大学思辨英语精读Unit 4 Organization and Institution参考答案
大学思辨英语教程精读4unit1textB答案
大学思辨英语教程精读4unit1textB答案1、I could ______ control my feelings and cried loudly when I heard the bad news. [单选题] *A. hardly(正确答案)B. ?reallyC. clearlyD. nearly2、Was()that I saw last night at the concert? [单选题] *A. it you(正确答案)B. not youC. youD. that yourself3、You can't rely on Jane as she is _____ changing her mind and you will never know what she is going to do next. [单选题] *A. occasionallyB. rarelyC. scarcelyD. constantly(正确答案)4、While I _____ the morning paper, a headline caught my eye.. [单选题] *A. have readB. was reading(正确答案)C. had readD. am reading5、He can’t meet his friends tonight because he _______ do homework. [单选题] *A. has to(正确答案)B. needC. have toD. don’t have to6、You could hardly imagine _______ amazing the Great Wall was. [单选题] *A. how(正确答案)B. whatC. whyD. where7、Patrick bought her two handbags as gifts,but _____ of them was her style. [单选题] *A. eitherB. noneC. neither(正确答案)D. all8、28.The question is very difficult. ______ can answer it. [单选题] * A.EveryoneB.No one(正确答案)C.SomeoneD.Anyone9、32.Mr. Black is ______ now, so he wants to go to a movie with his son. [单选题] * A.busyB.free(正确答案)C.healthyD.right10、--Jenny, what’s your favorite _______?--I like potatoes best. [单选题] *A. fruitB. vegetable(正确答案)C. drinkD. meat11、We have ______ homework today. ()[单选题] *A. too manyB. too much(正确答案)C. much tooD. very much12、______ the morning of September 8th, many visitors arrived at the train station for a tour.()[单选题] *A. FromB. ToC. InD. On(正确答案)13、My brother usually _______ his room after school. But now he _______ soccer. [单选题] *A. cleans; playsB. cleaning; playingC. cleans; is playing(正确答案)D. cleans; is playing the14、I like dancing, ______ I can join the Dancing Club.()[单选题] *A. becauseB. so(正确答案)C. andD. but15、I arrived _____ the city _____ 9:00 am _______ April [单选题] *A. at, in, atB. to, on, atC. in, or, atD. in, at, on(正确答案)16、5.Shanghais is known ________ “the Oriental Pearl”, so many foreigners come to visit Shanghai very year. [单选题] *A.forB.as (正确答案)C.withD.about17、Mum, this T-shirt is much too small for me. Would you buy me a _______ one? [单选题] *A. niceB. largeC. nicerD. larger(正确答案)18、He didn't allow _____ in his room. Actually he didn't allow his family _____ at all. [单选题] *A. to smoke; to smokeB. smoking; to smoke(正确答案)C. to smoke; smokingD. smoking; smoking19、—I can’t always get good grades. What should I do?—The more ______ you are under, the worse grades you may get. So take it easy!()[单选题] *A. wasteB. interestC. stress(正确答案)D. fairness20、89.The blackboard is ________ the classroom. [单选题] *A.nextB.betweenC.in front ofD.in the front of(正确答案)21、Don’t play games on the computer all day. It’s ______ for your eyes. [单选题] *A. bad(正确答案)B. usefulC. helpfulD. thankful22、74.No person ()carry a mobile phone into the examination room during the national college Entrance Examinations.[单选题] *A.shall(正确答案)B.mustC.canD.need23、81.Some birds are flying ________ the lake. What a beautiful picture! [单选题] *A.forB.underC.inD.above(正确答案)24、33.Body language is even___________ and ___________ than any other language. [单选题] *A.stronger, loudB.strong, louderC.strong, loudD.stronger, louder (正确答案)25、26.—Mary, is this your pen?—No, it isn't. ________ is black. [单选题] *A.MyB.IC.MeD.Mine(正确答案)26、____ father is a worker. [单选题] *A.Mike's and Mary'sB. Mike and Mary's(正确答案)C. Mike's and MaryD. Mike and Marys'27、98.There is a post office ______ the fruit shop and the hospital. [单选题] *A.atB.withC.between(正确答案)D.among28、--Jenny, what’s your favorite _______?? ? ? --like peaches best. [单选题] *A. fruit(正确答案)B. vegetablesC. drinkD. plants29、What _______ would you like, sir? [单选题] *A. otherB. else(正确答案)C. othersD. another30、It was _____ that the policy of reform and opening up came into being in China. [单选题] *A. in the 1970s(正确答案)B. in 1970sC. in the 1970s'D. in 1970's。
大学思辨英语教程精读4哲学与文明unit9答案
大学思辨英语教程精读4哲学与文明unit9答案1、The strawberries ______ fresh. Can I taste (品尝) one?()[单选题] *A. watchB. tasteC. soundD. look(正确答案)2、The teacher asked him to practice playing the piano _______. [单选题] *A. often as possibleB. as often possibleC. as possible oftenD. as often as possible(正确答案)3、You can ask()is on duty there tonight. [单选题] *A. WhatB. whomC. whoever(正确答案)D. whomever4、_____ the project, we'll have to work two more weeks. [单选题] *A. CompletingB. CompleteC. Having completedD.To complete(正确答案)5、—Can you play tennis? —______, but I’m good at football.()[单选题] *A. Yes, I can(正确答案)B. Yes, I doC. No, I can’tD. No, I don’t6、The three guests come from different _______. [单选题] *A. countryB. countrysC. countryesD. countries(正确答案)7、Let us put the matter to the vote,()? [单选题] *A. will youC. may ID. shall we(正确答案)8、I am so excited to receive a _______ from my husband on my birthday. [单选题] *A. present(正确答案)B. percentC. parentD. peace9、The relationship between employers and employees has been studied(). [单选题] *A. originallyB. extremelyC. violentlyD. intensively(正确答案)10、18.Monica wants to be a _______. She is good at sports and she loves teaching others. [单选题] *A.coach(正确答案)B.secretaryC.architect11、We got up early this morning and took a long walk after breakfast. We walked _____ the business section of the city. [单选题] *A. amongB. betweenC. through(正确答案)D. upon12、His handwriting is better than _____. [单选题] *A. mine(正确答案)B. myC. ID. me13、______! It’s not the end of the world. Let’s try it again.()[单选题] *A. Put upB. Set upC. Cheer up(正确答案)D. Pick up14、The house was completed five months ago. [单选题] *A. 完成(正确答案)B. 复杂C. 开始D. 装着15、The reason why I didn't attend the lecture was simply()I got a bad cold that day. [单选题] *A. becauseB. asC. that(正确答案)D. for16、____ of my parents has been to my school, so they know _____ of my classmates. [单选题] *A. Neither, none(正确答案)B. No one, noneC. None, no oneD. Neither, no one17、This year our school is _____ than it was last year. [单选题] *A. much more beautiful(正确答案)B. much beautifulC. the most beautifulD. beautiful18、It ______ me half an hour to return to school.()[单选题] *A. takes(正确答案)B. spendsC. costsD. brings19、We are living in an age()many things are done by computer. [单选题] *A. thatB. whichC. whyD. when(正确答案)20、I _______ seeing you soon. [单选题] *A. look afterB. look forC. look atD. look forward to(正确答案)21、I’d like to go with you, ______ I’m too busy. [单选题] *A. orB. andC. soD. but(正确答案)22、In the closet()a pair of trousers his parents bought for his birthday. [单选题] *A. lyingB. lies(正确答案)c. lieD. is lain23、Don’t play games on the computer all day. It’s ______ for your eyes. [单选题] *A. bad(正确答案)B. usefulC. helpfulD. thankful24、--Is that the correct spelling?--I don’t know. You can _______ in a dictionary [单选题] *A. look up itB. look it forC. look it up(正确答案)D. look for it25、He has made a lot of films, but ____ good ones. [单选题] *A. anyB. someC. few(正确答案)D. many26、Jeanne's necklace was _____ 500 francs at most. [单选题] *A. worthyB. costC. worth(正确答案)D. valuable27、I _______ to the tape yesterday evening. [单选题] *A. lookB. listenC. listened(正确答案)D. hear28、The young man had decided to give up the chance of studying abroad, _____ surprised his parents a lot. [单选题] *A. whenB. whereC. which(正确答案)D. that29、Since the war their country has taken many important steps to improve its economic situation. [单选题] *A. 制定B. 提出C. 讨论D. 采取(正确答案)30、My brother is _______ actor. He works very hard. [单选题] *A. aB. an(正确答案)C. theD. one。
大学思辨英语精读Unit4OrganizationandInstitution参考答案
Unit 4 Organization and InstitutionText APreparatory Work(1)a. Institutionalization: refers to the process of embedding some conception (for example a belief, norm, social role, particular value or mode of behavior) within an organization, social system, or society as a whole. The term may also be used to refer to committing a particular individual or group to an institution, such as a mental or welfare institution.b. Solitary confinement: is a form of imprisonment in which an inmate is isolated from any human contact, often with the exception of members of prison staff. It is mostly employed as a form of punishment beyond incarceration for a prisoner, usually for violations of prison regulations. However, it is also used as an additional measure of protection for vulnerable inmates. In the case prisoners at high risk of suicide, it can be used to prevent access to items that could allow the prisoner to self-harm.c. Parole: is the provisional release of a prisoner who agrees to certain conditions prior to the completion of the maximum sentence period. A specific type of parole is medical parole or compassionate release which is the release of prisoners on medical or humanitarian grounds. Conditions of parole often include things such as obeying the law, refraining from drug and alcohol use, av avoidingoiding contact with the parolee’parolee’s s victims, obtaining employment, and maintaining required contacts with a parole officer.d. Rehabilitation: is the re-integration into society of a convicted person and the main objective of modern penal policy, to counter habitual offending, also known as criminal recidivism. Alternatives to imprisonment also exist, such as community service, probation orders, and others entailing guidance and aftercare towards the offender.(2)Main publications: Influencing Attitudes and Changing Behavior (2nd ed.). Reading, MA: Addison Wesley., 1977, Psychology (3rd Edition), Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing Co., 1999, Psychology And Life, 17/e, Allyn & Bacon Publishing, 2005, The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil, Random House, New York, 2007Main research interests: social psychology, particularly prison study, social intensity syndrome study (related to discharged soldiers).(3)Name of experiment Description of theexperiment Relation of the experiment with the textExperiment on obedience A series of socialpsychology experimentsconducted by Y aleUniversity psychologistStanley Milgram. Theymeasured the willingness Closely related with the text since they are all about the effect of assigned roles.of study participants, men from a diverse range of occupations with varying levels of education, to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts conflicting with their personal conscience; the experiment found, unexpectedly, that a very high proportion of people were prepared to obey, albeit unwillingly, even if apparently causing serious injury and distress.Small-world experiment (six degrees of separation) The small-worldexperiment comprisedseveral experimentsconducted by StanleyMilgram and otherresearchers examining theaverage path length forsocial networks of peoplein the United States. Theresearch wasgroundbreaking in that itsuggested that humansociety is asmall-world-type networkcharacterized by shortpath-lengths. Theexperiments are oftenassociated with the phrase“six degrees ofseparation”separation”, , althoughMilgram did not use thisterm himself.Not closely related withthe text since theexperiment is about socialnetworking betweenindividuals in the UnitedStates.Critical ReadingI. Understanding the text1.Part Para(s) Main ideaI. Anecdote and introduction 1-2 A case showing the necessity forprison reformII. Body3-10 (the experiment)The experiment of a mock prison with guards and prisoners were carried out and had to end earlier because of the frightening effect. III. Findings 11-13 (implication) Individual behavior is largelyunder the control of social forcesand environmental contingenciesrather than personality traits,character, willpower, or otherempirically un-validatedconstructs. IV IV. Conclusion . Conclusion14 (effects of prison) The prison situation is guaranteed to generate severe pathologicalreactions in both guards andprisoners as to debase theirhumanity, and make it difficult forthem to be part of a society outside of their prison. 2.(1) Zimbardo uses the specific example of a prisoner’s situation to plea plead for prison d for prisonreform and to justify the experiment he conducted about the bad effect of prison.(2) They conduct an experiment about the effects of prison on both guards andprisoners. (3) They want to understand what it means psychologically to be a prisoner or a prison guard.(4) The 24 participants are selected randomly from volunteer students in Palo Altocity and they were randomly assigned roles of guards and prisoners in a simulated prison. (5) At Stanford University in 1971.(6) The experiment has to be ended earlier than planned.(7) Because the effects of prison (abusing and being abused) on those beingexperimented are frightening.(8) The results show that people underestimate the power and pervasiveness ofsituational controls over behavior.(9) Individual behavior is largely under the control of social forces and environmentalcontingencies rather than personality traits, character, willpower, etc. Many people, perhaps the majority, can be made to do almost anything when put into psychologically compelling situations – regardless of their morals, ethics, values, attitudes, beliefs, or personal convictions.II. Evaluation and exploration(1)Hypothesis:the change of environment (including changed roles) affects one’s behavior (students are put into a mock prison and assigned opposite roles which areall different from their normal environment and role of being a student or citizen) Cause: prison and assigned new roles (changed environment)Effect: rational people with humanity were turned to abusers and victims Independent variable: the participants as human beings (the same human beings) (Stimulus: change of environment/roles)Dependent variable: behaviorThe experiment on the power and influence of roles assigned to ordinary individualsis basically valid and convincing, and similar experiments also prove that most people’s behavior are influenced by the social environment, particularly the new roles they are assigned. Unfortunately, the experiment cannot be confirmed due to the ethical concern (the harm caused by the experiment on the participants). And also, since the participants of a social experiment are humans, the result might not be exactly the same (unlike the natural science experiment which can be repeated with precision and same result).(2)Similarities: the two experiments are all about the effect of assigned roles and social expectations on the behavior of the human beings s.expectations on the behavior of the human beingDifferences: Zimbardo’s experiment focuses on the gradual change of behavior on those who are assigned new roles (prison effect) while Stanley’s experiment focuses on authority’s influence on individuals in normal circumstances (authority effect).(3)Power and its execution are closely related with the role assigned to the power-holder. The more important role he/she is given, the more likely he/she abuses it if there are no checks and balances from other institutions. It is very important to fight against corruption (in campaigns or through legal means), but it’s more important to set up mechanism to balance the role given to power-holders.(4)Zimbardo’s statement or conclusion is based on his only experiment about humans and their environment and cannot be repeated due to ethical reasons. It is reasonable to argue that most people are influenced by the (change of) environment and adapt to it quickly, which means personal “freedom” is conditioned. However, there are exceptions, and this statement cannot explain the behavior of those heroes who stick to their principles under any circumstances and would rather die than surrender to enemy or power.(5)These exceptional examples are mostly heroes in extreme circumstances such as war or condition of life and death (Wen Tianxiang, Liu Hulan, John Brown etc.). They have to choose between life and death very quickly and sometimes they act from instinct. There are other factors that result in these exceptional cases – they all have very strong characters which have been fostered in hardship; they also have a very strong faith and are ready to die for the cause they pursue.(6)Besides the reason Zimbardo mentions (psychological factor of self-image for the donors), there are at least two more reasons. One is religious reason – most people in the West are Christians who believe in the teachings of Jesus Christ and feel a duty to help the poor (in the form of material, money, or time). The other is related to the affluence of the West where the majority of people become well-off enough to give away a fraction of their wealth or money to maintain social stability. (There’re also other reasons such as tax deduction in some countries to encourage donation.)(7)Simply put, the merit of “group think group think”” is that it can mobilize a uniformed collective force to realize some goal that individuals alone cannot hope to accomplish (through teamwork and national solidarity). The demerit of “group think” is that the group leader’s view might be one leader’s view might be one-sided and flawed, and the wrong decision or policy based -sided and flawed, and the wrong decision or policy based on it could easily lead to mistakes or even disaster. Other demerits: this situation may easily result in the circumstance of strong leader/dictator vs. obedient/populist followers; and in many case followers; and in many cases the “truth” i s the “truth” i s the “truth” is not necessary in the hands of the majority. s not necessary in the hands of the majority.(8)Clinical trials are experiments done in clinical research. Such prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants are designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments and known interventions that warrant further study and comparison. Clinical trials generate data on safety and efficacy. They are conducted only after they have receivedhealth authority/ethics committee approvalin the country where approval of the therapy is sought. These authorities are responsible for vetting the risk/benefit ratio of the trial - their approval does not mean that the therapy is 'safe' or effective, only that the trial may be conducted. Depending on product type and development stage, investigators initially enroll volunteers and/or patients into small pilot studies, and subsequently conduct progressively larger scale comparative studies. The key point here is: All participants are volunteers who choose clinical trial when other means fail. Worldwide it is estimated that the number of vertebrate animals ranges from the tens of millions to more than 100 million used in animal experiment annually. In the EU, these species represent 93% of animals used in research. If the same was true in the US then the total number of animals used in research is estimated to be between 12 and 25 million. Most animals are euthanized after being used in an experiment. Supporters of the use of animals in experiments, such as the British Royal Society, argue that virtually every medical achievement in the 20th century relied on the use of animals in some way. The Institute for Laboratory Animal Research of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences has argued that animal research cannot be replaced by even sophisticated computer models, which are unable to deal with the extremely complex interactions between molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organisms, and the environment. Animal rights, and some animal welfare, organizations question the need for and legitimacy of animal testing, arguing that it is cruel and poorly regulated, that medical progress is actually held back by misleading animal models that cannot reliably predict effects in humans, that some of the tests are outdated, that the costs outweigh the benefits, or that animals have the intrinsic right not to be used or harmedin experimentation.Language EnhancementI. Words and phrases1.(1)C&F (2)B&C (3)E&F (4)E&F (5)A&D(6)C&E (7)A&F (8)B&F (9)D&E (10)B&C2.(1)拼图、勾画(2)构建(名词)(3)建造(动词)(4)建筑物(5)档案(6)(一列)纵队(7)(用锉刀)锉(9)提出、提交(10)呼吁、要求(11)上诉(12)情绪感染、情感诉求(13)吸引力(14)从…悬吊下来(15)停职(16)暂停(17)悬浮(18)吸引(19)雇佣(20)交战、接触(21)忙于(22)面对、触及3.(1) die away (2) need (3) call for (4) overwhelmed (5) assessed(6) result in (7) function (8) filed (9) prayed (10) predicting4.(1)served as (2)end up with (3)differentiate between (4)dissolved into(5) (5) prevent…from prevent…from(6) trade… for (6) trade… for (7) attribute to (7) attribute to (7) attribute to (8) inflicted… on (8) inflicted… on (8) inflicted… on (9) derived from (10) pass out (9) derived from (10) pass outII. Sentences and discourse1.(1) This powerful appeal for prison reform was sent to me in a secret letter from aprisoner. He cannot reveal his name because of still being rehabilitated.(2) The guards were informed of the potential seriousness and danger of the situationas well as their own weaknesses (during the experiment).(3) In less than a week, the experience of imprisonment dissolved all good things that they’ve learned in a lifetime, including human values and self they’ve learned in a lifetime, including human values and self-concepts while the -concepts while theugliest and most basic sick side of human nature came into the surface.(4) Individual behavior is largely influenced and dominated by social forces andenvironmental factors instead of by personality traits, character, willpower, or other components that cannot be proved by empirical evidences.(5) Thus w Thus we created a false belief in (personal) freedom by emphasizing individuals’ e created a false belief in (personal) freedom by emphasizing individuals’internal control (of themselves and of the environment) that actually does not exists.(6) However, since most participants in these studies do act in irrational orunreasonable ways, it can be concluded that the majority of observers would also yield to the social psychological pressure in the same situation. 2.(1) A good leader does not impose his personal will on his subordinates.(2) When rumors of bribing were out, the company immediately denied it.(3) The official was convicted of life imprisonment because of stealing and sellingstate secrets; he decided not to appeal to the higher court.(4) The purpose of setting up the fund is to rehabilitate the landmine victims.(5) This university is one of the few local higher learning institutions that can conferdoctorate degrees.(6) If you want to know more about the characteristics of the British, you have to further study the dimensions of their history and culture.(7) This company has launched a new round of publicity campaign across the country,to attract those potential customers.(8)No country should interfere in No country should interfere in any other country’s any other country’s any other country’s domestic affairs in the excuse domestic affairs in the excuse of human rights. (9) In real life, only very few people can remain independent, not succumbing to power and authority.(10) S ome people believe that in modern society we should adopt an attitude ofunderstanding and tolerance towards deviant views and behaviors. 3.个人行为在很大程度上受到社会力量和环境变化的控制,而非取决于个人特质、性格、意志力或其他未经实验证实的因素。
大学英语精读课后答案第四单元
Subthemes
The subthemes include understanding and adapting to different cultural norms, the challenges posed by cultural differences, and the importance of cultural sensitivity and openness.
Discussion and reflection on related topics
• Related Topics: The article also touches on related topics such as the role of language in cultural differences, the influence of media and technology on cultural communication, and the importance of education in promoting cultural understanding.
句子分析
复杂句型:文章中包含一些复杂 的句型,如长句、从句、被动句 等,这些句型对提高读者的阅读 理解能力有很大帮助。
句子翻译:对于一些难以理解的 句子,文章还提供了中文翻译和 解释,以帮助读者更好地理解文 章内容。
大学思辨英语教程精读4电子版
大学思辨英语教程精读4电子版1、Can you give her some ______ ? [单选题] *A. advice(正确答案)B. suggestionC. advicesD. suggest2、This species has nearly ()because its habitat is being destroyed. [单选题] *A. used upB. died out(正确答案)C. gone upD. got rid of3、The Titanic is a nice film. I _______ it twice. [单选题] *A. sawB. seeC. have seen(正确答案)D. have saw4、As soon as he _______, he _______ to his family. [单选题] *A. arrived, writesB. arrived, writtenC. arrived, wrote(正确答案)D. arrives, write5、Its’time to go to bed. _______ your computer, please. [单选题] *A. Turn onB. Turn inC. Turn off(正确答案)D. Turn down6、pencil - box is beautiful. But ____ is more beautiful than ____. [单选题] *A. Tom's; my; heB. Tom's; mine; his(正确答案)C. Tom's; mine; himD. Tom's; my; his7、We can see ______ stars at night if it doesn’t rain. [单选题] *A. a thousand ofB. thousandsC. thousand ofD. thousands of(正确答案)8、--Jenny, what’s your favorite _______?? ? ? --like peaches best. [单选题] *A. fruit(正确答案)B. vegetablesC. drinkD. plants9、The black coal there shows a sharp()white snow. [单选题] *A. contract withB. content withC. contact toD. contrast to(正确答案)10、The storybook is very ______. I’m very ______ in reading it. ()[单选题] *A. interesting; interested(正确答案)B. interested; interestingC. interested; interestedD. interesting; interesting11、Yesterday I _______ a book.It was very interesting. [单选题] *A. lookedB. read(正确答案)C. watchedD. saw12、Many of my classmates are working _______volunteers. [单选题] *A. as(正确答案)B. toC. atD. like13、On Easter children _______ eggs around the house. [单选题] *A. hunt for(正确答案)B. send forC. prepare forD. ask for14、Wang Dong usually gets up at 6:00 _______ he can catch the early school bus. [单选题] *A. as ifB. so that(正确答案)C. untilD. after15、If the trousers are too long, ask the clerk to bring you a shorter _____. [单选题] *A. suitB.setC.oneD.pair(正确答案)16、--Don’t _______ too late, or you will feel tired in class.--I won’t, Mum. [单选题] *A. call upB. wake upC. stay up(正确答案)D. get up17、_______ after dinner is good for our health. [单选题] *A. WalksB. Walking(正确答案)C. WalkedD. Walk18、—Would you like some milk?—Yes, just _____, please. [单选题] *A. a little(正确答案)B. littleC. a fewD. few19、74.In England people drive________. [单选题] *A.on the left(正确答案)B.in the leftC.on leftD.in left20、75.Why not________ for a walk? [单选题] *A.go out(正确答案)B.to go outC.going outD.goes out21、Either you or the president()the prizes to these gifted winners at the meeting. [单选题] *A. is handing outB. are to hand outC. are handing outD. is to hand out(正确答案)22、The street was named _____ George Washington who led the American war for independence. [单选题] *A. fromB. withC. asD. after(正确答案)23、—Where ______ you ______ for your last winter holiday?—Paris. We had a great time. ()[单选题] *A. did; go(正确答案)B. do; goC. are; goingD. can; go24、While my mother _______ the supper, my father came back. [单选题] *A. cooksB. is cookingC. was cooking(正确答案)D. has cooked25、She found her wallet()she lost it. [单选题] *A. where(正确答案)B. whenC. in whichD.that26、The beautiful sweater _______ me 30 dollars. [单选题] *A. spentB. paidC. cost(正确答案)D. took27、Then the speaker _____the various factors leading to the economic crisis. [单选题] *A.went onB.went afterC.went into(正确答案)D.went for28、The man lost his camera and he ______ it now.()[单选题] *A. foundB. is findingC. is looking forD. looks for(正确答案)29、The language school started a new()to help young learners with reading and writing. [单选题] *A. course(正确答案)B. designC. eventD. progress30、Simon does not()his fellow workers because they often argue over trivial matters. [单选题] *A. get on with(正确答案)B. come up withC. do away withD. go on with。
大学思辨英语教程精读4unit14答案
大学思辨英语教程精读4unit14答案1、( ) What _____ fine weather we have these days! [单选题] *A. aB. theC. /(正确答案)D. an2、There is _______ meat in the fridge.Lets go and buy some. [单选题] *A. little(正确答案)B. a littleC. fewD. a few3、10.﹣Could you please sweep the floor?I’m going to cook dinner.﹣__________.I’ll do it at once,Mom.[单选题] *A.I’m afraid notB.You’re kiddingC.It’s a shameD.My pleasure(正确答案)4、I _______ Zhang Hua in the bookstore last Sunday. [单选题] *A. meetB. meetingC. meetedD. met(正确答案)5、—Look at those purple gloves! Are they ______, Mary?—No, they aren’t. ______ are pink. ()[单选题] *A. you; IB. your; MyC. yours; Mine(正确答案)D. you; Me6、Nowadays more and more people travel by _______, because its safe, cheap and fast. [单选题] *A. footB. bikeC. high-speed train(正确答案)D. boat7、Can I _______ your order now? [单选题] *A. makeB. likeC. giveD. take(正确答案)8、There are many beautiful _______ in the wardrobe. [单选题] *A. bookB. dresses(正确答案)C. cell phoneD. grocery9、4.—Alice’s never late for school.—________. [单选题] *A.So am I.B.So was I.C.Neither am I. (正确答案)D.Neither have I.10、_____how to do with the trouble of the computer, Tom had to ask his brother for help. [单选题] *A.Not to knowB.Not knowing(正确答案)C.Not knownD.Not know11、He doesn’t smoke and hates women _______. [单选题] *A. smokesB. smokeC. smokedD. smoking(正确答案)12、Its’time to go to bed. _______ your computer, please. [单选题] *A. Turn onB. Turn inC. Turn off(正确答案)D. Turn down13、The red jacket is _______ than the green one. [单选题] *A. cheapB. cheapestC. cheaper(正确答案)D. more cheap14、65.There is a big sale on in the shop! Every-thing is ________ price. [单选题] * A.bigB.fullC.zeroD.half(正确答案)15、Jane and Tom _______ my friends. [单选题] *A. amB. isC. are(正确答案)D. was16、I have a _____ every day to keep fit. [单选题] *A. three thousand meter walkB. three-thousands-meters walkC.three-thousand-meters walkD. three-thousand-meter walk(正确答案)17、Alice hopes to _______ more friends at her new school. [单选题] *A. visitB. make(正确答案)C. missD. take18、I had _______ egg and some milk for breakfast this morning. [单选题] *A. aB. an(正确答案)C. theD. /19、He used to get up at six in the morning,()? [单选题] *A. used heB. did heC. didnt he (正确答案)D. should he20、1.________my father ________ my mother is able to drive a car. So they are going to buy one. [单选题] *A.Neither; norB.Both; andC.Either; orD.Not only; but also(正确答案)21、The reason why I didn't attend the lecture was simply()I got a bad cold that day. [单选题] *A. becauseB. asC. that(正确答案)D. for22、--All of you have passed the test!--_______ pleasant news you have told us! [单选题] *A. HowB. How aC. What(正确答案)D. What a23、—What can I do to help at the old people’s home?—You ______ read stories to the old people. ()[单选题] *A. could(正确答案)B. mustC. shouldD. would24、—Mum, could you buy a schoolbag ______ me when you go shopping?—No problem.()[单选题] *A. ofB. toC. inD. for(正确答案)25、What _______ would you like, sir? [单选题] *A. otherB. else(正确答案)C. othersD. another26、Mum is ill. I have to _______ her at home. [单选题] *A. look after(正确答案)B. look forC. look outD. look forward to27、You wouldn't have seen her if it _____ not been for him . [单选题] *A. hasB. had(正确答案)C. haveD.is having28、Helen is new here, so we know _______ about her. [单选题] *A. somethingB. anythingC. everythingD. nothing(正确答案)29、--Do you often go to the cinema _______ Sunday?--No, we _______. [单选题] *A. on; don’t(正确答案)B. on; aren’tC. in; doD. in; don’t30、Julia’s on holiday in Shanghai _______. [单选题] *A. in a momentB. after a momentC. at the moment(正确答案)D. at any moment。
大学思辨英语精读4答案unit5
大学思辨英语精读4答案unit51、—The weather in Shanghai is cool now, ______ it? —No, not exactly. ()[单选题] *A. doesn’tB. isC. isn’t(正确答案)D. does2、Chinese people spend _____ money on travelling today as they did ten years ago. [单选题] *A. more than twiceB. as twice muchC. twice as much(正确答案)D. twice more than3、( ) My mother told me _____ in bed. [单选题] *A. not readB. not readingC. don’t readD. not to read(正确答案)4、Obviously they didn’t see the significance of the plan. That is()the problem lies. [单选题] *A. where(正确答案)B. whyC. /D. how5、I always make my daughter ______ her own room.()[单选题] *A. to cleanB. cleaningC. cleansD. clean(正确答案)6、—Are these your sheep? [单选题] *A)on grass at the foot of the hill.(正确答案)B. feedC.is fedD. is feeding7、16.Lily is a lovely girl. We all want to ________ friends with her. [单选题] *A.haveC.doD.take8、John had planned to leave, but he decided to stay in the hotel for()two days because of the heavy rain. [单选题] *A. otherB. the otherC. another(正确答案)D. others9、Mike and his friend are going to the _______ to see the new action movie tonight. [单选题] *A. book shopB. restaurantC. concertD. cinema(正确答案)10、Becky is having a great time ______ her aunt in Shanghai. ()[单选题] *A. to visitB. visitedC. visits11、3.Shanghai is my hometown. It’s ________ China. [单选题] *A.nearB.far away fromC.to the east ofD.in the east of(正确答案)12、It was _____the policeman came_____the parents knew what had happened to their son. [单选题] *A.before…asB. until…whenC. not until…that(正确答案)D.until…that13、This year our school is _____ than it was last year. [单选题] *A. much more beautiful(正确答案)B. much beautifulC. the most beautifulD. beautiful14、_________ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience. [单选题]*A. TravelB. Traveling(正确答案)C. Having traveledD. Traveled15、My watch usually _______ good time, but today it is five minutes fast. [单选题] *A. goesB. makesC. keeps(正确答案)D. gains16、Many children have to _______ their parents. [单选题] *A. divide intoB. put onC. depend on(正确答案)D. take on17、--Miss Li, could you please help me _______ math problem?--OK. Let me try. [单选题] *A. look upB. work out(正确答案)C. set upD. put up18、Study hard, ______ you won’t pass the exam. [单选题] *A. or(正确答案)B. andC. butD. if19、I passed the test, I _____ it without your help. [单选题] *A.would not passB. wouldn't have passed(正确答案)C. didn't passD.had not passed20、I do not have my own room,_____. [单选题] *A. neither does Tom(正确答案)B. neither has TomC. so does TomD. so has Tom21、--Henry treats his secretary badly.--Yes. He seems to think that she is the _______ important person in the office. [单选题] *A. littleB. least(正确答案)C. lessD. most22、I couldn’t find Peter,_____did I know where he had gone. [单选题] *A.nor(正确答案)B.eitherC.neverD.as23、There _______ no water or milk in the fridge. [单选题] *A. is(正确答案)B. areC. hasD. have24、When Max rushed to the classroom, his classmates _____ exercises attentively. [单选题] *A. didB. have doneC. were doing(正确答案)D. do25、1.I saw ________ action film with my friend yesterday, and ________ film was amazing. [单选题] *A.a...aB.a...theC.an...the(正确答案)D.an...a26、What do you think of the idea that _____ honest man who married and brought up a large family did more service than he who continued single and only talked of _____ population. [单选题] *A. a, /B. an, /C. a, theD. an, the(正确答案)27、_____ Lucy _____ Lily has joined the swimming club because they have no time. [单选题] *A. Not only; but alsoB. Neither; nor(正确答案)C. Either; orD. Both; and28、His sister ______ the chess club.()[单选题] *A. want to joinB. want joiningC. wants to join(正确答案)D. wants joining29、The book is very _______. I’ve read it twice. [单选题] *A. interestB. interestedC. interesting(正确答案)D. interests30、7.—I've got some ________.—Great! I'd like to write with it. [单选题] * A.funB.chalk(正确答案)C.waterD.time。
大学思辨英语精读2unit4答案
大学思辨英语精读2unit4答案1、The children are playing wildly and making a lot of _______。
[单选题]A。
cryB。
voiceC。
noie(正确答案)D。
muic2、Nuclear cience hould be developed to benefit the people_____harm them。
[单选题]A。
more thanB。
other thanC。
rather than(正确答案)D。
better than3、I _______ to the tape yeterday evening。
[单选题]A。
lookB。
litenC。
litened(正确答案)D。
hear4、More than one tudent_____abent from the cla yeterday due to the flu。
[单选题]A。
areB。
haC。
iD。
wa(正确答案)5、 _______, making ome DIY thing i fahionable。
[单选题]A。
Stand outB。
In one opinionC。
In my opinion(正确答案)D。
Out of fahion6、—Are thee your heep [单选题]A)on gra at the foot of the hill。
(正确答案)B。
feedC。
i fedD。
i feeding7、The Spring Fetival i on the way。
Many hop have _______ huge poter with the word ale。
[单选题]A。
put up(正确答案)C。
put outD。
put off8、My brother uually _______ hi room after chool。
大学思辨英语精读2unit4课后答案
大学思辨英语精读2unit4课后答案1、The Spring Festival is on the way.Many shops have _______ huge posters with the word sales. [单选题] *A. put up(正确答案)B. put onC. put outD. put off2、—Would you like some milk?—Yes, just _____, please. [单选题] *A. a little(正确答案)B. littleC. a fewD. few3、Mr. Wang is coming to our school. I can’t wait to see _______. [单选题] *A. herB. him(正确答案)C. itD. them4、12.That is a good way ________ him ________ English. [单选题] *A.to help;forB.helps;withC.to help;with(正确答案)D.helping;in5、35.___________ good music the teacher is playing! [单选题] *A.What(正确答案)B.HowC.What aD.What the6、A modern city has sprung up in _____was a waste land ten years ago. [单选题] *A.whichB.what(正确答案)C.thatD.where7、David ______ at home when I called at seven o’clock yesterday evening. ()[单选题] *A. didn’tB. doesn’tC. wasn’t(正确答案)D. isn’t8、61.How is online shopping changing our way? ? ? ? ? ? life? [单选题] * A.of(正确答案)B.inC.onD.for9、( ) My mother told me _____ in bed. [单选题] *A. not readB. not readingC. don’t readD. not to read(正确答案)10、Every means _____ but it's not so effective. [单选题] *A. have been triedB. has been tried(正确答案)C. have triedD. has tried11、I’m sorry there are ______ apples in the fridge. You must go and buy some right now.()[单选题] *A. a littleB. littleC. a fewD. few(正确答案)12、—These shoes look cool. ______ are they?—They are on sale, only $()[单选题] *A. How much(正确答案)B. How longC. How manyD. How soon13、Mr. White likes to live in a _______ place. [单选题] *A. quiteB. quiet(正确答案)C. quickD. quietly14、Don’t ______. He is OK. [单选题] *A. worriedB. worry(正确答案)C. worried aboutD. worry about15、I _______ play the game well. [单选题] *A. mustB. can(正确答案)C. wouldD. will16、31.That's ______ interesting football game. We are all excited. [单选题] * A.aB.an(正确答案)C.theD./17、Ships can carry more goods than _____ means of transport. [单选题] *A. the otherB. anotherC. any other(正确答案)D. any18、Lily is a very_____person and never wastes anything. [单选题] *A.generousB.economical(正确答案)C.economicD.efficient19、People always _____ realize the importance of health _____ they lose it. [单选题] *A. not... untilB. don't... until(正确答案)C. /; untilD. /; not until20、In fact, Beethoven did something brave than dying. [单选题] *A. 勇敢(正确答案)B. 冒险C. 可怕D. 奇妙21、You should _______ fighting with your parents although you may have different ideas from time to time. [单选题] *A. suggestB. enjoyC. avoid(正确答案)D. practice22、The car is _______. It needs washing. [单选题] *A. cleanB. dirty(正确答案)C. oldD. new23、Which animal do you like _______, a cat, a dog or a bird? [单选题] *A. very muchB. best(正确答案)C. betterD. well24、My watch usually _______ good time, but today it is five minutes fast. [单选题] *A. goesB. makesC. keeps(正确答案)D. gains25、Jane and Tom _______ my friends. [单选题] *A. amB. isC. are(正确答案)D. was26、I could ______ control my feelings and cried loudly when I heard the bad news. [单选题] *A. hardly(正确答案)B. ?reallyC. clearlyD. nearly27、She’s _______ with her present _______ job. [单选题] *A. boring; boringB. bored; boredC. boring; boredD. bored; boring(正确答案)28、While they were in discussion, their manager came in by chance. [单选题] *A. 抓住时机B. 不时地C. 碰巧(正确答案)D. 及时29、Miss Smith is a friend of _____. [单选题] *A. Jack’s sister’s(正确答案)B. Jack’s sisterC. Jack sister’sD. Jack sister30、—Is there ______ else I can do for you? —No, thanks. I can manage it myself.()[单选题] *A. everythingB. anything(正确答案)C. nothingD. some things。
大学英语精读第四册第四单元
Before Reading
Global Reading Detailed Reading
After Reading
9:35 a.m.
Flight 93 turns around near Cleveland and heads east.
9:40 a.m. 9:58 a.m.
Transponder signal from Flight 93 ceases and radar contact is lost.
I’ve been in regular contact with the Vice President, the Secretary of Defense, the national security team and
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my Cabinet. We have taken all appropriate security precautions to protect the American people. Our military at home and around the world is on high alert status, and we have taken the necessary security precautions to continue the functions of your government.
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Before Reading
Global Reading Detailed Reading
After Reading
Flight 93
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Before Reading
Global Reading Detailed Reading
After Reading
《大学思辨英语教程写作1》练习答案-Unit 4 Truth and Interpretation
Unit4Truth and InterpretationPart I:Learning the SkillsActivity1Review the texts you have read in the previous units.Discuss with your partner which point of view is employed in each text and whether you would have different feelings about these texts if different points of view were employed.Suggestions for instructors:Discuss with students how the point of view change leads to the differences in the narration.Activity2Read the following four excerpts and discuss with your partner which point of view is employed in each excerpt,whether the difference gives you different feelings toward the same event and how your response is influenced by how much the narrator knows and how objective the narrator is.Activity3Narrate an incident in your childhood(either real or made-up)from several points of view: first from your own point of view;next from the point of view of your family;finally from the point of view of a stranger who witnessed the incident.Evaluate which point of view is easier to write and which point of view tells the story best.Suggestions for instructors:Another option:Read the following examples and ask the students to work in groups and rewrite from a different point of view(first person point of view,for instance)and share their writing with other groups.Leslie sat in front of Paul.She had two long,brown pigtails that reached all the way down to her waist.Paul saw those pigtails,and a terrible urge came over him.He wanted to pull a pigtail. He wanted to wrap his fist around it,feel the hair between his fingers,and just yank.He thought it would be fun to tie the pigtails together,or better yet,tie them to her chair.But most of all,he just wanted to pull one.---Sideways Stories from Wayside School by Louis Sachar At the pizza place,Tony the baker was getting the pizzas ready for baking.He flattened out a ball of dough into a large pancake and tossed it in the air.He spread tomato sauce on it, sprinkled it with cheese,and shoved it in the oven.Then the telephone rang.“A fellow from the factory wants a large pizza delivered in a hurry,”Tony’s wife called.“OK,I’ll get my coat,”said Tony.---Curious George and the Pizza by Margret ReyPart II:Case AnalysisActivity4Read the above two versions of“The Three Little Pigs”and consider the differences it makes when the narrator is different.Task1Understanding the textComplete the following sentences based on your understanding of the texts.1)The point of view in the first version is third-person limited omniscient point of view.2)The wolf in the first version was described as big and bad.3)The third little pig in the first version was described as smart.4)The point of view in the second version is first-person point of view.5)The wolf in the second version was described as innocent.6)The third little pig in the second version was described as impolite.Task2Responding to the textWrite your answer to each question in full sentences.Then discuss your answers with your partner.1)What leads to the different characterization of the wolf in the two versions?The different characterization of the wolf was created through the different points of view. 2)Which characterization of the wolf do you think is more reliable and what leads to your conclusion?The first was more reliable because the second version was using the first-person point of view.3)How does the change of point of view change the development of the story?The change of point of view leads to quite different interpretation of the same event.Text B A Day’s WaitSuggestions for instructors:The whole story was written from the father’s point of view.The students may be asked to work in groups and retell the story orally with the boy being the narrator.Activity5Read Text B and think about the story’s point of view.Task1Understanding the textFind out the following elements of the text.Character(s):a little boy and his fatherSetting:the little boy had a feverPoint of view:first person point of viewPlot:The little boy who had a fever thought he would die because he confused Fahrenheit and Celsius. Theme:It shows how death lets things appear in a different way.Task2Responding to the textWrite your answer to each question in full sentences.Then discuss your answers with your partner.1)Do you think the narrator is well chosen in the text?Why or why not?2)Was there any misunderstanding between the boy and his father?If yes,please find out the evidence.When the boy told his father that“…I mean you don’t have to stay if it’s going to bother you,”his father thought he would like to be left alone while the little boy thought he would die.3)What are the clues showing that the boy was very worried?4)Text B is mainly composed of dialogue.But there are two paragraphs used to describe what the father saw and did(“It was a bright,cold day,the ground covered with…We flushed a covey of quail under a high clay bank with overhanging brush…”).What functions do these two paragraphs play in developing the story?5)What does the author try to reveal through the boy’s struggle with his fever?6)Suppose you were going to die in a week.How would you spend the last week of your life?To what extent would this change your view of life?Part III:Language StudyActivity6The following is an excerpt from“The Selfish Giant.”Read and discuss how the words and phrases create the image of a harsh winter.Then the Spring came,and all over the country there were little blossoms and little birds.Only in the garden of the Selfish Giant it was still winter.The birds did not_______to sing in it as there were no children,and the trees forgot to______.Once a beautiful flower put its head out from the grass,but when it saw the notice-board it was so sorry for the children that it______back into the ground again,and went off to sleep.The only people who were_____were the Snow and the Frost.“Spring has forgotten this garden,”they cried,“so we will live here all the year round.”The Snow______up the grass with her great white_______,and the Frost______all the trees_______.Then they invited the North Wind to stay with them,and he came.He was____in furs,and he_____all day about the garden,and blew the chimney-pots down.“This is a delightful spot,”he said,“we must ask the Hail on a visit.”So the Hail came.Every day for three hours he_____on the roof of the castle till he broke most of the slates,and then he ran round and round the garden as fast as he could go.He was dressed in grey,and his breath was like ice. Activity7Read the following excerpts and discuss with your partner how many kinds of tenses are used in each excerpt and what the functions of tenses in narrative writing are.Mary______(like)to look at her mother from a distance and she_______(think)her very pretty, but as she______(know)very little of her she could scarcely have been expected to love her or to miss her very much when she was gone.She did not miss her at all,in fact,and as she was a self-absorbed child she gave her entire thought to herself,as she had always done.If she had been older she would no doubt have been very anxious at being left alone in the world,but she________(be)very young,and as she had always been taken care of,she supposed she always would be.She_______(get)up very early in the morning and_____(work)hard in the garden and she______(be)tired and sleepy,so as soon as Martha________(bring)her supper and she_______(eat)it,she was glad to go to bed.As she laid her head on the pillow she murmured to herself:“I’ll go out before breakfast and work with Dick on and then afterward—I believe—I’ll go to see him.”She thought.Activity8Read the following passages and fill in each blank with the given verb in its appropriate tense.He1)remembered the books of poetry upon his shelves at home.He2)had bought them in his bachelor days and many an evening,as he3)sat in the little room off the hall,he4)had been tempted to take one down from the bookshelf and read out something to his wife.But shyness had always held him back;and so the books5)had remained on their shelves.At times he6) repeated lines to himself and this consoled him.The Secret Garden1)was what Mary called it when she2)was thinking of it.She liked the name, and she liked still more the feeling that when its beautiful old walls shut her in no one knew where she was.It3)seemed almost like being shut out of the world in some fairy place.The few books she4)had read and liked had been fairy-story books,and she had read of secret gardens in some of the stories.。
大学英语精读文本第4册Unit 4
Unit 4TextJim Thorpe, an American Indian, is generally accepted as the greatest all-round athlete of the first half of the 20th century. Yet the man, who brought glory to his nation, had a heartbreaking life. What caused his sadness and poverty?JIM THORPESteve GelmanThe railroad station was jammed. Students from Lafayette College were crowding onto the train platform eagerly awaiting the arrival of the Carlisle Indian school's track and field squad. No one would have believed it a few months earlier. A school that nobody had heard of was suddenly beating big, famous colleges in track meets. Surely these Carlisle athletes would come charging off the train, one after another, like a Marine battalion.The train finally arrived and two young men — one big and broad, the other small and slight — stepped onto the platform."Where's the track team?" a Lafayette student asked."This is the team," replied the big fellow."Just the two of you?""Nope, just me," said the big fellow. "This little guy is the manager."The Lafayette students shook their heads in wonder. Somebody must be playing a joke on them. If this big fellow was the whole Carlisle track team, he would be competing against an entire Lafayette squad.He did. He ran sprints, he ran hurdles, he ran distance races. He high-jumped, he broad-jumped. He threw the javelin and the shot. Finishing first in eight events, the big fellow beat the whole Lafayette team.The big fellow was Jim Thorpe, the greatest American athlete of modern times. He was born on May 28,1888, in a two-room farmhouse near Prague, Oklahoma. His parents were members of the Sac and Fox Indian tribe and he was a direct descendant of the famous warrior chief, Black Hawk.As a Sac and Fox, Jim had the colorful Indian name Wa-Tho-Huck. Which, translated, means Bright Path. But being born an Indian, his path was not so bright. Although he had the opportunity to hunt and fish with great Indian outdoorsmen, he was denied opportunity in other ways. The United States government controlled the lives of American Indians and, unlike other people, Indians did not automatically become citizens. It was almost impossible for an Indian to gain even a fair education and extremely difficult, as a result, for an Indian to rise high in life.Young Bright Path seemed destined to spend his life in the Oklahoma farmland. But when he was in his teens, the government gave him the chance to attend the Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania. Soon Carlisle was racing along its own bright path to athletic prominence. In whatever sport Jim Thorpe played, he excelled, He was a star in baseball, track and field, wrestling, lacrosse, basketball and football. He was so good in football, in fact, that most other small schools refused to play Carlisle. The Indian school's football schedule soon listed such major powers of the early twentieth century as Pittsburgh, Harvard, Pennsylvania, Penn State and Army.Thorpe was a halfback. He was six feet one inch tall, weighed 185 pounds and had incredible speed and power. He built upon these natural gifts daily. He would watch a coach or player demonstrate a difficult maneuver, then he would try it himself. Inevitably, he would master the maneuver within minutes.During every game, opponents piled on Thorpe, trampled him, kicked him and punched him, trying to put him out of action. They were never successful. Years later someone asked him if he had ever been hurt on the field. "Hurt?" Thorpe said. "How could anyone get hurt playing football?"But Jim never played his best when he felt he would have to no fun playing. "What's the fun of playing in the rain?" he once said. And his Carlisle coach, Pop Warner, once said, "There's no doubt that Jim had more talent than anybody who ever played football, but you could never tell when he felt like giving his best."Football, though, did not provide Thorpe with his finest hour. He was selected for the United States Olympic track team in 1912, and went to Sweden with the team for the Games. On the ship, while the other athletes limbered up, Thorpe slept in his bunk. In Sweden, while other athletes trained, Thorpe relaxed in a hammock. He never strained when he didn't feel it necessary.Thorpe came out of his hammock when the Games began, to take part in the two most demanding Olympic events. He entered the pentathlon competition, a test of skill in five events: 200-meter run, 1500-meter run, broad jump, discus and javelin; and the decathlon competition, a series of ten events: 100-meter run, 400-meter run, 1500-meter run, high hurdles, broad jump, high jump, pole vault, discus, javelin and shot put. Though most athletes were utterly exhausted by the decathlon alone, Thorpe breezed through both events, his dark hair flopping, his smile flashing, his muscled body gliding along the track. He finished first in both the pentathlon and decathlon, one of the great feats in Olympic history."You sir," King Gustav V of Sweden told Thorpe as he presented him with two gold medals, "are the greatest athlete in the world." And William Howard Taft, the President of the United States, said, "Jim Thorpe is the highest type of citizen."King Gustav V was correct, but President Taft was not. Though Jim Thorpe had brought great glory to his nation, though thousands of people cheered him upon his return to the United States and attended banquets and a New York parade in his honor, he was not a citizen. He did not become one until 1916. Even then, it took a special government ruling because he was an Indian.Jim Thorpe was a hero after the Olympics and a sad, bewildered man not too much later. Someone discovered that two years before the Olympics he had been paid a few dollars to play semiprofessional baseball. Though many amateur athletes had played for pay under false names, Thorpe had used his own name. As a result, he was not technically an amateur when he competed at Stockholm as all Olympic athletes must be. His Olympic medals and trophies were taken away from him and given to the runners-up.After this heartbreaking experience, Thorpe turned to professional sports. He played major league baseball for six years and did fairly well. Then he played professional football for six years with spectacular success. His last professional football season was in 1926. After that, his youthful indifference to studies and his unwillingness to think of a nonsports career caught up with him. He had trouble finding a job, and his friends deserted him. He periodically asked for, but never was given back, his Olympic prizes. From 1926 until his death in 1953, he lived a poor, lonely, unhappy life.But in 1950 the Associated Press held a poll to determine the outstanding athlete of the half-century. Despite his loss of the Olympic gold medals and a sad decline in fortune during his later years, Thorpe was almost unanimously chosen the greatest athlete of modern times.New Wordsjamv. fill or block up (the way) by crowding; (cause to ) be packed, pressed, or crushed tightly into a small space 堵塞;(使)塞满platformn. a raised flat surface built along the side of the track at a railway station for travellers getting on or off a train 月台awaitvt. wait for; look forward totrackn. a course for running or racing; track-and-field sports, esp. those performed on a running track 跑道;径赛运动;田径运动fieldn. an area, esp. circled by a track where contests such as in jumping or throwing are held; the sports contested in this area 田赛场地;田赛运动squadn. a small group of persons working, training, or acting together; the smallest military unit, usually made up of eleven men and a squad leader 小队;班chargevi rush in or as if in an attack 向前冲;冲锋Marinen. a member of the U.S. Marine Corps (美国)海军陆战队士兵或军官battalionn. military unit made up of several companies 营broada. wide, large across 宽的,广阔的nopead. (AmE sl.) nocompetevi. take part in a race, contest, etc.' try to win sth. in competition with sb. else 比赛;竞争sprintn. short race; dash 短跑vi. run at one's fastest speed, esp. for a short distancehurdlen. a light frame for people or horses to jump over in a race 栏;跳栏broad(-) jumpn.& vi. (AmE) (do) a long jump 跳远javelinn. light spear for throwing (usu. in sport) 标枪shotn. the heavy metal ball used in the shot put 铅球triben. 部落descendantn. a person descended from another or from a common stock 子孙;后裔warriorn. a man who fights for his tribe; a soldier or experienced fighter 斗士,勇士;(老)战士colorfula. full of color; exciting the senses or imagination 艳丽的;丰富多彩的huntv. go after (wild animals) for food or sport; search (for) 追猎,打猎;搜寻outdoorsmann. a man, such as a hunter, fisherman, or camper, who spends much time outdoors for pleasuredenyvt. say that (sth.) is not true; refuse to give 否认;拒绝给予destinevt. (usu. passive) intend or decide by fate; intend for some special purpose 命中注定;预定farmlandn. land used or suitable for farming 农田teensn. the period of one's life between and including the ages of 13 and 19prominencen. the quality or fact of being prominent or distinguished 凹出;杰出prominent a.excelvi. be very good (in or at sth) 突出,超常wrestlingn. a sport or contest in which each of two opponents tries to throw or force the other to the ground 摔跤(运动)wrestle v.lacrossen. 长曲棍球(运动)footballn. 橄榄球(运动)powern. a person, group or nation that has authority or influence 握有大权的人物;有影响的机构;强国halfbackn. (橄榄球、足球等)前卫incrediblea. too extraordinary to be believed, unbelievable 难以置信的coachn. a person who trains sportsmen for games, competitions, etc. 教练demonstratevt. explain by carrying out experiments or by showing examples 用实验或实例说明;演示maneuvern. a skillful move or trick, intended to deceive, to gain sth., to escape, or to do sth. 机动动作;opponentn. a person who is on the other side in a fight, game, or discussion 对手;反对者tramplevt. step heavily with the feet on; crush under the feet 踩;践踏punchvt. strike (sb. or sth.) hard with the fist 用拳猛击Olympica. of or connected with the Olympic Gameslimberv. make or become flexible (使)变得柔软灵活bunkn. a narrow bed fixed on the wall, e.g. of a cabin in a ship or in a train 床铺,铺位hammockn. a hanging bed of canvas or rope network, e.g. as used by sailors, or in gardens (帆布或网状)吊床strainvi. make violent efforts; strive hard 尽力,使劲demandinga. making severe demands 要求高的;苛求的pentathlonn. an athletic contest in which each contestant takes part in five events 五项运动competitionn. competing; contest; matchdiscusn. a heavy, circular plate of rubber, plastic or wood with a metal rim 铁饼decathlonn. an athletic contest consisting of ten events 十项运动shot putn. a competition to throw a heavy metal ball the furthest distance 推铅球ad. completely; totallyutter a.breezevi. move or go quickly and in a carelessly confident way 轻快地行动flopvi. move or bounce loosely 扑动flashvi. give out sudden, brief light or flame; shine or gleam 闪光;闪烁glidevi. move in a smooth continuous manner which seems easy and without effort 滑动,滑行featn. an act showing great skill, strength, or daring; a remarkable deed, notable esp. for courage 武功;技艺;功绩gloryn. high fame and honour won by great achievements; sth. deserving respect and honour 光荣,荣誉;荣誉的事banquetn. a dinner for many people, at which speeches are made, in honour of a special person or occasion 宴会rulingn. an official decision 裁决Olympicn. Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会professionala. done by, played by, or made up of people who are paid 职业的n. a person who lives on the money he earns by practising a particular skill or sport 以特定职业谋生的人amateurn. a person playing a game, taking part in sports, etc. without receiving payment 业余爱好者a. of, by, or with amateurs; not paid lacking skill 业余的technicallyad. in technical terms; in a technical sense; according to fixed rules 技术上;按规则trophyn. a prize given for winning a race, competition, or test of skill 奖品runner-upn. a player or team that comes second in a contest 亚军heartbreakinga. causing great sorrow or grief; extremely distressing 令人心碎的leaguen. a group of sports clubs or teams that play matches among themselves 联赛协会spectaculara. strikingly grand or unusual 壮观的;惊人的seasonn. the period of time during which a sport is played 赛季youthfula. young; having the qualities of young peopleindifferencen. absence of interest or feeling 不关心,冷漠indifferent a.periodicallyad. at regular intervals, every now and thenoutstandinga. much better than most others; very good 杰出的despiteprep. in spite ofdeclinen. losing of power, strength, wealth, or beauty; falling to a lower level 衰落;下降unanimouslya. with complete agreement; without a single opposing vote 一致地;无异议地区性Phrase & Expressionsthe sport or athletic events, such as running, jumping and weight throwing performed on a running track and on the adjacent field 田径运动play a joke on sb.do sth. to make other people laugh at someone 同某人开玩笑put……out of actionstop……working, make……unfit for a typical activity 使停止工作;使不再起作用;使失去战斗力limber upmake the muscles stretch easily by exercise, esp. before violent exercise (比赛等前)做准备活动take part inhave a share or part in; join in 参加breeze throughproceed with effortlessly in a carefree manner 轻而易举地完成in one's hono(u)r/in向……表示敬意;为庆祝……;为纪念……hono(u)r ofcatch up withhave the expected ill effect or result on 对……产生预期恶果Proper NamesThorpe索普Lafayette College拉斐德学院Carlisle Indian School卡尔印第安人学校Prague布拉格(文中指美国地名)Oklaboma俄国拉何马(美国州名)印第安人部落之一Black Hawk黑隼(印第安人首领名)pennsylvania宾夕法尼亚(美国州名)Pittsburgh匹兹堡(美国城市)Penn(short for) PennsylvaniaPop Warner波伯.沃纳Sweden瑞典Gustav V古斯塔夫五世William Howard Taft威谦.霍华德.塔夫脱Stockholm斯德哥尔摩(瑞典首都)the Associated Press联合通讯(简称美联社)(美国通讯社名)。
大学思辨英语教程精读3 U4答案
Unit 4 Organization and InstitutionUnit OverviewThis unit discusses the relationships between individuals and organizations/institutions. As individuals we are all bound by organizations or institutions. In this sense, sociology can be defined as the science of the institutions of modernity; specific institutions serve a function. In the social and political sciences in general, an "organization" may be more loosely understood as the planned, coordinated and purposeful action of human beings working through collective actionto reach a common goal or construct a tangible product. This action is usually framedby formal membership and form (institutional rules). Sociology distinguishes the term organization into planned formal and unplanned informal (i.e. spontaneously formed) organizations, and analyses organizations in the first line from an institutional perspective. In this sense, organization is an enduring arrangement of elements. These elements and their actions are determined by rules so that a certain task can be fulfilled through a system of coordinated division of labor.Text AIn “The Pathology of Imprisonment”, Philip G. Zimbardo’s prison experiment at Stanford University reveals how powerful or powerless individuals can be when assigned roles in an institution such as a prison. It discusses the phenomenon of “institutionalization” we are used to but not consciously aware. Zimbardo also mentions the other similar experiment by another social psychologist Stanley Milgram (experiment on individuals’ obedience or “group thinking” under authoritative, groupor organizational pressure).Text B“Social Institutions” explores the dialectical relationship between individuals, agency and social structure. As structures or mechanisms of social order, social institutions govern the behavior of a set of individuals within a given community. Institutions are identified with a social purpose, transcending individuals and intentions by mediating the rules that govern living behavior. The term "institution" commonly applies to both informal institutions such as customs, or behavior patterns important to a society, andto particular formal institutions created by entities such as the government and public services. As structures and mechanisms of social order, institutions are a principal object of study in social sciences such as sociology (Émile Durkheim even regards sociology as the "science of institutions, their genesis and their functioning").Teaching objectivesThis unit is designed to help students develop their reading skills, communicative competence, critical thinking, intercultural reflection and abilities in autonomous learning in the following aspects.Reading skills:Understand words and expressions in contextRelate new information to old informationDefine the key concepts in the textCommunicative competence:Use idiomatic expressionsSummarize others’ pointsBe able to use language with accuracy, clarity and discernmentCritical thinking:Distinguish between opinions and factsExplore implications and consequences of institutionalizationAssess the relationship between individuals and the organizations/institutions they belong toIntercultural competence:Compare traditional and modern ways of organizing life and workIdentify the differences in teacher-student relationships across different cultures Understand the different characteristics of two social groups (primary and secondary) Teaching strategiesText A is a case study of institutionalization (the how individuals’ behavior is confined and/or changed when they are put into an institution and assigned different roles). It is a very interesting case study of human behavior in social context and relatively easier to understand. The teacher can relate this prison experiment with Milgram’s experiment of obedience under pressure so that the discussion can be extended to a broader context about individuals’ relationship with organizations/institutions.Text B is relatively difficult article as it is more theoretical and abstract. It touches upon some new concepts (e.g. agency) and discusses their complex relationship. It is recommended as an extra reading for students to get the main idea about individuals, agency and structure.Further reading:Philip Zimbardo (2007), The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil, Random House, New YorkHandy, Charles(2005). Understanding Organizations (4th ed.). London: Penguin BooksScott, William Richard(2008). Institutions and Organizations (3rd ed.). London: Sage Publications LtdKatz, Daniel; Kahn, Robert Louis (1966). The social psychology of organizations. New York: Wiley Text APreparatory Work(1)a. Institutionalization: refers to the process of embedding some conception (for example a belief, norm, social role, particular value or mode of behavior) within an organization, social system, or society as a whole. The term may also be used to refer to committing a particular individual or group to an institution, such as a mental or welfare institution.b. Solitary confinement: is a form of imprisonment in which an inmate is isolated from any human contact, often with the exception of members of prison staff. It is mostly employed as a form of punishment beyond incarceration for a prisoner, usually for violations of prison regulations. However, it is also used as an additional measure of protection for vulnerable inmates. In the case prisoners at high risk of suicide, it can be used to prevent access to items that could allow the prisoner to self-harm.c. Parole: is the provisional release of a prisoner who agrees to certain conditions prior to the completion of the maximum sentence period. A specific type of parole is medical parole or compassionate release which is the release of prisoners on medical or humanitarian grounds. Conditions of parole often include things such as obeying the law, refraining from drug and alcohol use, avoiding contact with the parolee’s victims, obtaining employment, and maintaining required contacts with a parole officer.d. Rehabilitation: is the re-integration into society of a convicted person and the main objective of modern penal policy, to counter habitual offending, also known as criminal recidivism. Alternatives to imprisonment also exist, such as community service, probation orders, and others entailing guidance and aftercare towards the offender.(2)Main publications: Influencing Attitudes and Changing Behavior (2nd ed.). Reading, MA: Addison Wesley., 1977, Psychology (3rd Edition), Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing Co., 1999, Psychology And Life , 17/e, Allyn & Bacon Publishing, 2005, The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil , Random House, New York, 2007Main research interests: social psychology, particularly prison study, social intensity syndrome study (related to discharged soldiers). (3)Name of experiment Description of the experiment Relation of the experimentwith the textExperiment on obedience A series of social psychology experiments conducted by Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram. Theymeasured the willingnessof study participants, menfrom a diverse range ofoccupations with varyingClosely related with thetext since they are allabout the effect ofassigned roles.levels of education, toobey an authority figurewho instructed them toperform acts conflictingwith their personalconscience; the experimentfound, unexpectedly, that avery high proportion ofpeople were prepared toobey, albeit unwillingly,even if apparently causingserious injury and distress.Small-world experiment (six degrees of separation) The small-world experiment comprised several experiments conducted by Stanley Milgram and other researchers examining the average path length forsocial networks of peoplein the United States. Theresearch wasgroundbreaking in that itsuggested that humansociety is asmall-world-type networkcharacterized by shortpath-lengths. Theexperiments are oftenassociated with the phrase“six degrees ofseparation”, althoughMilgram did not use thisterm himself.Not closely related with the text since theexperiment is about socialnetworking betweenindividuals in the United States.Critical ReadingI. Understanding the text1.Part Para(s) Main ideaI. Anecdote and introduction 1-2 A case showing the necessity for prison reformII. Body 3-10 (the experiment) The experiment of a mock prisonwith guards and prisoners werecarried out and had to end earlierbecause of the frightening effect. III. Findings11-13 (implication) Individual behavior is largely under the control of social forces and environmental contingencies rather than personality traits, character, willpower, or other empirically un-validated constructs. IV . Conclusion 14 (effects of prison) The prison situation is guaranteedto generate severe pathologicalreactions in both guards andprisoners as to debase theirhumanity, and make it difficult forthem to be part of a society outsideof their prison.2.(1) Zimbardo uses the specific example of a prisoner’s situation to plead for prison reform and to justify the experiment he conducted about the bad effect of prison.(2) They conduct an experiment about the effects of prison on both guards and prisoners.(3) They want to understand what it means psychologically to be a prisoner or a prison guard.(4) The 24 participants are selected randomly from volunteer students in Palo Alto city and they were randomly assigned roles of guards and prisoners in a simulated prison.(5) At Stanford University in 1971.(6) The experiment has to be ended earlier than planned.(7) Because the effects of prison (abusing and being abused) on those being experimented are frightening.(8) The results show that people underestimate the power and pervasiveness of situational controls over behavior.(9) Individual behavior is largely under the control of social forces and environmental contingencies rather than personality traits, character, willpower, etc. Many people, perhaps the majority, can be made to do almost anything when put into psychologically compelling situations – regardless of their morals, ethics, values, attitudes, beliefs, or personal convictions.II. Evaluation and exploration(1)Hypothesis: the change of environment (including changed roles) affects one’s behavior (students are put into a mock prison and assigned opposite roles which are all different from their normal environment and role of being a student or citizen) Cause: prison and assigned new roles (changed environment)Effect: rational people with humanity were turned to abusers and victimsIndependent variable: the participants as human beings (the same human beings) (Stimulus: change of environment/roles)Dependent variable: behaviorThe experiment on the power and influence of roles assigned to ordinary individuals is basically valid and convincing, and similar experiments also prove that most people’s behavior are influenced by the social environment, particularly the new roles they are assigned. Unfortunately, the experiment cannot be confirmed due to the ethical concern (the harm caused by the experiment on the participants). And also, since the participants of a social experiment are humans, the result might not be exactly the same (unlike the natural science experiment which can be repeated with precision and same result).(2)Similarities: the two experiments are all about the effect of assigned roles and social expectations on the behavior of the human being s.Differences: Zimbardo’s experiment focuses on the gradual change of behavior on those who are assigned new roles (prison effect) while Stanley’s experiment focuses on authority’s influence on individuals in normal circumstances (authority effect). (3)Power and its execution are closely related with the role assigned to the power-holder. The more important role he/she is given, the more likely he/she abuses it if there are no checks and balances from other institutions. It is very important to fight against corruption (in campaigns or through legal means), but it’s more important to set up mechanism to balance the role given to power-holders.(4)Zimbardo’s statement or conclusion is based on his only experiment about humans and their environment and cannot be repeated due to ethical reasons. It is reasonable to argue that most people are influenced by the (change of) environment and adapt to it quickly, which means personal “freedom” is conditioned. However, there are exceptions, and this statement cannot explain the behavior of those heroes who stick to their principles under any circumstances and would rather die than surrender to enemy or power.(5)These exceptional examples are mostly heroes in extreme circumstances such as war or condition of life and death (Wen Tianxiang, Liu Hulan, John Brown etc.). They have to choose between life and death very quickly and sometimes they act from instinct. There are other factors that result in these exceptional cases – they all have very strong characters which have been fostered in hardship; they also have a very strong faith and are ready to die for the cause they pursue.(6)Besides the reason Zimbardo mentions (psychological factor of self-image for the donors), there are at least two more reasons. One is religious reason – most people in the West are Christians who believe in the teachings of Jesus Christ and feel a duty tohelp the poor (in the form of material, money, or time). The other is related to the affluence of the West where the majority of people become well-off enough to give away a fraction of their wealth or money to maintain social stability. (There’re also other reasons such as tax deduction in some countries to encourage donation.)(7)Simply put, the merit of “group think” is that it can mobilize a uniformed collective force to realize some goal that individuals alone cannot hope to accomplish (through teamwork and national solidarity). The demerit of “group think” is that the group leader’s view might be one-sided and flawed, and the wrong decision or policy based on it could easily lead to mistakes or even disaster. Other demerits: this situation may easily result in the circumstance of strong leader/dictator vs. obedient/populist followers; and in many cases the “truth” is not necessary in the hands of the majority.(8)Clinical trials are experiments done in clinical research. Such prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants are designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments and known interventions that warrant further study and comparison. Clinical trials generate data on safety and efficacy. They are conducted only after they have received health authority/ethics committee approval in the country where approval of the therapy is sought. These authorities are responsible for vetting the risk/benefit ratio of the trial - their approval does not mean that the therapy is 'safe' or effective, only that the trial may be conducted. Depending on product type and development stage, investigators initially enroll volunteers and/or patients into small pilot studies, and subsequently conduct progressively larger scale comparative studies. The key point here is: All participants are volunteers who choose clinical trial when other means fail.Worldwide it is estimated that the number of vertebrate animals ranges from the tens of millions to more than 100 million used in animal experiment annually. In the EU, these species represent 93% of animals used in research. If the same was true in the US then the total number of animals used in research is estimated to be between 12 and 25 million. Most animals are euthanized after being used in an experiment. Supporters of the use of animals in experiments, such as the British Royal Society, argue that virtually every medical achievement in the 20th century relied on the use of animals in some way. The Institute for Laboratory Animal Research of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences has argued that animal research cannot be replaced by even sophisticated computer models, which are unable to deal with the extremely complex interactions between molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organisms, and the environment. Animal rights, and some animal welfare, organizations question the need for and legitimacy of animal testing, arguing that it is cruel and poorly regulated, that medical progress is actually held back by misleading animal models that cannot reliably predict effects in humans, that some of the tests are outdated, that the costs outweigh the benefits, or that animals have the intrinsic right not to be used or harmed in experimentation.Language EnhancementI. Words and phrases1.(1)C&F (2)B&C (3)E&F (4)E&F (5)A&D(6)C&E (7)A&F (8)B&F (9)D&E (10)B&C2.(1)拼图、勾画(2)构建(名词)(3)建造(动词)(4)建筑物(5)档案(6)(一列)纵队(7)(用锉刀)锉(9)提出、提交(10)呼吁、要求(11)上诉(12)情绪感染、情感诉求(13)吸引力(14)从…悬吊下来(15)停职(16)暂停(17)悬浮(18)吸引(19)雇佣(20)交战、接触(21)忙于(22)面对、触及3.(1) die away (2) need (3) call for (4) overwhelmed (5) assessed(6) result in (7) function (8) filed (9) prayed (10) predicting4.(1)served as (2)end up with (3)differentiate between (4)dissolved into(5) prevent…from(6) trade… for (7) attribute to (8) inflicted… on (9) derived from (10) pass outII. Sentences and discourse1.(1)This powerful appeal for prison reform was sent to me in a secret letter from aprisoner. He cannot reveal his name because of still being rehabilitated.(2)The guards were informed of the potential seriousness and danger of the situationas well as their own weaknesses (during the experiment).(3)In less than a week, the experience of imprisonment dissolved all good things thatthey’ve learned in a lifetime, including human values and self-concepts while the ugliest and most basic sick side of human nature came into the surface.(4)Individual behavior is largely influenced and dominated by social forces andenvironmental factors instead of by personality traits, character, willpower, or other components that cannot be proved by empirical evidences.(5)Thus we created a false belief in (personal) freedom by emphasizing individuals’internal control (of themselves and of the environment) that actually does not exist.(6)However, since most participants in these studies do act in irrational orunreasonable ways, it can be concluded that the majority of observers would also yield to the social psychological pressure in the same situation.2.(1)A good leader does not impose his personal will on his subordinates.(2)When rumors of bribing were out, the company immediately denied it.(3)The official was convicted of life imprisonment because of stealing and sellingstate secrets; he decided not to appeal to the higher court.(4)The purpose of setting up the fund is to rehabilitate the landmine victims.(5)This university is one of the few local higher learning institutions that can conferdoctorate degrees.(6)If you want to know more about the characteristics of the British, you have tofurther study the dimensions of their history and culture.(7)This company has launched a new round of publicity campaign across the country,to attract those potential customers.(8)No country should interfere in any other country’s domestic affairs in the excuseof human rights.(9)In real life, only very few people can remain independent, not succumbing topower and authority.(10)S ome people believe that in modern society we should adopt an attitude ofunderstanding and tolerance towards deviant views and behaviors.3.个人行为在很大程度上受到社会力量和环境变化的控制,而非取决于个人特质、性格、意志力或其他未经实验证实的因素。
2024版大学思辨教程精读4教学课件Unit
课程目的
通过本课程的学习,学生应该能够掌握 批判性思维的基本方法和技巧,学会独 立思考和分析问题,提高自己的学术素 养和创新能力。
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教材简介与特点
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教材简介
《大学思辨教程4》是一本专门针对 大学生思辨能力培养的教材,涵盖了 批判性思维、论证方法、逻辑谬误等 多个方面的内容。
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案例分析与实践应用
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案例分析目的与意义
提高学生分析问题和解决 问题的能力
通过案例分析,学生可以学会如何识别问题、 分析问题、提出解决方案,并培养批判性思维 和创新能力。
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加深对理论知识的理解和应 用
案例分析可以将抽象的理论知识与具体的实践情境相 结合,帮助学生更好地理解和应用所学知识。
常见问题
选题不当、文献综述不充分、研究方法不 合理、数据分析不深入、论文结构混乱、 语言表达不清等。
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解决方法
重新审视选题意义和价值,加强文献综述 的广度和深度,选择合适的研究方法和技 术,深入挖掘和分析数据,调整论文结构 和逻辑关系,提高语言表达的准确性和流 畅性。同时,多向导师和同行请教,积极 参加学术交流和讨论,不断提升自己的学 术素养和写作能力。
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思辨能力概述
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思辨能力定义及重要性
思辨能力定义
思辨能力是指对问题进行深入、全面、客观的思考和分析,形成独立、理性、 创新的观点和判断的能力。
思辨能力重要性
思辨能力是现代社会中不可或缺的重要能力,它有助于我们更好地理解和应对 复杂的社会现象和问题,提高我们的决策和创新能力,促进个人和社会的进步 和发展。
大学思辨英语教程 精读1Unit 4教师用书 20150918
Unit4Language LearningUnit overviewLanguage acquisition is one of the key issues for the study of language and it is closely related to the study of almost all aspects of language.How we acquire language seems to be a most straightforward question but actually no one can provide a definite answer to it.Exploring this question can help us better understand other issues about language.Text AIn Text A,Napoli provides two answers to the question in the title,“How do we acquire language?”.First,children acquire language step by step,gaining a certain skill in each step:recognizing the voices of their mother and other people, distinguishing the sounds of their mother tongue from other language,recognizing words,producing words,producing two-word phrases and producing sentences. However,it does not mean every individual child exactly follows this pattern.Second, language is acquired on the basis of Universal Grammar,which is exemplified by a variety of language acquisition phenomena:Children arrange words according to abstract innate linguistic principles;early utterances produced by small children have an innate structure;immigrants’children can distinguish grammatical and ungrammatical language us;while parents speak a pidgin language,children may develop a creole language,which has a coherent grammar;and children,especially twins,can develop a secret communication system conforming to UG.In conclusion, language acquisition is a natural process determined by the human biological and physiological make-up.Text BText B is focused on second language acquisition.The authors compare first language acquisition and second language acquisition.According to them,L2learners tend to have errors in pronunciation and grammar and usually cannot fully acquire the pronunciation and grammar of a second language.Though,they also share some features in common with L1learners in terms of work order.Then,the authors analyze the impact of L1on L2acquisition in terms of pronunciation,grammar and phonology.However,the difficulty in L2acquisition is caused by more factors than the interference of L1.In the end,the authors discuss the role of age in L2acquisition and challenges the Critical Period Hypothesis.The two articles focus on first language acquisition and second language acquisition respectively.After reading Text A,students can compare the differences between L1 and L2acquisition and discuss the impact of L1on L2acquisition.Teaching objectivesReading skills●Summarize the main idea of each paragraph●Identify topic sentences and key words●Identify supporting detailsCommunicative competence●Illustrate your points with appropriate examples●Use topic sentences and supporting sentences to organize your presentation/essay ●Use euphemisms for possibly impolite expressionsCritical thinking●Use different examples to support different aspects of an idea●Use observation and literature to collect first-hand and second-hand evidence●Critique a“popular”folk theory with exemplification and reasoning Intercultural competence●Be aware of the differences and similarities between English and Chineseeuphemisms●Compare the Chinese language and the English language in terms of L1and L2learning●Understand the effects of cultural differences on communication and languagelearningTeaching strategiesYou can arouse the students’interest in this topic by showing them the Nature vs. Nurture debate,which is controversial in not only language acquisition but also psychology,education,law and popular culture.There is no definite answer to this debate but every student may have his or her own answer.After learning this unit, they will get new evidence or examples to support their answer or they may simply change their view.For a detailed description of child language acquisition,you can refer to Chapter8in Towards an Understanding of Language and Linguistics(《语言学概论》)by Lan Chun.Other resources include:●A general introduction/language.html●Emphasis on nature vs.emphasis on experience/news/special_reports/linguistics/learn.jsp●Language acquisition nguage learning/inservices/language_acquisiti_vs_language_02033.phpPreparatory work(1)Language Matters:A Guide to Everyday Questions About LanguageThis activity aims to arouse students’interest in other everyday questions about language which they often take for granted.They can also learn to search for an academic monograph on the Internet.The twelve questions answered by the author in the book are:●Question1:How do we acquire language?●Question2:From one language to the next:Why is it hard to learn a secondlanguage?Why is translation so difficult?●Question3:Does language equal thought?●Question4:Are sign languages real languages?●Question5:Do animals have language?●Question6:Can computers learn language?●Question7:Whose speech is better?●Question8:Why do dialects and creoles differ from standard language?●Question9:Do men and women speak differently?And who cares?●Question10:English spelling is hard,and it makes learning to read hard.Shouldwe do anything about it?●Question11:Should the United States adopt English as our official language andoverhaul our educational system accordingly?●Question12:Does exposure to and use of offensive language harm children?The book can be found on ,which also provides the second edition of the book with15questions about language.(2)Small children learning languageThis activity provides an opportunity for students to reflect on their personal experiences of learning language and collect some real examples of language learning, which can be analyzed during the reading of Text A.Relevant cases can also be found on the Internet,for example:/s?__biz=MzA5MzUxNTQ3Nw==&mid=206097261&id x=1&sn=ff8cb7a4119c131e3773e9f7d58d2fa6#rd(3)Universal GrammarThis activity is of great importance for understanding the second part of Text A. Definition:Universal Grammar proposes that the ability to learn grammar andlanguage is hard-wired into the brain.It is shared by all human languages.Chomsky argued that the human brain contains a limited set of rules for organizing language. Key publications of Chomsky:●Syntactic Structures,London:Mouton,1957.●Current Issues in Linguistic Theory,The Hague:Mouton,1964.●Aspects of the Theory of Syntax,Cambridge:M.I.T.Press,1965.●Language and Mind,New York:Harcourt,Brace&World,1968.●Studies on Semantics in Generative Grammar,The Hague:Mouton,1972.●The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory,New York:Plenum Press,1975.●Lectures on Government and Binding:The Pisa Lectures,Dordrecht,Holland:Foris Publications,1982.●Some Concepts and Consequences of the Theory of Government and Binding,Cambridge:M.I.T.Press,1982.●Language and Thought,Wakefield,RI:Moyer Bell,1993.●The Generative Enterprise Revisited:Discussions with Riny Huybregts,Henkvan Riemsdijk,Naoki Fukui,and Mihoko Zushi,with a new foreword by Noam Chomsky,Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter,2004.For more information about Chomsky,please refer to the following website: /index.htm(4)Types of languageThis activity provides background information necessary for understanding different kinds of language mentioned by Napoli in Text A.Motherese/baby talk(Paragraph7):It is a nonstandard form of speech used by adults in talking to toddlers and infants.It features high pitch and special vocabulary,e.g. doggy for dog(Para.10),daddy for dad(Para.10),kitty for cat and wawa for water.A feature of baby talk in Chinese is reduplication,e.g.喝水水and吃饭饭。
大学思辨英语精读Unit 1Thinking Sociologically参考答案
Unit 1 Thinking SociologicallyText APreparatory Work(1)Micro-level sociology: a b eMacro-level sociology: c d(2)Sociology is the study of social behavior or society, including its origins, development, organization, networks, and institutions. Like sociology, psychology, economics, history, demography are all related to the study of society and human activities. In this way they share similarities.The differences lie in the follows:●Psychology is the study of human behavior and mind, embracing all aspects ofconscious and unconscious experience as well as thought of the human beings.●Economics focuses on the behavior and interactions of economic agents andhow economies work, that is the economic activities of the human kind.●History is the study of the past events as well as the memory, discovery,collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of information about these events, particularly how it relates to humans.●Demography is the statistical study of populations, especially human beings.As a very general science, it can analyze any kind of dynamic living population,i.e., one that changes over time or space.(3) (open)Teaching suggestion:You can refer to the following textbooks:John J. Macionis & Nijole V. Benokraitis ed., Seeing Ourselves 7th ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007)James M. Henslin ed., Down to Earth Sociology: Introductory Readings 14th ed. (New York: Free Press, 2007)(4) (open)Teaching suggestion:You can refer to the last two parts of the text: “What Work Do Sociologists Do” and “How is Sociology Useful to Me and to the World” (paragraph 19-26) for positive reasons.Negative reasons vary (why not choose a career related to sociology), for instance, no interest (in social sciences), character reasons (not cut out for dealing with people), and practical reason (no high pay).Critical ReadingI. Understanding the text(1) To emphasize the importance of sociology and arouse readers’ interest in (studying) sociology.(2) The intended audience of the essay are university and college students. The audience is young and curious about everything but needs some guide in choosing their courses in university study.(3) In Para. 7, Cargan and Ballantine try to demonstrate that sociology is based on systematic and objective study of human behavior.(4) They illustrate the difference between individual explanation and group explanation using divorce as an example. Individual explanation considers a divorce as a personal problem caused by conflict between the husband and wife within the family. Sociology can help us move beyond “individual” explanations to consider the social surroundings that influence the situation: economic conditions, disruptions caused by changing sex roles, and pressures on the family to meet the emotional needs of its members.(5) We can see that the first list of skills (sociology trains us in) is broader and more general category, and the second list of skills (employers look for) is the overlapping or subcategory of the former list. So we can simply put the skills of the second list into its respective categories in the first list (actually, some of the skills in the second list can be put into two or more general categories in the first list). Note: this is only one way of reorganize the two lists, and not necessarily the best one.●Ability to view the world more objectively: ability to plan effectively;self-confidence about job responsibilities; ability to listen to others;self-motivation; effective leadership skills●Tools to solve problems by designing studies, collecting data, and analyzingresults: ability to organize thoughts and information; ability to conceptualizeproblems clearly●Ability to understand group dynamics: ability to work with peers;self-motivation; ability to interact effectively in group situations; ability tolisten to others●Ability to understand and evaluate problems: effective problem-solving skills;effective leadership skills;●Ability to understand your personal problems in a broader social context:willingness to adapt to the needs of the organization; ability to handle pressureII. Evaluation and exploration(1) Yes. The title is a question to the key issue of sociology, which is very clear and focused. And the text provides and elaborates the answers to the key question “why study sociology”.(2) The introduction is very effective. It starts with six questions about sociology to arouse the readers’ interest or curiosity in this topic.(3) Subtitles in the text are effective and necessary in dividing the text into different but related parts so that the readers can have a clear structural framework about the organization of the text.(4) The benefits of taking sociology described in Para. 13 are grouped into a general list of five abilities/skills in paragraph 14 and 12 skills in paragraph 15. It is not necessary to use examples to illustrate every benefit mentioned in a long list. However, if the authors added some statistics to support the five categories, the argument would be more convincing.(5) The conclusion or statement that “sociology is the broadest of the social sciences” is reasonable. Cargan and Ballantine described the wide range of areas sociology covers, and other related disciplines that sociology overlaps with, such as social psychology, political socioloty, anthropology, and social history.(6) Sociology not only covers vast areas of social studies, but also provides objective perspective and scientific methods in understanding the society and individuals. It also trains us in necessary life and work ability or skills in correctly dealing with issues and problems. In a word, sociology offers us a platform for critical thinking. (7) Sociologists probe into a social phenomenon/problem with scientific methods (group explanation instead of personal/individual one) that the next unit is to discuss in details (they include experiment, survey, participant observation/field work, and available data analysis).(8) Structural functionalism, or simply functionalism, is a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. This approach looks at society through a macro-level orientation, which is a broad focus on the social structures that shape society as a whole, and believes that society has evolved like organisms. This approach looks at both social structure and social functions. Functionalism addresses society as a whole in terms of the function of its constituent elements, namely norms, customs, traditions, and institutions.●Conflict theories are perspectives in sociology and social psychology thatemphasize the social, political, or material inequality of a social group, that critique the broad socio-political system, or that otherwise detract from structural functionalism and ideological conservatism. Conflict theories draw attention to power differentials, such as class conflict, and generally contrast historically dominant ideologies. It is therefore a macro level analysis of society. Karl Marx isthe father of the social conflict theory, which is a component of the four paradigms of sociology.●Symbolic interactionism is a sociological perspective which developed around themiddle of the twentieth century and that continues to be influential in some areas of the discipline. It is particularly important in microsociology and social psychology. Symbolic interactionism is derived from the American philosophy of pragmatism and particularly from the work of George Herbert Mead who coined the term and put forward an influential summary: people act toward things based on the meaning those things have for them, and these meanings are derived from social interaction and modified through interpretation.●Utilitarianism is a theory in normative ethics holding that the best moral action isthe one that maximizes utility. Utility is defined in various ways, but is usually related to the well-being of sentient entities. Originally, Jeremy Bentham, the founder of Utilitarianism, defined utility as the aggregate pleasure after deducting suffering of all involved in any action. John Stuart Mill expanded this concept of utility to include not only the quantity, but quality of pleasure, while focusing on rules, instead of individual moral actions.Language EnhancementI. Words and phrases1.(1) C&D (2) A&C (3) C&D (4) A&C (5) C&D(6) C&E (7) C&D (8) B&C (9) A&E (10) C&F2.(1)单日,单一天(2)单身汉(3)挑选出(4)独立地(只身)(5)通常的,常见的(6)共同的(7)(英国)平民院(下议院)(8)宣判有……罪(9)罪犯(10)逃跑(11)分解(12)闯入(13)中断、暂停(14)爆发(15)解体3.(1) major in (2) curious about (3) interact with (4) relate to (5) engage with(6) lead to (7) specialize in (8) conform to (9) based on (10) refrain from4(1) break away from (2) convict of (3) bond with (4) engage in (5) embark on (6)profit from (7) involved in (8) focus on (9) depended on (10) encounterII. Sentences and discourse1.(1)As you learn more about sociology, you will gradually find the links between itsindividual and separate parts and see the whole picture of sociology.(2)Sociologists’ interests will immediately aroused by seeing any two or morepeople with close relationships.(3)You can ponder over the phenomenon that some societies allow and expectpremarital sex while others punish it with banishment and death.(4)Through systematic scientific study, sociologists can fully understand humanbehavior in groups, which is impossible through mere common sense.(5)Sociology can help us explain “individual” cases more insightfully by linkingthem with the crucial social conditions behind them.2.(1)He majored in chemistry when enrolled in while studying in university.(2)Terrorism poses a threat to many countries.(3)While studying overseas, you must interact more with the local people/natives.(4)The corruption of some of this country’s officials has sparked public resentmentand protest.(5)Due to his contribution to the company, he negotiated with his boss and renewedhis contract with better conditions.(6)At the age of 16, she published her first poem and embarked on her long journeyto literature.(7)In the process of translating the Chinese classic Journey to the West into German,he encountered many difficult problems.(8)Af ter arriving in Britain, he took a whole month to adapt to the country’s rainyclimate.(9)Your company should engage more actively in the environmental projects of thegovernment.(10)T en years ago, he was convicted of robbery.3.社会学家们的不同兴趣促使他们研究许多不同的领域。
大学思辨英语教程 精读2课件Unit 4
Background Knowledge
Munro had a penchant for mocking the popular customs and manners of Edwardian England. He often did so by depicting characters in a setting and manner that would contrast their behavior with that of the natural world; often demonstrating that the simple and straightforward rules of nature would always trump the vanities of men. This is demonstrated gently in The Toys of Peace where parents from Edwardian England are taught a lesson that is still familiar to modern parents. And it is demonstrated with striking clarity in the highly recommended story The Interlopers. The Open Window is a fine example of his more humorous work is a highly recommended read.
While Framton is waiting for Mrs. Sappleton to come down, her fifteen-year-old niece tells him why the French window is kept open. Framton tries to distract Mrs. Sappleton’s attention from the window by talking about his health. Framton runs off at seeing Mrs. Sappleton’s husband and brothers, leaving the Sappletons puzzled except the niece.
大学思辩英语精读4unit3答案
大学思辩英语精读4unit3答案1)cited2)as for3)exaggerate4)Statements5)preface6)justified7)horizon8)authority9)follow up10)advanced11)and so forth12)threw light on/shed light on13)pressing14)burden1)If the door was not opened by force,it follows that the burglar hada key2)Children tend to be credulous because they have not had much experience in the real world.3)The information the police had just obtained threw light on the mystery of the stolen antiques.4)The three-month military training may well work a change in his living habits.5)If this is the case,he is fully justified in blaming her.1)John wont like .2)She was poor but honest.3)I've explained more than once and I'm not going to again.4)Is it a color or black and white film?5)Having washed and changed,Linda went out on to the.6)His aunt and uncle had to work long hours to keep body and soul together.7)Do you want to buy seats in the orchestra or the balcony?8)I should have lent her the money and helped her out of the difficulty.翻详1)谢伯纳在他个刷本的龍言中提山这样的看法:天人们比在中世处时更加迷信。
大学思辨英语教材精读4
大学思辨英语教材精读4英语作为现代重要的国际交流语言,对于大学生的学习和发展具有重要意义。
在大学阶段,学生们不仅需要掌握基本的英语技能,还需要培养思辨能力以适应日益复杂多变的社会需求。
因此,思辨英语教材的精读对于大学生来说十分关键。
一、思辨能力的培养在大学思辨英语教材中,培养学生的思辨能力是首要目标。
通过引导学生进行分析和推理,教材帮助学生培养批判性思维和创造性思维,使他们能够思考问题、分析问题、解决问题。
例如,在教材中会出现一些鼓励学生讨论和辩论的话题,学生需要从不同角度思考,并提出自己的观点和理由。
二、文化交流与理解思辨英语教材还通过文化交流与理解培养学生的国际视野。
在这些教材中,会介绍不同国家和地区的文化背景、传统和习俗等内容,使学生了解不同文化之间的共同点和差异性。
通过学习他人的文化,学生能够更好地理解他人的行为和思维方式,进而增强跨文化交流的能力。
三、语言运用能力的提高大学思辨英语教材精读也关注学生的语言运用能力。
通过阅读经典文献、优秀文章和短篇小说等,学生可以提高自己的阅读理解能力、写作能力和口语表达能力。
同时,教材中的词汇和语法练习也能够帮助学生巩固和扩大自己的英语词汇量,提高语言表达的准确性和流畅度。
四、扩宽学科知识面大学思辨英语教材精读还会涉及到一些与学科内容相关的话题。
通过这些教材,学生可以了解各个学科领域的发展动态和理论观点,扩宽自己的学科知识面。
这对于大学生的学习和研究具有重要帮助,能够促进他们在各个学科中的全面发展。
总之,大学思辨英语教材的精读对于大学生的发展十分关键。
通过培养学生的思辨能力、文化交流与理解、语言运用能力以及扩宽学科知识面,这些教材能够为大学生的学习和未来的发展打下坚实的基础。
因此,在学习过程中,学生们应该认真对待这些教材,不仅要理解其中的内容,更要用心思考和探索其中的思想和观点,提高自己的综合素质和国际竞争力。
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Unit 4 Organization and InstitutionText APreparatory Work(1)a. Institutionalization: refers to the process of embedding some conception (for example a belief, norm, social role, particular value or mode of behavior) within an organization, social system, or society as a whole. The term may also be used to refer to committing a particular individual or group to an institution, such as a mental or welfare institution.b. Solitary confinement: is a form of imprisonment in which an inmate is isolated from any human contact, often with the exception of members of prison staff. It is mostly employed as a form of punishment beyond incarceration for a prisoner, usually for violations of prison regulations. However, it is also used as an additional measure of protection for vulnerable inmates. In the case prisoners at high risk of suicide, it can be used to prevent access to items that could allow the prisoner to self-harm.c. Parole: is the provisional release of a prisoner who agrees to certain conditions prior to the completion of the maximum sentence period. A specific type of parole is medical parole or compassionate release which is the release of prisoners on medical or humanitarian grounds. Conditions of parole often include things such as obeying the law, refraining from drug and alcohol use, av oiding contact with the parolee’s victims, obtaining employment, and maintaining required contacts with a parole officer.d. Rehabilitation: is the re-integration into society of a convicted person and the main objective of modern penal policy, to counter habitual offending, also known as criminal recidivism. Alternatives to imprisonment also exist, such as community service, probation orders, and others entailing guidance and aftercare towards the offender.(2)Main publications: Influencing Attitudes and Changing Behavior (2nd ed.). Reading, MA: Addison Wesley., 1977, Psychology(3rd Edition), Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing Co., 1999, Psychology And Life, 17/e, Allyn & Bacon Publishing, 2005, The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil, Random House, New York, 2007Main research interests: social psychology, particularly prison study, social intensity syndrome study (related to discharged soldiers).Critical ReadingI. Understanding the text(1)Zimbardo uses the specific example of a prisoner’s situation to plea d for prisonreform and to justify the experiment he conducted about the bad effect of prison. (2)They conduct an experiment about the effects of prison on both guards andprisoners.(3)They want to understand what it means psychologically to be a prisoner or aprison guard.(4)The 24 participants are selected randomly from volunteer students in Palo Altocity and they were randomly assigned roles of guards and prisoners in a simulated prison.(5)At Stanford University in 1971.(6)The experiment has to be ended earlier than planned.(7)Because the effects of prison (abusing and being abused) on those beingexperimented are frightening.(8)The results show that people underestimate the power and pervasiveness ofsituational controls over behavior.(9)Individual behavior is largely under the control of social forces and environmentalcontingencies rather than personality traits, character, willpower, etc. Many people, perhaps the majority, can be made to do almost anything when put into psychologically compelling situations – regardless of their morals, ethics, values, attitudes, beliefs, or personal convictions.II. Evaluation and exploration(1)Hypothesis:the change of environment (including changed roles) affects one’s behavior (students are put into a mock prison and assigned opposite roles which areall different from their normal environment and role of being a student or citizen) Cause: prison and assigned new roles (changed environment)Effect: rational people with humanity were turned to abusers and victims Independent variable: the participants as human beings (the same human beings) (Stimulus: change of environment/roles)Dependent variable: behaviorThe experiment on the power and influence of roles assigned to ordinary individualsis basically valid and convincing, and similar experiments also prove that most people’s behavior are influenced by the social environment, particularly the new roles they are assigned. Unfortunately, the experiment cannot be confirmed due to the ethical concern (the harm caused by the experiment on the participants). And also, since the participants of a social experiment are humans, the result might not be exactly the same (unlike the natural science experiment which can be repeated with precision and same result).(2)Similarities: the two experiments are all about the effect of assigned roles and social expectations on the behavior of the human being s.Differences: Zimbardo’s experiment focuses on the gradual change of behavior on those who are assigned new roles (prison effect) while Stanley’s experiment focuses on authority’s influence on individuals in normal circumstances (authority effect). (3)Power and its execution are closely related with the role assigned to the power-holder. The more important role he/she is given, the more likely he/she abuses it if there are no checks and balances from other institutions. It is very important to fight against corruption (in campaigns or through legal means), but it’s more important to set up mechanism to balance the role given to power-holders.(4)Zimbardo’s statement or conclusion is based on his only experiment about humans and their environment and cannot be repeated due to ethical reasons. It is reasonable to argue that most people are influenced by the (change of) environment and adapt to it quickly, which means personal “freedom” is conditioned. However, there are exceptions, and this statement cannot explain the behavior of those heroes who stick to their principles under any circumstances and would rather die than surrender to enemy or power.(5)These exceptional examples are mostly heroes in extreme circumstances such as war or condition of life and death (Wen Tianxiang, Liu Hulan, John Brown etc.). They have to choose between life and death very quickly and sometimes they act from instinct. There are other factors that result in these exceptional cases – they all have very strong characters which have been fostered in hardship; they also have a very strong faith and are ready to die for the cause they pursue.(6)Besides the reason Zimbardo mentions (psychological factor of self-image for the donors), there are at least two more reasons. One is religious reason – most people in the West are Christians who believe in the teachings of Jesus Christ and feel a duty to help the poor (in the form of material, money, or time). The other is related to the affluence of the West where the majority of people become well-off enough to give away a fraction of their wealth or money to maintain social stability. (There’re also other reasons such as tax deduction in some countries to encourage donation.)(7)Simply put, the merit of “group think” is that it can mobilize a uniformed collective force to realize some goal that individuals alone cannot hope to accomplish (through teamwork and national solidarity). The demerit of “group think” is that the group leader’s view might be one-sided and flawed, and the wrong decision or policy based on it could easily lead to mistakes or even disaster. Other demerits: this situation may easily result in the circumstance of strong leader/dictator vs. obedient/populist followers; and in many case s the “truth” is not necessar y in the hands of the majority.(8)Clinical trials are experiments done in clinical research. Such prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants are designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments and known interventions that warrant further study and comparison. Clinical trials generate data on safety and efficacy. They are conducted only after they have received health authority/ethics committee approval in the country where approval of the therapy is sought. These authorities are responsible for vetting the risk/benefit ratio of the trial - their approval does not mean that the therapy is 'safe' or effective, only that the trial may be conducted. Depending on product type and development stage, investigators initially enroll volunteers and/or patients into small pilot studies, and subsequently conduct progressively larger scale comparative studies. The key point here is: All participants are volunteers who choose clinical trial when other means fail.Worldwide it is estimated that the number of vertebrate animals ranges from the tens of millions to more than 100 million used in animal experiment annually. In the EU, these species represent 93% of animals used in research. If the same was true in the US then the total number of animals used in research is estimated to be between 12 and 25 million. Most animals are euthanized after being used in an experiment. Supporters of the use of animals in experiments, such as the British Royal Society, argue that virtually every medical achievement in the 20th century relied on the use of animals in some way. The Institute for Laboratory Animal Research of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences has argued that animal research cannot be replaced by even sophisticated computer models, which are unable to deal with the extremely complex interactions between molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organisms, and the environment. Animal rights, and some animal welfare, organizations question the need for and legitimacy of animal testing, arguing that it is cruel and poorly regulated, that medical progress is actually held back by misleading animal models that cannot reliably predict effects in humans, that some of the tests are outdated, that the costs outweigh the benefits, or that animals have the intrinsic right not to be used or harmedin experimentation.Language EnhancementI. Words and phrases1.(1)C&F (2)B&C (3)E&F (4)E&F (5)A&D(6)C&E (7)A&F (8)B&F (9)D&E (10)B&C2.(1)拼图、勾画(2)构建(名词)(3)建造(动词)(4)建筑物(5)档案(6)(一列)纵队(7)(用锉刀)锉(9)提出、提交(10)呼吁、要求(11)上诉(12)情绪感染、情感诉求(13)吸引力(14)从…悬吊下来(15)停职(16)暂停(17)悬浮(18)吸引(19)雇佣(20)交战、接触(21)忙于(22)面对、触及3.(1) die away (2) need (3) call for (4) overwhelmed (5) assessed(6) result in (7) function (8) filed (9) prayed (10) predicting4.(1)served as (2)end up with (3)differentiate between (4)dissolved into(5) prevent…from(6) trade… for (7) attribute to (8) inflicted… on (9) derived from (10) pass outII. Sentences and discourse1.(1)This powerful appeal for prison reform was sent to me in a secret letter from aprisoner. He cannot reveal his name because of still being rehabilitated.(2)The guards were informed of the potential seriousness and danger of the situationas well as their own weaknesses (during the experiment).(3)In less than a week, the experience of imprisonment dissolved all good things thatthey’ve learned in a lifetime, including human values and self-concepts while the ugliest and most basic sick side of human nature came into the surface.(4)Individual behavior is largely influenced and dominated by social forces andenvironmental factors instead of by personality traits, character, willpower, or other components that cannot be proved by empirical evidences.(5)Thus we cre ated a false belief in (personal) freedom by emphasizing individuals’internal control (of themselves and of the environment) that actually does not exists.(6)However, since most participants in these studies do act in irrational orunreasonable ways, it can be concluded that the majority of observers would also yield to the social psychological pressure in the same situation.2.(1)A good leader does not impose his personal will on his subordinates.(2)When rumors of bribing were out, the company immediately denied it.(3)The official was convicted of life imprisonment because of stealing and sellingstate secrets; he decided not to appeal to the higher court.(4)The purpose of setting up the fund is to rehabilitate the landmine victims.(5)This university is one of the few local higher learning institutions that can conferdoctorate degrees.(6)If you want to know more about the characteristics of the British, you have tofurther study the dimensions of their history and culture.(7)This company has launched a new round of publicity campaign across the country,to attract those potential customers.(8)No country should interfere in any other country’s domestic affairs in the excuseof human rights.(9)In real life, only very few people can remain independent, not succumbing topower and authority.(10)S ome people believe that in modern society we should adopt an attitude ofunderstanding and tolerance towards deviant views and behaviors.3.个人行为在很大程度上受到社会力量和环境变化的控制,而非取决于个人特质、性格、意志力或其他未经实验证实的因素。