modeltest使用说明
Model 4020中文操作手册
4 操作本部分介绍如何设置和操作Model 4020分析仪。
4.1和4.5介绍准备步骤,从4.7开始介绍实际的操作。
4.2 事先断电检查在开始使用分析仪之前应断电检查,检查内容如下:1.看样气和载气的安装是否与安装和应用部分的要求一致(chapter 3)。
保证这些气体的安装在正确的位置,并且正确地接到分析仪的后部。
2.检查电路安装是否与安装部分(chapter 3)和输入输出表中的用法说明一致。
3.检查电路板和电缆/线的安装/连接是否正确。
4.确定记录器和报警器安装正确。
4.3 进入操作状态1.打开电源2.完成下述的空气调节之后,需要预热至少两个小时(加热传感器和取样系统)。
预热时间出厂时已经由软件设置好。
预热时,禁止点火。
4.4 气体调节4.4.1 空气1.调节空气瓶上的减压阀,将空气的压力调节到30psig。
2.调节仪器上的空气减压阀,将空气压力调节到指定的空气压力。
等空气流过传感器和预热完成之后,调节其他气体。
4.4.2 样气样气瓶压力调节到30psig(或者与样气压力匹配的压力),调节仪器上的样气调节阀,将样气压力调节到指定的样气压力。
4.4.3 标气1.将标气通入分析仪。
在样气和标气之间需要一个三通阀来实现二者间的切换。
2.将标气压力调节至30psig或者与样气压力匹配的压力。
3.调节仪器的样气压力,直到指定的样气压力,同时,旁路流量计读数为0.5到1.0SCFH。
4.4.4 燃烧气1.打开气瓶上的主阀门,将气瓶压力调节到30psig(或与样气压力匹配的压力)。
2.缓慢地打开气瓶上第二个阀门,以避免仪器上燃烧气减压阀受到过大的压力冲击。
注:LED红灯灭后,才能调节燃烧气。
4.5 点火当预热倒数计时器读数为零(传感器预热计时器)时,黄色加热器指示灯闪(表示温度控制其将温度保持在设置点上),红色点火失败指示灯亮。
预热完成后,4020会自动尝试点火,如果自动点火失败,一段时间后仪器会重新尝试点火,如果五次自动点火失败,就会显示一个点火失败信息。
MODEL P330 说明书
MODEL P330 说明书第三部分:软件功能CTROL PANEL 控制面板如图3-1所示包括显示面板,三个键盘和校验仪插件,表3-1所示DISPLAY PANEL 显示面板显示面板分为三部分:输入(进校验仪)和输出(从校验仪)和状态行/软格,图3-2显示了两种典型的显示,第一幅为状态行显示,第2幅为软格显示。
INPUT DISPLAY输入显示输入显示表示到校验仪中,例如,在P-V任务模式中,校验仪向传送器传送数据并从传送器接收一个信号,显示为电压,如上图3-2所示OUTPUT DISPLAY 输出显示输出显示表示从校验仪输出,同样在P-V任务模式中,校验仪送出压力信号给传送器并从传送器中接一个电压信号,输出显示为压力如图3-2所示STATUS LINE/SOFT BOX DISPLAY 状态行/软格显示若显示面板中只有一个显示行,则为状态行显示,若分为两格则为软格显示状态行显示指的是,校验仪在任务模式下,状态行显示任务模式名和存模式设置如图3-2所示:软格显示指的是,作出一个选择必须直接用三个功能键之一,按F1选择左软格的选项,按F2选择右软格的选项,按EXIT不作任何选择。
THE KEYPADS 键盘校验仪有3组键,如图3-3所示:ARROW KEYS(箭头键):控制面板的下面,这些用来选择,显示面板中选项菜单,在选项内部切换,并输入数字和字母FUNCTION KEYS(功能键):在显示的下方HARD KEYS (硬键):控制面板的左边,硬键用法见表3-3箭头键用法见表3-2所示第四部分校验仪设置SETTING INTERNAL PARAMETERS 内部参数设置内部参数用SETUP键来设置,参数如下:背光储存模式,对比度,设置(包括单位,语言,RS232,校验,电源关闭)注意:SETUP键的使用参考页3-5表3-4所示注意:出厂前第一次使用校验仪,在基本任务模式下,请修改任务模式进入SETUP(设置)菜单。
Model 72-8155 操作手册说明书
1Table of ContentsTitle Page Overview Inspection Safety Information Rules For Safe Operation International Electrical Symbols The Meter Structure Functional Buttons Display Symbols Measurement Operation A. Measuring Resistance B. Diode and Continuity Test C. Capacitance Measurement D. Inductance Measurement E. Transistor hFE Measurement General Specifications Accuracy Specifications A. Resistance Test B. Continuity & Diodes C. Capacitance Test D. Inductance Test E. Transistor Maintenance A. General Service B. Replacing the Battery C. Replacing the Fuse 34457891011111315171819202021212222232324252OverviewThis Operating Manual covers information on safety and cautions. Please read the relevant information carefully and observe all the Warnings and Notes strictly.To avoid electric shock or personal injury, read the ìSafety Informationî and ìRules for Safety Operationîcarefully before using the Meter.Digital Inductance Capacitance Meter Model72-8155 (hereafter referred to as ìthe Meterî) is a 3 1/2 digits with steady operations, fashionable design and highly reliable hand-held measuring instrument.The Model 72-8155 will measure capacitance, inductance, resistance, transistor hFE and test diodes. It will also test continuity with an audible buzzer.34InspectionOpen the package case and take out the Meter. Check the following items carefully to see if any items are missing or damaged.Item Description Qty 123Operating Manual Test Clip 9V Alkaline Battery (NEDA1604, 6F22or 006P) (installed)1 piece 1 pair 1 pieceIn the event you find any items missing or damaged, please contact your dealer immediately.Safety InformationThis Meter complies with the standards EMC e the Meter only as specified in this operating manual,otherwise the protection provided by the Meter may be impaired.In this manual, a Warning identifies conditions and actions that pose hazards to the user, and may damage the Meter or the equipment under test.A Note identifies the information that user should pay attention to.International electrical symbols used on the Meter and in this Operating Manual are explained on page 7.Rules For Safe Operationllllllll5llllll6International Electrical Symbols Lx7The Meter Structure(see figure 1)8Power L-C 9Functional ButtonsThe following table provides information regarding the functional button operation.Button DescriptionPress the Power down to turn the Meter on.Press the Power again to turn the Meter power off.Press L-C down to enter the Capacitance measurement mode.Press L-C up to enter the Inductance measurement mode.10Display Symbols (see figure 2)(figure 2)Meaningll1.2.3.11Measurement OperationA. Measuring Resistance (see figure 3)(figure 3)Notellll12To avoid damage to the Meter or to the devices under test, disconnect circuit power and discharge all the high-voltage capacitors before measuring diodes andcontinuity.Testing DiodesInsert the red test clip into the terminal and the black test clip into the COM terminal.Set the rotary switch to .For forward voltage drop readings on any semiconductor component, place the red test clip on the componentís anode and place the black test clip on the componentís cathode.The display shows the diode forward voltage dropís nearest value.e the diode test to check diodes, transistors, and other semiconductor devices. The diode test sends a current through the semiconductor junction, and then measures the voltage drop across the junction. A good silicon junction drops between 500mV and 800mV.To test a diode out of a circuit, connect the Meter as follows:13ll l1.2.3.4.5.ll14NoteNote1.2.3.4.15C. Capacitance Measurement (72-8155 only, see figure 5)(figure 5)Notellll16llll17D. Inductance Measurement (see figure 6)(figure 6)1.2.3.4.Remarks:l18(figure 7)1. 2. 3. 4. Note:General Specifications lllllllll19Accuracy Specifications A. Resistance TestRemarks:lll20Remarks:llC. Capacitance TestRemarks:lll21D. Inductance TestRemarks:ll22Maintenancellll23(figure 8)To replace the battery:1.2.3.4.5.24To replace the Meterís fuse:1.2.3.4.5.6.7.(figure 9)S C R E W2526。
同惠电子 MODEL TH2818XA XB之TH1801A B变压器扫描测试盒 使用说明书
M O D E L之T H1801A/B变压器扫描测试盒T R A N F O R M E R S C A N N I N G T E S T B O X常州市同惠电子有限公司Tonghui Electronic Co.,LtdEMAIL:TH2818XA/XB简要操作说明第1章 概述 (1)1.1 产品简介 (1)1.2 使用注意事项 (1)第2章 面板说明 (2)2.1 上面板框架图 (2)2.2 上面板说明 (2)2.3 后面板框架图 (4)2.4 后面板说明 (4)2.5 HANDLER端口说明 (5)第3章 变压器扫描测试操作说明 (7)3.1 变压器扫描测试流程 (7)3.2 变压器扫描设置及测量 (7)3.2.1 进入变压器测试页面 (8)3.2.2 变压器编号页面 (8)3.2.3 变压器脚位设置页面 (12)3.2.4 变压器测试条件页面 (17)3.2.5 变压器扫描测量显示页面 (31)3.2.6 变压器扫描测试统计页面 (36)附注1:变压器扫描测量过程中可能遇到的问题及其解决方法 (38)附注2:功能改进 (38)TH2818XA/XB出厂主配件清单 (43)*: 用户使用本套仪器前请先详细阅读TH2818/19使用说明书和本说明书。
:: SCANNER接口严禁带电热插拔,且注意接口方向。
第1章 概述1.1 产品简介TH1801A/B变压器扫描测试盒必须与我公司TH2818自动元件测试仪系列产品配套使用,它们共同组建成变压器自动测试系统TH2818XA/TH2818XB。
其中,TH2818XB不带LCRZ测试功能,它是专用的变压器测试仪器;而TH2818XA则可同时测试LCRZ(注:不带频响分析功能)和变压器参数。
TH2818XA/XB的使用解决了人工效率以及产品品质所带来的麻烦。
同时TH2818XA/XB目前在变压器测试方面可以提供测试的项目有电感量(Lx)、漏感(LK)、品质因数(Q)、圈数(TURN)、相位(PHASING)、杂散电容量(Cx)、直流阻抗(DCR)、交流阻抗(ACR)、阻抗(Zx)、电感量平衡(Lx-BALANCE)、直流阻抗平衡(DCR-BALANCE)、短路测试(PIN-SHORT)以及电流偏置(DCI-BIAS)等等。
Extech Model PRC30 多功能测量仪说明书
USER GUIDEMultifunction Process Calibrator Model PRC30IntroductionThank you for selecting the Extech Model PRC30. This device is shipped fully tested and calibrated and, with proper use, will provide years of reliable service. Please visit the Extech Instruments website () to check for the latest version of this User Guide. Extech Instruments is an ISO-9001 certified company.SafetyInternational Safety SymbolsThis symbol, adjacent to another symbol or terminal, indicates the user must refer to themanual for further information.This symbol, adjacent to a terminal, indicates that, under normal use, hazardous voltages may be presentDouble insulationSafety Notes∙Do not exceed the maximum allowable input range.∙Turn the unit OFF when the device is not in use.∙Remove the batteries if the device is to be stored for longer than 60 days.∙Never dispose of batteries in a fire. Batteries may explode or leak.∙Never mix battery types. Always install new batteries of the same type.Cautions∙Improper use of this meter can cause damage, shock, injury or death. Read and understand this user manual before operating the meter.∙Always remove the test leads before replacing the battery.∙Inspect the condition of the test leads and the meter itself for any damage before operating the meter. Repair or replace any damage before use.∙If the equipment is used in a manner not specified by the manufacturer, the protection provided by the equipment may be impaired.Meter Description1. AC adaptor input jack2. Display3. PowerON/OFF4. Source output adjustment arrow buttonsbutton5. Set6. Unit button (thermocouple type, °F or °C)button7. I/O8. MEM (memory STEP button)9. Backlight/ZERObutton10. Input/Output jacks and Thermocouple mini-connectorDisplay Layouticonmode1. SOURCE2. ZERO function status icontype3. Thermocouple4. MEASURE mode icon5. Loop Power icon6. Auto Power OFF active icon7. Battery status icon8. Measure mode value9. Measure mode units icon10. Datalogger memory location11. Source mode value12. Source mode units icon13. Cold Junction Compensation (CJC) circuit status (ON or OFF)Keypad Descriptions and OperationPOWER BUTTON and AUTO POWER OFF FEATURE1. Use the POWER button to turn the unit ON or OFF. When the unit is powered up, a shortself-test will ensue after which the display will stabilize.2. When the battery symbol flashes on the display, replace the battery as soon as possible.Low battery power may cause inaccurate readings and erratic meter operation.3. This instrument is equipped with Auto Power OFF which turns the meter off after 10 minutesof inactivity. To override this feature; press and hold the POWER button until the displayicon “ATP” turns off.UNIT BUTTONMomentarily press the UNIT button to select °F or °C in the temperature function, to select mA or % in the current function or to select mV/V in the voltage function (voltage is autoranging in theMEASURE mode)TYPE BUTTONPress and Hold for 1 second the TYPE/UNIT button to change the thermocouple type (J, K, T, E, C, R, S, N or mV) in the temperature function.I/O BUTTONMomentarily press the I/O button to select either SOURCE (output) or MEASURE (input).MODE BUTTONPress and Hold the MODE / I/O button for 1 second in the MEASURE mode to select themeasurement function (temperature, voltage, current, or current with loop power).CJC ON/OFFIn the temperature function, simultaneously press the IO and MEM buttons to turn the CJC (cold junction compensation) on or off. The CJC icon will indicate the status.Note: CJC should normally be ON.(Backlight) BUTTONMomentarily press the Backlight button to turn the backlight on or off.ZERO () BUTTONIn the MEASURE mode, Press and Hold the ZERO () button for 1 second to zero the meter.OFFSET ADJUSTMENTThe offset adjustment can be used to correct any known linearity errors with the thermocouple.1. Select the measure mode and a thermocouple type (J/K/T/E/C/R/S/N).2. Press and Hold the SET button for 1 second to enter the offset adjust mode.▲ or ▼ button to change the offset value.3. Pressthe4. Press and Hold the SET button for 1 second to zero the offset value.5. Momentarily press the SET button to save the change and exit the function.►◄▼ and ▲BUTTONSThe arrow buttons are used to adjust the output value in the SOURCE mode.1. Select the SOURCE modethe► or ◄ button select a digit for adjustment. The blinking underline curser2. Pressidentifies the digit selected.▼or ▲button to adjust the value of the digit. Press and Hold the ▼or ▲ button to3. Presstherapidly adjust the value.SET BUTTONThe SET button is used to manually step through the 5 stored output values.1. Select the SOURCE mode2. Press the SET button and the value stored in memory location 01 will be sourced. “MEM.01”appears in the display.3. Each press of the SET button will step through the 5 memory locations.4. The arrow buttons can be used to adjust the value in each memory location.STEP/MEM BUTTONThe STEP/MEM button is used to automatically step through the 5 stored output values. The meter can be set for a single cycle of the stored values or a continuous cycle.1. Select the SOURCE mode2. Press and Hold the STEP/MEM button. ”STEPSS” (single cycle) and “STEPSC” (continuouscycle) will alternately appear in the display. Release the button when the desired mode isdisplayed.3. In single cycle mode the meter will source the value displayed in MEM01 for 5 seconds. Themeter will then advance to MEM02 for 5 seconds. This will continue through MEM05 andthen step down through the memory locations. The cycle will end when MEM01 has beenreached.4. In the continuous mode the cycle will continue until manually stopped.5. Momentarily press the MEM button to stop the cycle. “END” will briefly appear in the display.STORING VALUES INTO MEMORYThere are 5 memory locations for each function. The default values stored in the locations are:Memory LocationTypeJ, K, C, R, S, NTypeTTypeET/C mVM1 0.0o C(32.0o F)0.0o C(32.0o F)0.0o C(32.0o F)0mVM2 100.0o C(212.0o F)100.0o C(212.0o F)100.0o C(212.0o F)10.00mVM3 500.0o C(932.0o F)200.0o C(392.0o F)200.0o C(392.0o F)25.00mVM4 750.0o C(1382.0o F)300.0o C(572.0o F),500.0o C(932.0o F)40.00mVM5 1000.0o C(1832.0o F)400.0o C(752.0o F)750.0o C(1382.0o F)50.00mVMemoryLocationmA % mV V M1 4.00mA 0.0% 0mV 0V M2 8.00mA 25% 500mV 5V M3 12.00mA 50% 1000mV 10V M4 16.00mA 75% 1500mV 15V M5 20.00mA 100% 2000mV 20VTo change the values in memory:1. Select the SOURCE mode2. Press the SET button to select the memory location to be changed.3. Press the arrow buttons to adjust to the new value4. Momentarily press the MEM button to store the value. The memory location icon will blinkwhile the value is being stored..Modes of OperationTemperatureMEASURE (Input) Mode of Operation1. Turn the meter ON.2. “MEASURE” will appear in the display.3. Press and Hold the MODE button for 1 second to select the temperature function.4. Press and Hold the TYPE button to select the thermocouple type.5. Momentarily press the UNIT button to select °F or °C.6. Connect the thermocouple to the meter.7. Read the measurement on the display.Note: See the keypad description section to turn CJC on/off.SOURCE (Output) Mode of OperationIn this mode, the unit can source the equivalent mV value for the temperature and thethermocouple type selected. The values can be output either manually or stepped from memory as described earlier.1. Turn the meter ON2. MEASURE” will appear in the display.3. Press and Hold the MODE button to select the temperature function.4. Press and Hold the TYPE button to select the thermocouple type.5. Momentarily press the UNIT button to select °F or °C.6. Momentarily press the “I/O” button to select SOURCE.7. Connect the Calibration Cable from the meter to the device to be calibrated.the▲ and ▼buttons to set the desired output value in the lower display. The upper8. Usedisplay indicates the actual temperature or voltage value being sourced. If the upper display does not match the set value, check the batteries or the connections to the device beingcalibrated.Current and VoltageMEASURE (Input) Mode of OperationIn this mode, the unit will measure up to 50mADC or 20VDC1. Turn the meter ON.2. “MEASURE” will appear in the display.3. Press and hold the MODE button for 1 second to select mA, mA with loop power or mV4. Connect the Calibration Cable to the meter.5. Connect the Calibration Cable to the device or circuit under test.6. Read the measurement on the LCD display.SOURCE (Output) Mode of OperationIn this mode, the unit can source current up to 24mADC at 1000 ohms or voltage up to 20.00V.The current or voltage can be output either manually or stepped from memory as described earlier.1. Turn the meter ON2. “MEASURE” will appear in the display.3. Press and Hold the MODE button for 1 second to select a current or voltage function.4. Momentarily press the “I/O” button to select SOURCE.5. Momentarily press the UNIT button to select % / mA or mV / V.6. Connect the Calibration Cable to the meter7. Connect the Calibration Cable to the device or circuit under testarrow buttons to set the desired output value in the lower display. The upper8. Usethedisplay indicates the actual current or voltage value being sourced. If the upper display doesnot match the set value, either the batteries need to be replace of the load impedance isbeyond the specified range.Tilt Stand / HangerThe rear stand is provides two methods for convenience in viewing.1. Pull the bottom portion of the stand out to place the unit on a flat surface for viewing.2. Pull the bottom and top portions of the stand out, and then rotate the stand to allow the unitto be hung.Battery ReplacementWhen the battery icon appears on the display, the six AA batteries must be replaced.The battery compartment is located on the rear of the meter.1. Open the tilt stand, loosen the captive Philips head screw and remove the battery cover.2. Remove and replace the batteries, observing polarity.3. Replace and secure the battery cover.All EU users are legally bound by the Battery Ordinance to return all used batteries tocommunity collection points or wherever batteries / accumulators are sold.Disposal in household trash or refuse is prohibited.Disposal: Follow the valid legal stipulations in respect of the disposal of the device at theend of its lifecycleBattery Safety Reminders∙Please dispose of batteries responsibly; always observe local, state, and federal regulations with regard to battery disposal.∙Never dispose of batteries in a fire. Batteries may explode or leak.∙Never mix battery types or old and new batteries. Always install new batteries of the same type.SpecificationsDisplay Dot matrix LCDCold junction compensation 0.03°C per °C (0.02°F per °F)Thermocouple Standard and Scale NIST 175, ITS-90Current output capability 24mADC at 1000 ohmsVoltage input impedance 10kohms minimumMeter Power 6 AA batteries or AC adaptorAuto Power OFF Meter automatically powers off after 10 minutes of inactivity Operating Temperature 5ºC to 40ºC (41ºF to 104ºF)Storage Temperature -20 ºC to 60 ºC (- 4 ºF to 140 ºF)Operating Humidity Max 80% up to 31ºC (87ºF) decreasing linearly to 50% at40ºC (104ºF)Storage Humidity <80%Operating Altitude 7000ft (2000meters) maximumDimensions 159 x 80 x 44 mm (6.3 x 3.2 x 1.7") `Weight 225g (8 oz.) without batteries11 PRC30-EU-EN V1.2 01/13 Range Specifications T/C Source and Measure RangesResolution Accuracy (% of reading) Type J-58 to 1832°F (-50 to 1000°C) Type K-58 to 2498°F (-50 to 1370°C) Type T-184 to 752°F (-120 to 400°C) Type E-58 to 1382°F (-50 to 750°C) Type C32 to 3182°F (0 to 1750°C) Type R32 to 3182°F (0 to 1750°C) Type S32 to 3182°F (0 to 1750°C) Type N-58 to 2372°F (-50 to 1300°C) 0.1° (measure) 1° (source) ± (0.05% + 1°C /1.8°F) mVMeasure: -10mV to 60mV Source: -5mV to 55mV 0.01mV ± (0.01% + 1digit)Mode Function Range (Resolution) Accuracy (% of reading) Current0 to 50mA (0.01mA) Percent (%)-25% to +230% (0.1%) 0 to 2000mV (1mV) DC Measure Voltage(autoranging)2 to 20V (0.01V) Current0 to 24mA (0.01mA) Percent (%)-25% to +125% (0.1%) 0 to 1999mV (1mV) DC Source Voltage0 to 20V (0.01V) ± (0.01% + 1 digit) Loop Power Current 24 to 30VDC, <50mACopyright © 2013 Extech Instruments Corporation (a FLIR company)All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any formISO-9001 Certified。
SmartTest
目录目录 (1)第一章简介 (5)一、前言 (5)二、特点 (5)三、控制性能 (6)第二章安装和运行 (7)一、运行环境 (7)二、安装 (7)三、卸载 (10)四、修复 (10)第三章界面操作 (11)一、主窗口 (11)1、菜单 (11)2、状态栏 (12)二、力、变形和时间显示板 (12)三、位移显示板 (13)四、曲线显示板 (14)五、控制板 (16)1、控制方式选择卡片 (16)2、试验控制中心 (17)3、伺服输出 (17)4、位移控制调整位置 (19)5、位移控制 (20)6、力控制 (21)17、变形控制 (22)8、自定义程序控制 (22)六、刻度板 (22)七、数据板 (23)1、数据板窗口 (23)2、数据板工具栏 (24)3、数据库显示定位按钮 (25)八、分析板 (25)第四章试验过程 (27)一、选择试验类型 (27)二、输入试件信息 (27)三、打开历史数据 (30)四、试验操作 (31)1、安装试件 (31)2、选择试验方法 (32)3、开始试验操作 (32)4、试验结束 (32)五、结果保存 (32)六、数据分析 (32)七、报告打印 (33)第五章系统设置和调整 (36)一、系统参数 (36)1、系统 (36)2、显示 (37)3、曲线 (38)4、保护 (39)5 选项 (40)二、选择力传感器和引伸计 (40)2三、校准、检定 (41)四、控制观察 (43)第六章配置工具箱SMARTDEBUG使用说明 (45)一、安装和运行 (45)二、使用 (45)1、系统 (46)2、力传感器 (46)3、引伸计 (47)4、位移 (47)5、大变形 (47)6、控制 (47)7、试验方法 (48)第七章程序编制和程序执行 (49)一、用途 (49)二、程序执行 (49)三、程序编制 (49)1、控制程序的新建、删除和重命名 (49)2、加载方向 (50)3、程序内容 (50)4、编辑程序结构 (50)5、编辑程序内容 (51)6、验证程序 (55)7、编程实例 (55)第八章错误信息 (58)一、安装时 (58)二、启动时 (58)三、运行时 (59)3第九章 STC8000万能试验卡 (60)一、概述 (60)二、安装和拆卸 (60)1、硬件安装步骤 (60)2、驱动程序安装步骤 (60)3、拆卸步骤 (62)三、传感器接口定义 (62)附录一: 电阻应变式传感器典型连接 (65)附录二数字量输入输出原理与典型连接 (66)一、数字量脉冲输入原理与典型连接 (66)1、数字量脉冲输入原理 (66)2、数字量脉冲输入典型连接 (66)二、数字开关量输入原理与典型连接 (68)1、数字开关量输入原理 (68)2、数字开关量输入典型连接 (69)二、数字量输出原理与典型连接 (71)1、数字量输出原理 (71)2、数字量输出典型连接 (72)4第一章简介一、前言SmartTest程序根据不同的配置参数,适用于不同的类型的材料试验机,如微机屏显万能试验机、微机控制电液伺服万能试验机、微机控制电液比例万能试验机以及微机控制电子万能试验机等。
Model Test Five答案解析
Model Test Five试题解析Part I Listening ComprehensionSection A1.Can I see him in the office?【解析】C。
问题:我能在办公室见见他吗?答案:A)没关系。
B) 非常感谢。
C) 当然可以了。
D) 很高兴。
只有答案C符合题意。
2.Hello! May I speak to Mr. Thomas?【解析】A。
问题:你好,我能跟史密斯先生通话吗?答案:A)请稍等。
B) 太有趣了。
C) 那没什么。
D) 他好了。
只有答案A符合题意。
3.How long may I keep the book?【解析】D。
问题:这书我能看多长时间?答案:A)下个月。
B) 再见。
C) 很有意思。
D) 两个星期。
只有答案D符合题意。
4.Excuse me, is this train for London?【解析】B。
问题:我能在办公室见见他吗?答案:A)太晚了。
B) 是的。
C) 放松点。
D) 没关系。
只有答案B符合题意。
5.What do you think of the film we saw yesterday?【解析】C。
问题:你觉得我们昨天看的电影怎么样?答案:A)当然了。
B) 欢迎你/不客气。
C) 那太棒了。
D) 是的。
只有答案C符合题意。
Section B6.M:When does the plane arrive from Beijing?W:At 12:00. You have to wait for another 10 minutes.Q:When does the plane arrive?【解析】C。
本题为理解题,答案比较直接。
男士问从北京来的飞机几点到达,女士回答12点,现在离到达还有十分钟。
7.W:I have not receive your E-mail yet.M:That’s too bad. I’ll s end it to you again.Q:What’s the man probably going to do?【解析】B。
Model TP04310 ThermoStream System用户指南说明书
Mode 1: Manual Mode Operate the system at the touch of a button! For high throughput, pre-set HOT, AMBIENT and COLD temperature setpoints and soak times. With high capacity airflow and rapid temperature transition, the system quickly brings the DUT to temperature under Air or DUT Temperature Control Mode.
For moisture-free testing of standard to larger ICs, assemblies, PCBs, high frequency (RF to microwave) and high power devices at temperature, the TP04310 system and the ThermoFixture® thermal enclosure integrate seamlessly with any one of the major ATE testers for a turn-key thermal test system. ThermoFixture includes all tester interface hardware and electronics to ensure true and accurate signals in testing a DUT in a controlled thermal environment. (See ThermoFixture Brochure)
模块测试板使用说明书M_TEST_V2
模块测试板使用说明------MTEST_2----XIEMIN深圳信可通讯技术有限公司All rights reserved版权所有侵权必究目录模块测试板使用说明 (1)目录 (2)一.概述 (3)二.外观和接口 (4)三.硬件功能及接口 (6)3.1模块硬件接口说明 (6)3.2.60pin连接器定义 (7)3.3.MINI_PCI_E连接器定义 (9)3.4USB接口 (11)3.5SIM&T-FLASH卡电路 (13)3.6.RF电路 (15)3.7.Audio电路 (17)3.8.UART电路 (22)3.9.按键电路&LED电路 (24)3.10.测试点 (26)一.概述模块测试板是专门为thinkwill公司的EVDO模块和MINI-PCI-E外围部分功能而设计的测试开发板,可用于产品外围功能的开发,测试和调试。
本测试板适用于MW100、MI900、ME800、MI800系列型号产品。
二.外观和接口总图:实物说明图: 1.60pin 连接器4.供电电路160 2.MINI_PCI_E 连接器1B 电路5.UIM&T-FLASH 卡电路6.RF 接口电路7.1headhet 电路7.3PCM 电路7.2handset 电路8.UART 电路9.按键9.LED 电路10.测试点三.硬件功能及接口3.1模块硬件接口说明MINI-PCI-E与测试板的连接采用国际PCI Express Mini Card通用标准规范定义的接口,模块和测试板的连接使用60pin的B-B连接器。
1、射频功能:使用GSC转接线和天线可直接测试模块或mini卡的射频功能指标,副天线接口处可做GPS有源天线接口,并带有GPS无源天线2、音频功能:模拟语音和数字语音功能,两路模拟语音,可调试mic,receiver,耳机功能;一路数字语音,可调试PCM耳机功能;3、JTAG功能:可用于产线测试,功能调试4、UIM卡、Micro SD卡接口:可用于测试UIM卡和Micro SD卡功能5、USB接口:可直接连接USB进行供电,此处有一个5V转3.3V的电源电路6、按键功能:有启动键和复位键7、指示功能:有红蓝两个指示灯8、测试接口和测试点:可用于测试和调试产品的各种性能9、串口功能3.2.60pin 连接器定义MW100,ME800的连接采用60pin 的B-B 连接器。
Model SD-220-120M Vibration Test System 产品说明说明书
Typical System Application TheModel SD-220-120M Vibration test system is a versatile wide bandwidth electrodynamic vibration test system. It is designed for testing small to medium sized payloads of the automotive, aviation, military, medical and electronic manufacturing industries.It is capable of a Random RMS force of 220 lbf and Sine Vector force of 220 lbf operating in the frequency range 5 Hz to 6,000 Hz under controlled conditions. The system consists of a model SD-220-120Mshaker and is driven by the Model SPA102B power amplifier and a 0.75 KW cooling blower. Optional items including slip tables, head expanders, accelerometers and vibration controller can be added upon request.State of the Art Magnesium ArmatureThe unique reinforced magnesium armature structure design is state-of-the-art, providing increased reliability, unsurpassed performance, optimized rigidity and force transmissibility. Designed for continuousduty and ideal for research and development, production, stress screening and qualification testing, the ruggedized armatures canendure severe vibration and shock forces as well as extreme temperature conditions.How to select the suitable modelIt is critical to consider the size and position of the test article and the total moving mass of the payload as well as the payload’s inertial and overturning moments when selecting a system for your application. It is recommended the force selected should be 1.2 times the theoretical value, to insure appropriate safety margins. For assistance selecting the best system for your needs, please contact our sales representative.High FRF & Wide UFThe new shaker design significantly raises the Fundamental Resonance Frequency and Useable Frequency range of the long s t r o k e s y s t e m s a n d outperforms similar products from other manufacturers.Efficient Air CoolingThe SD-220-120M shaker system is totally air cooled for easy installation and economical operation. Cooling Blower UnitThe suitable ACU751 cooling blower is specified below.Rigid and Rotating TrunnionAll shakers come standard in a rotating trunnion for easy 90° rotation between the horizontal and vertical test axes. The trunnion is rigidly connected to the trunnion frame. Rubber isolation pads are suppliedSYSTEM OPTIONS ✦Slip Table Configuration✦V-Groove Caster and Rail System ✦Head Expander ✦Thermal Barrier ✦Assistant Load Support Under Head Expander ✦Air Caster SD-220-120M/SPA102B/ACU751allowing for direct mounting onto conventional industrial concrete floors. All shakers are optionally available with an integrated or stand-alone slip table assembly. D-Class Switching AmplifierThe state-of-art modular switching amplifiers are 100% air-cooled with redundant safety systems and system interlocks insuring performance that is reliable and stable. All amplifiers adopt discrete IGBT power modules of high quality with a 120 KHz switching frequency. There are two boxes - amplifier and field supply. SafetyProducts comply with European tests standards and ISO regulations.TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONSNOTE: Standard vibration systems consist of an electro-dynamic exciter, a state-of-the-art air-cooled switching power amplifier with field power supply and cooling unit. Optional items including slip tables, head expanders, accelerometers and vibration controller can be added upon request.In keeping with our commitment to continuousproduct improvement, the information herein is subjectto change. Copyright 2018 Spectral Dynamics, Inc. Allrights reserved.Switching Power Amplifier SPA102BRated OutputCapacity 1 kV ASignal to NoiseRatio Greater than 65 dBSwitchingFrequency 120 kHzAmplifierEfficiency Greater than 90%Interlock Protection (to prevent the output devices from working outside their specified limits)•Shaker Over Travel •Shaker Over Temp •Shaker Air pressure •Shaker Oil pressure •Shaker E Stop •Amplifier E Stop •Transformer Over Temp •UART Power •PM Over Temp •PM Over Current•PM Drive Power•Input Under V oltage•Input Over V oltage•Output Over V oltage•Output Over Current •Cooling Fan•Power Over Temp•Logic FaultShaker SD-220-120MSine (Pk)220 lbf (100 kgf)Vertical Load Support 100 kg (220 lbs)Random (RMS)220 lbf (100 kgf)Body Suspension NaturalFrequency (Thrust Axis)Rigid trunnionShock (Pk)440 lbf (200 kgf)Table Diameter 120 mm (4.7”)Usable Frequency 5 to 6,000 Hz Armature Effective NominalWeight 1.5 kg (3.3 lbs)Max. Displacement (p-p)25 mm (1”)Load Attachment Points (Standard)Stainless steel M6 Inserts or optionalUNC.Maximum Velocity 1.6 m/s (63 in/s)Overall Dimensions 400mmL x 360mmD x 470mmH(15.7”L x 14.2”D x 18.5”H)Maximum Acceleration 65 g Weight of Shaker (Uncrated)175 kg (385 lbs)Fundamental ResonanceFrequency (Bare Table)4,700 Hz (nom.) +/- 5%Air Requirement Manual PumpedDegauss Coil Standard Stray Field@6 inch (152 mm)above table < 1 mT (10 gauss)System Environmental Requirement Air Cooling Blower ACU751Operating Room Temperature 0 to 40 degree C Blower Power (Full Load) 1 HP(0.75 kW)Humidity 0 to 90%, noncondensing Air Flow Rate 0.1 m 3 /s (215 CFM)Amplifier 1 kV A Field Supply 1 kV A Air Pressure 0.001 Mpa(0.15 PSI)Blower 1 kV A Power Supply Requirement Single phase, Neutral and Ground is required. 230V AC (50/60 Hz) and 115V AC (50/60 Hz) available. Amplifier, field and blower are powered separately. The values are actual ones, the mains need a safety margin.。
modeltest使用说明
Medeltest3.7:准备工作:下载modeltest软件windows版本,解压到系统盘,这里为C盘,我们这里将其置于根目录。
从/phylogenetics/modeltest.html该网站下载文件modelblockPAUPb10.txt和文件ML-search.txt。
下载Paup4.01.打开paup,打开你自己的filename.nex文件,然后再打开并执行所下载的modelblockPAUPb10.txt文件。
Paup将运行并产生一个名为model.scores的文件。
2.将产生的model.scores文件与modeltest执行程序放置在相同的文件夹内,这里为C:\modeltest3.7\Modeltest3.7 folder\bin\modeltest3.7.win。
3.在开始-运行中输入cmd命令,确认,弹出一个dos界面的窗口,将其默认目录改为model.scores文件所在文件夹,修改方式为在dos窗口输入:cd 盘符:\filename\filename,确认,这里我们输入cd C:\modeltest3.7\” Modeltest3.7 folder” \bin\。
带有空格的文件夹名要用双引号括起来。
4.修改好后,在窗口内输入:Modeltest3.7.win.exe < model.scores > test.outfile,确认。
在model.scores 所在文件夹内产生test.outfile文件,即我们所需要的文件。
文件test.outfile的文件名可以修改。
5.用记事本打开test.outfile文件,里面列出了两种检验标准LRT和AIC分别选出的最优DNA进化模型。
6.如果你要在paup中利用最大似然法建树,那么只需将其中一种标准的对应命令拷贝到下载的ML-serch.txt文件中标记的位置,然后用paup打开你的nex文件之后执行该文件即可。
特斯拉Model S手动操作手册说明书
Product Data SheetTrigonox 161-CH651,1-Di(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane and tert-Butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate, 65% solution in odorless mineral spiritsTrigonox® 161-CH65 is an initiator (65% active ingredient in odorless mineral spirits) used for curing unsaturated polyester, vinylester and acrylic thermosetting resins in the temperature range of 80-125°C.CAS number3006-86-8, 3006-82-4EINECS/ELINCS No.221-111-2; 221-110-7TSCA statuslisted on inventoryMolecular weight260.4; 216.3Active oxygen contentperoxide12.29%; 7.40%SpecificationsActive oxygen 6.64 -6.85 %Appearance, 20-25°C Clear and colorless liquidHydroperoxides as TBHP≤ 0.099 %CharacteristicsDensity, 25 °C0.893 g/cm³ApplicationsTrigonox® 161-CH65 is suitable for use in curing unsaturated polyester, vinyl ester and acrylic thermosetting resins in the temperature range of 80-125°C. Trigonox® 161-CH65 is a convenient pre-blended initiator for a variety of applications including pultrusion and molding compounds.Thermal stabilityOrganic peroxides are thermally unstable substances, which may undergo self-accelerating decomposition. The lowest temperature at which self-accelerating decomposition of a substance in the original packaging may occur is the Self-Accelerating Decomposition Temperature (SADT). The SADT is determined on the basis of the Heat Accumulation Storage Test.SADT40°C (104°F)Emergency temperature (Tₑ)35°C (95°F)Control temperature (Tc)30°C (86°F)Method The Heat Accumulation Storage Test is a recognized test method for thedetermination of the SADT of organic peroxides (see Recommendations on theTransport of Dangerous Goods, Manual of Tests and Criteria - United Nations, NewYork and Geneva).StorageDue to the relatively unstable nature of organic peroxides a loss of quality can be detected over a period of time. To minimize the loss of quality, Nouryon recommends a maximum storage temperature (Ts max.) for each organic peroxide product.Ts Max.10°CTs Min.-30°CNote When stored under the recommended storage conditions, Trigonox® 161-CH65will remain within the Nouryon specifications for a period of at least 3 months afterdelivery.Packaging and transportTrigonox® 161-CH65 is packed in non-returnable 1 gallon polyethylene containers of 7 lb net weight (4 per case) and in non-returnable 5 gallon polyethylene containers of 35 lb weight. Both packaging and transport meet the international regulations. For the availability of other packed quantities contact your Nouryon representative. Trigonox® 161-CH65 is classified as Organic peroxide type C; liquid, temperature controlled; Division 5.2; UN 3113.Safety and handlingKeep containers tightly closed. Store and handle Trigonox® 161-CH65 in a dry well-ventilated place away from sources of heat or ignition and direct sunlight. Never weigh out in the storage room. Avoid contact with reducing agents (e.g. amines), acids, alkalis and heavy metal compounds (e.g. accelerators, driers and metal soaps). Please refer to the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for further information on the safe storage, use and handling of Trigonox® 161-CH65. This information should be thoroughly reviewed prior to acceptance of this product. The SDS is available at /sds-search.Major decomposition productsCarbon dioxide, tert-Butanol, Heptane, 3-tert-Butoxy heptane, Methane, Acetone, Hexanoic acidAll information concerning this product and/or suggestions for handling and use contained herein are offered in good faith and are believed to be reliable.Nouryon, however, makes no warranty as to accuracy and/or sufficiency of such information and/or suggestions, as to the product's merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose, or that any suggested use will not infringe any patent. Nouryon does not accept any liability whatsoever arising out of the use of or reliance on this information, or out of the use or the performance of the product. Nothing contained herein shall be construed as granting or extending any license under any patent. Customer must determine for himself, by preliminary tests or otherwise, the suitability of this product for his purposes.The information contained herein supersedes all previously issued information on the subject matter covered. The customer may forward, distribute, and/or photocopy this document only if unaltered and complete, including all of its headers and footers, and should refrain from any unauthorized use. Don’t copythis document to a website.Trigonox® is a registered trademark of Nouryon Functional Chemicals B.V. or affiliates in one or more territories.Contact UsPolymer Specialties Americas************************Polymer Specialties Europe, Middle East, India and Africa*************************Polymer Specialties Asia Pacific************************2022-6-30© 2022Thermoset composites Trigonox 161-CH65。
专四真题华研外语Model test 1讲解
Everyone has done their best in the game, haven’t they?
3.陈述部分为There + be +主语时,问句部分用 动词+ there?形式。
There are two cakes on the plate,
bridge between life and death
• Still, others see the rainbow as a sign of good things to come.
Dictation The first step : Memorizing the main idea.(The first reading)
AC表示能力, D表示允许
3. My brother met her at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so she ______your lecture.
A. mustn’t have attend B. needn’t have attend. C. shouldn’t have attend. D. couldn’t have attend.
sun
• Rainbow hold a an important place in the traditional stories and beliefs
• that make up many cultures • For example, some culture say the rainbow represents a
1. 陈述部分的主语为不定代词something, anything, nothing, everything时,问句部分的主语用it。
PAUP使用及ModelTest
PAUP使用及ModelTestPAUP简单使用过程作者:admin 文章来源:点击数: 666 更新时间:2010-11-30 10:45:00这个主要是我根据以往师兄的毕业论文,文献中的,软件说明书,在网上搜索得到的以及我自己在使用中的一些注意事项,总结汇编了一下,如有雷同,请诸位高抬贵手哦,不要追究版权责任!软件自带的“快速开始指南(Quick Start Tutorial)”只提供了简单的进化树构建程序。
本文根据附带的命令帮助文件,对软件的使用方法进行了摸索,总结出一套简便可靠的处理步骤:1. 软件启动和数据执行:PAUP*软件启动后即弹出一个对话框要求输入一个比对后*.nex文件,并且可以让用户选择“Edit”和“Execute”两种不同的模式。
前者是对比对序列矩阵进行修改,后者则直接将矩阵调入内存待处理,并且显示这个数据设置的一些信息,如这个矩阵的维数和数据类型、数据来源等。
执行命令:选择File > Execute “文件名.nex”2. 开始日志记录:在PAUP*决议的任何时候都可以开始和停止日志记录。
开始记录:选择File >Log Output to Disk……如果要停止日志记录,则可以再次执行这个命令。
3. 显示数据详细信息:PAUP*的cstatus命令将显示关于当前元素状态的总结(如类型,权重等等)。
如果打开记录,显示在屏幕上的总结信息也会被保存在日志文件中。
如果仅仅显示简明信息,也可以选择去显示分类(tstatus命令)和全部数据矩阵,即使用showmatrix命令。
4. 定义树根:可以在最后用TreeView软件显示的时候再定义树根,也可以在数据读入后即设置树根,命令为:Outgroup 序列名1 序列名2序列名3……其中的“序列名”是指FASTA文件打开后开头部分“>”之后的序列代号。
5. 设定查找树的标准:PAUP*具有不同的最佳标准来分析数据的优点。
model test practical guide -回复
model test practical guide -回复如何进行模型测试的实际指南。
一、模型测试的意义和目标模型测试是机器学习和数据科学中至关重要的一部分。
它的目标是评估模型在现实环境中的性能和准确性,确定其是否达到预期的效果。
模型测试可以帮助我们确定模型的强项和弱项,以及改进模型的方向。
通过正确的模型测试,我们能够确保模型的鲁棒性和可靠性,为我们的决策提供可信度。
二、模型测试的步骤1. 数据准备:首先,我们需要准备好用于测试的数据集。
这个数据集应该具有代表性,能够涵盖模型可能遇到的不同情况和边界条件。
数据集的大小应当足够大,以保证测试的统计意义。
此外,我们还需要将数据集分为训练集和测试集,以确保测试的独立性和一致性。
2. 特征工程:在测试模型之前,我们需要对数据进行适当的预处理和特征工程。
这包括数据清洗、缺失值处理、数据标准化、特征选择等步骤。
特征工程的目标是提取和构造有意义的特征,以提高模型的性能和准确性。
3. 模型选择:根据问题的性质和模型的要求,选择适当的模型进行测试。
常见的模型包括线性回归、决策树、支持向量机、神经网络等。
在选择模型时,需要考虑模型的复杂度、训练时间、可解释性等因素。
4. 模型训练:使用训练集对选定的模型进行训练。
在训练过程中,我们需要确定模型的超参数,并使用交叉验证等方法进行调优。
训练的目标是使模型能够最大程度地拟合训练集,并尽量避免过拟合。
5. 模型测试:在训练过程完成后,我们需要使用测试集对模型进行测试。
测试集是独立于训练集的数据集,用于评估模型的泛化能力。
通过对测试集的预测结果与真实值进行比较,我们可以得到模型的准确度、精确度、召回率等性能指标。
6. 模型评估:评估模型的性能是模型测试的最终目标。
我们可以使用各种评估指标和图表来衡量模型的准确性和鲁棒性。
常见的评估指标包括均方误差(MSE)、准确率(Accuracy)、召回率(Recall)等。
除了数值评估指标外,我们还可以使用混淆矩阵、ROC曲线等图表来直观地分析模型的性能。
大学英语四级考试MODELTESTTHREE
大学英语四级考试Model T est ThreePart ⅠWritingDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:给你的外国朋友写一封信,告诉他(她)你已经被美国的一所大学录取,但你苦恼的是自己的听力和口语水平不够,你想寻求他(她)对于如何提高听和和口语的建议。
Part ⅡReading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)Directions:In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. For questions 8-10, complete tile sentences with the information given in the passage.The EarthPower and LightCompared to the rest of the universe, the Earth is very small. Our planet and eight (or maybe nine) others orbit the Sun, which is only one of about 200 billion stars in our galaxy. Our galaxy, the Milky Way, is part of the universe, which includes millions of other galaxies and their stars and planets. By comparison, the Earth is microscopic.Compared to a person, on the other hand, the Earth is enormous. It has a diameter of 7,926 miles (12,756 kilometers) at the equator, and it has a mass of about 6×1024 kilograms. The Earth orbits the Sun at a speed of about 66,638 miles per hour (29.79 kilometers per second). Don't dwell on those numbers too long, though; to a lot of people, the Earth is inconceivably, mind-bogglingly big. And it's just a fraction of the size of the Sun.From our perspective on Earth, the Sun looks very small. This is because it's about 93 million miles away from us. The Sun's diameter at its equator is about 100 times bigger than Earth's, and about a million Earths could fit inside the Sun. The Sun is inconceivably, mind-bogglingly bigger.But without the Sun, the Earth could not exist, in a sense, the Earth is a giant machine, full of moving parts and complex systems. All those systems need power, and that power comes from the Sun.The Sun is an enormous nuclear power source-through complex reactions, it transforms hydrogen into helium, releasing light and heat. Because of these reactions, every square meter of our planet's surface gets about 342 Watts of energy from the Sun every year. This is about 1.7×1017 Watts total, or as much as 1.7 billion large power plants could generate. Y ou can learn about how the Sun creates energy in How the Sun Works.When this energy reaches the Earth, it provides power for a variety of reactions, cycles and systems. It drives the circulation of the atmosphere and the oceans. It makes food for plants, which many people and animals eat. Life on Earth could not exist without the Sun, and the planet itself would not have developed without it.To a casual observer, the Sun's most visible contributions to life are light, heat and weather.Night and DaySome of the Sun's biggest impacts on our planet are also its most obvious. As the Earth spins on its axis, parts of the planet are in the Sun while others are in the shade. In other words, the Sun appears to rise and set. The parts of the world that are in daylight get warmer while the parts that are dark gradually lose the heat they absorbed during the day.Y ou can get a sense of how much the Sun affects the Earth's temperature by standing outside on a partly cloudy day. When the Sun is behind a cloud, you fuel noticeably cooler than when it isn't. The surface of our planet absorbs this heat from the Sun and emits it the same way that pavement continues to give off heat in the summer after the Sun goes down. Our atmosphere does the same things-it absorbs the heat that the ground emits and sends some of it back to the Earth.The Earth's relationship with the Sun also creates seasons. The Earth's axis tips a little-about 23.5 degrees.warmer and gets more light--it's summer there, and in the other hemisphere it's winter. This effect is less dramatic near the equator than at the poles, since the equator receives about the same amount of sunlight all year. The poles, on the other hand, receive no sunlight at all during their winter months, which is part of the reason why they're frozen.Most people are so used to the differences between night and day (or summer and winter) that they take them for granted. But these changes in light and temperature have an enormous impact on other systems on our planet. One is the circulation of air through our atmosphere. For example:The Sun shines brightly over the equator. The air gets very warm because the equator faces the Sun directly and because the ozone layer is thinner there.As the air warms, it begins to rise, creating a low pressure system. The higher it rises, the more the air cools. Water condenses as the air cools, creating clouds and rainfall. The air dries out as the rain falls. The result is warm, dry air, relatively high in our atmosphere.Because of the lower air pressure, air rushes toward the equator from the north and south. As it warms, it rises, pushing the dry air away to the north and the south.The dry air sinks as it cools, creating high-pressure areas and deserts to the north and south of the equator.This is just one piece of how the Sun circulates air around the world--ocean currents, weather patterns and other factors also play a part. But in general, air moves from high-pressure to low-pressure areas, much the way that high-pressure air rushes from the mouth of an inflated balloon when you let go. Heat also generally moves from the warmer equator to the cooler poles. Imagine a warm drink sitting on your desk--the air around the drink gets warmer as the drink gets colder. This happens on Earth on an enormous scale.The Coriolis Effect, a product of the Earth's rotation, affects this system as well. It causes large weather systems, like hurricanes, to rotate. It helps create westward-running trade winds near the equator and eastward-running jet streams in the northern and southern hemispheres. These wind patterns move moisture and air from one place to another, creating weather patterns. (The Coriolis Effect works on a large scale--it doesn't really affect the water draining from the sink like some people suppose.)The Sun gets much of the credit for creating both wind and rain. When the Sun warms air in a specific location, that air rises, creating an area of low pressure. More air rushes in from surrounding areas to fill the void, creating wind. Without the Sun, there wouldn't be wind. There also might not be breathable air at all.Water and FireThe Sun has a huge effect on our water. It warms the oceans around the tropics, and its absence cools the water around the poles. Because of this, ocean currents move large amounts of warm and cold water, drastically affecting the weather and climate around the world. The Sun also drives the water cycle, which moves about 18,757 cubic miles (495,000 cubic kilometers) of water vapor through the atmosphere every year.If you've ever gotten out of a swimming pool on a hot day and realized a few minutes later that you were dry again, you have firsthand experience with evaporation. If you've seen water form on the side of a cold drink, you've seen condensation in action. These are primary components of the water cycle, also called the hydrologic cycle, which exchanges moisture between bodies of water and land masses. The water cycle is responsible for clouds and rain as well as our supply of drinking water.1. How many Earths could fit inside the Sun?[A] One million.[B] 93 million.[C] Two million.[D] 100 million.2. Earth would not have developed without ______ .[A] water[C] soil[D] the Sun3. What does our atmosphere do?[A] It absorbs the heat from the ground and sends it to the Sun.[B] It absorbs the heat from the Sun and emits it back to the Earth.[C] It absorbs the heat from the Sun and emits it the same way.[D] It absorbs the heat the ground emits and sends some of it back to the Earth.4. ______ receives about the same amount of sunlight all year.[A] The poles[B] The equator[C] The north temperate zone[D] The south temperate zone5. Air rushes toward the equator from the north and south ______ .[A] because of the dry air[B] because of the cool air[C] because of the lower air pressure[D] because of the higher air pressure6. What doesn't the Coriolis Effect cause?[A] Westward-running trade winds.[B] Hurricanes.[C] The water draining from the sink.[D] Eastward-running jet streams.7. The Sun has closely relation to create ______ .[A] wind[B] the air[C] soil[D] fire8. The Sun has a huge effect on ______ .9. If you've seen water form on the side of a cold drink, you've seen ______ .10. The water cycle is responsible for clouds, rain and ______ .Part ⅢListening ComprehensionSection ADirections:In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D], and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.11. [A] At the department store.[B] At the office.[C] In the restaurant.[D] In the drug store.12. [A] The man shouldn't expect her to go along.[B] She doesn't think she has enough money.[C] She'll go even though the movie is bad.13. [A] She wasn't really studying.[B] She hadn't finished writing her articles.[C] She had furnished her house.[D] She could write beautifully.14. [A] The problem may have been a very complicated one.[B] No one can do it.[C] The woman thinks that the problem is too easy.[D] The man can solve the problem himself.15. [A] The janitor is too busy to do his work.[B] The sanitary conditions of an apartment.[C] The relationship between the janitor and the two speakers.[D] The architecture of a building.16. [A] He can't tear either piece of cloth.[B] He wants part of each piece of cloth.[C] The pieces of cloth are made by a secret process.[D] The pieces of cloth seem identical to him.17. [A] Tuesday.[B] Wednesday.[C] Thursday.[D] Friday.18. [A] A photographer's camera.[B] A television camera.[C] A movie camera.[D] The man's own camera.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. [A] Memories of a recent storm.[B] How strong winds develop into a hurricane.[C] Weather patterns that can affect Florida.[D] Planning a summer vacation.20. [A] Late summer is sunny season.[B] Late summer is hurricane season.[C] Late summer is rainy season.[D] Late summer is cloudy season.21. [A] Wind speed.[B] Rainfall.[C] Water temperature.[D] Direction of approach.22. [A] By name.[B] By number.[C] By location.[D] By month.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.23. [A] Her professor did not like her story.[B] She had trouble finishing her assignment.[C] She did not like the topic she had chosen for her paper.24. [A] Take some extra time.[B] Do a writing exercise.[C] Do some work for another course.[D] Write the story ending first.25. [A] To go shopping.[B] To do research for her story.[C] To meet with her professor.[D] To take a break from her work.Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.26. [A] Given by the local government.[B] Born by a large number of bitches.[C] Bought from different cities and villages.[D] Captured over grassland.27. [A] 11-week course for control duty.[B] 11-week course for patrol duty.[C] 9-week course for control duty.[D] 9-week course for patrol duty.28. [A] Catching runaway criminals.[B] Scratching the hidden bombs.[C] Patrolling the dangerous town.[D] Drug-sniffing or bomb-sniffing.Passage T woQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.29. [A] Gold was discovered.[B] The transcontinental railroad was completed.[C] The Golden Gate Bridge was constructed.[D] Telegraph communications were established with the East.30. [A] About two million.[B] About three million.[C] About five million.[D] About six million.31. [A] 19 million dollars.[B] 32 million dollars.[C] 37 million dollars.[D] 42 million dollars.Passage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.32. [A] Computers have become part of our daily lives.[B] Computers have advantages as well as disadvantages.[D] More and more families will own computers.33. [A] Computers can bring financial problems.[B] Computers can bring unemployment.[C] Computers can be very useful in families.[D] Computerized robots can take over some unpleasant jobs.34. [A] Computers may change the life they have been accustomed to.[B] Spending too much time on computers may spoil people's relationship.[C] Buying computers may cost a lot of money.[D] Computers may take over human beings altogether.35. [A] Affectionate.[B] Disapproving.[C] Approving.[D] Neutral.Section CDirections:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blank, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.Development banks are international lending groups. They lend money to developing countries to help fuel economic growth and social (36) . They are not part of the World Bank, the International (37) Fund or the United Nations. The money comes from member countries and borrowing on world markets.Development banks provide long-term loans at market (38) . They provide even longer-term loans at below-market interest rates. These banks also provide technical (39) and (40) .There are four main ones. The oldest is the Inter-American Development Bank in Washington, D.C. It began in 1959. President Juscelino Kubitschek of Brazil had (41) a bank to aid economic growth in the Americas. The (42) of American States agreed. Today the bank is worth over 100,000 million dollars. It holds only 4 percent of that. The other money is (43) by its members. (44) . 26 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean borrow from the bank.The African Development Bank has its roots in an agreement signed in Sudan in 1963. It is based in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. (45) . The country with the most votes in the bank is Nigeria, followed as of July by the United States, Japan and Egypt.The Asian Development Bank started in 1966. It is based in Manila, in the Philippines. There are 63 members, mostly in Asia. (46) .Part ⅣReading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)Section ADirections:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.A sunflower is a sunflower. A mobile phone is a mobile phone. But can you (47) the two to do something for your local (48) ?It may well be possible. When you have finished with your mobile phone you will be able to (49) it in the(50) , a biodegradable (生物可降解的) mobile phone was introduced by scientists. It is hoped that the new type of phone will encourage (51) to recycle.Scientists have come up with a new material over the last five years. It looks like any other (52) and can be hard or soft, and able to change shape. Overtime it can also break down into the soil without giving out any toxic (53) . British researchers used the new material to develop a phone cover that contains a sunflower seed. When this new type of cover turns into waste, it (54) nitrates (硝酸盐). These feed the seed and help the flower grow.Engineers have designed a small (55) window to hold the seed. They have made sure it only grows when the phone is thrown away."We've only put sunflower seeds into the covers so far. But we are working with plant (56) to find out which flowers would perform best. Maybe we could put roses in next time," said one scientist.[A] Recently [I] experts[B] consumers [J] forms[C] chemicals [K] bury[D] environment [L] paper[E] combine [M] scholar[F] transparent [N] plastic[G] buy [O] Usually[H] companionSection BDirections:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.Passage OneIt is difficult to imagine what life would be like without memory. The meanings of thousands of everyday perceptions, the basis for the decisions we make, and the roots of our habits and skills are to be found in our past experiences, which are brought into the present by memory.Memory can be defined as the capacity to keep information available for later use. It not only includes "remembering" things like arithmetic or historical facts, but also involves any change in the way an animal typically behaves. Memory is involved when a rat gives up eating grain because he has sniffed (嗅出) something suspicious in the grain pile.Memory exists not only in humans and animals but also in some physical objects and machines. Computers, for example, contain devices for storing data for later use. It is interesting to compare the memory s torage capacity of a computer with that of a human being. The instant access memory of a large computer may hold up to 100,000 "words"--string of alphabetic or numerical characters--ready for instant use. An average U.S. teenager probably recognizes the meaning of about 100,000 words of English. However, this is but a fraction of the total amount of information that the teenager has stored. Consider, for example, the number of faces and places that the teenager can recognize on sight.The use of words is the basis of the advanced problem-solving intelligence of human beings. A large part of a person's memory is in terms of words and combinations of words. But while language greatly expands the number and the kind of things a person can remember, it also requires a huge memory capacity. It may well be this capacity that distinguishes humans, setting them apart from other animals.57. Which of the following is TRUE about memory?[A] It helps us perceive things happening around us every day.[B] It is based on the decisions we made in the past.[D] It connects our past experiences with the present.58. According to the passage, memory is helpful in one's life in the following aspects EXCEPT that ______ .[A] it involves a change in one's behavior[B] it keeps information for later use[C] it warns people not to do things repeatedly[D] it enables one to remember events that happened in the past59. What is the author's view about computers and human beings in terms of intelligence?[A] Computers have better memory than a child does.[B] Computers are as intelligent as a teenager is.[C] Computers can understand as many as 100,000 words.[D] Human beings are far superior to computers.60. What is the major characteristic of man's memory capacity according to the author?[A] It can be expanded by language.[B] It can remember all the combined words.[C] It may keep all the information in the past.[D] It may change what has been stored in it.61. Human beings make themselves different from other animals by ______ .[A] having the ability to perceive danger[B] having a far greater memory capacity[C] having the ability to recognize faces and places on sight[D] having the ability to draw on past experiencesPassage T wo"Family" is of course an elastic word. But when British people say that their society is based on family life, they are thinking of "family" in its narrow, peculiarly European sense of mother, father and children living together alone in their own house as an economic and social unit. Thus, every British marriage indicates the beginning of a new and independent family--hence the tremendous importance of marriage in British life.For both the man and the woman, marriage means leaving one's parents and starting one's own life. The man's first duty will then be to his wife, and the wife's to her husband. He will be entirely responsible for her financial support, and she for the running of the new home. Their children will be their common responsibility and theirs alone. Neither the wife's parents nor the husband's, nor their brothers or sisters, aunts or uncles, have any right to interfere with them--they are their own masters.Readers of novels like Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice will know that in former times marriage among wealthy families was arranged by the girl's parents, that is, it was the parents' duty to find a suitable husband for their daughter, preferably a rich. one, and by skillful encouragement to lead him eventually to ask their permission to marry her. Until that time, the girl was protected and maintained in the parents' home, and the financial relief of getting rid of her could be seen in their giving the newly married pair a sum of money called a dowry (嫁妆). It is very different today. Most girls of today get a job when they leave school and become financially independent before their marriage. This has had two results: a girl chooses her own husband, and she gets no dowry.62. What does the author mean by "'Family' is of course an elastic word"?[A] Different families have different ways of life.[B] Different definitions could be given to the word.[C] Different nations have different families.[D] Different times produce different families.63. For an English family, the husband's duty is ______ .[A] supporting the family while the wife is financial[C] financial while the wife is running the home[D] independent while the wife is dependent64. Everything is decided in a family ______ .[A] by the couple[B] with the help of their parents[C] by brothers and sisters[D] with the help of aunts and uncles65. What is TRUE concerning the book Pride and Prejudice?[A] It is the best book on marriage.[B] It is a handbook of marriage.[C] It gives quite some ideas of English social life in the past.[D] It provides a lot of information of former time wealthy families.66. With regard to marriage in Britain, present day girls differ from former time girls in ______ .[A] the right to marry[B] more parental support[C] choosing husbands[D] social positionPart ⅤClozeDirections:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D] on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.An adult giraffe's head is about six feet above its heart. This means that to (67) enough blood up to the brain the circulatory (68) must be strong enough to keep the blood at very high pressure.Biologists have known for some time that giraffes solve this problem by having (69) high blood pressure, about (70) that of human beings. But an international team of biologists began to (71) about this. If giraffes have such high blood pressure, they should have a (72) problem with swelling in their legs and feet. Why don't giraffes have swollen feet?Giraffes should have (73) problem, too. Every time they bend heads (74) to drink, the blood should (75) to their heads and have a hard time (76) back up (when the head is down) to the heart. How come giraffes don't black out when they drink?The answer to the (77) feet problem, the researchers found, is that giraffes have (78) the researchers call a "natural anti-gravity suit". It (79) out that the skin and other (80) in their legs and feet are (81) stiffer and tougher than those of other (82) . As a result, the blood vessels in the leg cannot swell.Therefore, the blood has nowhere to go but back to the heart. What about blood rushing to the head (83) the giraffe bends down to drink? The researchers found that the giraffe's jugular vein, which (84) blood from the head back to the heart, has lots of one-way valves in it. In the giraffe's neck, there are lots of muscles that flex and relax repeatedly as the animal moves its head and sucks (85) drinking water. By squeezing the valved jugular vein, they (86) blood moving back to the heart even while the animal is drinking.67. [A] bring[B] produce[C]transfer[D] pump68. [A] structure[B] system[C] function69. [A] unusually[B] generally[C] uncomfortably[D] commonly70. [A] half[B] multiple[C] double[D] pair71. [A] investigate[B] wonder[C] undertake[D] learn72. [A] terrible[B] unreliable[C] unsolvable[D] advisable73. [A] other[B] some[C] others[D] another74. [A] up[B] down[C] toward[D] aside75. [A] crush[B] brush[C] push[D] rush76. [A] following[B] returning[C] flowing[D] pouring77. [A] healthy[B] swollen[C] dreary[D] radical78. [A] what[B] where[C] that[D] those79. [A] reveals[B] indicates[C] figures[D] turns80. [A] tissues[C] pores[D] organs81. [A] many[B] very[C] much[D] less82. [A] giraffes[B] animals[C] people[D] creatures83. [A] whenever[B] whatever[C] however[D] wherever84. [A] reflects[B] releases[C] receives[D] carries85. [A] in[B] up[C] to[D] from86. [A] permit[B] retain[C] prevent[D] keepPart ⅥT ranslationDirections:Complete the sentences on Answer Sheet 2 by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.87. Living in the desert has many problems, __________ (缺水并不是惟一的问题).88. The production __________ (增加到每月500吨) by the end of this month.89. Some children put much emphasis __________ (有足够的钱以便到外面去痛快享受).90. Please __________ (不要忘记让你姐姐到超市买一些牛排).91. The students now __________ (宁愿上网,也不愿意到图书馆去看书).大学英语四级考试全真预测试卷三答案详解Part ⅠWritingDear Mark,Y ou will never guess what I am going to tell you in this letter. I have received the letter of admission from Harvard University. This means I am going to do my doctor degree program this fall in America. After years of hard work, I now have finally realized my dream of being able to work in the most advanced laboratory in the world with the most outstanding top scientists in the field of genetic engineering.I am now very busy preparing for this trip of utmost importance in my life. I spend most of my time improving my oral and aural English. Y ou know I have a good command of written English. In fact, I have written my papers in English, some of which have been published abroad already. But my listening and speaking ability of English is far behind. I am afraid that this poor command of listening and speaking will hinder the effective communication once I am abroad. Can you just suggest any good way of improving my oral English skills quickly?。
SAP Model-Based Testing产品说明说明书
SAP with Model-Based T estingEnsure SAP releases work for your Business, by connecting testing priorities to business relevance. Utilize Business Process Models to accelerate and focus test automation design and creation. The result is highly relevant and robust end-to-end automation, with reduced time and effort.Product HighlightsThe SAP Quality ConundrumEnterprises modernizing SAP or adopting from new have the same questions they need to an-swer before having the confidence to go-live with their SAP system. Such as; will it work? Will, from the outset the business be able to do their jobs in the new system? From Quote to Cash through Procure to Pay and the hun-dreds of other processes in SAP, will users be complete their day-to-day activities success-fully? Put simply, will the SAP release be of the required quality? The answer to these conun-drums comes from testing. However, for a for a large and multifaceted deployment project such as with SAP, this can also seem overly complex. What tests are to be designed, auto-mated, and ran, how to ensure my testing priori-ties are connected to the expected business use and of course, how to do all that testing whist not slowing down release velocity? OpenText Model-Based Testing answers these questions by offering a structured way to accelerate the automation of your SAP testing moving quickly in the right direction ensuring you test the most pressing business concerns first.What are Business Process Models in SAP Enterprises with SAP define and control the ‘way they work’ through its business processes covering everything from onboarding employ-ees, order fulfillment, and shipping; it’s how the business organizes itself, its personnel, and its software to support those tasks. Business Process Management is how you capture, control and improve activity flows and theBusiness Processes Model Notation (BPMN)is the graphical representation that documentsthe process.More recently, with the growth of BusinessProcess Mining solutions, such as SAP Sig-na v io or Celonis, enterprises are automati-cally discovering what process are really beingfollowed, with what frequency and producingBusiness Process Models to show that. SAPeven publishes BPMN files which correspondto their Best Practice, as part of the SAPActivate deployment methodology for cus-tomers to use.MBT Impact on SAP T estingThese Business Process Models accurately andcomprehensively define what activity streamsthe business needs to complete and hencewhat functionality the supporting SAP soft-ware needs to have. As an SAP tester, you needto ensure that when the system is deployed us-ers will be able to complete all the expectedprocess from start to finish. With MBT, yousimply import the pre-defined models, use acoverage strategy to automatically divide it intoPaths and then automatically create associ-ated Model Based T est containers.These can be run manually right away, orform the basis for creating intelligent basedautomated tests using either the embeddedAI Codeless tool or with the industry leadingUFT One Functional T esting solution. UFT Onecombines a breadth of technology support,with AI-driven capabilities for SAP, meaning itdelivers ease of use and the script resiliencyData SheetData SheetSAP with Model-Based T estingrequired to achieve automation at scale which enables customers to test earlier, faster and for longer.The MBT approach results in a reduction of test creation time and ensures you are creat-ing modular structured tests, focusing on what really matters first and aligns to what the busi-ness activities are, in the system under test. Key BenefitsAccelerate End-to-End T estingof Enterprise-Grade AppsWorking in collaboration with your business analysts you can clearly see what activities and steps that users of your Application Under T est need to complete and hence that you need to test. You can ensure by covering these paths (or variances) that what needs to work, is really working, before go-live in any application you have modelled.This includes automated testing in combina-tion with all the supported technologies of UFT One with more than 200+ GUI and API tech-nologies across mobile, web, desktop and mainframe, including SAP, Salesforce, Java, Citrix and more.Cloud BasedGet up and running quickly with this Cloud-based multi-tenanted solution meaning you have minimal installation requirements inside your firewall. We take care of all the backend infrastructure, servicing, and maintenance ef-forts, as part of OpenT ext’s well established suite of SaaS solutions.Automated Creation of Manual T estsEach test created from a Business Process Model path describes an essential end to end flow through your application. Whilst the ef-fort to automate those is underway, without any extra efforts you can manually test those processes right away using the automatically generated manual tests. Extensive SAP SupportWith the integration into UFT One you get allthe extensive support SAP including AI-basedand native object recognition for SAPGUI, SAPFiori/UI5, S/4 HANA, SAP Web Dynpro, SAPWebGUI, SAP NetWeaver Business Client forDesktop/HTML and SAP Cloud Applicationssuch as Ariba, Concur, SuccessFactors, etc.This extensive support means you can be as-sured whatever your SAP product undergoingtesting your efforts will be reduced and you willbe able to create robust automation includ-ing the use of advanced AI based intelligentautomation.AI-Powered Intelligent T est AutomationUtilizing UFT One automation capabilities withMBT means you can simplify and improve testcreation, execution, and maintenance throughAI-powered intelligent automation. AI-basedmachine learning and advanced OCR providefor advanced object recognition, AI-basedmockup identification, AI-based recording,AI-based text matching and image-basedautomation; all of this means that teams canreduce test creation time as script creation sisintuitive and graphical, reduce maintenanceefforts as scripts break less often but if theydo are easier to fix and boost test coverageas you can ‘shift-right’ to increase the numberof people creating tests plus as you using justthe GUI interface technical support with theApplication Under T est is not required.Parameterization and Data SetsInbuilt into MBT is the ability to store and con-nect multiple data sets connected to script-based input or output parameters, in this wayyou can pass information between units of ascripts enhancing and increasing flexibility ofwhat you are automating. MBT has the abilityhold multiple data sets which can be copiedor imported from an external file so you can besure you will always have the right data for theexecution you are performing.Part of an Enterprise Agile PlatformModel Based T esting is built into the OpenT extValueEdge™ which means it is fully integratedinto your lifecycle platform for Agile and T estManagement. Through this platform approachyou can understand the wider context of yourtest creation and execution efforts, with easyconnection to requirements, backlogs, results,application modules and manage the defectsyou find. It also means you can see the resultsof your SAP testing across the enterprise.AI Codeless T esting IntegrationMBT enjoys native integration with OpenT extAI Codeless. This automated testing solutiongives you the power to create totally robust and reliable tests using the power of AI-based objects without any of the complexity you would expect of a code-based tool. Described as ‘Shift Right’, the solution is perfect for less technical colleagues who are more comfort-able with a drag-and-drop, click based inter-face. T o make things as simple and visual as possible, the AI Codeless T ests are saved in-side of MBT, in the cloud and can see through its own interface.Import Existing BPMN Diagrams Whatever the source or creation mechanism of your models you can simply import single or multiple models in one zip file, to kick start your test automation effort. MBT will import the models and present them for easy brows-ing and conversion into Paths and Scripts. Alternatively, you can use the native modeler to create and edit BPMN models inside of MBT.Intelligently Convert Business ProcessModels into Paths and T estsUsing MBT prebuilt Model to path to test con-version strategies you can easily select thecoverage you want to achieve for your createdpaths and then tests. MBT will do all the workfor you, converting a single model into multiplepaths against establishing the coverage yourequired. You then tell MBT what to convertto tests and it will create and associate thosetests. Of course, you still have the option to cre-ate process paths manually if you want.Native Creation and Updateof Business Process DiagramsIf you don’t have your Business Process Mod-els defined or captured already OpenT ext MBTlets you create your own Business Flows di-rectly inside of the tool. You can then use themodels to define T est Paths and Data but withthe advantage of doing so from the businessperspective.All Layer Automation of ApplicationsCreate end-to-end Tests covering both thefront-end GUI functionality and if required APIservice orientated parts of a solution. With MBTand its UFT One integration you can test solu-tions which use REST, SOAP, WSDL, WADL,Swagger, OData, MQTT, CoAP and iDocs.Part of DevOps Deployment PipelineBuilt inside of OpenT ext ValueEdge, you will beable to reuse UFT One scripts held in your GITbased repository and manage the distributionand execution as part of your DevOps pipelineunderstanding status along with your othertesting results.Learn more at/en-us/industry/ solutions-for-sap-modernization /opentext。
系统进化树的构建
菜单栏
工具条
•实例讲解
选择File标签-->Convert file format to Mega.
当给出相应的文件路径之后点击ok
显示文件已经转化为MEGA Format, 点击OK. 将文件保存,牢记路径
•实例讲解
点击,载入MEGA格式的分析序列
•实例讲解
选择数据类型,在本次测试中我们 用的是核苷酸序列。
实验三.系统发育分析软件的使用
分子系统发育分析
• 系统发育分析研究是研究物种进化和系统 分类的一种方法,研究对象为携带遗传信 息的生物大分子序列,采用特定的数理统 计算法来计算生物间的进化关系。并用系 统进化树,即一种类似树枝状得图形来概 括生物间的这种亲缘关系。
分子系统发育分析
• 系统发育进化树( Phylogenetic tree)
•实例讲解
文件下载完之后,这里我们采用事先准备好的序列。 将Fasta 文件直接用 ClustalX 1.83打开
•实例讲解
在进行多序列比对之前我们需要对软件进行一些设置 1.选择Alignment标签 2.选择Output format options PHYLIP软件:PHYLIP MEGA软件:FASTA
进化拓扑结构: 进化树中不同枝的拓扑图形。 根:所有分类的共同祖先。 结点:表示一个分类单元。 进化支:两种以上生物(DNA序 列)及其祖先组成的树枝。 进化分支:进化关系的图形表示 进化分支长度: 用数值表示的进化枝的变化程度 (遗传距离) 距离标尺: 生物体或序列之间差异的的 数字 尺度。 外群: 与分析序列相关的生物序列且具 有较远的亲缘关系 结 点
99 BANNAch 68 100 88
BJ9575 YN6 YN0556 LN0684
Model 801 Series 视频测试生成器快速使用指南说明书
Connecting a Display to the GeneratorNormal Front Panel OperationRestoring Default OperationSetting Digital Video ModeDetailed Status ModeSpecial Serial Port ModesEnabling On- Screen EditingChanging GPIB AddressCloning GeneratorsSelf CalibrationFormat, Image & Sequence Knob List EditorsFormat EditorCustom Image EditorSequenceEditorSequence Mode Front Panel Operation Saving Files Using a New Name801FD, 801GDand 801LDD-SubThis connector only used on the 801GC and 801GX This connector replaced by DVI digital video connector on the 801FD and 801GD and an LDI digital video connector on the 801LDB= Blue VideoCS= Digital (TTL level) Comp SyncG= Green Video= Signal GroundHS= Digital (TTL level) Horizontal SyncI= Intensity Bit(monchrome, LSB) Ib= Blue Intensity Bit Ig= Green IntensityBitIr= Red Intensity Bit = Monitor DisplayCode InputsR= Red VideoV= Video Bit(monchrome, MSB) VS= Digital (TTL level) Vertical SyncNotes:INSTRUCTIONSlish the desired state.to normal.NOTESIf the original format is not stored with a color-difference (e.g. YCrCb) type, then the RB key combination will only switch between RGB and monochrome.The 8-bits/pixel mode is only allowed in the digital video mode on the 801FD and 801GD.If the image index number displayed has only two digits, then a letter may appear just to the left of the two digits as follows to indicate the current state of the generator:“ “ AVST=2 or 4;PELD=0“C” AVST=2 or 4;PELD=8“m” AVST=1 or 3;PELD=0“M” AVST=1 or 3;PELD=8“y” AVST=5,6,7,or 8;PELD=0“Y” AVST=2 or 4;PELD=8“ “ DVST=1,2,5,6, or 7;PELD=0“d” DVST=10;PELD=0“D” DVST=10;PELD=8“b” DVST=9;PELD=0“B” DVST=9;PELD=8“z” DVST=13,14,15,or 16;PELD=0“Z” DVST=13,14,15,or 16;PELD=8OverviewYou can change how your video generator operates by holding down cer-tain front panel button combinations for several seconds during power up and then releasing the buttons. Some modes only apply during the current operating session while others are maintained when the power is cycled. The only way to reset the maintained settings is to either perform a Default Reset or a Memory Re-initialization on power up.Knob lists determine which formats, images and sequences can be selected with the front panel knobs. Please note that on-screen editing must be enabled in or-der to view and modify these lists. Pressing the Image / Step button while view-ing the list will launch the editor.You can display the contents of any signal format using the "Format" test image. Please note that on-screen editing must be enabled in order to modify the dis-played data. Pressing the Image/Step button while viewing the image will then launch the editor.The standard built-in test images can not be modified. However, you can create your own custom test images. Please note that on-screen editing must be en-abled in order to create or modify a custom image. Pressing the Image/Step but-ton while viewing a custom image will hide the image and launch the editor screen.The Sequence Editor can only be accessed through the sequence knob list edi-tor. On-screen editing must be enabled to use either editor.Model 801 Series Quick Start Guide•11•The generator must be programmed to power-up in the sequence mode. This is done by selecting any sequence mode in the sequence editor. The only way to disable the sequence mode is to deselect the mode with the sequence editor. Enabling the on-screen editors on power-up temporarily overrides sequence mode operation.•12•Model 801 Series Quick Start GuideFormats, Custom Images and Sequences are removed from non-volatile memory using the appropriate knob list editor. Pressing the Remove but-ton in the editor displays the following confirmation sub-screen:Model 801 Series Quick Start Guide•13••14•Model 801 Series Quick Start GuideVideo Generator Manager (VGM)The VGM software package provides a graphical user interface that allows you to operate and program our stand alone, ISA card and PCI card Model 801 Series video generators. The current versions of the software run on computers using Microsoft® Windows® 95/98/NT. The software also allows you to save copies of custom formats, images and sequences on the computer's disk drive. These files can then be uploaded into other Model 801 generators. The included custom image editor provides a simple WYSIWYG interface that allows you to quickly setup custom test images.The VGM package includes an extensive "Help" section that covers its op-eration as well as documentation of the commands and queries supported by the generators.A copy of the VGM software is included with each unit sold. The software is also available as free download from the Tech Support area of our Web site at .Smart Testing And Repair (STAR) PackageThe STAR software package allows you set up and document test proce-dures for both DDC and non-DDC compliant monitors. The software runs on computers using MS-Windows 95/98/NT. Please contact your Quantum Data sales representative for more information.Archiver UtilityThe Archiver utility provides a simple text based interface that allows you to communicate with our stand alone, ISA card and PCI card Model 801Series video generators. The software runs as an MS-DOS application. It includes a simple terminal function for sending commands and queries to the generator.The Archiver utility is also used to update the firmware on more recent vin-tage Model 801 Series generators that have the proper Flash EPROMs in-stalled. The software allows you to backup any user created data to disk prior to performing the update. The backed up files can then be updated and uploaded back to the generator after the firmware update.The Archiver software is available as free download from the Tech Support area of our Web site at .Model 801 Series Quick Start Guide •15•Apple Mac MAC_12c Apple Mac MAC_12ce Apple Mac MAC_12m Apple Mac MAC_13c Apple Mac MAC_13LC Apple Mac MAC_13m Apple Mac MAC_15Apple Mac MAC_16Apple Mac MAC_19Apple Mac MAC_1960Apple Mac MAC_21Apple Mac MAC_TVos Apple Mac MAC_TVus ATT PC AT&T_EVC ATT PC AT&T_IVC ATT PC AT&T_SVC Barco BAR2060Barco BAR2080BarcoBAR2560Factory Test TEST150Factory Test TEST250HDTV ATV1259HDTV ATV1259C HDTV ATV1260HDTV ATV1260C HDTV ATV1823HDTV ATV1823P HDTV ATV1824HDTV ATV1824P HDTV ATV1825HDTV ATV1825A HDTV ATV1825P HDTV ATV1829HDTV ATV1829P HDTV ATV1830HDTV ATV1830P HDTV ATV1850HDTV ATV1850A HDTV ATV1859HDTV ATV1860HDTV ATV1923HDTV ATV1923P HDTV ATV1924HDTV ATV1924P HDTV ATV1925HDTV ATV1925A HDTV ATV1925P HDTV ATV1929HDTV ATV1929P HDTV ATV1930HDTV ATV1930P HDTV ATV1950HDTV ATV1950A HDTVATV1959HDTV ATV1960HDTV ATV6429HDTV ATV6429C HDTV ATV6459HDTV ATV6459C HDTV ATV7025HDTV ATV7025E HDTV ATV7025L HDTV ATV7029HDTV ATV7029E HDTV ATV7029L HDTV ATV7050HDTV ATV7050E HDTV ATV7050L HDTV ATV7059HDTV ATV7059E HDTV ATV7059L HDTV ATV7225HDTV ATV7225E HDTV ATV7225L HDTV ATV7229HDTV ATV7229E HDTV ATV7229L HDTV ATV7250HDTV ATV7250E HDTV ATV7250L HDTV ATV7259HDTV ATV7259E HDTV ATV7259L HDTV ATV7625HDTV ATV7650HDTV ATV9325HDTV ATV9329HDTV ATV9350HDTV ATV9359HDTV ATV9625HDTV ATV9629HDTV ATV9650HDTV ATV9659HDTV HDTV_1E HDTV HDTV_1J HDTV HDTV_4E HDTV HDTV_4J HDTV JTV1829HDTV JTV1830HDTV JTV1929HDTV JTV1930H-P HP1060H-P HP1070H-P HP1075A H-P HP1075B H-P HP1260H-P HP1272H-PHP1275IBM Workstation IBM6Km1IBM Workstation IBM6Km2IBM Workstation IBM6Km3IBM Workstation IBM6Km4Intecolor INT1160Intecolor INT1176Intecolor INT1660Intecolor INT1676Lockheed LMC_1Lockheed LMC_2Lockheed LMC_3Lockheed LMC_4Military HOBO Military MAVERIK NEC PC NECPC400NEC PC NECPC750NTSC NoBurst RS170Y NTSC NoBurst RS170Yos NTSC NoBurst RS170Yus NTSC w/Burst NTSC_443NTSC w/Burst NTSC_601NTSC w/Burst NTSC4xSC NTSC w/Burst NTSCTVos NTSC w/Burst NTSCTVus PAL NoBurst PAL_Y PAL NoBurst PAL_Yos PAL NoBurst PAL_Yus PAL w/Burst PAL_4xSC PAL w/Burst PAL_N PAL w/Burst PAL_TVos PAL w/Burst PAL_TVus PAL w/Burst PALTV601PC CGA_m14PC EGA_m2PC HGC_text PC HGCgraph PC IBM_3164PC IBM_3179PC MDA_m7PC PGA_400PC PGA_480PC VGA_m1PC VGA_m2PC VGA_m3PC VGA_m4PC XGA_m4a PC XGA_m4b PC XGA_m5PC XGA_m6PC XGA1076PC XGA2PC XGA6475Sony SON1072Sony SON1274SonySON1276STANAG STANAGA STANAG STANAGB STANAG STANAGC Sun Micro SUN1061Sun Micro SUN1077Sun Micro SUN1166Sun Micro SUN116B Sun Micro SUN1176Sun Micro SUN117B Sun Micro SUN1267Sun Micro SUN126B Sun Micro SUN1276Sun Micro SUN1667VESA DMT1075VESA DMT1085VESA DMT1170VESA DMT1175VESA DMT1185VESA DMT1243VESA DMT1260VESA DMT126A VESA DMT1275VESA DMT127A VESA DMT1285VESA DMT128A VESA DMT1648VESA DMT1660VESA DMT1665VESA DMT1670VESA DMT1675VESA DMT1680VESA DMT1685VESA DMT1760VESA DMT1775VESA DMT1860VESA DMT1875VESA DMT1960VESA DMT1975VESA DMT6475VESA DMT6485VESA DMT648A VESA DMT648B VESA DMT7285VESA DMT8075VESA DMT8085VESA VG900601VESA VG900602VESA VG901101VESA VS900603VESA VS901101VESA VS910801ViewSonic VPD180_8ViewSonicVPD180_4TypeNameTypeNameTypeNameTypeNameQuantum Data, Inc.2111 Big Timber Rd Elgin, IL 60123-1100U.S.A.®。
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Medeltest3.7:
准备工作:
下载modeltest软件windows版本,解压到系统盘,这里为C盘,我们这里将其置于根目录。
从/phylogenetics/modeltest.html该网站下载文件modelblockPAUPb10.txt和文件ML-search.txt。
下载Paup4.0
1.打开paup,打开你自己的filename.nex文件,然后再打开并执行所下载的modelblockPAUPb10.txt文件。
Paup将运行并产生一个名为model.scores的文件。
2.将产生的model.scores文件与modeltest执行程序放置在相同的文件夹内,这里为C:\modeltest3.7\Modeltest3.7 folder\bin\modeltest3.7.win。
3.在开始-运行中输入cmd命令,确认,弹出一个dos界面的窗口,将其默认目录改为model.scores文件所在文件夹,修改方式为在dos窗口输入:cd 盘符:\filename\filename,确认,这里我们输入
cd C:\modeltest3.7\” Modeltest3.7 folder” \bin\。
带有空格的文件夹名要用双引号括起来。
4.修改好后,在窗口内输入:Modeltest3.7.win.exe < model.scores > test.outfile,确认。
在model.scores 所在文件夹内产生test.outfile文件,即我们所需要的文件。
文件test.outfile的文件名可以修改。
5.用记事本打开test.outfile文件,里面列出了两种检验标准LRT和AIC分别选出的最优DNA进化模型。
6.如果你要在paup中利用最大似然法建树,那么只需将其中一种标准的对应命令拷贝到下载的ML-serch.txt文件中标记的位置,然后用paup打开你的nex文件之后执行该文件即可。
或者将命令拷贝到你自己的ML批处理文件内执行。
命令既是begin paup;和end;之间的部分。
7.如果是用于mrbayes分析,不能直接拷贝上述命令。
其中base即Base frequencies,代表各碱基出现的频率,顺序为A-C-G-T,其中T的频率没有列出来,不过这些值都可以在test.outfile中找到。
在mrbayes中,对应于Statefreqpr选项,该选项默认状态为Dirichlet(1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0),依次为A-C-G-T的频率,即各碱基的出现频率相同。
在此需将该选项状态修改为fixed( ),括号中依次填入base中对应的值,中间逗号隔开,如Statefreqpr=fixed(0.1649,0.3340,0.3209,0.1801)。
其中各值相加为1,但在mrbayes中,各值范围不定,各选项的值可同时乘或除以某值,如100,1000等,只要比例不变。
如在此可修改为Statefreqpr=fixed(1649,3340,3209,1801)。
其中rmat即rate matrix,是碱基位点的变异频率或者说异质率(rate heterogeneity),共6个值,R(a) [A-C],R(b) [A-G],R(c) [A-T],R(d) [C-G],R(e) [C-T],R(f) [G-T]。
rmat命令中只列出前五个,最后一个R(f) [G-T]未列出,不过这些值都可以在test.outfile中找到。
在mrbayes中,该命令对应于revmatpr选项,该选项默认状态为Revmatpr=Dirichlet(1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0),括号中对应于rmat的各值,顺序不变,依次为[A-C],[A-G],[A-T],[C-G],[C-T],[G-T],各数值间用逗号隔开;在此,我们需将该选项状态修改为fixed,即recmatpr=fixed( ),括号中依次填入rmat中对应的各值,如revmatpr=fixed(1.0000,3.7410,1.0000,1.0000,2.0672,1.0000)。
其中pinvar即Proportion of invariable sites,是不变位点的比率或称among-site rate variation,在mrbayes 中对应于Pinvarpr选项,该命令默认为uniform状态,即pinvarpr = uniform(0,1),取0-1内的一个值,0-1也是该选项的有效范围,在此,我们将该选项修改为fixed固定值选项,即pinvarpr=fixed( ),括号内填入pinvar中对应的数值,如pinvarpr=fixed(0.3076)。
其中Shape即Gamma distribution shape parameter,确定伽马分布的形状参数α,在mrbayes中对应于Shapepr选项,该选项默认状态为α范围内的均一分布,shapepr = uniform(0, α) ,在此修改为shapepr =fixed(1.5422)。
现在假设原命令是:
lset Base=(0.1649 0.3340 0.3209) Nst=6 Rmat=(1.0000 3.7410 1.0000 1.0000 2.0672) Rates=gamma Shape=1.5422 Pinvar=0.3076;
修改后对应的mrbayes命令为:
Lset nst=6 rates=gamma;
Prset Statefreqpr=fixed(0.1649,0.3340,0.3209,0.1801)
revmatpr=fixed(1.0000,3.7410,1.0000,1.0000,2.0672,1.0000) shapepr =fixed(1.5422) pinvarpr=fixed(0.3076); 在statefreqpr和revmatpr中,fixed一般设置为dirichlet,不知道两者有没有明显的差别?
另,statefreqpr以及shapepr、pinvarpr参数在mrbayes中似乎没见别人用过,不晓得为何?。