棱镜beam [biːm] n.光线spectrum ['spektrəm] n. 光谱;频谱;范围;余象continuous [kən'tɪnjʊəs] adj. 连续的'，持续的;继续的;连绵不断的optical radiation [光] 光辐射;光学辐射expose [ɪk'spəʊz; ek-] vt. 揭露，揭发;使曝光;显示uranium [jʊ'reɪnɪəm] n. [化学] 铀bleed [bliːd] v.渗出interruption [,intə'rʌpʃən] n. 中断;干扰;中断之事magnify ['mægnɪfaɪ] v. 放大randomly ['rændəmli] adv. 随便地，任意地compile [kəm'paɪl] vt. 编译;编制;编辑TPO 4-Lecture 1mating ritual求偶仪式preen [priːn] vt. 打扮;用嘴整理;赞扬engage in从事于(参加)conflict ['kɒnflɪkt] n. 冲突，矛盾;斗争;争执groom [gruːm] v. 打扮irrelevant [ɪ'relɪv(ə)nt] adj. 不相干的;不切题的inappropriate [ɪnə'prəʊprɪət] adj. 不适当的;不相称的confront [kən'frʌnt] vt. 面对;遭遇;比较inhibit [ɪn'hɪbɪt] vt. 抑制;禁止accessible [ək'sesɪb(ə)l] adj. 易接近的;可进入的;可理解的stimulus ['stɪmjʊləs] n. 刺激;激励;刺激物ruffle ['rʌf(ə)l] v. 起皱display [dɪ'spleɪ] vt. 显示;表现;陈列horizontal [hɒrɪ'zɒnt(ə)l] n. 水平线，水平面;水平位置adj. 水平的;地平线的branch [brɑːn(t)ʃ] n. 树枝，分枝beak [biːk] n. [鸟] 鸟嘴perch [pɜːtʃ] n. 高位;栖木vertical ['vɜːtɪk(ə)l] n. 垂直线，垂直面adj. 垂直的，直立的Lecture 2poem ['pəʊɪm] n. 诗potential [pə(ʊ)'tenʃ(ə)l] n. 潜能;可能性profound [prə'faʊnd] adj. 深厚的;意义深远的;渊博的philosophy [fɪ'lɒsəfɪ] n. 哲学;哲理;人生观conviction [kən'vɪkʃ(ə)n] n. 信念;确信genius ['dʒiːnɪəs] n. 天才，天赋;精神glimpse at v. 看到;瞥见universal truth普遍真理dismiss [dɪs'mɪs] v.不予理会conformity [kən'fɔːmɪtɪ] n. 一致，适合;符合;相似criticize ['krɪtə'saɪz] v. 批评;评论;苛求abandon [ə'bænd(ə)n] vt. 遗弃;放弃consistency [kən'sɪst(ə)nsɪ] n. [计] 一致性;稠度;相容性identity [aɪ'dentɪtɪ] n. 身份;同一性，一致emphasize ['ɛmfəsaɪz] vt. 强调，着重voyage ['vɒɪɪdʒ] n. 航行;航程zigzag ['zɪgzæg] n. 之字形;Z字形accountant [ə'kaʊnt(ə)nt] n. 会计师;会计人员Lecture 3geology [dʒɪ'ɒlədʒɪ] n. 地质学;地质情况structure ['strʌktʃə] n. 结构;构造valley ['vælɪ] n. 山谷;流域;溪谷trail [treɪl] n. 小径;痕迹;尾部;踪迹track [træk] n. 轨道;足迹，踪迹;小道footprint ['futprint] n. 足迹;脚印bulldozer ['bʊldəʊzə] n. 推土机;欺凌者，威吓者dominant ['dɒmɪnənt] adj. 显性的;占优势的;支配的，统治的occasional [ə'keɪʒ(ə)n(ə)l] adj. 偶然的;临时的clay [kleɪ] n. [土壤] 粘土;泥土slippery ['slɪp(ə)rɪ] adj. 滑的route [ruːt] n. 路线;航线;通道vibrate [vaɪ'breɪt] v.震动shift [ʃɪft] vt. 转移;改变;替换tilt [tɪlt] n. 倾斜vt. 使倾斜;使翘起magnetic force [物] 磁力eliminate [ɪ'lɪmɪneɪt] vt. 消除;排除sensitive ['sensɪtɪv] adj. 敏感的;[仪] 灵敏的;感光的combine [kəm'baɪn] v.结合meteorology [,miːtɪə'rɒlədʒɪ] n. 气象状态，气象学prospective [prə'spektɪv] n. 预期;展望Lecture 4attempt [ə'tem(p)t] n. 企图，试图;攻击establish [ɪ'stæblɪʃ; e-] vt. 建立;创办;安置gallery ['gæl(ə)rɪ] n. 画廊;走廊objective [əb'dʒektɪv] n. 目的;目标promote [prə'məʊt] vt. 促进;提升;推销;发扬responsibility [rɪ,spɒnsɪ'bɪlɪtɪ] n. 责任，职责;义务federal subsidy 联邦补贴financial assistance财政资助institution [ɪnstɪ'tjuːʃ(ə)n] n.(社会或宗教等)公共机构endowment [ɪn'daʊm(ə)nt; en-] n. 捐赠;捐助;捐款;天资council ['kaʊns(ə)l; -sɪl] n. 委员会explosion [ɪk'spləʊʒ(ə)n; ek-] n. 爆炸;爆发;激增agency ['eɪdʒ(ə)nsɪ] n. 代理，中介;代理处，经销处altruistic [æltrʊ'ɪstɪk] adj. 利他的;无私心的tax incentive [税收] 税收鼓励patron ['peɪtr(ə)n] n. 赞助人;保护人;主顾substantial [səb'stænʃ(ə)l] adj. 大量的plaque [plæk; plɑːk] n. 匾acknowledge [ək'nɒlɪdʒ] vt. 承认;答谢;报偿;告知已收到annual budget n. [财政] 年度预算TPO 5-Conversation 1artsy [ˈɑrtsi] adj. 艺术家气派的;装艺术的cello ['tʃɛlo] n. 大提琴orchestra ['ɔrkɪstrə] n. 管弦乐队;乐队演奏处string quartet [strɪŋ] [kwɔː'tet] n.弦乐四重奏曲;弦乐四重奏乐团Lecture 1 Sociologyalligator ['ælɪɡetɚ] n. 短吻鳄(产于美国及中国)sewer ['suɚ] n. 下水道;阴沟reproduce [,riprə'dus] vt. 复制，再生，生殖; vi. 复制，繁殖meme [mim] n. 文化基因transmission [træns'mɪʃən] n.传递;传送;播送analogy [ə'nælədʒi] n. 类比;类推;类似longevity [lɔn'dʒɛvəti] n. 长寿，长命;寿命fecundity [fɪ'kʌndəti] n. [生物] 繁殖力;多产;肥沃fidelity [fɪ'dɛləti] n. 保真度;忠诚;精确;尽责mutation [mju'teʃən] n. [遗] 突变;变化Lecture2-AstronomyPinpoint ['pɪnpɔɪnt] vt. 查明;精确地找到 adj. 精确的 n. 针尖;精确位置;极小之物basin ['besn]n. 水池;流域;盆地;盆topographical [,tɑpə'græfɪkl] adj. 地志的;地形学的diameter [daɪ'æmɪtɚ] n. 直径meteor ['mitɪɚ] n. 流星give or take增减……而无大变化;允许有小误差perpetually [pɚ'pɛtʃʊəli] adv. 永恒地，持久地primitive ['prɪmətɪv] adj. 原始的，远古的;简单的，粗糙的component [kəm'ponənt] adj. 组成的，构成的;n. 成分;组件Conversation 2prerequisite [,pri'rɛkwəzɪt] n. 先决条件，先修课程Lecture 3 Chemistryspectroscopy [spɛk'trɑskəpi] n. [光] 光谱学spectral ['spɛktrəl] adj. [光] 光谱的curator [kjʊ'retɚ] n. 馆长;管理者brushstroke n. 一笔;笔的一划;绘画技巧pigment ['pɪgmənt] n.颜料infrared [,ɪnfrə'rɛd] n. 红外线; adj. 红外线的zinc [zɪŋk] n. 锌lead [lid] n.铅invasive [ɪn'vesɪv] adj. 侵略性的;攻击性的touchup n. 修改;修补;润色Lecture4--LiteratureGenre ['ʒɑnrə] n. 类型;流派;风俗画Communal ['kɑmjʊnl] adj. 公共的;公社的line-up ['lain,ʌp] vt. 排成直线;排成行; n. 一排人(等于lineup)TPO6-Lecture 1 Economicsboom [bʊm] vt. 使兴旺; vi. 急速发展; n. 繁荣bust [bʌst] vi. 破产;爆裂;vt. 使破产;使爆裂; n. 破产;adj. 破产了的;毁坏了的nomad ['nomæd] n. 游牧民;流浪者; adj. 游牧的;流浪的novelty ['nɑvlti] n. 新奇;新奇的事物disposable [dɪ'spozəbl] adj. 可任意处理的;可自由使用的;用完即可丢弃的promissory ['prɑmə,sori] adj. 约定的;允诺的;约定支付的Lecture2-Biologyoak [ok] n. 橡树;橡木色;橡木家具; adj. 栎树的;栎木制的disperse [dɪ'spɝs] vt. 分散,使散开,传播 vi. 分散 adj. 分散的hectare ['hɛktɛr] n. 公顷(等于1万平方米)germinate ['dʒɝmɪnet] vt. 使发芽;使生长 vi. 发芽;生长dwindle ['dwɪndl] vi. 减少;变小 vt. 使缩小，使减少Lecture3--Creative Writingformulate ['fɔrmjə'let] vt. 规划;用公式表示;明确地表达pitfall ['pɪt'fɔl] n. 陷阱，圈套;缺陷;诱惑stereotype ['stɛrɪətaɪp] vt.套用老套，使一成不变 n. 陈腔滥调，老套;铅版dweller美['dwɛlɚ] n. 居民，居住者terminology [,tɝmə'nɑlədʒi] n. 术语，术语学;用辞ragged ['ræɡɪd] adj. 衣衫褴褛的;粗糙的;参差不齐的;刺耳的;不规则的Lecture 4 Earth Sciencetropical ['trɑpɪkl] adj. 热带的;热情的;酷热的granary ['grænəri] n. 谷仓，粮仓;盛产粮食的地区hippopotamuses [,hipə'pɔtəməs] n.河马filter ['fɪltɚ] vi. 滤过;渗入;慢慢传开 vt. 过滤;渗透pollen ['pɑlən] vt. 传授花粉给 n. [植] 花粉shrub [ʃrʌb] n. 灌木;灌木丛monsoon [mɒn'suːn] n. 季风;雨季;季候风abrupt [ə'brʌpt] adj. 生硬的;突然的;唐突的;陡峭的compound ['kɑmpaʊnd] vt. 合成;和解妥协;搀合 vi. 和解;妥协 n. 化合物;混合物;复合词 adj. 复合的;混合的flourish ['flɝɪʃ] n. 兴旺;茂盛 vt. 夸耀;挥舞 vi. 繁荣，兴旺;处于旺盛时期impetus ['ɪmpɪtəs] n. 动力;促进;冲力TPO7-Lecture 1 Theater Historyexposition [,ɛkspə'zɪʃən] n. 博览会;阐述;展览会rumor ['rʊmɚ] n. 谣言;传闻 vt. 谣传;传说inciting [in'saitiŋ] adj. 煽动的;刺激的 v. 煽动;刺激，激励perceive [pɚ'siv] vt. 察觉，感觉;理解;认知 vi. 感到，感知;认识到obligatory [ə'blɪɡətɔri] adj. 义务的;必须的;义不容辞的denouement [deinu:'mɔŋ] n. 结局;终场Lecture 2 Biologyacoustic [ə'kʊstɪk] adj. 声学的;音响的;听觉的 n. 原声乐器;不用电传音的ultrasound ['ʌltrəsaʊnd] n. 超声;超音波echolocation [,ɛkolo'keʃən] n. 回波定位;回声测距;回声定位能力orientation [orɪɛn'teʃən] fn. 方向;定向;适应;情况介绍;向东方predator ['prɛdətɚ] n. 捕食者;食肉动物;掠夺者moffgigot ['dʒɪɡət] n. 羊腿(或鹿腿);羊腿型袖子Lecture3-Anthropologybirch [bɝtʃ] n. 桦木;桦树;桦条prevalent ['prɛvələnt] adj. 流行的;普遍的，广传的utensil [jʊ'tɛnsl] n. 用具，器皿pliable ['plaɪəbl] adj. 柔韧的;柔软的;圆滑的;易曲折的vessel ['vɛsl] n. 船，舰;脉管，血管;容器，器皿canoe [kə'nu] n. 独木舟;轻舟maneuverable [mə'nu:vərəbl] adj. 有机动性的;容易操作的;可调动的alliance [ə'laɪəns] n. 联盟，联合;联姻Lecture 4-Geologycrystallize ['krɪstə'laɪz] vt. 使结晶;使具体化 vi. 结晶;明确、具体化lubricant ['lubrɪkənt] n. 润滑剂;润滑油 adj. 润滑的slat [slæt] vt. 用板条做或装备;用条板制造 n. 板条;狭板shatter ['ʃætɚ] vt. 粉碎;打碎;破坏;使散开 vi. 粉碎;损坏;落叶 n. 碎片ooze [uz] vt./ vi. 渗出;泄漏 n. [地质] 软泥extension [ɪk'stɛnʃən] n. 延长;延期;扩大;伸展;电话分机compression [kəm'prɛʃən] n. 压缩，浓缩;压榨，压迫surge [sɝdʒ] n. 大浪;汹涌澎湃;巨涌 vi. 激增;汹涌 vt. 使颠簸TPO8-Lecture 1 Animal Behaviorcamouflage ['kæmə'flɑʒ] n. 伪装，掩饰 vt. 伪装，掩饰 vi. 伪装起来plover ['plʌvɚ] n. 珩;千鸟;珩科鸟(如凤头麦鸡)warbler ['wɔrblɚ] n. 啭鸟;鸣鸟;用颤音歌唱的人blackcap ['blæk,kæp] n. 黑色莓;黑头莺类(欧洲产的)Lecture 2 Art Historycanny ['kæni] adj. 精明的，谨慎的;节约的premiere [prɪ'mɪr] adj. 首位的;初次的 vi. / vt.初次公演 n. 初次演出;女主角progressive [prə'ɡrɛsɪv] adj. 进步的;先进的 n. 改革论者;进步分子savvy ['sævi]n. 悟性;理解能力;懂行(的人) vt. 理解;懂 vi. 理解;知道Lecture3-Historyquartz [kwɔrts] n. 石英magnify ['mæɡnɪfaɪ] vt. 放大;赞美;夸大 vi. 放大;有放大能力societal [sə'saɪətl] adj. 社会的affluence ['æflʊəns] n. 富裕;丰富;流入;汇聚Lecture4-Chemistryproton ['protɑn] n. [物] 质子spectroscopy [spɛk'trɑskəpi] n. [光] 光谱学synthesize ['sɪnθəsaɪz] vt./ vi. 合成;综合cyclotron ['saɪklotrɑn] n. [核] 回旋加速器，粒子回旋加速器radioactive ['redɪo'æktɪv] adj. [核] 放射性的;有辐射的spontaneous [spɑn'tenɪəs] adj. 自发的;自然的;无意识的split [splɪt] vt. 分离;劈开;离开 vi. 离开;被劈开;断绝关系 n. 劈开;裂缝adj. 劈开的TPO9-Conversation1Packaging ['pækədʒɪŋ] n. 包装材料; 包装材料的设计和生产preliminary [prɪ'lɪmə,nɛri] adj. 初步的, 预备的, 开端的investigate [ɪn'vɛstɪ,ɡet] vt. 调查; 审查opaque [o'pek] adj. 不透明的Lecture1knack [næk] n. 窍门, 技巧accomplished adj.聪明的;有才艺的, 娴熟的suspend [sə'spɛnd] vt. 暂停, 终止rigid ['rɪdʒɪd] adj. 刚硬的; 僵硬的; 不弯曲的elaborate adj. 复杂的; 精心制作的outdo [aʊt'du] vt. 胜过synthesize ['sɪnθɪ,saɪz] vt. 综合, 使合成landscape ['lænd,skep] n. 风景, 景色cattle ['kætl] n. (总称)牛, 牲口foreground ['fɔr,ɡraʊnd, 'for-] n. 前景copper ['kɑpɚ] n. 铜Lecture 2vegetation [,vɛdʒɪ'teʃən] n. 植物(总称); 草木tundra ['tʌndrə] n. (多数位于北极圈的)冻土带;苔原, 冻原, 寒漠precipitation n. (雨等)降落;某地区降雨等的量shrub [ʃrʌb] n. 灌木permafrost ['pɚmə,frɔst, -,frɑst] n. (如极地的)永久冻土nitrogen ['naɪtrədʒən] n. 〈化〉氮insulate ['ɪnsə,let, 'ɪnsjə-] vt. 使绝缘, 使隔热run-off ['rʌn,ɔf, -,ɑf] n. (最后一次)决赛,决定性竞选,〈美〉流走之物layer ['leɚ] n. 层, 层次prairie ['prɛri] n. (尤指北美的)大草原thrive [θraɪv] vi. 兴盛; 兴隆;长得健壮Conversation 2privilege ['prɪvəlɪdʒ, 'prɪvlɪdʒ] n. 特权, 特别待遇photocopy ['fotə,kɑpi] n. 影印本赶紧背起来吧!。
托福听力学科词汇
托福听力学科词汇托福听力讲座高频词汇：天文类BlackHole“黑洞”emiionnebula发射星云reflectionnebula反射星Intertellarcloud星际云darknebula暗星云Mercury水星Venu金星Earth地球Mar火星Jupiter木星Saturn土星Uranu天王星Neptune海王星Obervatory天文台univere宇宙pace太空Celetialbody天体Heavenlybody天体dwarf侏儒，矮子contellation星座gala某y银河TheMilkyWay银河Solarytem太阳系Cluter星团corona日冕chromophere色球层photophere光球，光球层vacuum真空eclipe日蚀，月蚀Solarradiation太阳辐射planet行星ateroid/planetoid小行星meteoroid流星体Meteor流星Meteorite陨星;流星rotate旋转托福听力讲座高频词汇：地理类Volcano火山activevolcano活火山dormantvolcano休眠火山E某tinctVolcano死火山Drought旱灾Raintorm暴雨Flood洪水debriflow泥石流OzoneLayer臭氧层aurora极光olarwind太阳风magnetophere磁层wetland湿地Horizon地平线continent大陆，洲terretrial陆地生物landcape地形vegetation植被Rainforet雨林wamp沼泽;湿地tundra苔原;冻原;冻土地带mea台地hill小山;丘陵lagoon泻湖;环礁湖;咸水湖bain盆地valley山谷gorge峡谷latitude纬度Longitude经度equator赤道TropicofCancer北回归线TropicofCapricorn南回归线Thetropic热带地区Thetemperatezone温带Thefrigidzone寒带Hemiphere半球pole极点Polarcircle极圈TheArctic北极区TheAntarctic南极地区Theprimemeridian南极地区TheArcticcircle北极圈TheAntarcticcircle南极圈frot冰冻，严寒Atmophere大气层pell轮替Climate气候Temperature气温precipitation降水;冰雹moiture湿度;潮湿humidity湿度;湿气dry干涸arid干旱的emiarid半干旱的monoon季风Weather天气ubterranean地底下territory版图terrain地形，地势Mountainrange山脉dune沙丘ummit顶峰Peak顶峰ridge山脉Plateau高原Plain平原highland丘陵地带reef矿脉Tide潮汐torrent激流ile岛ilet小岛archipelago群岛cliff悬崖hillide山坡，山腹marh沼泽;湿地canyon.峡谷crack.裂缝fiure裂缝;裂沟crevae裂缝cave洞穴，窑洞cavern洞穴delta三角洲Iland岛屿peninula半岛channel海峡bay海湾Strait海峡avanna热带草原prairie大草原;牧场graland.草原;牧草地teppe大草原oai绿洲zone地带deert沙漠Offhore海岸melt熔化Jungle热带丛林irrigate灌溉gulf海湾elevation海拔altitude海拔Timezone时区ubterranean地下的coat海岸waterhed流域Upperreache上游Lowerreache下游depoit沉淀物Spring泉水fountain喷泉Iceberg冰山glacier冰河，冰川waterfall瀑布lithophere岩石圈ore矿;矿石geyer喷泉plate金属板tectonic构造地质学Continentaldrift大陆漂移学说avalanche雪崩mudlide塌方;山崩托福听力：听力对话和讲座形式的介绍对话部分的考试内容主要分为两种：学习讨论和服务咨询。
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Lecture 分类词汇完整版1. 生物学antibody抗体toxin毒素immunity免疫immunology免疫学vaccine疫苗fungus真菌bacteria细菌fermentation发酵inflection传染/ 感染microorganism / microbe微生物virus 病毒disfection消毒sterilization灭菌biology生物学marine biology海洋生物学entomology 昆虫学ornithology鸟类学microbiology微生物学genetics遗传学speciology物种学parasitology寄生虫学paleontology古生物学paleontologist古生物学家dinosaur恐龙die out / extinction灭绝mammal哺乳动物carnivore食肉动物rodent啮齿类动物underwater 水下的marine海洋的scuba水下呼吸器diving潜水/ 跳水one-celled organism单细胞有机体tissue（动植物细胞的）组织protective camouflage保护色predator捕猎者oceanic snail蜗牛animal adaptation动物适应性survival of the fittest适者生存origin of species物种起源wild environment野生环境insecticide杀虫剂prenatal care产后护理habitat栖息地tentacle触须prey捕食navigate导航tiny receptor接收器nerve / specimen物种amphibian两栖类动物decline in the number数量减少gene基因genetic基因的，遗传的endangered species濒危动物survival活着的transition转变/过渡microbe微生物yeast 酵母（菌）bacteria细菌single-cell单细胞reptile爬行类动物hatch孵化incubation孵化nest巢offspring子孙chew up咀嚼unfertilized eggs未受精卵nutrient营养品nourishment营养品/ 食物feed喂养cannibalism同类相食respiration呼吸ingestion摄食digestion消化digestive enzyme消化酶cell细胞nucleus细胞核cytoplasm细胞质plasma lemma / cell membrane细胞膜cell wall细胞壁protein蛋白质amino acid核酸plankton浮游生物heredity遗传mutation of species物种变异chromosome染色体genetic engineering 遗传工程solitary独居social群居bio-diversity生物多样性metamorphosis变态/变形mutation变种variation变异2. 动物学zoology动物学Darwinism达尔文学说natural selection自然选择phylum门class纲order 目suborder亚目family科genus属species种invertebrate无脊椎动物vertebrate脊椎动物aquatic life水生动物reptile爬行动物amphibian/amphibious animal两栖动物protozoa原生动物rodent啮齿动物ruminant反刍动物parasitic animal寄生动物primate 灵长动物plankton浮游生物mollusk软体动物coelenterate腔肠动物（如水母、海蜇、珊瑚等）herbivore食草动物mammal哺乳动物homotherm恒温动物cold-blooded animal冷血动物poikilotherm变温动物scavenger食腐动物carnivorous食肉的herbivorous食草的omnivorous杂食的bird鸟类camouflage伪装hibernate冬眠；蛰伏regeneration再生predatory / carnivore食肉的predator捕食者prey捕食hordes/swarms（昆虫等）群flock （牛、羊等）群community动物的群落或人的部落population种群herd兽群hygiene卫生sanitation公共卫生；卫生设施monogamous一夫一妻的/一雌一雄的polygamous一夫多妻的/一雄多雌的polyandrous一妻多夫的/一雌多雄的nomadic游牧的；流浪的trapper诱捕动物者niche小生态环境vestige退化器fertilizer使受精metabolism新陈代谢breed（名词）品种；（动词）繁殖multiply / reproduce繁殖spawn（鱼、虾、蛙等）孵anatomy解剖学appetite食欲creature生物scales鳞feathers羽毛armor甲spinal cord脊椎digestive system消化系统excretory system排泄系统reproductive system生殖系统circulatory system循环系统respiratory system呼吸系统hormonal system内分泌系统digestive duct 消化管esophagus食管stomach胃small intestine小肠large intestine大肠anus肛门digestive gland消化腺salivary gland唾液腺liver肝gallbladder胆pancreas胰squirrel 松鼠marten貂bat蝙蝠squeak（老鼠等）吱吱otter水獭antelope羚羊gorilla大猩猩chimpanzee黑猩猩baboon狒狒hyena鬣狗moose驼鹿beaver海狸elk麋鹿reindeer驯鹿giraffe长颈鹿rhinoceros犀牛hippo河马sloth树懒slothful懒惰的frog青蛙tadpole蝌蚪salamander蝾螈scorpion蝎子turtle龟lizard蜥蜴chameleon变色龙caymen / crocodile 鳄鱼centipede蜈蚣robin知更鸟owl猫头鹰barnacle北极鹅penguin企鹅canary金丝雀chirp（鸟、虫的叫声）vulture秃鹫crane鹤stork鹳ptarmigan雷鸟migrate迁移plumage 羽体camouflage伪装wing翅膀bill（鸟）嘴beak（鹰等的）嘴insect昆虫wasp黄蜂hornet 大黄蜂spider蜘蛛pest害虫worm虫/蠕虫cicada蝉mantis螳螂cockroach蟑螂earthworm 蚯蚓antenna / tentacle触须larva幼虫3. 海洋生物学jellyfish水母nettlefish海蜇coral珊瑚dolphin海豚whale鲸鱼shrimp小虾prawn对虾lobster龙虾crab螃蟹mussel贻贝；蚌类clam蛤蜊oyster牡蛎sponge海绵starfish海星squid鱿鱼；乌贼burro / octopus章鱼sole鳎；鳎目鱼plaice鲽，红斑比目鱼4. 植物学botany植物学botanical / botanic植物学的horticulture园艺学aquatic plant水生植物parasite plant寄生植物root根canopy树冠层/顶棚foliage / leaf叶leaflet小叶rosette（叶的）丛生stem茎stalk杆leafstalk叶柄shoot / sprout嫩芽/抽枝flower花bud花蕾petal花瓣peel / skin果皮shell（硬）果壳husk（干）果壳/（玉米）苞叶trunk 树干bark树皮branch树枝bough大或者粗的树枝twig小树枝jungle丛林lawn草坪meadow草地/牧场prairie大草原mosses苔藓shrub / bush灌木cluster一簇（灌木）fern 蕨类植物horsetails木贼类植物club mosses石松类植物herb草photosynthesis光合作用chlorophyll叶绿素symbiosis共生symbiotic共生的wither / shrivel / fade凋谢blossom花pollen花粉pollinate传授花粉petal花瓣nectar花蜜tissue组织organ器官system系统seeds种子everlasting永久的crossbreed杂交root pressure根压bore腔/肠cohesion-tension凝聚压力column花柱necrosis坏死barren贫瘠的；不生育的futile 无用的carbohydrate (starch)碳水化合物（淀粉）glucose葡萄糖starch淀粉fat脂肪protein蛋白质vitamin维他命malnourished营养不良的nutrition营养perennial多年一生的annual一年一生的verdant绿油油的，嫩绿的，翠绿的evergreen常青树conifer tree针叶树larch落叶松pine松树spruce云杉juniper刺柏；杜松sequoia红杉elm榆树walnut核桃树redwood红木树plum blossom梅花orchid兰花chrysanthemum菊花water lily荷花/莲花rhododendron杜鹃花rose玫瑰carnation康乃馨lily百合jasmine茉莉花helianthus / heliotrope / sunflower向日葵camellia茶花corn / maize / mealie玉米pumpkin南瓜tomato番茄lettuce莴苣cabbage卷心菜wheat小麦rye黑麦barley大麦oats燕麦5. 气象学meteorology气象meteorologist气象学家meteorological station气象站forecast / predict 预报climate气候atmosphere大气层troposphere对流层stratosphere平流层mesosphere 中间层ionosphere电离层exosphere逸散层cold front冷锋warm air mass热气团current（气）流moisture潮湿，水气spell某种天气持续一段时间vapor蒸汽evaporate 蒸发damp / moist / humid潮湿humidity湿度moisture潮湿/ 水分saturate饱和dew露frost霜fog / mist雾smog烟雾droplet小水condense浓缩crystal水晶体sheet（水、冰、雪的）一层downpour / torrential rain大雨tempest (storm) / torrential rain暴风雨drizzle 细雨shower阵雨hail冰雹blizzard / snowstorm暴风雪avalanche / snow slide雪崩precipitation（雨、露、雪等）降水thunder雷breeze微风sandstorm沙暴monsoon季风gale大风whirlwind旋风typhoon台风hurricane飓风tornado / twister / cyclone龙卷风wind scale风级tsunami / seismic sea wave海啸tidal wave潮汐；浪潮upper atmosphere 上层大气funnel漏斗云disaster / calamity / catastrophe灾难devastation破坏submerge 淹没drought旱灾convection对流wind velocity风速wind direction风向long-range forecast长期预报numerical weather prediction数值天气预报nephanalysis云层分析；卫星云图6. 地质学crust地壳mantle地幔core地核continental crust大陆地壳oceanic crust海洋地壳layer / stratum地层stratigraphy地层学fault断层fault plane断层面fault zone断层带rift / crack / split断裂disintegration / decomposition分解erosion腐蚀fossil化石igneous rock 火成岩sedimentary rock沉积岩metamorphic rock变质岩limestone石灰岩granite花岗岩marble大理石lithosphere岩石圈magma / molten lava岩浆quartz石英mineral矿物ore矿石deposit矿床rubble碎石debris残骸platinum白金/铂金silver银copper黄铜aluminum铝tin锡lead铅zinc锌nickel镍mercury汞/水银sodium钠gem宝石diamond钻石emerald绿宝石ruby红宝石glacier冰川glacial冰川的glacial epoch / age / period冰川期glacial drift冰渍moraines冰碛iceberg冰山volcano火山active volcano 活火山extinct volcano死火山dormant volcano休眠火山(sloping) shield volcano盾状火山（平缓）(steep-sided) cone volcano锥状火山（陡峭）eruption火山喷发crater火山口caldera（开口较大的）火山口depression洼地，凹陷处；盆地lava火山岩浆volcanic dust 火山尘volcanic ash火山灰geyser间歇喷泉hot spring温泉earthquake / quake / tremor / seism地震seismic地震的seismology地震学magnitude震级seismic intensity scale震烈度seismic wave地震波transverse wave横波longitudinal wave纵波epicenter 震中epicentral distance震中距aftershock余震cataclysm灾变tsunami / tidal / force海啸undersea landslide海底山崩melt global warming全球逐渐变暖aquifer蓄水层swamp沼泽peat bog泥炭沼泽Great Canyon大峡谷Nile River尼罗河Colorado river科罗拉多河crumples zones地质缓冲地带bedrock岩床bulge凸起物7. 考古学archaeology考古学paleontology古生物学anthropolog人类学archaeologist人类学家pale-anthropologist古人类学家ecological anthropologist生态人类学家psychological anthropologist心理人类学家originate起源于ancestor祖先hominid人（科）homogeneous 同以种族（种类）的tribe部落clan氏族excavation挖掘excavate / unearth挖掘ruins 遗迹/废墟remains遗产/遗骸artifact手工艺品relic遗物/文物antique古物/古董antiquity古代/古老Stone Age石器时代Bronze Age青铜器时代Iron Age铁器时代Paleolithic旧石器时代的Mesolithic中石器时代的Neolithic新石器时代的morphology形态学skull颅骨cranial颅骨的fossil化石ancient civilization古代文明cave man山顶洞人cultural relics文物rock painting岩画8. 地理学hemisphere 半球meridian子午线/ 经线parallel平行圈latitude纬线longitude经线/ 经度elevation海拔altitude高度/ 海拔horizon地平线equator赤道temperature latitudes 温带地区tropics热带地区Arctic / the North Pole北极Antarctic / Antarctica南极the Antarctic Continent南极洲the Antarctic Circle南极圈the Arctic Circle北极圈aurora极光tropics of Cancer 北回归线tropics of Capricorn 南回归线international date line国际日期变更线time difference 时差time zone时区topography 地形/ 地形学plain平原plateau / highland 高地lowland 低地basin盆地oasis绿洲enclave飞地peak山峰cordillera / ranges山脉carven / cave洞穴terrain地域subterranean地底下coastland沿海地区coastline海岸线watershed分水岭upper reaches上游lower reaches下游tributary 支流deposit沉积spring / fountain泉水iceberg 冰山riverbed河床gulf / bay海湾waterfall 瀑布cascade小瀑布；喷流reef暗礁tide湖水torrent水的急流tropical rain forest热带雨林continental island大陆岛volcanic island火山岛coral island珊瑚岛islet小岛peninsular 半岛archipelago群岛delta三角洲landlocked area内陆inland waterway内陆河subcontinent次大陆cliff山崖valley山谷hillside / mountain slope山坡continental shelf 大陆架canyon / gorge峡谷channel / strait 海峡remote-sensing遥感的terrestrial地球的/陆地的terrestrial heat / geothermal 地热terrestrial magnetism 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学sea-floor spreading海床扩展evaporation蒸发salinity含盐度ocean bottom 海床sediment沉积物tropical热带的temperate 温带的frigid寒带的frost heaving 冻胀现象tundra苔原，冻原fieldstone卵石the Mediterranean Sea地中海the primeval forest原始森林Scandinavia斯堪的纳维亚(半岛)(瑞典、挪威、丹麦、冰岛的泛称)fjord峡湾coral reef珊瑚礁Chalk白垩纪cataclysm大洪水ridge山脊；分水岭abyss深渊territory版图；领土地域Pyrenees比利牛斯山脉Carpathians喀尔巴阡山脉Vesuvius维苏威火山Pompeii庞贝precipice悬崖eon世；纪；代glacier冰河Pangaea盘古大陆dune 沙丘Lagoon咸水湖9. 天文学astronomy天文学astronomical observatory天文台planetarium天文馆astrophysics天文物理学astrology占星学pseudoscience伪科学cosmos / universe宇宙cosmology 宇宙infinite无限的cosmic宇宙的cosmic radiation宇宙辐射cosmic rays宇宙射线celestial 天体的celestial body / heavenly body天体celestial map / sky atlas天体图celestial sphere 天球dwarf / dwarf star矮星quasar类星体constellation星座galaxy / Milky Way银河系star cluster星团asterism星群solar system太阳系solar corona日冕solar eclipse日食solar radiation太阳辐射planet行星planetoid / asteroid小行星revolve旋转twinkle闪烁naked eye肉眼Mercury水星Venus金星Earth地球Mars火星Jupiter木星Saturn土星Uranus天王星Neptune海王星Pluto冥王星orbit轨道spin旋转satellite卫星lunar月球的meteor流星meteor shower流星雨star恒星meteoroid流星体meteorite陨石comet 彗星space / outer space太空，外层空间spacecraft / spaceship宇宙飞船space shuttle 航天飞机space telescope空间望远镜astronaut / spaceman宇航员space suit宇航服stellar恒星的intergalactic星系间的interstellar恒星间的interplanetary行星间的asteroid小行星nebula星云space debris太空垃圾ammonia氨photosphere光球；光球层chromospheres色球；色球层日冕层sunspot太阳黑子（发生在光球层）flare耀斑（发生在色球层）solar prominence日珥（发生在色球层）convection zone对流层vacuum真空infrared ray红外线absolute magnitude绝对量级emission发射/散发high-resolution 高清晰度interferometer干扰仪，干涉仪illusive object幻影体faint微弱的image影像gravitational force吸引力molten融化的leap year闰年rotation自传revolution公转black hole黑洞ultraviolet ray紫外线luminosity光度light year光年10. 环保相关ecology生态学ecosystem生态系统balance of nature自然界生态平衡fauna动物群flora 植物群rain forest雨林food chain食物链acid rain酸雨greenhouse温室效应infrared radiation红外线辐射ozone layer / ozonosphere臭氧层ultraviolet radiation紫外辐射pollution control污染控制air pollution空气控制water pollution水污染noxious / toxic 有毒的fumes（有毒的）废气waste废物solid waste固体废物sewage / wastewater 污水sewage purification污水净化swage disposal污水处理decibel（噪音）分贝11. 能源相关fossil fuel矿物燃料process of photo synthesis光合作用solar energy太阳能nonrenewable 不可再生的energy conservation保护能源resource资源energy source能源资源tidal energy潮汐能fuel-efficient节能型的rush hour高峰期zero emission零辐射wildness野生/天然preservation保护atmosphere大气carbon碳dioxide二氧化物burning of coal and oil煤油燃烧global warming全球变暖greenhouse effect温室效应rise in sea level海平面上升long-term climatic change长期的气候变化environmental recycling center再循环利用中心litter/trash garbage垃圾pollutant污染物desertification沙漠化deforest滥伐森林drought干旱water shortage水源缺乏offshore spillage近海岸溢出carbon dioxide release二氧化碳排放industrial sewage工业污水recycling再循环purify净化deteriorate恶化acid rain酸雨sewage disposal污水处理environment protection环境保护ozone layer臭氧层waste disposal废物处理emission（汽车废气的）排放soot烟尘El Niño 厄尔尼诺现象12. 新技术发明相关13. 人类学artist艺术家choreographer舞蹈编排家critic批评家satirist讽刺作家inventor发明家biographer自传作家sculptor雕塑家feminist女权主义者humanitarian人道主义者imagist 意象派诗人philanthropist慈善家proprietor业主mortal犯人precursor先驱figurehead名誉领袖disciple学徒apprentice学徒mechanic机械工minimalist简单抽象派艺术家avant-garde前卫派territory领域genre风格/体裁eccentric古怪的odd怪诞的/奇数的erratic奇怪的weird怪异的/不可思议的romantic浪漫的innocent天真的/无罪的lovelorn相思病苦的emotional情绪的/情感的sentimental感伤的/多愁善感的cheerless无精打采的/无生命力的patriarchal家长的/族长的rigid僵化的spare简朴的clumsy笨拙的zigzag曲折的contemporary当代的acclaimed受欢迎的preeminent杰出的versatile （人）多才多艺的/（物）多功能的household家庭的/家喻户晓的genuine真正的authentic 逼真的/原汁原味的symbolic象征性的immortal不朽的/神nostalgia怀旧主义/思乡emotive 感人的prodigious巨大的classic经典的posthumous死后的14. 发展史➢文学pose散文diary日记autobiography传记editorial社论narrative prose叙述性descriptive prose描写性essay随笔poetry诗歌ballad民谣lullaby催眠曲fiction小说allegory寓言fairy tale童话legend传说proverb谚语model人物原型leading character主人公main plot主要情节prelude序曲prologue序言epilogue尾声literary criticism文学批评literary studies文学研究schools of literature文学流派comparative literature比较文学realism现实主义surrealism超现实主义futurism未来主义modernism现代主义aestheticism唯美主义➢音乐musical instrument乐器orchestra（管弦）乐队shook rattle摇拨浪鼓pound dru击鼓foot beat跺脚note音符score乐谱movement乐章fanatical狂热的hillbilly music乡村音乐folk music民间音乐pop music流行音乐classical music古典音乐Jazz爵士乐symphony交响乐rock and roll摇滚乐band music / wind music管乐string弦乐violin小提琴viola中提琴cello大提琴harp竖琴horn号；喇叭clarinet单簧管oboe双簧管keyboard instrument键盘乐器percussion震荡/打击乐器vocal music声乐concerto协奏曲sonata奏鸣曲serenade小夜曲solo独奏/独唱duet二重唱conducting指挥podium指挥台accompaniment伴奏quality音质volume音量chord和弦harmony和声rest休止time节拍lullaby催眠曲prelude序曲epilogue尾声➢政治经济subsistence存活，生活subsistence wage刚够养家糊口的工资subsistence level收支平衡的生活水平kinship亲属关系，血缘关系commodity商品check支票；收据；账单bank loan 银行贷款interest利息withdraw从银行账户中提款honor (a cheque/bill/draft)承兑a run on a bank挤兑the Great Depression大萧条consumerism消费主义（认为高消费对个人和社会有利的看法）；保护消费者权益主义affluence富裕，富足sophisticated世故的，老练的；复杂的，尖端的➢建筑architecture建筑学architect建筑学家construct结构wing辐楼/侧楼design设计elevator 电梯skyscraper摩天大楼design element设计元素log structure原木结构cabin小木屋beam梁prototype原型building technique建筑工艺new material新材料metal-frame金属结构repair person修理工planetarium天文馆aquarium水族馆archives档案馆office building写字楼cathedral大教堂mosque清真寺the statue of liberty自由女神像the triumphal arch凯旋门sphinx狮身人面像pyramid金字塔castle城堡➢美术fine arts美术oil painting油画water color水彩画tempera蛋彩画sketch速写/素描pastel 彩色蜡笔画poster海报/招贴画charcoal drawing木炭画mural painting / fresco壁画engraving版画lithograph石板画landscape painting风景画still life静物画portrait肖像画caricature漫画pigment颜色，色素canvas油画布brush画笔drawing board画板perspective透视画法original原作copy临本reproduction / replica复制品genuine真的fake假的gallery美术馆autograph真迹panorama全景画calligraphy书法paste裱糊impressionistic style印象派风格framing装框sculpture雕塑sculptor雕塑家figurine小雕像bust半身雕塑像statue塑像unique唯一的/独特的animator漫画家saxophonist 萨克斯风管吹奏者indigo靛蓝purple紫色。