大学生论文作业

Differences between Chinese Phatic Communion and AmericanPhatic Communion in UniversityThesis statement: this Paper is aiming to analyzing differences between Chinese Phatic Communion and American Phatic Communion in University.Literature ReviewThe language is the carrier of exchanging information, which takes the responsibility of transmitting information. At the same time, language also takes the responsibility of establishing and maintaining the interpersonal relationship, which just is the role pahtic communion plays. The word “phatic communion” was put forwarded by Malinowski, when he did research on Trobriand islanders. The pahtic function refers to the social interaction of language (Huzhuangling, 2011). After Malinowski, many western scholars accepted the concept, and then they classed small talk, off-center and greeting as phatic communion. In our country, we put more attention on pahtic communion after the prosperity of functional linguistics.(I)The definition pahtic communionThe study of phatic communion is classified as quantitative study and demarcation study (Zhangyan, 2012)The quantitative study derives from Malinowski’s study of phatic communion, mainly studying the phatic communion pragmatic effect. After Malinowski putting forward the concept of phatic communion, many westerners accepted it and used it for reference (Zhangyan,2012). Jakobson(1960) and Halliday(1985) both thought the phatic communion is to establishing and developing interpersonal relationship, not aiming at exchanging information. In our country, we pay more attention of pahtic communion till the properity of functional linguistics. Huzhuangling(2011) assumed phatic communion as a conventional language, which is subconscious, self-acting, no exchanging information, but social contact. The quantitative study is mainly to describe the features of pahtic communion which isconsidered as language in order to establishing and developing an interpersonal relationship.The demarcation study is mainly relation to the range of phaitc communion, which contributed us redefining phatic communion and learning it, and which also tell us the complexity and importance of phatic communion (Zhangyan, 2012).(II)The classificationThe phatic communion can be classified from two aspects: content and grammar.According to the content, it pays more attention pay more attention on the topics, such as the weather, greeting or something bad or excting. Such as Zhangli(1993), Hedongwei(2010) and Chengqiuna(2005), they all studied the patic communion from the content classification.Some scholars classified the phatic communion from grammar. They established a system of Chinese phatic communion system, which mainly contained informed pahtic communion, interrogatory phatic communion, statement phatic communion, and exclamatory phatic communion.From the classification, it is not difficult to learn the types of pahtic communion, but in fact many learners tend from the content, because it is easier to grasp. So when it is related to the learning, it essentially necessary to teach students after combing two aspects, in order to a more comprehensive and deep understanding.(III)The function of pahtic communion.Traditional linguist have an idea that language have two functions: description and expressive.Many scholars have studied the function of it deeper and more systematized for a long time. Some representative person such as Jokobson, Halliday, Jokobson attributed the social intercourse function into phatic communion and assumed that this function is language’s primary function, which established a theory basis. Many scholars study phatic communion mainly focusing on its status in social status or its own function. Malinowski (1932), O’Donnel and Todd (1978) claimed that pahtic communion is the lubricant of communion, and is the tool to establishing an interpersonal relationship, aiming at enhancing emotional links. And both Lyons (1977) andHalliday (1978) both declared that phatic communion have played sensationally significant role in linguistic function. In our country, many scholars take the idea of oversea works. From the aspect of sociolinguistics and functional linguistics, Zhaohaiwei assumed that phatic communion is mainly used to demolish awkwardness and establishing and developing an interpersonal communicational atmosphere.And in all, phatic communion function refers to establishing interpersonal communicational atmosphere, developing and maintaining a certain social relationship.(IV)Correlational studies.Theory backgroundMany researches are based on Polite Principle and Cooperation Principle.To specify the CP further, Grice (1974) introduced four categories as follow:Quantity:1. Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purpose of the exchange).2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.Quality:Try not to make your contribution one that is true.1. Do not say what you believe is false2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Relation: Be relevantManner: Be perspicuous1.Avoid obscurity of expression.2.Avoid ambiguity.3.Be brief.4.Be orderlyLakoff and Leech assumed that some conversations do not obey cooperation principle, but the polite principle. Lakoff putted forward three maxims: no forcing, making options, and being comfortable. Leech then proposed six maxims: being generous, praising, being modest, no difference, and sympathy.Now with the development cognitive linguistics, Sperber and Wilson’s relevance theory also has been known by all of us, which exclaims that the conversations’understandings are related to information and social contact two aspects, including implication and reasoning, two parts of recognition process.Applied studiesThe studies of phatic communion are mainly translation, cross-culture, and teaching. Each language has its features, which reflect its culture. Different culture background makes various languages. So dophatic communion. In teaching, phatic communion is related to noumenon and how to use different phatic communion in different background, but not deeply and systematically. In 2002, Zhongjie did a research on analyzing problems in phatic communion teaching, but there still a long way to go.BibliographyHuzhuangling, A Course in Linguistics, 2011Malinowski, The Problem of Meaning in Primitive Language, 1923 Zhangli, Introduction to the cultural default and greet communication, 1993 O’Donnel and Todd, Language as a Social Semiotic, 1978H.P.Grice, Logical and conversation, 1975Halliday, Introduction to Functional Grammar, 1977Jokobson, Linguistics and PoeticsRoman Jakobson, Linguistics and Peotry, 1940Zhangyan, Chinese Phatic Communion System, 2012Leech, Principle of Prahmatics, 1983Zhongjie, Identifying the Differences and Enlightenment to Teaching。