2004年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
华师考博试题汇总
1999年的博士题目：一、理论语言学：（说明：在前两题中任选一题）1、关于儿童语言习得有那些重要的理论？简述儿童语言研究在语言教学和语言理论中的学术价值（20分）2、语义与语法是两个相关的语言学范畴。
试谈两者之间的关系，并举例说明如何结合语义进行语法研究。
（20分）3、在百年中国语法学史上，人们提出过不少有关“本位”的学说，例如黎锦熙先生的“句本位”，朱德熙先生的“词组本位”，徐通锵先生的“字本位”和邢福义先生的“小句中枢”等。
试就其中的一、两个学说谈谈你的意见。
（20分）4、近几十年，功能语法（包括认知语法）在西方异军突起，发展成为可以与乔姆斯基分庭抗礼的语言学流派，简述这一学说的学术要旨。
应用这一学说研究汉语，会发生什么样的作用？（20分）5、你对语言学哪个部门最感兴趣？请综述你感兴趣的那个语言学部门的研究历史、现状及其发展趋势。
（40分）二、现代汉语（邢老师命题）1、现代汉语词汇研究的现状与前景如何？试做简短评述。
（20分）2、现代汉语修辞研究的现状与前景如何？试做简短评述。
（20分）3、谈谈你对“两个三角”“三个平面”的看法。
（20分）4、写短文：说“生父生母”和“生儿生女”。
（40分）2001年的博士题目：一、现代汉语：1、说说你对“普—方—古”大三角的理解和想法。
（20分）2、说出下列著作的作者和主要特点：（20分）⑴《马氏文通》；⑵《新著国语文法》；⑶《中国文法要略》；⑷《现代汉语语法讲话》3、你对二十多年来词语的发展有什么想法？你认为，在词语的语法性质上，新词新语主要有那些类型？（20分）4、写短文：说“X上”。
（联想有关事实，造出若干用例，写出一篇千字短文。
这篇短文，要尽可能反映自己对语法事实认识的深度。
）（40分）二、理论语言学：1、为什么说语言是人类最重要的交际工具和思维工具？语言这两种职能之间具有什么样的关系？（25分）2、语言形式与语言意义之间的对应关系，是语法学研究的中心问题。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编59(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编59(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．Nobody knew how he came up with this______ idea about the trip.(2004年清华大学考博试题)A．wearyB．twilightC．unanimousD．weird正确答案：D解析：本句空格处意为“提出这个怪主意”。
weird的意思是“怪异的”，与句意相符。
而“weary疲倦的：twilight模糊的；unanimous意见一致的”都不正确。
2．An old woman was badly hurt in ______the police describe as an apparently motiveless attack.(2003年复旦大学考博试题)A．thatB．whichC．whatD．whatever正确答案：C解析：本题也可以用“An old woman was badly hurt in an accident that the police describe as an apparently motiveless attack”来表达。
因此，能代替an accident that的只有what。
3．He thought I was lying, ______ I was telling the truth.A．hithertoB．henceforthC．whereasD．nevertheless正确答案：C解析：whereas conj．(表示对比关系)然而，但是，尽管(如：One arrived promptly，whereas the others were late．Some praise him，whereas others condemn him．)。
2004级博士生英语考试试卷
English Test for Doctoral Candidates(Jan. 16, 2005)Part I Listening Comprehension (20%)Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear 5 short conversations. After each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and question will be read only once. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Then mark your answer on your Answer Sheet A.1. A. To be back Tuesday morning.B. To come and see him Wednesday.C. To call him on Thursday.D. To make an appointment for Thursday.2. A. Every day.B. Every day except Thursday.C. Monday, Wednesday and Friday.D. Monday, Tuesday and Friday.3. A. On a train.B. On a boat.C. On a plane.D. On a bus.4. A. It was sold out.B. It was too expensive.C. She didn’t like it.D. It was uninteresting.5. A. Go for a long walk with her friend.B. Rest and take care of herself.C. Stay at home and do her exercises.D. Catch up with her reading.Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear 2 short passages. The passage will be read only once. At the end of the passage, you will hear 5 questions about what was said. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to each question.Passage 16. A. Almost half their money.B. Almost all their money.C. Almost one-third of their money.D. Most of their money.7. A. Right after the food is ready.B. Right after the father makes the cross over the bread with aknife.C. Right after the mother distributes each member a piece of brad.D. Right after the father gives everyone a piece of bread.8. A. The famous French food.B. The French family meal.C. The French family reunion.D. The French gable manners.Passage 29. A. Means for winter traveling.B. Methods of fishing.C. How to hunt large animals.D. Political ways.10. A. Iron tools.B. Building canoes.C. Blazing trails.D. Planting crops.Section C Spot DictationDirections:In this part, you are going to hear a longer passage. The passage is printed below with some words and expressions missing. As you listen, fill in each of the blanks with the words and expressions you have heard.Our sleep time over the past century has been reduced by almost 20 percent.Generally, adults need to sleep one hour for every two hours awake, which means that most need about eight hours of sleep a night. Of course, some people need more and some less. Children and teenagers need an average of about ten hours.The brain keeps an exact (11) ______________ of how much sleep it is owed. My colleagues and I coined the term sleep debt because accumulated lost sleep is like a monetary debt: it must be paid back. If you get an hour less than a full night’s sleep, you carry an hour of sleep debt into the next day—and your (12) ______________ to fall asleep during the daytime becomes stronger.During the five-day workweek, if you get six hours of sleep each night instead of the eight you needed, you would build up a sleep debt of ten hours (five days times two hours). Because sleep debt accumulates in an additive (13) ______________, by day five your brain would tend toward sleep as strongly as if you’d stayed up all night. From this perspective, sleeping until noon on Saturday is not getting enough to pay back the ten lost hours as well as meet your nightly (14) ______________ of eight; you would have to sleep until about 5 p.m. to balance the sleep ledger.But for most people it is difficult to sleep that long because of the alerting mechanism of our (15) ______________ clock.Section D SummaryDirections:Listen to the passage and write a summary in no less than 50 words.Part II Reading Comprehension (20%)Directions:In this section, there are 4 short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C and D, and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet A.Passage 1However important we may consider school life to be, there is no denying the fact that children spend more time at home than in the classroom. Therefore, the great influence of parents cannot be ignored or discounted by the teacher. They can become strong allies of the school personnel or they can consciously or unconsciously hinder and thwart curricular objectives.Administrators have been aware of the need to keep parents apprised (告知) of the newer methods used in schools. Many principals have conducted workshops explaining such matters as the reading readiness program, manuscript writing and development mathematics.Moreover, the classroom teacher, with the permission of the supervisors, can also play an important role in enlightening parents. The informal tea and the many interviews carried on during the year, as well as new ways of reporting pupils’ progress, can significantly aid in achieving a harmonious interplay between school and home.To illustrate, suppose that a father has been drilling Junior in arithmetic process night after night. In a friendly interview, the teacher can help the parent sublimate his natural paternal interest into productive channels. He might be persuaded to let Junior participate in discussing the family budget, buying the food, using a yardstick or measuring cup at home, setting the clock, calculating mileage on a trip and engaging in scores of other activities that have a mathematical basis.If the father follows the advice, it is reasonable to assume that he will soon realize his son is making satisfactory progress in mathematics, and at the same time, enjoying the work.Too often, however, teachers’ conferences with parents are devoted to petty accounts of children’s misdemeanors, complaints about laziness and poor work habits, and suggestion for penalties and rewards at home.16. The central idea conveyed in the above passage is that _______.A. home training is more important than school trainingbecause a child spends so many hours with his parentsB. teachers can and should help parents to understand andfurther the objective of the schoolC. there are many ways in which the mathematics program canbe implemented at homeD. parents have a responsibility to help students in doing homework17. The author directly discussed the fact that _______.A. parents drill their children too much in arithmeticB. principals have explained the new art programs to parentsC. a father can have his son help him construct articles at homeD. a parent’s misguided efforts can be properly directed18. It can reasonably be inferred that the author _______.A. is satisfied with present relationships between home and schoolB. feels that schools are woefully lacking in guidance personnelC. believes that the traditional program in mathematics isslightly better than developmental programD. feels that the parent-teacher interviews can be made muchmore constructive than they are at present19. The author implies that _______.A. participation in interesting activities relating to asubject improves one’s achievements in that areaB. school principals do more than their share in interpretingthe curriculum to the parentsC. only a small part of the school day should be set apart fordrilling in arithmeticD. teachers should occasionally make home visit to parents20. We may infer that the writer of the article does not favor _______.A. a father’s helping his son with the latter’s studiesB. written communications to the parent from the teacherC. having the parent observe lessons which the children are being taughtD. principal-parent conferences rather than teacher-parent conferencesPassage 2E-business requires instantaneous decision-making and KM (knowledge management) has a tremendous role to play in achieving this as well as quality feedback. Real-time business without proper knowledge and feedback information quickly turns into real-time unsupervised and valueless chaos. Lack of adequate knowledge flow and coherent real-time views of a situation inevitably lead to disastrous consequences. The infamous Barings Bank operated a real-time futures business without real-time checks and balances, and did not ensure adequate quality of knowledge flows from the trading floor to controllers and managers. Itwas too-much-too-fast coupled with too-little-quality-feedback and insufficient understanding. There was too little real-time knowledge at hand and it turned out a spectacular disaster.The missing link was KM. No serious e-business effort should be undertaken without considering, planning and implementing a strong KM infrastructure. Real-time knowledge must flow from those who have it to those who must be able to make the right move at the right time. And there is no time to spare. E-businesses must be equipped with interactive workflow tools and real-time business intelligences feedback in a clear and understandable format. People involved must have access to all underlying documents at all times at a snap of their fingers. Otherwise they will guess rather than make informed decisions. Or words, in fear of making a huge mistake, people will make no decisions at all.Take a home loan application process for example. You would most likely apply to a number of banks at the same time. They would obviously complete on pricing, but the bank that can make your credit assessment first and most effectively, process the documentation and inform you on the progress every step of the way will get your business. The rest may be stuck with less demanding, more risk-prone customers. This may affect their overall profitability, and ability to complete on price and service in the future. It could put them out of business altogether. So is therea link between e-business and KM? I surely think so.21. According to the passage, in doing e-business, you must _______.A. make quick decisionsB. learn many disciplinesC. work hardD. know how to promote yourself22. As the author puts it, being short of _______ will lead to failure in e-business.A. support from the governmentB. sufficient knowledge flow and accurate views of the situationC. qualified managersD. loan from the bank23. Barings Bank went bankrupt because _______.A. it involved itself in the futures businessB. its manager was not an expertC. it failed to smooth the knowledge flow and the feedback processesD. of its slow decision-making process24. Some managers do not make decisions because _______.A. they are not provided with sufficient informationB. they are slow in thinkingC. they are very democraticD. they have limited rights in the company25. When you apply for a home loan, you tend to choose a band with _______.A. offers the lowest interestB. if located quite near to your houseC. will keep you informed of the on-goings in the processD. is big and famousPassage 3When it comes to leisure activities, Americans aren’t quite the funseekers they’ve been supposed to be. For one out of five, weekends and vacations are consumed by such drudgeries as housecleaning, yardworking, and cooking; only one-third of them enjoy the luxury of relaxing in the sun, going camping, playing sports, or simply relaxing.Americans were asked how they occupy themselves on days they are not at work. According to the poll, older people, the rich, and the well-educated are most apt to spend their spare time doing the things they “want to do” rather than those they “have to”.Overall, high-salaried respondents were more active than those with lower incomes—they reported watching less television and were ore likely to engage in social and cultural activities. Furthermore, those with college degrees were about twice as likely as those with no more than a high school education to spend time playing sports (42 percent compared to 23 percent).On the subject of vacations, the study found that college graduates were more likely than those with only high school degrees to have vacation plans (80 percent versus 60 percent). Of those who did intend to take some time off, 46 percent planned a sightseeing vacation (34 percent in the United States, 12 percent abroad), 34 percent expected to visit friends or relatives, 22 percent headed for the beach or lake, and 12 percent intended to relax at home.People who are divorced, widowed, or separated, the survey concluded, are the least likely of any group to take a vacation—and the least likely to attach any important to it.26. The passage is mainly about _______.A. different ways of spending one’s leisure timeB. active entertainment and passive entertainmentC. factors that affect people’s attitudes towards vacationD. how Americans spend their holidays27. According to a recent study, how many Americans spend theweekends doing housework?A. One fifth of them.B. Four fifths of them.C. One third of them.D. Two thirds of them.28. According to the passage, the most popular type of vacationin the United States is _______.A. relaxing in the sunB. visiting friends or relativesC. playing sportsD. visiting interesting places29. Who are the least likely to take a vacation?A. Businesswomen.B. Factor workers.C. Separated couples.D. Elderly people.30. Which of the following if NOT mentioned as a factor thatinfluences the way people spend their holidays?A. Family income.B. Social position.C. Age.D. Educational background.Passage 4If national health insurance would not cure the problems of the American health-care system, what, then, is responsible for them? Suspicion falls heavily on hospitals, which make up the largest component of the system. In 1988 hospitals accounted for 39 percent of all expenditures—more than doctors, nursing homes, drugs, and home health care combined.Although US hospitals provide outstanding research and frequently excellent care, they also exhibit the classic attributes of inefficient organizaions; increasing costs and decreasing use. The average cost of a hospital stay in 1987—$3,850—was more than double the 1980 cost. A careful government analysis published in 1987 revealed the inflation of hospital costs, over and above general price inflation, as a major factor in their growth, even after allowances were made for increase in the population and in intensity of care. While the rate of increase for hospital costs was 27 percent greater than that of all medical care and 163 percent greater than that for all other goods and services, demand for hospital services fell by 34 percent. But hospitals seemed obvious of the decline: during this period the number of hospital beds shrank only by about three percent, and the number of full-time employees grew by more than 240,000.After yet another unexpectedly high hospital-cost increase last year, one puzzled government analyst asked, “Where’s the money going?” Much of the increase in hospital costs—amounting to $180 billion from 1965 to 1987—went to duplicating medical technology available in nearby hospitals and maintaining excess beds. Modern healthcare, a leading journal in the field, recently noted that “anecdotes of [hospitals] unne cessary spending on technology abound.” Medical technology is veryexpensive. An operating room outfitted to perform open-heart surgery costs hundreds of thousands of dollars. From 1982 to 1989 the number of hospitals with open-heart-surgery facilities grew by 33 percent, and the most rapid growth occurred among smaller and moderate-sized hospitals. This growth was worrisome for reasons of both costs and quality. Underused technology almost inevitably decreases quality of care. In medicine, as in everything else, practice makes perfect. For example, most of the hospitals with the lowest mortality rates for coronary-bypass surgery perform at least fifty to a hundred such procedures annually, and in some cases many more; the majority of those with the highest mortality rates perform fewer than fifty a year.31. According to the passage, the American health-care system _______.A. is working smoothlyB. is the best system in the worldC. is not working efficientlyD. is on the point of collapse32. In 1980, the average cost of a hospital stay was _______.A. $3,850B. less than $1,925C. $1,925D. more than $1,92533. When demand for hospital services fell, hospitals _______.A. took effective measures to reduce their expendituresB. were fully aware of the situation and took some measures accordinglyC. reduced the number of hospital beds sharplyD. continued to take on more full-time medical workers34. According to the passage, hospital costs went up greatlymainly because _______.A. hospitals spent a lot of money unnecessarily on medical technologyB. hospitals bought too much expensive operating equipmentC. hospitals employed too many unskilled medical workersD. hospitals were under poor management35. It is implied in the last paragraph that if a hospital usesits medical technology to the full, _______.A. it will decrease its quality of treatmentB. it will certainly push up its expendituresC. it will have a high mortality rate from surgeryD. it will maintain its good quality of carePart III Translation (20%)Section A Put the following into Chinese:When the war began on January 18th, the authorities believed that the multi-national force was irresistible and that the war would be short and swift. But now, the situation seems quite the reverse; the war is likely to take at least several months before it blows itself out.No matter how long the war lasts, it is undeniably a great tragedy. The region is now bristling with bombers, warships and soldiers. Saddam Hussein has already begun to make random bombing attacks on Israel and Saudi Arabia. He has even brazenly threatened to use missiles charged with biological or chemical warheads.Whether or not the Gulf War is a just war is a hotly debated question. Although most people agree with the deployment of soldiers in the region, a considerable number of people do not want Britain to get involved.Section B Put the following abstract into English:摘要：本文从英文标题、作者署名与工作单位、英文摘要、英文关键词等四个方面阐述了科技论文英文摘要的写作特点、模式及摘要写作中应避免出现的一些问题，同时强调对摘要写作的客观性、学术性和语体风格等问题给予足够的重视。
2012年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2012年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】2012年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解时间：180分钟Paper One注意：答案请做在答题卡上，做在试题上一律无效Part I Vocabulary and Structure(15%)Directions:There are30incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Thenmark the corresponding letter on Answer SheetⅠwith a single line through the center 1.The concept of vocational or professional identity differs______between the United Sates and Japan.A.clearB.markedlyC.outstandinglyD.greedily【答案】B【解析】句意：美国和日本在职业或专业身份的概念定义上存在明显差异。
markedly明显地；显著地。
clear清楚的；明显的。
outstanding杰出的；突出的。
greedily贪婪地；贪食地。
此处需要的是具有“明显，显著”含义的副词。
2.Now that her son was old enough to support the family,Mr.Williams decided to leave everything at his______.A.handB.advocacyC.tacklingD.disposal【答案】D【解析】句意：既然她的儿子已长大到足以支撑整个家庭，威廉姆斯先生决定将所有事都交给他来处理。
2007年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2007年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解Paper OnePartⅠVocabulary and Structure(15%)Directions:There are30incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Thenmark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.1.We hadn’t enough money to pay our bus fare,and in______we had to walk.A.particularB.consequenceC.possessionD.succession【答案】B【解析】句意：我们没有足够的钱付车费，结果我们就不得不走路。
in particular特别。
in possession(法)占有，持有。
in succession接连着。
2.Wealthy people sometimes feel a______to steal things they can easily afford to buy.A.prioritypulsionC.privilegeD.repulsion【答案】B【解析】句意：富人有时会一时冲动，偷窃他们明明能买得起的东西。
compulsion（心理）难以抗拒的冲动。
priority优先。
privilege特权。
repulsion（医）排斥，斥力。
3.This young man,______with a craving for materialistic gratification,cares about nothing but money.A.obsessedB.negotiatedpromisedD.provided【答案】A【解析】句意：这个年轻人，太痴迷于物质上的满足，除了金钱，他什么都不在乎。
2004年考研真题及答案解析
2004考研英语真题答案解析Section I Listening ComprehensionDirections:This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C.Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.Now look at Part A in your test booklet.Part ADirections:For questions 1 - 5, you will hear a talk about the geography of Belgium. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points)Geography of BelgiumThree main regions coastal plaincentral plateau1Highest altitude of the coastal plain m 2Climate near the sea humid3Particularly rainy months of the years April4Average temperatures in July in Brussels low 13 ℃High ℃ 5听力原文Belgium has three main geographic regions: the coastal plain, the central plateau and the highlands. The coastal plain extends inlands 16 to 48 kilometers on the northwest. Along the north sea is a lowlying area consisting mainly of sandy hills and sections of lands reclaimed from the sea. The coastal p lain’s elevation ranges from sea level to 20 metres.The central plateau is a gently rolling, slightly elevated area, irrigated by many waterways and containing a number of wide, fertile valleys with a rich soil. The highlands, a densely-wooded plateau, averaging 460 metres in elevation, extends across southeastern Belgium and into northeastern France. Located here is the highest peak in Belgium with an elevation of 694 meters.The climate near the sea is humid and mild. Farther inland, a marked increase in the range of temperature occurs. In the highlands, hot summers alternate with cold winters. Heavy rains are confined almost exclusively to the highlands. Fog and rain are common, and April and November are particularly rainy months. In Brussels, the average temperatures range from zero to 5 degrees Centigrade in January and from 13 to 22 degrees Centigrade in July. Along the coast, the average range is 1 degree to 5 degrees Centigrade in January and 14 to 20 degrees Centigrade in July.解题指导：预览指导语及表格，以便对录音材料的内容大概了解，同时也是为了有针对性地听录音，捕捉每个空格的答案信息。
2004年秋电子科技大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2004年秋电子科技大学考博英语真题及详解I.Vocabulary（0.5×30）Directions:In each item,identify one of the four choices A,B,C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence if it substitutes the underlined word or phrase.Mark your choice on the Answer Sheet with a pencil.1.Obviously these are all factors affecting smooth operation,but the underlying problem is still to be identified.A.operationalB.fundamentalC.operatingD.underneath【答案】B【解析】operational操作的。
fundamental基础的，根本的。
operating运行的，操作的。
underneath下面的。
2.If you can convince the interviewer of your special qualifications,your chance of being accepted will be greatly enhanced.A.appreciatedB.encouragedC.frustratedD.increased【答案】D【解析】appreciated感激的。
encouraged受到鼓励的。
frustrated沮丧的。
increased增强的。
3.Initially his book did not receive much attention,but two weeks after the critic’s review appeared in the newspapers,it climbed to the best sellers’list.A.At firstB.First of allC.At first sightD.From the first【答案】A【解析】at first最初。
2004年全国医学博士统一考试英语试题及答案(完整)
2004MD医学博士入学考试英语试卷PartⅠListening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what issaid.The question will be read only once.After you hear the question,read the four possible answers marked A,B.,C and D.Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I feel faint.Man:No wonder.You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What’s the matter the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She was bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let's begin with question Number1.1.A.Breast cancer.B.Lung cancer.C.Pneumonia.D.Leukemia.2.A.Visit his uncle's doctor.B.See a doctor.C.Ride more carefully.D.Take it easy.3.A.Six.B.Twenty-four.C.Twelve.D.Three.4.A.Mrs.White.B.Mr.White's father's family.C.Mrs.White's father's family.D.Mr.White.5.A.Monday,Wednesday,and Friday.B.Tuesday and Saturday.C.Tuesday and Thursday.D.Saturday and Sunday.6.A.It's too long.B.It's the dullest.C.It's ridiculous.D.It's too short.7.A.He thinks that there's more depression among users of the internet.B.He doubts there is a correlation between the Internet and depression.C.He is sure that being on the Internet can lead to depression.D.He thinks that depression can make people spend more time on theInternet.8.A.She is full.B.She has trouble digesting pears.C.She thinks there is not enough.D.She just wants a small one.9.A.Take it back to the store.B.Find the warranty.C.Read instructions.D.Call for help.10.A.She bought it at a well-known store.B.It was very expensive.C.She doesn’t consider it gorgeous.D.Someone gave it to her.11.A.She did poorly on physics.B.She got a B in physics.C.She didn’t want to.D.She was an average student.12.A.She has been busy working on her chemistry.B.She hasn’t got a partner yet.C.She prefers biology to chemistry.D.She is sick and tired of biology.13.A.He likes classical music.B.He dislikes classical music a lot.C.He hasn’t learned to appreciate classical music yet.D.He hasn’t listened to any classical music before.14.A.In the clinic.B.In the ward.C.In the drug store.D.In the department store.15.A.His passenger saved him in time.B.He was driving very slowly.C.He was driving a new car.D.He had fastened his seat belt.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear three passages.After each one,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four Possible answers marker A,B,C,and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on your ANSWER SHEET. Passage One16.A.Nausea.B.Fever.C.A cold.D.Diarrhea.17.A.The stale food he ate.B.The fruit juice he drank.C.Too much food he ate.D.The cold he got.18.A.Porridge.B.Purified wate.C.Pizza.D.Apple juice.19.A.When his stool becomes loose and watery.B.When his diarrhea becomes inconveniently frequent and watery.C.When his lips and mouth are dry.D.When he loses a lot of body fluids.20.A.It is a mild case of diarrhea.B.It is an urgent case of diarrhea.C.It is improving.D.It is deteriorating.Passage Two21.A.Psychosocial effects of breast surgery.B.Life crises of cancer patients.C.Female self-image in society.D.A woman’s perception of her identity.22.A.It may affect a woman’s physical activity.B.It may affect a woman’s self-image as a female.C.It may affect a woman’s perception of idealism.D.It may affect a woman’s breast reconstruction.23.A.Because they can put the woman on medication to aid recovery.B.Because they can help the woman find a job if she is unemployed.C.Because they can help the woman find a new partner and remarry.D.Because they can help the woman get over the physical and psychological blow.24.A.Because they dread that they will have to see a psychiatrist.B.Because they think that anxiety and depression are natural responses.C.Because they can’t recover from the psychological blow of the disease.D.Because they fear that the medications they receive are not effective.25.A.Encouraging her to discuss sexual problems with her partner openly.B.Advising her to see a psychiatrist for further treatment.C.Advising her to reveal the diagnosis of breast cancer to others.D.Advising her to use prosthetic device or undergo breast reconstruction.Passage Three26.A.Learning autonomy.B.American education.C.Respect for professors.D.Guidelines for using the library in the U.S.A.27.A.To know all the answers.B.To know a library works.C.To be completely dependent on their professors.D.To take the initiative and be independent.28.A.Professors in the United States are very busy.B.Professors in the U.S.have some other duties besides teaching.C.Professors in the U.S.enjoy publishing articles and books.D.Professors in the U.S.do not have much time to spend with their students outsideclass.29.A.He should go to the library.B.He should turn to his professor for help during office hours.C.He should set office hours for his professor.D.He should always seek help from his professor in class.30.A.One who is interested in getting good grades in exams.B.One who can finish the assignment on time.C.One who is motivated to learn for the sake of learning.D.One who can spend much time with his professor.Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section all the sentences are incomplete,beneath each of which are four words or phrases,marked A,B,C and D.Choose the word or phrasethat can best completes the statement and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.31.All the characters in the play are_____.A.imaginableB.imaginaryC.imaginativeD.imagining32.The judge______all the charges against Smith.A.dismissedB.eliminatedC.refusedD.discarded33.The actress____the terms of her contract and was prosecuted by the producer.A.ignoredB.ratifiedC.draftedD.violated34.At this time of the year,university admission offices are_____with inquiries from anxious applicants.A.annoyedB.thrilledC.trampledD.reproached35.When the former President____her candidacy,she knew she had a good chance of being elected.A.enforcedB.endorsedC.followed upD.put forward36.The country’s highest medal was____upon him for heroism.A.earnedB.bestowedC.creditedD.granted37.The local government leaders are making every effort to____the problem of poverty.A.tackleB.taperC.suppressD.tangle38.At the party we found that the shy girl____her mother all the time.A.harmonizing withB.clinging toC.depending onD.adjusting to39.We managed to reach the top of the mountain,and half an hour later we began to ____.A.declineB.ascendC.descendD.plunge40.Losing the job was bad,but even worse was the feeling that I had____my dear wife and children.A.let aloneB.let downC.let offD.let upSection BDirections:In this section each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four other words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the one word or phrase which would best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined part.Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.The temperature of the atmosphere becomes colder as elevation increases.A.altitudeB.aptitudetitudeD.longitude42.She was so stubborn that she wouldn’t change her opinions.A.unwillingB.talentedC.obstinateD.determined43.On Christmas Eve,she spent two hours decorating the room with flower chains.A.modifyingB.ornamentingC.disposingD.packing44.Nobody can stand for long agony of a severe toothache.A.sufferanceB.suppurationC.plagueD.torment45.When we recall a story of identical offspring of Adolf Hitler being raised in order to further his horrible work,we are outraged.A.enlightenedB.calmedC.provokedD.moved46.Only native-born citizens are eligible for the U.S.presidency.A.obligedB.intelligiblepetentD.qualified47.Tomorrow’s match has been called off because of the foul weather.A.preventedB.delayedC.cancelledD.forbidden48.Losing his job was a financial catastrophe for his family.A.calamityB.accidentC.frustrationD.depression49.Children were expected to be obedient and contribute to the well-being of the family.A.smartB.efficientC.painstakingD.submissive50.While many applaud the increasing individualism and freedom of children within thefamily,others lament the loss of family responsibility and discipline.A.mournB.delightC.prosecuteD.condemnPartⅢCloze(10%)Directions:in this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank, there are four choices marked a,b,c,and d list on the right side.Choose thebest answer and mark the letter of your choice on the answer sheet.Robert Spring,a19th century forger,was so good at his profession that he was able to make his living for15years by selling false signatures of famous Americans.Spring was born in England in1813and_51_in Philadelphia in1858to open a bookstore.At first he prospered by selling his small but_52_collection of early U.S.autographs. Discovering his ability at copying handwriting,he began_53_signatures of George Washington and Ben Franklin and writing them on the title pages of old books.To lesson the chance of detection,he sent his forgeries to England and Canada for sale and_54_.Forgers have a hard time selling their produces.A forger can’t approach a_55_ buyer must deal with people who don’t have much knowledge in the field.Forgers have many ways to make their work look real.For example,they buy old books to use the _56_paper of the title page,and they can treat paper and ink with chemicals.In Spring’s time,_57_after the Civil War,Britain was still fond of the Southern state, so Spring_58_a respectable maiden lady known as Miss Fanny Jackson,the only daughter of General“Stonewall”Jackson.For several years Miss Fanny’s__59__ problems forced her to see a great number of letters and manuscripts belonging to herfamous father.Spring had to work very hard to satisfy the demand.All this activity did not prevent Spring from dying in poverty,leaving sharp-eyed experts the difficult task of separating his forgeries from the__60__.51.A.arrived B.migrated C.traveled D.moved52.A.excellent B.genuine C.false D.rare53.A.originating B.innovating C.designing D.imitating54.A.subscription B.retention C.circulation D.accumulation55.A.respectful B.respectable C.respective D.respecting56.A.rough B.fragile C.aged D.preserved57.A.right B.simply C.only te58.A.invented B.discovered C.detected D.locatedwful B.financial C.administrative D.criminal60.A.fakes B.realities C.originals D.duplicatesPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Direction:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Passage OneAlthough speech and writing are the special means of communicating of humans, the interchange also takes place in many other ways.A person may relay his or her feelings,thoughts,and reactions through body positioning,body contact,body odors, eye contact,responsive actions,habits,attitudes,interests,state of health,dress and grooming,choice of life-style,and use of talents---in fact,through everything the individual says or does.In turn,every person is constantly receiving multitudes of external and internal messages through his or her five senses and personal biorhythm system.An individual screens,selects,regulates,and controls specific aspects of this Information through a process of mental choices.Some of these choices are automatic;some are subconscious because of habit,block,or lack of development;and some are made bya conscious process.The degree to which a person is able to communicate depends upon the extent of his or her conscious awareness,priority of need,and control of this process.The person with a b behavior disorder is shut off from the communicative flow that normally exists among humans.His or her mind is confused,and he or she may feel unable to express personal thoughts,need,and emotions,and unable to make himself or herself understood.Sometimes the person may feel that he or she is communicating clearly but that others cannot or will not understand.Because the person is thus isolated in internal problems,he or she is interested only in these problems and cannot focus attention on the messages of others.The person often projects fears and fantasies onto others,so that no matter what the real content is of the messages that others relay,the messages received are threatening ones.The causes of such communicative shutoffs are blocks in the neural pathways of the person’s processing of information.Sometimes a block is physical,as in deafness,mental retardation,brain tumor,or hardening of the cerebral arteries.However,the most common causes of blocks are injuries to a person’s emotional system.Emotional blocks occur to some degree in all human beings.They usually occurin childhood before good communicative skills are learned,and they are connected to individual symbolism.Unless such a block is removed shortly after happening,it can have profound and complicating effects that will distort emotional and mental growth and arrest the development potential of the individual.Even though a child with blocks will appear to grow and to seem mature in some ways,he or she will show the evidence of emotional blocking in efforts to communicate.61.The concluding phrase of the first paragraph implies that human communication.A.is characterized by two features,form and meaningB.is mainly conducted through speech and writingC.is of two functions,stimulation and responseD.takes two forms,verbal and nonverbal62.In the second paragraph the author is mainly concerned with.municative abilityB.external and internal messagesrmation and mental processingD.conscious and subconscious awareness63.Shut off from the communicative flow,the person with a behavior disorder.A.is unable to focus attention on internal problemsB.is isolated in internal problemsC.relays threatening messagesD.all of the above64.Which of the following is universal according to the passage?.A.Neural blocks.B.Physical blocks.C.Cerebral blocks.D.Emotional blocks.65.The passage ends with.A.the contributing factors to emotional and mental disorderB.the importance of acquiring good communicative skillsC.the significance of eliminating early emotional blocksD.the warning of emotional blocks common in childhoodPassage TwoDepression is a state of low vitality and discontent with life in which the individual withdraws from normal life activities even to the point of considering death as an attractive alternative.Although everyone experiences“the blues”or periods of low spirits when nothing in life seems to go well,when everything seems to be an effort,and when efforts lead to frustration,these periods are usually brief and are likely to occur when the person is tired, hungry,lonely,or sick.Rest,good food,talking with friends,some fun,and/or an end to the sickness are usually enough to cure the blues.But when the low spirits persist,or when there are large swings in mood from elation to desolation,when nothing seems to catch the interest of the person,when relatives or friends cannot cheer the person and heor she continues to withdraw,then the person is depressed.Even such depressions are normal under certain circumstances.Anyone who is faced with a serious and painful illness or the loss of a limb,is exhausted by repeated narrow escapes from death(such as occurs in wartime），has been exposed to a dehumanizing environment（such as occurred with the Jews in Nazi Germany），has had an overwhelming series of stressful setbacks,or has experienced the death of several family members within a short time is expected to be depressed.However,there are many depressed people who seem to the casual observer to have no reason to be depressed.Depression under these circumstances stems from severe behavior disturbance in which the person sees himself or herself as worthless.Such an image is usually the result of the psychosocial conditioning of a childhood deprived of a parental role model of security,love,care,and attention essential for the development of trusting relationships.The depressed person needs to build a new image of himself or herself as a useful and needed person.Psychotherapy is often helpful in restoring natural inner confidence and capacity for meaningful and trusting relationships.The depressed person can find little beauty or fun in.life.His or her talk is filled with gloomy negatives.Doom and anxiety fill his or her mind.Depression is often cyclical,and when the anxiety does lift the person may demonstrate an opposite extreme of carefree irresponsibility.Although it often takes years of psychotherapy for the individual to work through the underlying suspicion and anger of his or her problems,acceptance by another will get through to even the most deeply depressed person if the other is sincere.An attitude of matter-of-fact hopefulness on the part of those around the depressed person can reassure him or her of eventual recovery.The disturbed thoughts of the depressed person cannot be forgotten until they are replaced by other thoughts.Yet,in depression,the person does not see that he or she has choices about what thoughts occupy his or her mind.The person needs to explore alternatives for thoughts and actions and learn to care for himself or herself enough to modify his or her own behavior.66.Unlike others,according to the passage,a depressed person＿·A.is likely to recover in a short period of timeB.does not reveal any underlying causeC.is characteristic of self-hatredD.tends to stay with"the blues"67.From a serious and painful illness to the death of several family members,the author is trying to tell us that.A.depressions can potentially be detrimental to mental healthB.the severity of depressions varies with individualsC.depressions are overwhelmingly prevailingD.depressions are sometimes inescapable68.Those who present no reason to be depressed,according to the passage.A.need protect their self-imagesB.need a parental role model at homeC.can be helped psychologically to be useful and needed personsD.can be helped to restore their trusting relationships with their parents69.The author implies that what the depressed person needs most is.A.sincerityB.acceptanceC.reassuranceD.all of the above70.Under psychotherapy,the depressed person is encouraged.A.to free his or her mind of any thoughtB.to find substitutes for the disturbed thoughtsC.to reassure himself or herself of early recoveryD.to explore as many therapeutic approaches as possiblePassage ThreeSeana lived is the inpatient hospice unit for more than a.month,far longer than anyone would have predicted,sustained only on pain edications and Popsicles.Late March in Chicago is only technically spring.Most of the time it is still cold and overcast.However,this day was warm,60degrees and sunny.It was a Saturday and we planned to go outside after I finished rounds.I found Seana back on the unit sitting in her wheelchair,IV pole and pumps in tow,her winter coat partially covering her hospital gown.Her sister-in-law and Carla,her nurse’s aide,were ready to go.Everyone was in a great mood.We went down the elevator,into the brightly sunlit outdoor,and onto the driveway by the women’s hospital.Though the initial idea was to just sit in the sun a bit,we were drawn toward the sidewalk.There were the usual smokers outside the hospital,and the smell of cigarette smoke was the first thing I noticed.It seemed horrible to come out here, to have that smell be the first thing to greet Seana.Simultaneous with that thought, though,she said,“What a wonderful smell!”I asked her what smell was so wonderful and she said that it smelled like McDonald’s.I was thinking,she really does appreciate everything.We went on to the sidewalk and watched a father pitching a ball to his4-year-old son.The continuity between generations was moving,almost beyond words. As we got to the corner,an inspiration came:we could make it to Lake Michigan,only a few blocks away.Did she want to try?Did everyone want to try?Of course we did!Carla said that it felt like we were cutting school.So off we went,across Sheridan Road,the four of us quite a motley sight:Seana looking like death warmed over in her wheelchair,I wearing my gray hospital coat,the nurse’s aide in an outrageous green leather coat,her sister-in-law in an Ohio State sweatshirt.Car slowed down;we waved.We walked up the road to the beach,cutting through rutted lawns,the wheelchair bumping in the spring mud.Seana didn’t say much,but she seemed translucent in the sun,beaming,lit from within.I imagined it as her farewell tour of the world.I can only fathom the poignant wealth of feelings that were stimulated.For me,it evoked the sense of being a tourist, where everything seems special,a little strange,and very impermanent.I had experienced this same lakefront that way three years before.Then,I had just recovered from my own near death in the form of a myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest and was filled with joy and gratitude that I was still here.The world looked new.I had been Seana’s age.See taught me that awareness of death and appreciation of life go together:to imagine that you are seeing things for the last time has the same intensity as seeing them for the first.70.Upon finishing rounds,the author.A.joined Seana for an outingB.went to the inpatient hospice unitC.managed to get a wheelchair for SeanaD.found the perfect weather for a stroll with Seana72.We can infer that the smell of smoke made the author feel that_______.A.it was a wrong idea to smoke outside of the hospitalB.the sidewalk was a wrong place for smokingC.it had been the right plan to go outD.Seana was at a wrong place73.Outside the hospital,Seana enjoyed everying including________.A.the fast food at McDonald’sB.the smell of smokeC.the generation gapD.all of the above74.The author would say that Seana being wheeled in the sun_______.A.was fascinated by the team’s motley sightB.imagined her farewell tour of the worldC.was emotionally aroused from withinD.was fond of appreciating nature75.During the outing,the author perceived Seana’s appreciation of life______.A.in her hope of recoveryB.in her awareness of deathC.in seeing things for the first timeD.in being a tourist at the lakefrontPassage FourTwo equally brilliant scientists apply for a prestigious research fellowship awarded by a top scientific organization.One is white,the other black.Does the color of their skin matter?Most scientists will already be screaming a resounding“no”.Those who progress in science do so because of their work,not their pigmentation.Science is meritocratic and objective.It must therefore be rigorously color-blind and shun both racial discrimination and affirmative action.Well,let’s think about this.If science really is so meritocratic,where are all the black Nobel prizewinners and fellows of the Royal Society?The black chairs of government scientific panels?The black Richard Dawkinses and Susan Greenfields?When Newsweek magazine recently surveyed Europe’s largest100copanies,it was shocked to unrearth only six board members of non-European racial origin.One shudders to thinks what a similar survey of upper echelons of European science would reveal.Even the usually stick-in-the-mud British government now acknowledges there is a st month it promised new funding for projects designed to combat institutional racism in science education in schools.As measures go it is little and late, but welcome nontheless.Despite starting school as the top achievers,balck British children have long underperformed in science.And there are positive changes afoot higher up the scientific career ladder too.At present,few scientific organizations,funding bodies or labs inEurope bother even to track the racial background of those they hire or fund.As a result the full scale of the under-representation problem is hidden.Not for much longer.Britain’s newly amended Race Relationa Act requires all government bodies,including funding councils,to track the effects of their activities on different ethnic groups and ensure that benefit equally. And next year a European union directive will push all EU employers this way too.But ethnic monitoring alone will not creat the back role models European Science so badly needs.Something else is needed.Funding agencies and influential organizations like the Royal Society must bite the bullet of affirmative action.That means ring-fencing fellowship and grants for applicants from particular racial background.And it mesns seeking out those who have beoken through the barriers of race and giving htem preference over their equally well-qualified white peers for positions of influence and places in the spotlight.Tokenism and fine sentiments will no longer do.With other professions having already leapt ahead in this area,the enduring whiteness of science is more than an embarrassment:it is a barrier to its vey credibility.If a large segment of Euope’s schoolchildren never see a scientist who looks like them,they will continue to think science is not for them.And it scientist don’t reflect the multiracial societies they live in, they’ll find it hard to win the public trust they crave.Does color matter?You bet it does.76.Science is not so meritocratic because.A.it is color-blindB.it is racially discriminativeC.it awards wrong research workersD.it is practiced by the white exclusively77.The embarrassing problem address in the passage.A.was proved by Newsweek magazine’s surveyB.shocked government scientific panelsC.was revealed by the Royal SocietyD.all of the above78.One of the positive changes afoot is.A.funding research instittution or labsB.setting up a scientific career ladderC.hiding the racial discriminationD.belitting racial backgrounds79.To bite the bullet of affirmative action is.A.to set up black role models in EuropeB.to keep up ethnic issues under surveillanceC.to restrict fellowship and grants to the balckD.to balance the distribution of fellowship and grants between the white the black80.The author argues that color matters because it is.A.the nature of scienceB.credibility in scienceC.an embarrassing tokenismD.mutual trust between generationsPassage FiveAbout14,000people will contract HIV today.And tomorrow and the day after that, and every day for the foreseeable future.That’s5million by the end of the year,most of whom will be dead within a decade.Figure like these bring home the devastating impact of AIDS and the Urgent need of for a cheap,effective vaccine.As a stroke,a vaccine could stop the tide of infection and stem the need for more,costly treatment.It could even help people who already have the virus healthy.Back in1990,drugs companies and researchers confidently predicted we’d Have a vaccine against HIV-1within10years.These were rash statement.The virus has turned out to be more cunning and stealthy than anyone expected.And our knowledge of how vaccine boister the immune system hasn’t been good enough.A dozen years on,we still have no clear-cut candidate for a vaccine.So you maight expected the announcement of two large-scale trials of AIDSVaccines to be applauded.Yet they have been criticized as a monumental waste of money.The trials will test almost identical vaccine,neither of which is expected to offer great protection against the virus.What’s more.both are fundedby the US government.One through the national Institute of Health and the other through the Department of Defense.The NIH and the DoD have a long history of rivalry in AIDS reseach.But in this case it seems sensible for the NIH to back down.Although the NIH is under pressure“to be seen to be doing something”,dublicating work of questioable value is itself questioable.Better to join forces with the military for this trail and spend money saved—whith amounts to about$60milliom—elsewhere.There are,after all,reasons for optimism.A new wave of vaccine from industry and academia has nearly completed safety tests.It makes sense to carry out limited trials of all this newcomers,to identify which ones offe the best protection,before committing tens of millions of dollars to larger trials.Such a strategy wounld need the agreement of drugs companies,government Agencies and medical charities–something that’s not as Utopian as it sounds.The NIH has already signed a deal to test a new AIDS vaccine made by the Pharmaceuticals giant Merck.And the international AIDS Vaccine Initiative,a not-for-profit funding organization based in New York,has pioneered new ways to divide up intellectual property rights for successful vaccines.What’s needed is cooperation and coordination,not competition.The important thing is to find the fastest route to an effective vaccine.Every day we forget that,another 14,000people pay the price.81.Today the tide of HIV infection.A.drowns14,000peopleB.calls for a cheap,effective vaccineC.rolls without any countervailing measureD.is curbed with an inexpensive,effective vaccine82.Neither of the vaccine tested in the two large-scale trails.A.is in the right trackB.turned out to be a manufacturer。
2004年华东政法大学考博入学考试英语真题
2004年华东政法大学考博入学考试英语真题Part I Listening comprehension。
(15％)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversation and the questions will be a pause. During the pause，you must read the four choices marked A, B，C，and D，and decide which is the best answer Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.A。
He’s a pharmacist。
B。
He’s a salesm an。
C. He’s a librarian D。
He's a doctor.2。
A。
She got interested in what she was reading。
B. She didn't wake up in timeC. She went home for lunch。
D. She did her shopping。
3. A。
She needs a quieter place. B。
She likes to listen to the recorder.C。
The new apartment is cheaper D. The present one is too expensive.4. A. In the side street B。
2004年03月考博英语试题+答案
中国科学院2004年3月博士研究生入学考试试题PARTⅡDirections: Choose the word or word below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on21. A knowledge of history us to deal with the vast range of problems confrontingA. equipsB. providesC.offers22. In assessing the impact of the loss of a parent through death and divorce it was the distortion of family relationships not the of the bond with the parent in divorce that wasA. dispositionB. distinctionC.distribution23. Finally, let's a critical issue in any honest exploration of our attitudes towards old people, namely the value which our society ascribes to themA. stick toB. turn toC.lead to24. Smuggling is a____________activity which might bring destruction to our economy; therefore,A. pertinentB. fruitfulC.detrimental25. The manufacturer was forced to return the money to the consumers under____________ofA. guidelineB. definitionC.constraintD. iden26. The food was divided____________A. equallyB. individuallyC.sufficiently27. Horseback riding____________both the skill of handing a horse and the mastery of diverseA. embracesB. encouragesC.exaggerates28. Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food,____________their cleanness, toughness, and loA. by virtue ofB. in addition to29. He cannot____________the fact that he was late again for the conference at the universityA. contribute toB. account forC.identify with30. Please do not be____________by his bad manners since he is merely trying to attractA. disgustedB. embarrassedC.irritated31. For nearly 50 years, Spock has been a____________author writing 13 books including anA. prevalentB. precautiousC.prospective32. Workers in this country are getting higher wages while turning out poor products that do not____________the test oA. keep up withB. stand up toply with33. The business was forced to close down for a period but was____________A. successivelyB. subsequentlyC.predominantlyD. prelimi34. The book might well have____________A. worked outB. gone throughC.caught on35. We had been taken over by another firm, and a management____________A. cleanupB. setupC.breakout36. The poor quality of the film ruined the____________A. ratherB. muchC.otherwise37. I'll have to____________this dress a bit before the wedding nexA. let offB. let goC.let loose38. They reached a(n)____________A. understandingB. acknowledgementC.concessionD. surrender39. After walking for hours without finding the village, we began to have____________about ourA. troublesB. fearsC.limitations40. If you don't want to talk to him, I'll speak to him____________A. on your accountB. on your behalfC.for your partPAET ⅢDirection: There are 15 blanks in this part of the test, read the passage through, Then, go back and choose the suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the world or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-The process by means of which human beings arbitrarily make certain things stand for otherEverywhere we turn, we see the symbolic process at work. There are__ 41__things men do orAlmost all fashionable clothes are__ 42__symbolic, so is food. We__ 43__our furniture to serve __ 44__visible symbols of our taste, wealth, and social position. We often choose our houses__ 45__the basis of a feeling that it “looks well”to have a “good address.”We trade perfectly good cars in for__ 46__models not always to get better transportation, but to give__ 47Such complicated and apparently__ 49__behavior leads philosophers to ask over and over again, “why ca n't human beings__ 50__simply and naturally.” Often the complexity of human life makes us look enviously at the relative__ 51__of such live as dogs and cats. Simply, the fact that symbolic process makes complexity possible is no__ 52__for wanting to__ 53__to a cat and to a cat-and-dog existence. A better solution is to understand the symbolic process__ 54__instead of41. A. many B. some C. few42. A. highly B. nearly C. merely43. A. make B. get C. possess44. A. of B. for C. as45. A. on B. to C. at46. A. earlier B. later C. former47. A. suggestion B. surprise C. explanation48. A. use B. afford C. ride49. A. useless B. impossible C. inappropriate50. A. live B. work C. stay51. A. passivity B. activity C. simplicity52. A. meaning B. reason C. time53. A. lead B. devote C. proceed54. A. so that B. in that C. considering that55. A. teachers B. students C. mastersPART ⅣDirections: You will read five passage in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some question or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-The Solar Decathlon is under way, and trams of students from 14 colleges and universities are building solar-powered homes on the National Mall in Washington, D. C. in an effort to promote this alternative energy source. This week judges in this Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored event will evaluate these homes and declare one the winner. Unfortunately, for the participants, it rained on the Sept 26th opening ceremonies, and the skies over the Washington have remained mostly overcast since. However, the conditions may have made for a more revealing demonstration of solaAlthough the Solar Decathlon's purpose is to advertise the benefits of electricity-generating solar panels and other residential solar gadgets, the bad weather has made it hard to ignore the limitations. As fate so amply demonstrated, not every day is a sunny day, and indeed DOE's “SolarSince solar is not an always available energy source, even a community consisting entirely of solar homes and businesses would still need to be connected to a constantly-running power plant (most likely natural gas or coal fired) to provide reliable electricity. For this reason, the fossil fuel savings and environmental benefits of solar are considerably smaller than many proponentsWashington, D. C. gets its share of sunny days as well, but even so, solar equipment provides only a modest amount of energy in relation to its cost. In fact, a $ 5,000 rooftop photovoltaic system typically generates no more than $ 100 of electricity per year, providing a rate of returnNor do the costs end when the system is installed. Like anything exposed to the elements, solar equipment is subject to wear and storm damage, and may need ongoing maintenance and repairs. In addition, the materials that turn sunlight into electricity degrade over time. Thus, solar panels will eventually need to be replaced, most likely before the investment has fully paid itself off in the form oSolar energy has always has its share of true believers willing to pay extra to feel good about their homes and themselves. But for homeowners who view it as an investment, it is not a good one. The economic realities are rarely acknowledged by the government officials and solar equipment manufactures involved in the Solar Decathlon and similarly one-sided promotions. By failing to be objective, the pro-56. The Solar Decathlon is most probably the name of a____________B. It has been raining since Sept 26th for thA. It has revealed a mechanical proble59. The environmental benefits of solar power are small because____________A. solar power plants can hardly avoid poll60. It can be inferred that “a passbook savings account”____________61. It can be inferred that in promoting solar energy the US government____________A. admitsEvery year, the American Lung Association (ALA) releases its annual report card on smog, and every year it gives an “F” to over h a lf the nation's counties and cities. When ALA's “State of the Air 2002” recently came out, dozens of credulous local journalists once again took the bait, ominously reporting that their corner of the nation received a failing grade. The national coverage was no better, repeating as fact ALA's statement that it is “gravely concerned” about air quality, and neglecting to solicit the views of even one scientist with a differing view. Too bad, because this report card says a lot less about actual air quality than it does about the tactics and motives ofThe very fact that 60 percent of counties were giver an “F” seems to be alarmist. This is particularly true given that smog levels have been trending downward for several decades. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) statistics, ozone, the primary constituent of smog, has declined by approximately 30 percent since the 1970s. And recent gains indicate that the progress will likely continue, even without the wave of new regulations ALA is now demanding.ALA is correct that some areas still occasionally exceed the federal standard for ozone, but such spikes are far less frequent than in the past. Even Los Angeles, the undisputed smog capital of America, has cleaned up its act considerably. Los Angeles, which exceeded federal smogstandards for 154 days in 1989, has had 75percent fewer such spikes in recent years. But an ALA-assigned “F”Most of the nation is currently in attainment with the current smog standard, and much of the rest is getting close, Nonetheless, ALA chose to assign an “ F” to entire county based on just a few readings above a strict new EPA standard enacted in 1997 but not yet in force. In effect, ALA demanded a standard even more stringent than the federal government's, which allows some leeway for a few anomalously high reading in otherwise clean areas. ALA further exaggerated the public-health hazard by grossly overstating the risks of these relatively minor and sporadic i62.The media's response to ALA's “State of the Air 2002”can best be described as____________63. By citing figures from the EPA, the author seem to contend that____________64. In Paragraph 3, the word “spikes”(in boldface) probably refers to____________65. The author draws on Los Angeles to prove that the ALA____________A. is right to assign an “F”66. The author agrees with the ALA that____________67. One of the problems with the ALA seems to be____________It was (and is )common to think that other animals are ruled by “instinct” whereas humans lost their instincts and ruled by “reason,”and that this is why we are so much more flexibly intelligent than other animals. William James, in his book Principles of psychology, took the opposite view. He argued that human behavior is more flexibly intelligent than that of other animals because we have more instincts than they do, not fewer. We tend to be blind to the existence of these instincts, however, precisely because they work so well-because they processinformation so effortlessly and automatically. They structure our thought so powerfully, he argued, that it can be difficult to imagine how things could be otherwise. As a result, we take “normal” behavior for granted. We do not realize that “normal” behavior needs to be explained at all. This “instinct blindness”makes the study of psychology difficult. To get past this problem, James suggested that we try to make the “natural seen strange.”“It takes a mind debauched by learning to carry the process of making the natural seem strange, so far as to ask for the why of any instinctiveIn our view, William James was right about evolutionary psychology. Making the natural seem strange is unnatural—it requires the twisted outlook seen, for example, in Gary Larson cartoons. Yet it is a central part of the enterprise. Many psychologists avoid the study of natural competences, thinking that there is nothing there to be explained. As a result, social psychologists are disappointed unless they find a phenomenon “that would surprise their grandmothers,” and cognitive psychologists spend more time studying how we solve problem we are bad at, like learning math or playing chess, than ones we are good at. But natural competences—our abilities to see, to speak, to find someone beautiful, to reciprocate a favor, to fear disease, to fall in love, to initiate an attack, to experience moral outrage, to navigate a landscape, and myriad others—are possible only because there is a vast and heterogeneous array of complex computational machinery supporting and regulating these activities. This machinery works so well that we don't even realize that it exists—we all suffer from instinct blindness. As a result, psychologists have neglected to study some of the most interesting machinery in the h68. William James believed that man is more flexibly intelligent than other animals because man is more____________A. It is c70. According to the author, which of the following is most likely studied nowadays by psychologist71. The author thinks that psychology is to____________B.C. study abnormal72. The author stresses that our natural abilities are____________A. not replaced by reaB. the same as other animals'D.In her 26 years of teaching English, Shannon McCuire has seen countless misplaced commas,But the instructor at US's Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge said her job is getting harde“I kid you not, the number of errors that I've seen in the past few years have multiplied five times,”Experts say e-mail and instant messaging are at least partly to blame for an increasing indifference toward the rules of grammar“They used to at least feel guilty (about mistakes),”said Naomi Baron, professor of linguistics at American University in Washington, D. C.“They didn't necessarily write a little better, but at leastIronically, Baron's latest book, “Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved and Where It's Heading,” became a victim of sloppy proofreading. The book's title is capitalized differently on the cover, spine and title page. “People used to lose their jobs over this,”she said. “And now“Whatever”describes Jeanette Henderson's attitude toward writing. The sophomore at the University of Louisiana at Monroe admits that her reliance on spell check has hurt her grades in English class. “Computer has spoiled us,”But the family and consumer sciences major believes her future bosses won't mind the mistakes as much as her professor does. “Th ey're not going to check semicolons, commas and stuff like that,” HenLSU's McGuire said she teaches her students to use distinct writing styles that fit theirShe emphasizes that there's the informal language of an e-mail to a friend, but there's also the well thouIt's not just e-Society as whole is becoming more informal. Casual wear at work used to be reserved for Friday, for example, but is now commonplace at most offices. There's also a greater emphasis on youth culture, and youth tend to use instant messaging more than adultsEnglish language has been neglected at different points in history but always rebounds. During Shakespearen times, for example, spelling wasn't considered important, and earlyThere will likely be a social force that recognizes the need for clear writing and swings theC. Students are becoming increa74. We can infer from the passage that college students____________B. mostly have very hC. It was renamedD. It caused her to lose77. According to the passage, sloppy writing____________A. parallels a social78.The word “distinct”（in boldface）in the context means____________A. clearB. differentC.A. EmailingB. Slack teachingC. Youth culture.D. Instant messaging.A. ConfiDarkness approached and a cold, angry wind gnawed at the tent like a mad dog. Camped above treeline in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming, the torrents of air were not unexpected and only a minor disturbance compared to the bestial gnawing going on behind my belly button. In an attempt to limit exposure of my bare bottom to the ice-toothed storm, I had pre-dug a half dozen catholes within dashing distance. Over and over, through the long night, the same scenario was repeated: out of the bay, out of the tent, rush squat, rush back.“Everyone can master a grief,”wrote Shakespeare,Diarrhea, the modern word, resembles the old Greek expression for “a flowing through.”Ancient Egyptian do ctors left descriptions of the suffering of Pharaohs scratched on papyrus even before Hippocrates, the old Greek, gave it a name few people can spell correctly. An equal opportunity affliction, diarrhea has laid low kings and common men, women, and children for at least as long as historians have recorded such fascinating trivia. It wiped out, almost, more soldiers in America's Civil War that guns and sword. In the developing world today, acute diarrhea strikes more than one billion humans every year, and leaves more than five million dead, usually the very young. Diarrhea remains one of the two most common m“Frequent passage of unformed watery bowel movements,”as described by Taver's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, diarrhea falls into two broad types: invasive and non-invasive. From bacterial sources, invasive diarrhea, sometimes called “dysentery,”attacks the lower intestinal wall causing inflammation, abscesses, and ulcers that may lead to mucus and blood (often “black blood” from the action of digestive juices) in the stools, high fever, “stomach” cramsfrom the depths of hell, and significant amounts of body fluid rushing from the patient's nether region. Serious debilitation, even death, can occur from the resulting dehydration and from the spread of the bacteria to other parts of the body. Non-invasive diarrheas grow from colonies of microscopic evil-doers that set up housekeeping on, but do not invade, intestinal walls. Toxins released by the colonies cause cramps, nausea, vomiting, and massive gushes of fluid from the patient's lower intestinal tract. Non-81.In Paragraph 1, the author uses the quoted word “grief”from Shakespeare to refer to____________A. the ter82. According to the description in Paragraph 1, which of the following did the author NOT do atB. Camping in the mounta83. Who first gave the disease the name84. According to Paragraph 2____________D. the elderly are more likely attacked by diarrhea than85. The invasive diarrhea and the non-invasive diarrhea are different in that____________C. the former makes the patPART ⅤDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your pieces of Chinese version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet ⅡThe aim of education or culture is merely the development of good taste in knowledge and good form in conduct. The cultured man or the ideal educated man is not necessarily one who is well-read or learned, but one who likes and dislikes the right things. To know what to love and what to hate is to have taste in knowledge. 1I have met such persons, and found that there was no topic that might come up in the course of the conversation concerning which they did not have some facts or figures to produce, but whose points of view were appalling.Such persons have erudition (the quality of being knowledgeable), but no discernment, or taste. Erudition is a merematter of stuffing fact or information, while taste or discernment is a matter of artistic judgment. 2. In speaking of a scholar, the Chinese generally distinguish between a man's scholarship, conduct, and taste or discernment.This is particularly so with regard to historians; a book of history may be written with the most thorough scholarship, yet be totally lacking in insight or discernment, and in the judgment or interpretation of persons and events in history, the author may show no originality or depth of understanding. Such a person, we say, has no taste in knowledge. To be well-informed, or to accumulate facts and details, is the easiest of all things. 3.There are many facts in a given historical period that can be easily stuffed into our mind, but discernment in the selection of significant facts is a vastly more difficult thing and depends upon one's point of view.An educated man, therefore, is one who has the right loves and hatreds. This we call taste, and with taste comes charm. 4. Now to have taste or discernment requires a capacity for thinking things through to the bottom, an independence of judgment, and an unwillingness to be knocked down by any form of fraud, social, political, literary, artistic, or academic.There is no doubt that we are surrounded in our adult life with a wealth of frauds: fame frauds, wealth frauds, patriotic frauds, political frauds, religious frauds and fraud poets, fraud artists, fraud dictators and frauds psychologists. When a psychoanalyst tells us that the performing of the functions of the bowels(肠道) during childhood has a definite connection or that constipation(便秘) leads to stinginess of character, all that a man with taste can do is to feel amused. 5. When a man is wrong, he is wrong, and there is no need for one to be impressed and overawed by a great name or by the number of books that he has read and we haven't.PART ⅥDirections: Write an essay of no less than 200 wors on the topic given below. Use the proper space on your Answer Sheet ⅡSome people think that material wealth is a sign of success in China today. Do you agree or disagree? State your opinion and give good reasons.试题详解第二部分词汇21.A provide, satisfy和offer三个动词之后都不跟动词不定式。
华师大试卷04年
04年1. Historians use the _____ on the walls of ancient temples to guide them in their studies.A. description B inscription C. prescription D. subscription2 She _____ that it was a trick to get her involved jn the matter, for she knew them too well.A. doubtedB. suspectedC. conceivedD. convinced3. Baroque has been the term used by art historians for almost a century to the _ dominant style of the period 1600- 1750.A. determineB. designateC. DeviseD.despise4. For most children in North America, school vacation begins in June. Classesin late August or early September.A. assumeB. presumeC. resumeD. consume5. People who live in the countryside or in the mountains, where the eyes are constantlythemselves to objects at a distance, Seldom have to wear glasses in early or middle life.A. adaptingB. appealingC. applyingD. adjusting6. A telephone directory is a book with large ,a successful book so often reprinted as to make any author envious.A publication B. popularity C. registration D. circulation7. When writing about controversial topics, some authors try to be without favouring either side.A. impressiveB. reflectiveC. objective D persuasive8. In spite of Spanish origin, Brazil also has certain things which make herA. specificB. distinguishC. specializedD. distinctive9. Most of the newly invented technical terms are special discussion, and seldom get into general literature or conversation.A. entitled toB. involved inC. confined toD. absorbed in10. Most of the important cities of the world suffer from traffic congestion. In fact, any advantage gained in comfort is often cancelled out in city driving by thecaused by traffic jams.A. frustrationB. disturbanceC. nuisance .D. confusionPart 11 Structure (15%)Section A (10%)Directions: For each of the following incomplete sentences, (here are four chtices marked A, B. C‘ and D. choose the one answer that best co mplete the sentence.1. through a telescope, the most prominent features of the Martian surface are the white polar caps.A. SeeingB. When seeingC. SeenD. Having seen2. there can be little distinction of age, and certainly none of class.A.. In too a small companyB. In very a small companyC. In such small a companyD. In so small a company3. The dean of our department asked that all the students at the reception thisafternoon in order to meet the representatives form other colleges.A. are presentB. will be presentC. would be presentD. be present4. Lying far back in the mountains, the coal had to be hauled from a deep valley.A as it is B. as it did C. was it D. did it5. Some people hold that, since we live in a money oriented society, the average individual cares little about solving problems.A. anyone elses‘B. anyone‘s elseC anyone else‘s D. any one else‘s6. Computers are already widely used in industry and in universities and the time may come when it possible foe ordinary people to use them as well.A. isB. will beC. must beD. may be7. Bacteria are sometimesA. farB. ratherC. quiteD. very8, the choice of a fine home down town and a modest one in the suburbs the latter will win.A. Being givenB. GivenC. If givenD. When given9. When her report came, she found that she had received three ―D‘s‖ and two ―C‘s‖. Soon she began to recall some of the errors she on her test.A. should have madeB. might have madeC. would have madeD. could make10. A country inflation exists, is a place that has increased the amount of money in circulation, causing the value of money to fall and price to riseA. whoseB. thatC. whichD. where.Section B (5%)Directions: In each of the following sentences, there is one part that is grammatically incorrect. Mark out the erroneous part and then put the correct form- on the Answer Sheet.1. The more the relative humidity readings rises, the worst heat affects us.2. A mother will arrive at the discovery. Either instinctively or by an unconscious series of trials and errors, that her baby is more at peace if holding the lets against her heart than on the right.3. The value of radar lies in not being a substitute for the eye, but in doing what the eye can not do.4. Galileo found it difficult to believe that the sun rotated around the earth and the earth to be the centre of the universe.5. Experts assert almost all the products that television sells are products that people who care about kids feel should n‘t consume in the first place.Part III Cloze (10%)Directions: Read the passage through, then go back and choose one item of the most suitable word(s) marked A, B, C and D for each blank in the passage.Language is such a pervasive cultural phenomenon that it can truly be called “second nature‖. In the immeasurable l of time since this form of behavior was acquired by the human race, language has always been the best 2and most oftenused medium of cultural expression. The idea of human society and of manhimself as a reasoning 3 cannot be separated from the fact 4 men possess language.5 the nature of language in general, volumes have been written and schoolsof philosophy 6; over specific languages 7, arguments are easily roused and political controversies are often based, and yet a satisfactory definition of language has never been reached. In the mind of the average person, it is 8 from other systems of communication. Although every person has the fantastic ....9 of his language at his command, science has yet to perceive, record, tabulate or render them into a comprehensive 10.1. A. amount B. length C. period D. point2. A. incorporated B. inserted C. insulated D. integrated3. A. logic B. being C. person . D. individual4. A. because B. those C.all . D. that5. A. On B. In C. With D. Through6. A. founded B. have founded C. re founded D. were founded7. A. at length. . in essence C. in particular D. on average8. A. incompatible B. indispensable C. undistinguished D. unidentified9. A. complexities B... similarities C regularity D. uniformity10. A. chart B. file C mechanism D. schemePart IV Reading Comprehension ( 40%)Section A ( 20%)Directions: There are four reading passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer to each question.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:It is interesting to reflect for a moment upon the differences in the areas of moral feeling and standards in the peoples of Japan and the United States. Americans divide these areas somewhat rigidly into spirit and flesh, the two being in opposition in the life of a human being. Ideally spirit should prevail but all too often it is the flesh that does prevail. The Japanese make no such division, at least between one as good and the other as evil. They believe that a person has two souls, each necessary One is the ―gentle‖ soul, the other is the ―rough‖ soul. Sometime s the person uses his gentle soul, sometimes he must use his rough soul. He doesn‘t favor his gentle soul, neither does he tight his rough soul. Human nature in itself is good, Japanese philosophers insist, and a human being does not need to fight any part of himseff. He has only to learn how to use each soul properly at the appropriate times. Virtue for the Japanese consists in fulfilling one‘s obligations to others. Happy endings, either in life or infiction, are neither necessary nor expected, since the fulfillment of duty provides the satisfy ing end, whatever the tragedy it inflicts. And duty includes a person‘s obligations to those who have conferred benefits upon him and to himself as an individual of honor. He develops through this double sense of duty a self-discipline which is at once permissive and rigid, depending upon the area in which it is functioning.The process of acquiring this self-discipline begins in childhood. Indeed, one may say it begins at birth.., early is the Japanese child given his own identity! If I were to define in a word the attitude of the Japanese toward their children I would put it in one succinct( HJ i) word - ―respect.‘: Love? Y es, abundance of love, warmly expressed from the moment hb is put to his mother‘s breast. For mother and child this nursing of her child is important psychologically.Rewards are frequent, a bit of candy bestowed(—) at the right moment, an inexpensive toy... As the time [comes] ...to enter school, however, discipline becomes firmer.. .To bring shame to the family is the greatest shame for the child....What is the secret of the Japanese teaching of self-discipline? It lies, I think, in the fact that the aim of all teaching is the establishment of habit. Rules are repeated over and over, and continually practiced until obedience becomes instinctive. This repetition is enhanced by the expectation of the elders. They expect a child to obey and to learn through obedience. The demand is gentle at first nd tempered to the child‘s tender age. It is no le ss gentle as time goes on, hut certainly it is increasingly inexorableNow, far away from that warm Japanese home, 1 reflect upon what I learned there What, I wonder, will take the place of the web of love and discipline which for so many centuries has surrounded the life and thinking of the people of Japan?I. According to Japanese belief a child is born ______A. in sinB. amoral, neither good nor evilC. with two souls which are in combat with one anotherD. basically good2. Training of the Japanese child can best be described as A. a system of rewards and punishmentsB. frequent disciplining which becomes inexorably more severe as the child grows olderC. benevolent and indulgent during the early years, but somewhat more severe as the child grows olderD. almost entirely psychological3. In the teaching of self-discipline the Japanese emphasizeA. duty to one‘s family and relationsB. carly toilet training combined with restrictive movementC. heavy external control including both verbal and physical punishmentD. a permissive atmosphere almost until puberty4. The Japanese idea of virtue isA. sublimating the ―rough‖ soul to permit ascendancy of the ―gentle‖ soulB. fulfilling one‘s obligation to othersC. doing good and avoiding evilD. being friendly and courteous to all people –5. To the Japanese, the aim of existence is -A. the pursuit of happinessB. reward in the afterlifeC. a happy ending to one‘s activitiesD. fulfilling one‘s duty-Questions 6 to 1Q are based on the following passage:Some of the most basic concepts of psychology were defined by Sigmund Freud and two of his followers, Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav Jung.Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurolonist( P ),was the founder of psychoanalysis and, some would say, of modem psychology itself. The main hypothesis of Freud‘s theory is that human behavior is determined primarily by unconscious molives These unconscious motives can he discovered through the use of free association, that is, through talking out problems with the patient.Fr eud‘s theory of personality involved three broad areas of investigation into human behavior: structural, dynamic, and developmental. Structurally, Freud divided the human personality into id, ego, and superego. The id is the completely unconscious part of self. It is the repository(‘)of one‘s instinctual needs and drives. Freud posited that it consisted of everything psychological that was irtherited.The ego is the rational aspect of the perSonality. It governs the impulsive needs created by the id and decides which needs can and will be satisfied according to the conditions of the environment.The superego is the conscience, the ethical or moral aspect of personality. It is formed by the traditional values and ideals of the society or culture in which a person is born. The superego strives for the ideal. The ―conscience‖ part provides guilt feelings when moral values are violated. The ―ego ideal‖ part provides feelings of pride when the self acts in consonance with traditional values of the group Freud‘s dynamic concepts involved instinct, libido, and anxiety. Generally, weterm behavior as instinctive if it occurs without any apparent opportunity of its having been learned. Freud‘s ―instinct‖ differed in that it refers to an inborn bodily condition repres ented by ―wish‖ and ―need.‖ Libido is descriptive ot one‘s emotional or psychic energy. This energy enables life ―instincts‖ to perform their work and is derived from primitive biological urges for example, the sex drive. Thus, the libido is usually goal directed. Anxiety, in psychological terms, is an uncontrollable state of fear often unrelated to a specific object or event.Freud‘s developmental concepts included identification, displacement, defense mechanisms, and psychosexual stages. Identification labels the behavior of an individual who imitates, another person or group (movie star, gangster, etc). Displacement occurs when the instinct is blocked and the frustrated energy is then- diverted to substitute objects. Defense mechanisms (repression, projection, and reaction) describe behavior reacting to relieve extreme pressure and to defend the ego. Psychosexual stages refer to the five set stages of an individual, from birth through adolescence: oral (breast sucking babyhood),anal (toilet training period), phallic(3-6years‘development of sexual feelings), latency (intermediate stage between phallic and beginning of puberty, and genital (formation of genuine relationships and the end of narcissism( )).Freud‘s two disciples broke with the master largely over the centrality of sex in Freud‘s theorizing. Alfred Adl er maintained that man was more a social being than a sexual one, and that individuals are primarily motivated by social interests- Carl Jung also differed from Freud on what determines the motivation for human behavior He stressed goal direction beyond childhood, as well as the influence of the ancestra l past m such things as magic, power, and hero worship.6 Freud‘s concepts included aA. denial of instinctive behavior in animals and humans.B. belief that religion properly modeled the conscience so that the id could be controlledC. belief that human behavior can be explained primarily by the unconscious motives of individualsD. belief that human behavior is completely controlled by the ―conscience‖ part.7. lung and Adler differed most with Freud over.A what primarily motivates human behavior.B. whether dreams can interpret human behavior. -C. how hypnosis is used in psychoanalysisD. what medicine can cure neurosis.8. According to. Freud‘s concepts, which aspect would MOST be looked upon as the ―chief executive‖ or administrator in charge of the total personality, the rational and aware self?A IdB. EgoC innPrrgc5D. None of the above, since human behavior can be explained only as anadmixture of circurnstance of all levels of personality structure9. According to Freud‘s developmental concepts at which stage of development isthe individual LEAST likely to think of himself exclusively arid outgrow what Freud calls ―narcissistic behavior‖?A. OralB. AnalC. PhallicD Genital10. If a worker fearful of talking back to an employer comes home and yells at a family member, we have an example of Freudian______A. identificationB. displacementC. projectionD. repressionQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:Drunken driving—sometimes called America‘s socially accepted form of in murder—has become a national epidemic. Every hour of every day about three Americans on average are killed by drunken drivers, adding up to an incredible 250 000 over the past decade.A drunken driver is usually defined as one with a 010 blood alcohol content or roughly three beers, glasses of wine or shots of whisky drunk within two hours. Heavy drinking used to be an acceptable part of the Arnencan macho image and judges were lenient(1) in most courts, but the drunken slaughter has recently caused so many well-publicized tragedies, especially involving young children, that public opinion is no longer so tolerant.Twenty states have raised the legal drinking age to 21, reversing a trend in the 1960s to reduce it to l8AfterNew Jersey lowered itto 18,the number of people killedby 18—20-year-old drivers more than doubled, so the state recently upped it back to 21.Reformers, however, fear raising the drinking age will have little effect unless accompanied by -educational programs to help young people to develop ―responsible attitudes‖ about drinking and teach them to resist peer pressure to drink.Tough new laws have led to increased arrests and tests and in many areas already, to a marked decline in fatalities. Some states are also penalizing bars for serving customers too many drinks A tavern in Massachusetts was fined for serving six or more double brandies to a customer who was ―obviously intoxicated‖ and later drove off the road, killing a nine-year-old boy.As the fatalities continue to occur daily in every state, some Americans are even beginning to speak well of the 13 years national prohibition of alcohol that began in 1919, which President Hoover called the ―noble experiment‖. They forget that legal prohibition didn‘t stop drinking, but encouraged political corruption and organized crime As with the booming drug trade generally, there is no easy solution.11. Drunken driving has become a major problem in America becauseA. most Americans are heavy drinkersB. Americans are now less shacked by road accidentsC. accidents attract so much publicityD. drinking is a socially accepted habit in America12. Why has public opinion regarding drunken driving changed?A. Detailed statistics are now available.B. The news media have highlighted the problem.C. Judges are giving more severe sentences.B. Drivers are more conscious of their image.13. Statistics issued in New Jersey suggested thatA. many drivers were not of legal ageB young drivers were often bad driversC. the level of drinking increased in the 1960sD. the legal drinking age should be raised14. Laws recently introduced in some states have _____A. reduced the number of convictionsB. resulted in fewer serious accidentsC. prevented bars from serving drunken customersD. specified the amount drivers can drink15. Why is the problem of drinking and driving difficult to solve?A Alcohol is easily obtainedB Drinking is linked to organized crime.C. Legal prohibition has already failed.D. Legislation alone is not sufficientQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:Earthquakes may rightly be ranked as one of the most devastating forces known to man: since records began to be written down, it has been estimated that earthquake-related fatalities have numbered in the millions, and that earthquake—related destruction has been beyond calculation The greater part of such damage and loss of life has been due to collapse of buildings and the effects of rockslides, floods, fire, disease, tsunamis(gigantic sea waves),and other phenomena resulting from earthquakes, rather than from the quakes themselvesThe great majority of all earthquakes occur in two specific geographic areas. One such area encompasses the Pacific Ocean and its contiguous land masses. The other extends from the East Indies to the Atlas Mountains, including the Himalayas, Iran, Turkey, and the Alpine regions. It is in these two great belts or zones that ninety percent of all earthquakes take place; they may, however, happen anywhere at any time.This element of the unknown has for centuries added greatly to the dread and horror surrounding earthquakes, but in recent times there have been indications that earthquake predication may be possible By analyzing changes in animal behavior, patterns of movements in the earth‘s crust, variations in the force of gravity and the earth‘s magnetic field, and the frequency with which minor earth tremors(l) are observed, scientists have shown increasing success in anticipating when and where earthquakes will strike As a result, a worldwide earthquake warning network is already in operation and has helped to prepare for (and thus lessen)the vast destruction that m ight otherwise ‗nave been totally unexpectedIt is doubtful that man will. aver be able to control earthquakes and eliminate their destructiveness altogether. but as how arid why earthquakes happen become better understood, man will become more and more able to deal with their potential devastation before it occurs16. Based on what you have just read, which of the following is true?A. Earthquakes are highly feared, but actually relatively harmless.B. There is absolutely no way to predict when or where earthquakes might occur.C. Man is now able to predict when earthquakes will happen, but not where.D. Man is now able to predict where earthquakes will happen, but not when.17. What is the probable meaning of contiguous?A. UnderwaterB. AncientC. BorderingD. Hug18. To what does this element of the unknown refer?A. The two great earthquake zonesB. The fact the earthquakes can happen at any time or placeC. The percentage of earthquakesD. The exact cause of earthquakes19. Which of the following have been used to anticipate earthquake activity?A. Differences in the earth‘s magnetic field and force of gravityB. How often minor earth tremors have been observedC. Patterns in the movement of the earth‘s crustD. All of the above20. Which of the fo llowing describes the author‘s attitude toward the possibility ofearthquake prediction?A. It will never be possible to predict earthquakes.B. Earthquakes can already be predicted with great accuracy.C. There is really no need to try to predict earthquake occurrences.0. Earthquake prediction is becoming more and more possible.Section B (20%)Directions: Read the following passage and answer the questions. Y our answers should be written clearly on the Answer Sheet. (20%,)In reality women in the western, industrialized world today are like the animals in a modern zoo. There are no bars It appears that cages have been abolished. Y et in practice women are still kept in their place just as firmly as the animals are kept in their enclosures. The barriers which keep them in now are invisible.It is about 40 years since the pioneer feminists raked such a rumpus by rattling the cage bars that society was at last obliged to pay attention. The result was that the bars were uproots, the cage thrown open: whereupon the majority of the women who had been held captive decided that they would rather stay inside the cage anywayTo be more precise, they thought they decided; and society, which can with perfect truth point out, ―Look, no bars,‖ thought it was giving th em the choice. There are no laws and very little discrimination to prevent western, industrialized women from voting, being voted for or entering the profession If there are still few women lawyers and engineers, let alone women presidents of the United States, what are women to conclude except that this is the result either of their own free choice or of something inherent in female nature?Many of them do draw just this conclusion. They have come back to the old argument of the antifeminists that women are unfit by nature for life outside the cage And in letting this old wheel come full cycle women have fallen victim to one of themost insidious and ingenious confidence tricks ever perpetrated.I) Paraphrased this sentence in your own words. (4%)“And in letting this old wheel come fill cycle, women have fallen victim to one of the most insidious and ingenious confidence tricks ever perpetrated.‖2) Apparently whether in the past or at present, women ha-ye not been actually imprisoned in real cages. What does the author mean by referring to women being held captive in cages? (4%)3) What does the author mean by saying that ―the pioneer feminists raised.. .a rumpus by rattling the cage bars‖? (4%)4) The author asks: ―what are women to conclude except that this is the result either of their own tree choice or of something inherent in female nature?‖ Please explain this rhetoric question. (4%)5) What does the author believe as the c ause for that fact that women are ―like the animals in a modern zoo‖? (4%)Part V Writing (25%)Directions: Some have argued that luck is mere important than hard work Take one side of the argument and present your personal experience on the matter Y ou should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience to ark up your argument Thu should write 200-250 words. write your essay on the Answer Sheer.different people do not use the library in the same way. their age, amount of education, and even their sex may affect the kind of library materials they need.as expected, most adults go to the kind of library for serious work, either to borrow books of academic nature(80%) ,to use research materials(61%),or to read magazines(59). difference by sex in percentage is small except for reading novels(15% higher for women) and newspapers(12% higher for men).more differences in borrowing habits can be seen by the age of library users. academic book borrowing is reported more often by those aged 25--49 than by ofther age groups while younger borrowers(age 18--24)report a higher percentage of magsazine and novel reading. in general, use of library materials experiences a certain decline among users aged 50 and older when compared with younger users.education is another important factor affecting reading habits of adult readers. those with a college education are more likely to take advantage of all types of library materials than those less well educated.。
华东师大历年考博英语真题
2017年华东师范大学攻读博士学位研究生英语题型注：1、试题词汇涵盖六级或以上程度的词汇，但以六级词汇为主。
结构部分包括动词非谓语形式、虚拟语气、倒装语序、强调句式和复合句中的连接词，另有一些特殊句型。
2、阅读理解部分有5篇文章，内容涵盖科技、教育、经济、金融、哲学、生活以及社会热点。
每篇文章后有5道选择题，主要考查对文章主题的理解、对细节的判断推理、对作者观点和态度的识别等。
3、英汉互译为各种题材的段落翻译。
4、作文要求考生语法规范、措辞精当、语句流畅。
5、试卷一所选答案须用2B铅笔涂在答题卡上，试卷二试题的答案须用钢笔或原珠笔做在相应的答题纸上。
6、考试时间为180分钟。
华东师范大学2014年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语共12页时间：180分钟Paper One(注意：答案请做在答题卡上，做在试题上一律无效)Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15%)Directions:There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Thenmark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through thecenter.1. Teaching students of threshold level is hard work but the effort is very ________.A. preciousB. rewardingC. worthD. challenging2. The explorer lost his way so he climbed to the top of the hill to ________ himself.A. spotB. locateC. placeD. situate3. The city has decided to ________ smoking.A. do away withB. take awayC. get away withD. put away4. The old building is in a good state of ________ except for the wooden floors.A. observationB. preservationC. conservationD. compensation5.____me most was that the young boy who had lost both arms in an accident could handle a pen with his feet.A. That amazedB. It amazedC. Which amazedD. What amazed6. Recycling wastes slows down the rate ________ which we use up the Earth’s finite resources.A. inB. ofC. withD. at7. Gasoline is ________ by the spark plugs in the engine.A. ignitedB. inspiredC. excitedD. illuminated8. The travelers ________ their journey after a short break.A. recoveredB. resumedC. renewedD. restored9. Cultural ________ indicates that human beings hand their languages down from one generation to another.A. translationB. transitionC. transmissionD. transaction10. We must look beyond ________ and assumptions and try to discover what is missing.A. justificationsB. illusionsC. manifestationsD. specifications11. No one imagined that the apparently ________ businessman was really a criminal.A. respectiveB. respectableC. respectfulD. realistic12. Hurricanes are killer winds, and their ________ power lies in the physical damage they can do.A. cumulativeB. destructiveC. turbulentD. prevalent13. In some countries, students are expected to be quiet and ________ in the classroom.A. skepticalB. faithfulC. obedientD. subsidiary14. After four years in the same job his enthusiasm finally ______.A. deterioratedB. dispersedC. dissipatedD. drained15. For years now, the people of that faraway country have been cruelly ______ by a dictator.A. depressedB. immersedC. oppressedD. cursed16. Ever since the rise of industrialism, education has been ______ towards producing workers.A. harnessedB. hatchedC. motivatedD. geared17. The prospect of increased prices has already ______ worries.A. provokedB. irritatedC. inspiredD. hoisted18. You should have put the milk in the ice box; I expect it ________ undrinkable by now.A. becameB. had becomeC. has becomeD. becomes19. Codes are a way of writing something in secret; ________, anyone who doesn't know the codewill not be able to read it.A. that isB. worse stillC. in shortD. on the other hand20. Our house is about a mile from the station and there are not many houses ________.A. in betweenB. among themC. far apartD. from each other21. Understanding the cultural habits of another nation, especially ________ containing as manydifferent subcultures as the United States, is a complex task.A. oneB. the oneC. thatD. such22. You can't be ________ careful in making the decision as it was such a critical case.A. veryB. quiteC. tooD. so23. The ratio of the work done by the machine ________ the work done on it is called theefficiency of the machine.A. againstB. withC. toD. for24. ________ the flood, the ship would have reached its destination on time.A. In case ofB. In spite ofC. Because ofD. But for25. I ________ to him because he phoned me shortly afterwards.A. ought to have writtenB. must have writtenC. couldn't have writtenD. needn't have written26. No longer are contributions to computer technology confined to any one country; ________ isthis more true than in Europe.A. hardlyB. littleC. seldomD. nowhere27. ____in the past, at the moment it is a favorite choice for the wedding gown.A. Unpopular has as white beenB. White has been as unpopularC. Unpopular has been as whiteD. Unpopular as white has been28. ____for a long time, the fields are all dried up.A. There has been no rainB. Having no rainC. There having been no rainD. There being no rain29. Joseph’s car has a flat tire. now is to walk to the nearest telephone.A. That he can doB. All what he can doC. All that he can doD. He can do something30. Televisions enable us to see things happen almost at the exact moment____.A. which they are happeningB. they are happeningC. which they happenD. they have happenedPart Ⅱ Cloze (20%)Directions: Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one item of suitable word(s) marked A, B, C and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter ofthe word(s) you have chosen with a single bar across the bracket on Answer SheetⅠ.Why does a company want to 31 its money with other people? There are several reasons. First, the company may 32 very well. It may need money to 33 . By selling shares of 34 , the company can get the money it needs. Sometimes, it is 35 for the company to go public for tax reasons. Because of the tax 36 , the company may save money on taxes by selling shares on the stock exchange. Sometimes, a company may owe a lot of money 37 banks. By selling shares of stock, it may be able to pay the banks. Many companies sell stock for this reason. However, the reasons why companies sell their stocks on the stock exchange are often 38 . In general, all companies 39 sell shares of stock on the stock exchange need to 40 money for one reason or another.Investors 41 buy shares of stock in a company may make money in two ways. They may begin to make money 42 . Suppose that a person invests in a company, and the company makes money. The company shares this money with the 43 . This money that is shared is called a 44 . Dividends are usually sent to investors once every three months while they 45 the stock. A second way that investors may 46 is to sell the stock at a higher price than they 47 when they bought it. The 48 of each share of stock goes up if the company does well. It may also 49 for many other reasons. But when it does go up, a person may sell it and make a 50 .31. A. distract B. permeate C. share D. recede32. A. have done B. be doing C. do D. have been doing33. A. perplex B. dominate C. integrate D. expand34. A. stake B. stock C. stalk D. stack35. A. potential B. advantageous C. sensitive D. actual36. A. utilities B. contributions C. earnings D. laws37. A. to B. for C. on D. from38. A. complex B. essential C. comprehensive D. understandable39. A. what B. that C. which D. while40. A. locate B. admit C. proclaim D. raise41. A. who B. which C. until D. if42. A. by mistake B. to date C. on earth D. right away43. A. observer B. director C. investor D. instructor44. A. tuition B. postage C. tip D. dividend45. A. offer B. own C. convince D. equip46. A. sell money B. share money C. take money D. make money47. A. confronted B. extracted C. spilled D. paid48. A. price B. investment C. cost D. value49. A. tighten up B. stock up C. go up D. stir up50. A. profit B. benefit C. award D. inputPart Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (25%)Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C andD. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on Answer SheetⅠwitha single line through the center.(1)Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one’s side, or that in Italy and som e Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that “Gift” means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm’s length away from others. Latinos and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. Then attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives—usually the richer—who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation’s diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.For many years, American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.51. It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners wouldmost probably ________.A. stand stillB. jump asideC. step forwardD. draw back52. The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their ________.A. cultural self-centerednessB. casual mannersC. indifference towards foreign visitorsD. arrogance towards other cultures53. In countries other than their own most Americans ________.A. are isolated by the local peopleB. are not well informed due to the language barrierC. tend to get along well with the nativesD. need interpreters in hotels and restaurants54. According to the author, Americans’ cultural bl indness and linguistic ignorance will ________.A. affect their image in the new eraB. cut themselves off from the outside worldC. limit their role in world affairsD. weaken the position of the US dollar55. The author’s intention in writi ng this article is to make Americans realize that ________.A. it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friendsB. it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairsC. it is necessary to use several languages in public placesD. it is time to get acquainted with other cultures(2)Your friends might be in Australia or maybe just down the road, but they are all just a few clicks away. Life has changed for millions of teenagers across the world who now make friends online. Whether you use chat rooms, QQ, MSN or ICQ, you are part of a virtual community.“I rarely talk with my parents or grandparents, but I talk a lot with my old friends on QQ,” said Fox’s Shadow, the online nickname used by a Senior 2 girl in China. “Eighty percent of my classmates use QQ after school.”QQ is the biggest messaging service in China. A record shows 4 million people used it one Saturday night in October, according to Tencent, the company which developed QQ.And Fox's Shadow might well have been one of them. “I log in on Friday nights, and Saturdays or Sundays when I feel bored. I usually spend about 10 hours chatting online every week,” she said. “But I rarely talk with strangers, especially boys or men.”Even though she likes chatting, she is careful about making friends with strangers online. “You don’t know who you’re talking to. You should always be careful about who you trust online.”Many people would like to meet offline when they feel they have got to know someone very well. Fox’s Shadow once met one of her online friends face to face. It was a girl who was a comic fan like herself and they went to a comic show together.However, not all teenagers have been so fortunate. At the beginning of this year, a 17-year-old girl in Liaoning Province was raped after meeting a friend she had found on QQ. The criminal wasn’t caught until last month.A 16-year-old Beijing boy, known online as Bart Simon, dislikes QQ users. “I used to chat on QQ, but I found that most people were talking nonsense,”he said. Now he chats online in English, using MSN. “I only chat online because I’ve got friends in Japan, the US and Singapore,”he said.“I want to learn more about foreign cultures.” But he spends little time chatting as he sees it a waste of time and money.“If you are really addicted to it, sometimes you just can’t concentrate in class,” he said. “And the friends in your real life are always more important than those so-called friends you meet online.56. This passage centers on .A. teenagers making friends onlineB. the advantages of the InternetC. the functions of chat rooms, QQ, MSN, or ICQD. the internet changing your life57. Which of the following is true about Fox’s Shadow?A. She often talks with her relatives on QQ.B. She has a strong sense of self-protection.C. She is a senior at college.D. She logs in every night.58. What can be inferred from the passage?A. People, both old and young, like to get online.B. Girls prefer QQ better than boys.C. There is no danger for male QQ users, even if they meet each other.D. QQ users like to talk face to face after sometime of intercourse online.59. What is Not the Beijing boy’s opinion of chatting online?A. He can’t practice oral English if he uses QQ.B. Chatting online with Chinese friends is a waste of time and money.C. Most topics for conversation on QQ are meaningless.D. He can learn foreign cultures through MSN.60. This passage may be a .A. a lectureB. an essayC. a reportD. an editorial(3)What most people don’t realize is that wealth isn’t the same as income. If you make $ 1 million a year and spend $ 1 million, you’re not getting wealthier, you’re just living high. Wealth is what you accumulate, not what you spend.The most successful accumulators of wealth spend far less than they can afford on houses, cars, vacations and entertainment. Why? Because these things offer little or no return. The wealthy would rather put their money into investments or their businesses. It’s an attitude.Millionaires understand that when you buy a luxury house, you buy a luxury life style too. Your property taxes skyrocket, along with the cost of utilities and insurance, and the prices of nearby services, such as grocery stores, tend to be higher.The rich man’s attitude can also be seen in his car. Many drive old unpretentious sedans. Sam Walton, billionaire founder of the Wal-Mart Store, Inc., drove a pickup truck.Most millionaires measure success by net worth, not income. Instead of taking their money home, they plow as much as they can into their businesses, stock portfolios and other assets. Why? Because the government doesn’t tax wealth; it taxes income you bring home for consumption, the more the government taxes.The person who piles up net worth fastest tends to put every dollar he can into investments, not consumption. All the while, of course, he’s reinvesting his earnings from investments and watching his net worth soar. That’s the attitude as well.The best wealth-builders pay careful attention to their money and seek professional advice. Those who spend heavily on cars, boats and buses, I’ve found, tend to skimp on investment advice. Those who skimp on the luxuries are usually more willing to pay top dollar for good legal and financial advice.The self-made rich develop clear goals for their money. They may wish to retire early, or they may want to leave an estate to their children. The goals vary, but two things are consistent: they have a dollar figure in mind--the amount they want to save by age 50, perhaps -- and they work unceasingly toward that goal.One thing may surprise you. If you make wealth--not just income--your goal, the luxury house you’ve been dreaming about won’t seem so alluring. You’ll have the attitude.61. Which of the following statements is true?A. Wealth is judged according to the life style one has.B. Inheritance builds an important part in one’s wealth.C. High income may make one live high and get rich t the same time.D. Wealth is more of what one has made than anything else.62. By the author’s opinion, those who spend money on luxury houses and cars_____.A. will not be taxed by the governmentB. have accumulated wealth in another senseC. live high and have little savedD. can show that they are among the rich63. The rich put their money into business because_____.A. they can get much in return to build their wealthB. they are not interested in luxury houses and carsC. their goal is to develop their companyD. that is the only way to spend money yet not to be taxed by the government64. The U.S. government doesn’t tax what you spend money on _____.A. carsB. housesC. stockD. boats65. To become wealthy, one should______.A. seek as much income as he canB. work hard unceasinglyC. stick to the way he livesD. save up his earnings(4)Seeking a competitive advantage, some professional service firms (for example, firms providing advertising, accounting, or health care services) have considered offering unconditional guarantees of satisfaction. Such guarantees specify what clients can expect and what the firm will do if it fails to fulfill these expectations. Particularly with first-time clients, an unconditional guarantee can be an effective marketing tool if the client is very cautious, the firm’s fees are high, the negative consequences of bad service are grave, or business is difficult to obtain through referrals and word-of-mouth.However, an unconditional guarantee can sometimes hinder marketing efforts. With its implication that failure is possible, the guarantee may, paradoxically, cause clients to doubt the service firm’s ability to deliver th e promised level of service. It may confl ict with a firm’s desire to appear sophisticated, or may even suggest that it is begging for business. In legal and health careservices, it may mislead clients by suggesting that law suits or medical procedures will have guaranteed outcomes. Indeed, professional service firms with outstanding reputations and performance to match have little to gain from offering unconditional guarantees. And any firm that implements an unconditional guarantee without undertaking a corresponding commitment to quality of service is merely employing a potentially costly marketing gimmick.66. The primary purpose of this passage as a whole is to .A. account for the popularity of a practiceB. evaluate the usefulness of a practiceC. demonstrate how to institute a practiceD. explain the reasons for pursuing a strategy67. Which of the following statements concerning unconditional guarantees is Not mentioned inthe passage?A. They are helpful when firms want to retain their long-standing clients.B. They are effective when firms want to get business through client recommendations.C. They are useful when firms charge substantial fees for its services.D. They are feasible when firms suffer from significant adverse effects of poor service.68. Which of the following is a goal of some professional service firms in offering unconditionalguarantees of satisfaction?A. To limit their liability.B. To compete successfully with their rivals.C. To justify their fee increases.D. To attain an outstanding reputation in a field.69. An unconditional guarantee may create an impression on the client that the firm .A. tends to be suspicious of the client’s financial statusB. does not want to beg for businessC. may have some problems with its managementD. is not sophisticated enough to be able to provide good service70. Which of the following is true, according to the passage’s description of the issue raised byunconditional guarantees for health care or legal services？A. The standards of practice of the legal and medical professions could be violated by attemptsto fulfill such unconditional guarantees.B. The result of a lawsuit or medical procedure can hardly be predicted by the professionalshandling a client’s case.C. The dignity of the legal and medical professions could be undermined by any attempts atmarketing professional services, such as offering unconditional guarantees.D. Clients whose lawsuits or medical procedures have unsatisfactory outcomes cannot beadequately compensated by financial settlements alone.(5)Recent studies on the male-female wage gap predict that even though entry-level salaries for males and females in the same occupation are nearly equal because women’s market skills have improved vastly, the chances of the overall gap closing in the foreseeable future are minimal. This is due to several factors that are likely to change very slowly, if at all. An important reason is thatwomen are concentrated in occupation —service and clerical —that pay less than traditional male jobs. It is possible that more women than men in their twenties are hesitant to commit themselves to a year-round lifetime career or job for many reasons. There is lingering attitude on both the part of women and their employers that women are not cut out for certain jobs. Not only does this attitude channel women into lower-paying work，but it also serves to keep them from top management positions.Another significant factor in the widening wage gap between men and women after entering the work force, even in comparable jobs, is that women often drop out at critical points in their careers to have a family. Women still have the primary responsibility for child rearing; even if they continue to work, they often forgo overtime and promotions that would conflict with home responsibilities. The ages of 25 to 35 have been shown repeatedly to be the period when working consistently and hard is vital to advancement and job security. These are precisely the years when women are likely to have children and begin to slide away from men in earning power. Consequently, a woman’s income is more likely to be s een as secondary to her husband’s.71. According to recent studies on the male-female wage gap, ____ .A. there is much hope of narrowing the male-female wage gap in the near futureB. working women will have many opportunities to hold high-paying jobs in the near futureC. women’s pay will still stay at a level below that of men in the near futureD. salaries for males and females in the same occupation will be equal in the near future72. Women are kept from top management positions partly because they .A. decide to devote themselves to certain lifetime jobs in their twentiesB. are inclined to rank family second to workC. tend to have more quarrels with their employersD. still take an incorrect attitude towards themselves73. Which of the following is implied in the passage as a partial reason for women’s concentrationin certain occupations？A. Social division of labor.B. Social prejudice against them.C. Employment laws.D. Physiological weakness.74. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that .A. men’s jobs are subject to changeB. women tend to be employed off and on at the same jobC. men’s chances of promotion are minimalD. women used to be employed all the year round75. Which of the following statements is NOT true？A. Women’s market skills have improved greatly.B. Child care is still chiefly women’s work.C. Women are typically employed in clerical and service jobs.D. Domestic duties no longer conflict with women’s jobs.Paper Two（注意：以下各题的答案必须写在Answer Sheet Ⅱ上）Part Ⅳ Translation (25%)Section A (10%)Directions: Put the following into Chinese. Write your Chinese version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.Faith and science have at least one thing in common: both are lifelong searches for truth. But while faith is an unshakable belief in the unseen, science is the study of testable, observable phenomena. The two coexist, and may at times complement each other. But neither should be asked to validate or invalidate the other. Scientists have no more business questioning the existence of God than the theologians had telling Galileo the Earth was at the center of the universe.Science is in a perpetual state of becoming. Yesterday’s observations give rise to today’s theories, which will be tested through painstaking research. Just as any good scientist must be ready to abandon a bad idea, he or she must continue to support the results of unbiased evidence and experimentation.Section B (15%)Directions: Put the following into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.1995年，第四次世界妇女大会在北京召开，这使得中国妇女的状况备受世界关注。
2004年考博英语题
2004年考博英语题一、Directions1. My brother knows so much about the stars that I am sure it would be impossible to find his _____.A. equivalentB. equityC. equalityD. equal答案：D. equal2. The young couple had made their fortunes by developing a ____travel business at home.A. beneficialB. profitableC. regenerativeD. financial答案：B. profitable3. The two scientists working independently made the same invention ____.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. collaborativelyD. elaborately答案：B. simultaneously4. the scientist’s discovery will have a ______influence on mankind.A. grossB. solidC. completeD. profound答案：D. profound5. when he recited the passage by _____, he revealed that he was reproducing _____without understanding their meaning.A. after /causeB. sounds/meaningC. sounds/pronunciationD. rote/sounds答案：C. sounds/pronunciation6. were the diameter of a wire smaller diameter, its resistance _______.A. had been increasedB. would be increasedC. might have been increasedD. was increased答案：B. would be increased7. all of us decided to stop and have dinner, _____we were feeling very hungryA. moreoverB. forC. whereasD. consequently答案：B. for8. The number and diversity of British newspaper _____considerable.A. have beenB. areC. wereD. is答案：D. is9. Mary is reading ______.A. an exciting, detective old storyB. an old, exciting, detective storyC. an exciting, old detective storyD. a detective, old exciting story答案：C. an exciting, old detective story10. having potential energy, a body may be in motion without any external force____.A. to act itB. acting on itC. act on itD. acts on it答案：B. acting on it11. He has only a _____understanding of astronomy.A. originalB. superficialC. criticalD. identical答案：B. superficial12. he was too sick to stay here, _____we sent him home.A. howeverB. furthermoreC. otherwiseD. accordingly答案：D. accordingly13. I believe the house was ____ set fire to.A. deliberatelyB. crediblyC. violentlyD. vigorously答案：A. deliberately14. The managing director took the ____for the accident although it was not really his fault.A. guiltB. blameC. changeD. accusation答案：B. blame15.They managed to ______ valuable raw materials from industrial wasters.A. reclaimB. reconcileC. rectifyD. regulate答案：A. reclaim16. Logging at 5 p.m. is part of his daily _____.A. habitB. practiceC. routineD. custom答案：C. routine17. Sounding a big city one usually finds the _____ and industrial beltsA. habitatB. inhabitedC. dwellingD. residential答案：D. residential18. it was clear that the garden was no more amateur affair, it had been professionally ______.A. laid outB. laid downC. laid offD. laid aside答案：A. laid out19. Each one of us advised him not to sign the contract with her, but ____.A. to good purposeB. for the purposeC. in good shapeD. to any purpose答案：B. for the purpose20. I spend much time on that composition and I would _____ it if you would do the same when you mark it.A. modifyB. decorateC. compileD. appreciate答案：D. appreciate二、Reading comprehension1. What is the best title for this passage?A. science and the trumpetB. recordings of the trumpetC. the trumpet and its ancestryD. how the trumpet is made答案：C. the trumpet and its ancestry2. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is needed tomake the trumpet work?A. air pressureB. keen eyesightC. daily cleaningD. long fingers 答案：A. air pressure3. Which of the following can be inferred about the first trumpet players?A. they could not play all the notes of the scaleB. they were not able to pick up the trumpetC. they could not play simple tunesD. they had difficulty improving upon the trumpet答案：A. they could not play all the notes of the scale4. The word “one ”(1st sentence of 4th para. )could best be replaced byA. the listenerB. a familyC. the composerD. an instrument答案：A. the listener5. The author believe that the trumpet is particularly important because itA. can be used in rock bandsB. had historical significanceC. is a religious instrumentD. has a narrow range答案：B. had historical significance6. according to the passage, it is difficult to be certain about the distant future ofthe universe because we---A. have too many conflicting theoriesB. do not have enough funding to continue our researchC. are not sure how the universe is put togetherD. think too much of our present situation答案：C. are not sure how the universe is put together7. What does the author see as the function o f the universe’s unseen switches?A. they tell us which one of the tracks the universe will useB. they enable us to alter the course of the universeC. they give us information about the lunar surfaceD. they determine which course the universe will take in the future答案：D. they determine which course the universe will take in the future8. Which of the following could best replace the word “track”(6th sentence of 2nd para.)A. bandB. railsC. pathD. sequence答案：C. path9. For whom is the author probably writing this passage?A. train engineersB. general audiencesC. professors of statisticsD. young children答案：B. general audiences10. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the passage?A. a statement illustrated by analogyB. a hypotheses supported by documentationC. a comparison of two contrasting theoriesD. a critical analysis of a common assumption答案： A. a statement illustrated by analogy11. from the information presented by the author, it seem s that crows_______.A. can communicate wit on anotherB. are relatively easy to catchC. usually succeed in bobbing the nests of smaller birdsD. do damage to gardens grain fields and orchards答案：C. usually succeed in bobbing the nests of smaller birds12. what do the sentinels do>A. they give signals to the crows if any danger is coming near.B. they discover good places for the crows to build their nests.C. they find fields and gardens that can supply the crows with food.D. they defend the crows against the attacks of the small birds.答案：A. they give signals to the crows if any danger is coming near.13. what is the effect of man’s war against crows?A. “crow shoots” are reducing the number of crows.B. crows are just as numerous as they ever wereC. scarecrows are driving crows from the United StatesD. crows are doing more and more damager all the time答案：B. crows are just as numerous as they ever were14. crows help the farmer by _____.A. warning him when danger approachB. learning to say wordsC.D. catch bugs and other insects答案：D. catch bugs and other insects15. what is the author’s feeling about crows?A. he thinks that they are harmful and should be controlledB. he thinks that their voices are interesting and should be trainedC. he enjoys studying them and their habitsD. he likes theme and wants to protect them答案：D. he likes theme and wants to protect them16. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. American political parties in the twentieth centuryB. the role of ideology in American politiesC. the future direction of Unites States politiesD. differences between Republican and Democrats答案：A. American political parties in the twentieth century17. according to the passage, what is true of the major political parties in the United States?A. they are both generally conservativeB. party organization has been stronger at the state level than at the national levelC. party organization has increased their influence in recent yearsD. Democrats have been stronger than Republican at the national level答案：B. party organization has been stronger at the state level than at the national level18. The passage mentions all of the following as causes of the decline of politicalorganizations in the United States except---A. increased numbers of immigrantsB. development of the welfare statesC. improved conditions for state workersD. the influence of television答案：A. increased numbers of immigrants19. The passage supports which of the following conclusions?A. Democrats are more committed than Republicans to a market-oriented economyB. Republicans are more liberal than DemocratsC. Republicans and Democrats tend to be flexible on ideological questionsD. only Democrats have traditional political organizations答案：C. Republicans and Democrats tend to be flexible on ideological questions 20. The word “irrelevant” in the last sentence of the passage is closest in meaning to ---A. unquestioningB. uninterestingC. unimportantD. invalid答案：B. uninteresting21. According to behaviorism, all human actions_________.A. are based on stimulus and responseB. have no bearing on human drivesC. are supposed to be highly motivatedD. are of a great mystery答案：A. are based on stimulus and response22. Behaviorism basically believes in_______.A. motivationB. PerformanceC. rewardsD. human factors答案：C. rewards23. From the passage, it can be inferred that _______.A. rewards are highly effective in AmericaB. rewards are not much sought after in academic circlesC. rewards have long lost their appeal in American societyD. Americans are addicted to rewards答案：D. Americans are addicted to rewards24. The children’s behavior in the last paragraph_______.A. can be best explained be behaviorismB. can be linked to Pavlov’s dogsC. shows that rewards may well kill desireD. serve to provided evidence to behaviorism答案：C. shows that rewards may well kill desire25. Which of the following in support of the finding that “people tend to perform worse,…when a reward is involved”( last paragraph )?A. People are not used to being conditioned by prizes.B. Rewards, like punishments, are attempts to control behavior.C. Rewards are so indispensable to American cultures.D. The principle of “positive reinforcement” in not fully enforced.答案：B. Rewards, like punishments, are attempts to control behavior.26. Dr Adams left London---A. two days before the conferenceB. on W ednesday 16thC. on the day before the conferenceD. on the 13th答案：D. on the 13th27. Dr Adams---A. was a good travelerB. found long journeys exhaustingC. usually fell asleep on long journeysD. was a keen sightseer答案：B. found long journeys exhausting28. After dinner Dr Adams and his companion---A. sat and talkedB. went to bed earlyC. went out into the streets of New DelhiD. caught the plane to Colombo答案：C. went out into the streets of New Delhi29. All the delegates to the conference were---A. students of the Commonwealth School of Tropical AgricultureB. from the developing countriesC. from AfricaD. agricultural experts答案：D. agricultural experts30. The “old friends” that Dr Adams met were---A. ex-students of the Commonwealth School of Tropical AgricultureB. people he has worked with beforeC. delegates he had met at the hotelD. delegates who were interested in his lecture答案：A. ex-students of the Commonwealth School of Tropical Agriculture31. The action of the story takes place in _______.A. EnglandB. JohnstownC. New Y ork CityD. Not mentioned答案：B. Johnstown32. What type of experience did Megan have on Friday afternoon?A. happyB. uninterestingC. depressingD. frightening答案：D. frightening33. How do you think Megan felt when she saw the wall of water?A. braveB. curiousC. horrifiedD. disappointed答案：C. horrified34. Why do you think the people around Megan to pray?A. because they felt thankfulB. because they wanted to impress MeganC. because they were very afraidD. because they asked for others’ help答案：C. because they were very afraid35. What do you think the ray of light meant to Megan?A. that there might be a way outB. that she could see well enough to readC. that someone was searching for herD. that there was no danger at all答案：A. that there might be a way out三、Translation1. He had not want to hurt her, but an itch to dominate pushed him on to say.答案：他并不想伤害她，但是一种渴望激励着他还是说了。
2004年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语试卷及答案(全国卷4)
2004年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语试题（全国卷IV）本试卷分第I卷(选择题)和第II卷(非选择题)两部分。
——第一卷——第一部分：听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后又一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例：How much is the shirt?A.£19.15.B.£9.15.C.£9.18.1.What does the man mean?A.He wants to know the time.B.He offers to give a lecture.C.He agrees to help the woman.2.What will the man probably do after the conversation?A.Wait there.B.Find a seat.C.Sit down.3.Who are the speakers talking about?A.An actor.B.A writer.C.A tennis player.4.Where does the conversation most probably take place?A.On a farm.B.In a restaurant.C.In a market.5.What does the man agree to do after a while?A.Take a break.B.Talk about his troubles.C.Meet some friends.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。
每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
2004年秋季上海理工大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2004年秋季上海理工大学考博英语真题及详解Part I Listening Comprehension (15 points)Part ADirections:in Part A you will hear short conversations between two people, After each conversations, you will hear a question. The conversations andquestions will not be repeated, After you hear a question, read the fourpossible answers in your test book and choose the best answer.1. A. She wants the bakery to bake the cake.B. She baked the cake herself,C. The bakery made it for her.D. She had to ask the bakery to bake the cake.2. A. Plumber.B. Laundry worker.C. Carpenter.D. Train conductor.3. A. By the window.B. At the airport.C. At a store.D. In a bank.4. A. They’re going to be in Washington at eight.B. She doesn’t know how long they’ll have to wait.C. They’re going to be very late.D. The train doesn’t go near Washington.5. A. He doesn’t care for cars.B. tie keeps his car in good condition.C. He is careless with his car.D. He likes to keep good cars.6. A. Only a few strawberries will be eaten at lunch.B. It’s almost time for lunch.C. There are just enough strawberries for lunch.D. Now is not a good time for strawberries.7. A. Unconcerned.B. Responsible.C. Confused.D. Upset.Part B.Directions: In this section you will hear two short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions, Both the passage and thequestions will be spoken only once. After you hear one question, youmust choose the best answer from tire four choices marked A, B, C and D.Then mark tire corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a singleline through the center.Passage 1.8. A. A driving instructor.B. A university administrator.C. A clerical worker.D. A business executive.9. A. Truck driver.B. University employees.C. Insurance agents.D. College students.10. A. To become better workers.B. To learn how to drive defensively.C. To receive orientation for new employees.D. To learn how to repair university vehicles.11. A. The afternoon.B. Midday.C. The morning.D. The evening.Passage 2.12. A. To solve telecommunication problems on-and-off campus.B. To notify university administrators of newtelecommunication regulations.C. To train campus personnel on the use of a newcommunication system,D. To design and develop a new computerized datastorage system.13. A. A lack of extension numbers.B. Inadequate technical assistance.C. Too many complicated features.D. Slow speed of service.14. A. Sophisticated telephone jacks.B. Call waiting.C. Automatic memory redialD. Quicker response time.15. A. Until a new system can be found.B. For only a few years.C. Between two and three months.D. For a number of decades.【答案】略Part II Vocabulary (20 points)Directions:There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence thereare four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that bestcompletes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on theAnswer Sheet with a single line through the center.16. His career ______ in his appointment as director.A. contaminatedB. culminatedC. contractedD. contacted【答案】B【解析】contaminate污染，是一个及物动词。
华东师范大学考博英语-试卷1.doc
华东师范大学考博英语-试卷1(总分：148.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Structure and Vocabu(总题数：30，分数：60.00)1.Research shows heavy coffee drinking is ______ a small increase in blood pressure, but not enough to increase the risk for high blood pressure.（分数：2.00）A.associated withpared withC.attributed toD.referred to2.A large______of the sunlight never reaches the earth while infra-red heat given off by the earth is allowed to escape freely.（分数：2.00）A.proportionB.ratioC.rateD.fraction3.It is amusing that she______her father's bad temper as well as her mother's good looks.（分数：2.00）A.retainedB.inheritedC.preservedD.maintained4.______the few who have failed in their examination, all the other students in the hall are in very high spirits.（分数：2.00）A.In spite thatB.But forC.For the sake ofD.Apart from5.The decline in moral standards, which has long concerned social analysts, has at last______the attention of average Americans.（分数：2.00）A.clarifiedB.cultivatedC.capturedD.characterized6.That he brought the company big profits wouldn't______putting the company's money into his own pockets.（分数：2.00）A.justifyB.clarifyC.testifyD.amplify7.We're______50 new staff this year as business grows.（分数：2.00）A.taking overB.taking inC.taking onD.taking up8.Is the theory of evolution in direct ______with religious teachings, or does it leave room for debate?（分数：2.00）parisonB.distinctionC.disturbanceD.contradiction9.Libraries are an investment for the future and should not be allowed to fall into______.（分数：2.00）A.dissolutionB.decayC.declineD.depression10.A transplant operation is successful only if doctors can prevent the body from rejecting the ______organ.（分数：2.00）A.borrowedB.strangeC.novelD.foreign11.Then in June 1967 the country______diplomatic relations with Israel after the outbreak of the Six Day War.（分数：2.00）A.broke awayB.broke offC.cut outD.cut down12.Everyone has faced the embarrassing______of deciding how much extra to give a waiter or taxi-driver.（分数：2.00）A.incidentB.eventC.dilemmaD.menace13.The school arranged road trip appears to______the spring break.（分数：2.00）A.conform toB.coincide withC.consist inD.collide with14.The new airport terminal is sure to______the development of tourism.（分数：2.00）A.imitateB.fascinateC.imposeD.facilitate15.The Huntington Library has an______collection of rare books and manuscripts of British and American history and literature.（分数：2.00）A.intensiveB.intentionalC.extensiveD.extensional16.Inflation will reach its highest in a decade across most of Asia this year, threatening to______ recent productivity gains.（分数：2.00）A.reverseB.reserveC.retrieveD.revise17.Those governments will provide big food and fuel______according to the Asian Development Bank.（分数：2.00）A.substitutesB.substancesC.subsequencesD.subsidies18.In mild winters apple buds began to break soon after Christmas, leaving them______to frost damage.（分数：2.00）A.reluctantB.toughC.hostileD.vulnerable19.What is happening is a survival-of-the-fittest struggle affecting ______ smaller factories in relatively low-tech, labor-intensive industries.（分数：2.00）A.primarilyB.rationallyC.primitivelyD.respectively20.A traditional critic has the advantage of being able to______standards and values inherited from the past.（分数：2.00）A.turn upB.turn overC.turn toD.turn in21.Susan never took any cookery courses; she learned cooking by ______ useful tips from TV cookery programs.（分数：2.00）A.bringing upB.picking upC.putting upD.pulling up22.The President______his deputy to act for him while he was abroad.（分数：2.00）A.promotedB.substitutedC.displacedD.authorized23.It______without saying that consumers would be happier if prices were lower.（分数：2.00）A.takesB.appearsC.goesD.makes24.The world economic recession put an______end to the steel market upturn that began in 2002.（分数：2.00）A.irregularB.illegalC.absurdD.abrupt25.I'm______about how you discovered my website, and I'm very glad if you enjoy it.（分数：2.00）A.mysteriousB.furiousC.curiousD.serious26.The Labor Party's electoral strategy, based on an______with other smaller parties, has proved successful.（分数：2.00）A.acquaintanceB.integrationC.intimacyD.alliance27.The new aircraft will be______to a test of temperatures of -65℃ and 120℃.（分数：2.00）A.suspendedB.suppressedC.subjectedD.summoned28.The money I got from teaching on the side was a useful______to my ordinary income.（分数：2.00）A.supplementB.profitC.subsidyD.replacement29.Chinese people are now enjoying better dental heath, as shown by the declining______ of tooth decay.（分数：2.00）A.incidenceB.treatmentC.consequenceD.misfortune30.Many countries have conservation programs to prevent certain ______ of fish from becoming extinct.（分数：2.00）A.sourcesB.speciesC.numbersD.members二、Cloze(总题数：1，分数：40.00)Given the advantage of electronic money, you might think that we should move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically【C1】______, a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been【C2】______for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon "revolutionize the very【C3】______of money itself," only to【C4】______itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so【C5】______in coming? Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work【C6】______the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very【C7】______to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the【C8】______form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they【C9】______receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to【C10】______. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float" — it takes several days【C11】______a check is cashed and funds are【C12】______from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime.【C13】______electronic payments are immediate; they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment may【C14】______security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information【C15】______there. The fact that this is not an【C16】______occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and【C17】______from someone else's accounts. The【C18】______of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to【C19】______security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic【C20】______that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.（分数：40.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.HoweverB.MoreoverC.ThereforeD.Otherwise(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.offB.backC.overD.around(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.powerB.conceptC.historyD.role(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.rewardB.resistC.resumeD.reverse(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.silentB.suddenC.slowD.steady(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.forB.againstC.withD.on(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.imaginativeB.expensiveC.sensitiveD.productive(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.similarB.originalC.temporaryD.dominant(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.collectC.copyD.print(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.give upB.take overC.bring backD.pass down(11).【C11】（分数：2.00）A.beforeB.afterC.sinceD.when(12).【C12】（分数：2.00）A.keptB.borrowedC.releasedD.withdrawn(13).【C13】（分数：2.00）A.UnlessB.UntilC.BecauseD.Though(14).【C14】（分数：2.00）A.hideB.expressC.raiseD.ease(15).【C15】（分数：2.00）A.analyzedB.sharedC.storedD.displayed(16).【C16】（分数：2.00）A.unsafeB.unnaturalC.uncommonD.unclear(17).【C17】（分数：2.00）A.stealB.chooseC.benefitD.return(18).【C18】（分数：2.00）A.considerationB.preventionC.manipulationD.justification(19).【C19】（分数：2.00）B.fight againstC.adapt toD.call for(20).【C20】（分数：2.00）A.chunkB.chipC.pathD.trail三、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：5，分数：42.00)A particular area in which assumptions and values differ between cultures is that of friendship. Friendships among Americans tend to be shorter and less intense than those among people from many other cultures. At least many observers from abroad have this impression. Because Americans are taught to be self-reliant, because they live in a very mobile society, and for many other reasons as well, they tend to avoid deep involvement with other people. Furthermore, Americans tend to "compartmentalize" their friendships, having their "friends at work" , "friends at school" , a "tennis friend" , and so on. Americans often seem very friendly, even when you first meet them. This friendliness does not usually mean that the American is looking for a deeper relationship. The result of these attitudes and behaviors is sometimes viewed by foreigner as an "inability to be friends". Other times it is seen as a normal way to retain personal happiness in a mobile, ever-changing society. People normally have in their minds stereotypes about people who are different from themselves. Stereotypes are based on limited and incomplete experience and information, but they shape people's thoughts and expectations. Americans have many stereotypes about foreign students in general(for example, that they are very hard working, intelligent, and rich; that they do not speak English well)and about particular categories of foreign students(Chinese are polite and good at mathematics, for example, or Italians are emotional). And foreign students have their own stereotypes of Americans, for example, that they are arrogant, rude, and generous. There are two stereotypes that often effect male-female relationships involving U. S. and foreign students. The first is the idea, held by some foreign males, that American females are invariably willing, if not anxious, to have sex. The second common stereotype, held by some American females, is that male foreign students have no interest in American females other than having sex with them. The existence of these and other stereotypes can give rise to considerable misunderstanding and can block the development of a mutually satisfactory relationship between particular individuals. Stereotypes seem unavoidable, given the way the human mind seeks to categorize and classify information, so it is not realistic to suppose people can "forget their stereotypes". But they can be aware of their stereotypes, and be ready to find exceptions to them.（分数：10.00）(1).Concerning friendship, Americans______.（分数：2.00）A.look for a deeper relationship in a close circleB.avoid deep relationship with other peopleC.are friendly at first but do not remain so later onD.do not make good friends(2).The word "compartmentalize" in the first paragraph means " ______".（分数：2.00）A.separate in categoriesB.treat differentlyC.evaluate accordinglyD.judge fairly(3).The author's attitude toward the American type of friendship seems to be______.（分数：2.00）A.approvingB.criticalC.biasedD.objective(4).According to the author, stereotypes concerning male-female relationships involving U. S. and foreign students are______.（分数：2.00）A.helpfulB.meaning lessC.harmfuleless(5).According to the author, stereotypes seem unavoidable because______.（分数：2.00）A.it is natural to have themB.it is easy to find exceptionsC.they provide better understandingD.they contribute to friendshipYou may have wondered why the supermarkets are all the same. It is not because the companies that operate them lack imagination. It is because they all aim at persuading people to buy things. In the supermarket, it takes a while for the mind to get into a shopping mode. This is why the area immediately inside the entrance is known as the " decompression zone". People need to slow down and look around, even if they are regulars. In sales terms this area is bit of a loss, so it tends to be used more for promotion. Immediately inside the first thing shoppers may come to is the fresh fruit and vegetables section. For shoppers, this makes no sense. Fruit and vegetables can be easily damaged, so they should be bought at the end, not the beginning, of a shopping trip. But what is at work here? It turns out that selecting good fresh food is a way to start shopping, and it makes people feel less guilty about reaching for the unhealthy stuff later on. Shoppers already know that everyday items, like milk, are invariably placed towards the back of a store to provide more opportunities to tempt customers. But supermarkets know shoppers know this, so they use other tricks, like placing popular items halfway along a section so that people have to walk all along the aisle looking for them. The idea is to boost "dwell time" : the length of time people spend in a store. Traditionally retailers measure "football" , as the number of people entering a store is known, but those numbers say nothing about where people go and how long they spend there. But nowadays, a piece of technology can fill the gap: the mobile phone. Path Intelligence, a British company tracked people's phones at Gunwharf Quays, a large retailer centre in Portsmouth —not by monitoring calls, but by plotting the positions of handsets as they transmit automatically to cellular networks. It found that when dwell time rose 1 $ sales rose 1. 3% . Such techniques are increasingly popular because of a deepening understanding about how shoppers make choices. People tell market researchers that they make rational decisions about what to buy, considering things like price, selection or convenience. But subconscious forces, involving emotion and memories, are clearly also at work.（分数：10.00）(1).In Paragraph 2, "decompression zone" is the area meant to______.（分数：2.00）A.prepare shoppers for the mood of buyingB.offer shoppers a place to have a restC.encourage shoppers to try new productsD.provide shoppers with discount information(2).Putting fruit-and-vegetable section near the entrance takes advantage of shoppers' ______.（分数：2.00）mon senseB.shopping habitsC.shopping psychologyD.concerns with time(3).Path intelligence uses a technology to______.（分数：2.00）A.measure how long people stay at a storeB.count how many people enter a storeC.find out what people buy in a storeD.monitor what people say and do in a store(4).The author argues that shoppers______.（分数：2.00）A.exert more influence on stores than they imagineB.are more likely to make rational choices than they knowC.have more control over what they buy than they assumeD.tend to make more emotional decisions than they think(5).The best title for the passage is______.（分数：2.00）A.New Technology Boosts Stores' SalesB.How Shoppers Make Choices in StoresC.The Science behind Stores' ArrangementsD.Rational and Irrational Ways of Shopping31.In the past, degrees were very unusual in my family. I remember the day my uncle graduated. We had a huge party, and for many years my mother called him "the genius" and listened to his opinion. Today in comparison, five of my brothers and sisters have degrees, and two are studying for their masters'. However, some people think that this increased access to education is devaluing degrees. People have several arguments against the need for degrees. They say that having so many graduates devalues a degree. People lose respect for the degree holder. It is also claimed that education has become a rat race. Graduates have to compete for jobs even after years of studying. Another point is that studying for such a long time leads to learners becoming inflexible. They know a lot about one narrow subject, but are unable to apply their skills. Employers prefer more flexible and adaptable workers. However, I feel strongly that this move to having more qualifications is a positive development. In the past education was only for the rich and powerful. Now it is available to everyone, and this will have many advantages for the country and the individual. First of all, it is impossible to be overeducated. The more people are exchanging ideas. A further point is that people with degrees have many more opportunities. They can take a wider variety of jobs and do what they enjoy doing, instead of being forced to take a job they dislike. Finally, a highly educated workforce is good for the economy of the country. It attracts foreign investment. In conclusion, although there are undoubtedly some problems with increased levels of education, I feel strongly that the country can only progress if all its people are educated to the maximum of their ability.What can we learn about the author's family?（分数：2.00）A.They used to disregard education.B.They are overeducated now.C.Few members were allowed to go to school in the past.D.There are now more educated members than in the past.I have a vegetable garden and every summer I enjoy eating my own vegetables. One day last summer I picked a dozen carrots. Usually, as soon as I have picked the carrots, I clean the dirt off them by washing them in a bucket of water. But this day, as I was getting up from the ground with my twelve carrots, I tripped(绊)and fell over the bucket. The water spilled out of the bucket, so I decided to wash the carrots quickly in the kitchen sink. I put the carrots in the sink, washed them with water, and watched all the dirt washed away down the drain. The next day, when I was washing dishes, I noticed that the water drained out of the sink much more slowly than usual. It drained so slowly that I called a plumber(水管工)to come and fix my drain. The plumber tried a lot of different cleaners and equipment, but nothing worked. He had to cut a hole in the floor where the drain pipe was in order to try to find the problem. While he was cutting the small hole,he accidentally cut the hot-water pipe. Hot water sprayed over the plumber, onto the floor, under the refrigerator; water went everywhere. My refrigerator stopped working because the water had affected the electrical wires. I called an electrician to come and fix the refrigerator. The electrician had to move the refrigerator to work on the wires. As she was balancing it, she tripped over the plumber's tools. She fell down and the refrigerator tipped over. It crashed into the wall, resulting in a huge hole in the wall. I called a carpenter to come and fix the wall. In order to repair the hole in the wall, the carpenter had to tear down half of the entire wall. Meanwhile, the plumber was still looking for the source of the drain problem. Since the kitchen was in a terrible mess anyway, the plumber decided to remove part of the floor to look at the pipe there. In the middle of the floor, he found the problem: the dirt from the carrots was stuck in the pipe and nothing could go through. Now I had a sink that did not drain, a refrigerator that did not work, a wall that was half gone, and part of a floor that was missing. I looked at this disaster and decided that what I really needed was a new kitchen. Finally, I called a house builder to come and fix my kitchen. Three weeks later I had a new sink, a new refrigerator, new cupboards on a new wall, new tiles on a new floor, and $ 10, 000 less in my bank.（分数：10.00）(1).The carrots were washed in the sink instead of the bucket because______.（分数：2.00）A.the water bucket fell overB.dinner needed to be made soonC.carrots were always washed in itD.they could be washed more cleanly(2).The plumber did all the following EXCEPT______.（分数：2.00）A.cut a hole in the floorB.cut the hot-water pipeC.try different cleanersD.tear down part of the wall(3).Which of the following caused the hole in the wall?（分数：2.00）A.Water that sprayed on it.B.The electrician who worked on the wires.C.The refrigerator that crashed into it.D.The plumber who used a wrong tool.(4).Which of the following items was NOT damaged?（分数：2.00）A.The wallB.The ceilingC.The hot water pipe.D.The floor.(5).The best title of the passage would be "______".（分数：2.00）A.How a dozen carrots cost $ 10, 000B.What the dirt from carrots could doC.Carrots can be very expensiveD.A careless homeownerMore boys than girls are born all over the world, but a new study has found that the closer people live to the equator(赤道), the smaller the difference becomes. No one knows why. The imbalanced sex ratio at birth has been known for more than a hundred years, and researchers have found a large variety of social, economic and biological factors that relate to the sex ratio at birth-war, economic stress, age, diet, selective abortion and more. But latitude(纬度)is a natural phenomenon, unaffected by cultural or economic factors. To look at the effect of latitude, Kristen J. Navara of the University of Georgia used the latitude of the capital city in 202 countries, as well as 10 years of data on sex ratio at birth and annual variations in day length and temperature. Dr. Navara performed a statistical analysis which showed that there was a significant relation betweensex ratios in favor of boys and latitude. African countries produced the lowest sex ratios—50. 7 percent boys—and European and Asian countries had the highest with 51. 4 percent. There are some possible explanations, but none entirely satisfactory. It could be that there is some survival value in producing more girls in warmer regions, but it is unclear what this might be. There may be genetic or racial differences that could explain it, but the connection persists over so many varied populations that this seems unlikely. Mice also produce more male offspring during shorter days or colder weather, but the reasons in these animals are just as mysterious as they are in humans. " There's a possibility that humans might be responding to factors they were programmed to respond to a long time ago-not cultural or socioeconomic, but climate and things like latitude," Dr. Navara said. " What's interesting is that we may be seeing something that connects us with our animal ancestry. "（分数：10.00）(1).What can be learned from the first paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.The closer to the equator, the more boys are born.B.Boys are more used to colder places.C.Girls have a higher birth rate than boys near the equator.D.In warmer places the birth ratio between boys and girls is lower.(2).Out of all the influencing factors of birth ratio, Dr. Navara focuses on______.（分数：2.00）A.cultureB.economytitudeD.stress(3).Dr. Navara reached her conclusion through______.（分数：2.00）paring dataB.field studyC.conducting a surveyD.map reading(4).According to Navara, which of the following probably explains the imbalanced sex ratio?（分数：2.00）A.There is cultural preference for boys.B.Humans are designed that way by nature.C.Different races have different birth ratios.D.Humans are different from animals in birth ratio.(5).What is the purpose of the passage?（分数：2.00）A.To tell a mysterious story.B.To report a scientific experiment.C.To explain an interesting phenomenon.D.To argue for a viewpoint.四、English-Chinese Tran(总题数：1，分数：2.00)32.I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. We have an ordeal of the most grievous kind before us. We have many, many months of struggle and suffering before us. You ask, what is our policy? I say it is to wage war by land, sea and air. War with all our might and with all the strength God has given us, and to wage war against a monstrous tyranny never surpassed in the dark and lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy. You ask, what is our aim?I can answer in one word, It is victory. Victory at all costs; victory in spite of all terrors; victory, however long and hard the road may be, for without victory there is no survival.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 五、Chinese-English Tran(总题数：1，分数：2.00)33.都市寸土千金，地价炒得越来越高，今后将更高。
2004医学博士英语真题及答案
2004医学博士英语真题及答案2004patr II vocabulary(10%)31.All the characters in the play are_____A.imaginable adj.可想象的, 可能的B.imaginary adj.假想的, 想象的, 虚构的C.imaginative adj. 富于想象力的D.imagining32.The judge _____ all the charges against SmithA.dismissed dismiss a charge驳回指控B.eliminated除去, 排除, 削减(人员)’不予考虑eliminate the false and retain the true去伪存真C.refusedvt.拒绝, 谢绝n.废物, 垃圾D.discardedinto the discard成为无用之物; 被遗忘throw sth. into the discard放弃某事33.The actress _____ the terms of her contract and was prosecuted起诉 by the producer制片人.A.ignored(因证据不足而)驳回诉讼B.ratified ratify an amendment to a constitution批准宪法修正案C.drafted vt.起草D.violated违犯,;扰乱;violate a law犯法violate sleep妨碍睡眠violate sb.'s privacy侵扰某人的安静; 闯入私室34.At this time of the year,university admission offices are_____with inquires from anxious applicants.A.annoyedB.thrilledv.发抖C.trampledn.踩踏, 蹂躏v.践踏, 踩坏, 轻视D.reproached v.责备35.When the former President_____her candidacy候选资格,she had a good chance of being elected.A.enforced强迫, 执行, 坚持, 加强B.endorsed v.在(票据)背面签名, 签注(文件), 认可, 签署C.follow up v.穷追, 把...探究到底, 用继续行动来加强效果D.put forward v.放出, 拿出, 提出, 推举出36.The country’s highest medal was _____upon him for heroism.A.earnedB.bestowed给与, 授, 赠, 赐(on, upon)I do not deserve all the praises bestowed upon me.我不配得到这些赞扬。
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2004年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解Paper OnePart I.Listening Comprehension(15%)Section ADirections:In this section,you will hear10short conversations.At the end of each conversation,a question will be asked about what was said.The conversation and question will bespoken only once.After each question there will be a pause.During the pause,youmust read the four suggested answers marked A,B,C and D and decide which one isthe best answer.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a singleline though the center.Example:You will hear:M:Is it possible for you to work late?Miss Grey?W:Work late?I suppose so,if you really think it is necessary.Q:Where do you think this conversation most probably took place?You will read:A.At the office.B.In the waiting room.C.At the airport.D.In a restaurant.From the conversation we know that the two were talking about some work they have to finish in the evening.This is most likely to have taken place at the office.Therefore a)At the office is the best answer.You should choose answer a.on the Answer Sheet and mark it with a pencil.1.A.The man better practice harder.B.The man should not give up.C.The man should stop trying to be a superstar.D.The man better practice a new style.2.A.Help the woman but only unwillingly.B.Not help move items for the woman.C.Help move things to Mr.Nelson’s office.D.Cancel his appointment at Mr.Nelson’s office.3.A.They are on a date.B.They are at a harmonious meeting.C.They are at a meeting with a controversy.D.They are late to the meeting.4.A.Ask for more money from the student loan.B.Find a job to earn some money.C.Be more realistic with his money.D.Stop worrying about his money.5.A.See both of them one after another.B.Phone the theater for opinion.C.Toss a coin to decide.D.Go somewhere else instead.B.Volunteering needs physical work.C.Volunteering requires a time commitment.D.Volunteering requires a financial commitment.7.A.Dorms are not as cheap as he thinks.B.Dorms are not as spacious as he thinks.C.Dorms are not as available as he thinks.D.Dorms are not as convenient as he thinks.8.A.The amount of paper he used might be worth the cost.B.It will be a good lesson for him to study harder.C.The amount of effort he made will become useful.D.The preparation of the paper should be finished soon.9.A.Sleeping early is good for oneself.B.Rising early takes time to become easy.C.Jogging is difficult to be routine.D.Walking in the park is not as easy as it seems.10.A.It is sure to be ready on Thursday.B.It is still not ready.C.It was already ready on Thursday.D.It was too difficult to fix it.Section BDirections:In this section,you will hear3short passages.At the end of each passage,you will hear some questions.Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choicesmarked a,b,c and d.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with asingle line through the center.Passage OneQuestions11to13are based on the passage you have just heard.11.A.His friend bought them for him.B.He bought them himself.C.He booked them quite a while ago.D.He got them free of charge.12.A.Her husband was taking her out to the theater.B.Her husband had got her a job in his office.C.Her husband was going to buy her some nice gifts.D.Her husband had found his lost money.13.A.He had lost the tickets for the theater.B.He had lost his briefcase.C.He had left his briefcase at home.D.He had left the tickets in the office.Passage TwoQuestions14to16are based on the passage you have just heard.ck of electricity.B.Shortage of books.D.Shortage of experts15.A.A system which trains doctors.B.A group of experts who can provide professional advice.C.A computer program which can provide professional advice.D.A system which trains computer experts.16.A.It is not easy to see the shortage of experts in the villages.B.Many doctors and engineers are sent to the villages to make up for the shortage of experts.C.Expert medical systems are widely used in developing countries.D.Expert systems are owned by wealthy farmers and businessmen.Passage ThreeQuestions17to20are based on the passage you have just heard.17.A.The designer of the White House.B.The first resident of the White House.C.One of the U.S.presidents.D.A specialist of American history.18.A.To add to the beauty of the building.B.To follow the original design.C.To wipe out the stains left behind by the war.D.To make the building look more comfortable.19.A.Right after it was rebuilt.B.During the administration of John Adams.C.When Theodore Roosevelt was president.D.After many other names had been given to it.20.A.It has been changed several times.B.It has never been changed.C.It was changed after the War of1812.D.It was changed during Roosevelt’s presidency.【答案】略II.Vocabulary and Structure(15%)Directions:Below each sentence,there are four words marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence or that is closest in meaning to the underlined word in thesentence Write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.21.After doing her usual morning chores,Elisha found herself______tired.A.interestinglyB.surprisinglyC.erraticallyD.forcibly【答案】B【解析】surprisingly令人惊讶地。