9.国外人类记忆课件

Bahrick (1984)
• Permastore
• Rapid forgetting of foreign language for 3 yrs, • Then of a asymptotes (levels off) after about 2 years, • Stays fairly constant even up to 50 yrs.
Forgetting
• Memory isn’t always perfect (remember The 7 Sins)
• What do we forget?
• Retrospective Autobiographical memory • Prospective memory
• How do we forget?
What do we forget?
Meeter, Murre, and Janssen (2005)
• Measured the forgetting rate for people’s memory of widely publicized events from verifiable sources (headlines and TV broadcasts).
What do we forget?
• Autobiographical Memory
• Recollected events that belong to a person’s past
• Personal milestones, emotional memories Schrauf & Rubin (1998) • Cultural life shift – culturally shared expectations structure recall.
• http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=7166313n&tag=contentMain;contentBody
• Parker, Cahill, and McGaugh (2006) • Case study of AJ, 41 years old • Remembers every day of her life, in detail, since her teens. • Feels as though she relives the events she remembers. • Remembering feels “automatic” and not under conscious control.
• Recall
• Can you list all your classmates? • Can you name all these faces?
• Recognition
• Is this the name of a classmate? • Is this the face of a classmate? • Match these names and faces
Forgetting
• Memory isn’t always perfect (remember The 7 Sins) Ebbinghaus (1885)
Memory Performance Rapid forgetting for short delays - slower for longer delays
Βιβλιοθήκη Baidu
Permastore
Bahrick, Bahrick & Wittlinger (1975)
• Tested nearly 400 high-school graduates on their ability to recognize and name classmates after delays of up to 30 years. Recognition Name Matching Results were mixed: 100
Average answers
What do we forget?
• Autobiographical Memory
• Recollected events that belong to a person’s past
• Personal milestones, emotional memories Rubin (1982, 1996) “Hill of Reminiscence” • Reminiscence bump: Adolescence/early adulthood (change • Why? to stability)
• Task: 14,000 participants completed an internet questionnaire, assessing recall and recognition for 1,000 dateable events. • Results: Like the Ebbinghaus results, recall for events shows a steep initial drop, followed by a slower forgetting rate. • Recall for events dropped from 60% to 30% in a year, then stayed constant. • Recognition was overall better, but showed a similar pattern of results
Recognition Recall
What do we forget?
• Permastore:
• Describes the leveling off of the forgetting curve at long delays. • Beyond this point, memories appear impervious to further forgetting.
90 • Relatively unimpaired: 80 70 • Ability to recognize their classmates’ 60 50 faces/names. 40 30 Recall • Ability to match up names to the 20 Name the picture appropriate portraits. 10 0 3.3 mons. 47+ yrs. • Extensively impaired: Time since Graduation • Ability to recall a name, given a person’s portrait. Conclusion: • Recall, but not recognition, of well-learned personal material, closely follows the forgetting curve first demonstrated by Ebbinghaus (1913). Percent Correct
Permastore
• Bahrick studies
• Bahrick, Bahrick & Wittlinger (1975) – Studied memory of faces from high school. • Bahrick & Phelps (1987) – Studied knowledge from school, learning Spanish and algebra. • Bahrick, Bahrick, Bahrick, & Bahrick (1993) – benefits of distributed practice (13 or 26 sessions) on long term retention of 300 pairs of English and foreign words. • Barhrick et al. (1996) – remembering high school grades, accurately remember A grades (89% accurate) but not D grades (29% accurate). Of Ps 79/99 inflated grades, more likely to remember positive events than negative events.
• The overall level of retention is determined by the level of initial learning.
Permastore
Bahrick, Bahrick & Wittlinger (1975)
• Tested nearly 400 high-school graduates on their ability to recognize and name classmates after delays of up to 30 years. • Questions
5
What do we forget?
• We have seen pennies hundreds if not thousands of times. Draw one, the heads side. • What does it say? • Which way does the head face? Nickerson & Adams, (1979) • Memory for the common penny quite bad. • Less than half the people correctly identified its features
• • Life narrative hypothesis – assume life identities during this time Cognitive hypothesis – encoding better in this period of rapid change
Infantile amnesia
PSY 368 Human Memory
Memory Forgetting
Announcements
• Processing views homework due Web Feb 29 • Craik and Lockhart (1972) download, read, and answer focus questions, due Monday Feb 27
• Failure of Consolidation • Failure of Retrieval
• Decay • Interference • Context/cue mismatch
Hyperthymestic Syndrome
• Hyperthymestic Syndrome: Uncontrollable remembering
What do we forget?
• Everyday Memory Questionnaire
• Questions about things people typically forget • Assesses memory abilities • Typical score = 58
• Higher scores indicate worse memory abilities for everyday tasks • Has been used to assess memory deficits in brain injury patients • Can also indicate possible dementia
• Can verify events with the diary she keeps. • AJ’s superior memory has costs:
• • She cannot forget unpleasant memories. Constant reminders are distracting and sometimes troubling.
• The reminiscence bump for people who emigrated at age 34 to 35 is shifted toward older ages, compared to the bump for people who emigrated between the ages of 20 to 24