like,suchas,forexample,namely,include和contain表示举例和列举

Such as
一、such as 的七个用法
1. 表示举例，such as 意为“例如，诸如此类的，像……那样的”，相当于
like。

such as用来列举事物时,一般列举同类人或事物中的几个例子。

插在被列举的事物与前面的名词之间，as后面不可有逗号。

例如:
Some of the rubbish, such as food, paper and iron, rots away over a long period of time.
有些废物，如剩饭、废纸和废铁,时间一久就烂掉了。

There are few poets such as Keats and Shelly. 像济慈和雪莱这样的诗人现在很少了。

Adverbs are used to modify verbs, such as “quickly” in “she ran fast”.
副词用来修饰动词，例如“她跑得快”中的“快”。

Animals such as rabbits and deer continue to be active all winter，finding food wherever they can . 像兔和鹿这样的动物整个冬天都是很活跃的，它们到处寻找食物。

He knows four languages, such as Chinese and English. 他会说四种语言,如汉语和英语。

用于此义时的几点说明：
(1) 这类结构既可表现为“名词+such as+例子”，也可表现为“such+名词+as+例子”。

如：
I enjoy songs such as this one. = I enjoy such songs as this one.
我喜欢像这首歌一样的歌。

(2) 若 such as 后接动词，通常用动名词，有时也可用动词原形。

如：
Don’t do anything silly such as marry him. 不要做什么蠢事，比如说去嫁给他。

Magicians often perform tricks such as pulling a rabbit out of a hat.
魔术师常常变从帽子里抓出兔子的戏法。

(3)不要按汉语意思将such as 用作such like。

(4) such as 后不可列出前面所提过的所有东西。

如：
正：I know four languages, such as Japanese and English.
我懂四种语言，如日语、英语。

误：I know four languages, such as Chinese, French, Japanese and English.
我懂四种语言，如汉语、法语、日语和英语。

(5) 在现代英语中，such as可与etc. 连用。

如：
They planted many flowers, such as roses, sunflowers，etc.
他们种了许多种花，如玫瑰花、向日葵等。

They export a 1ot of fruits，such as oranges，lemons，etc.
他们出口许多水果，如桔子、柠檬等。

2. such as 表示“像……这样的”，其中的 as 用作关系代词，引导定语从句，as
在定语从句中用作主语或宾语。

此外，不要按汉语意思把该结构中的 as 换成like。

如：He is not such a fool as he looks. 他并不像他看起来那么傻。

Such men as he (is) are rare now. 现在像他这样的人很少了。

3. such as 表示“凡是……的人(或事物)”、“所有……的人(事物)”，其意相当于everything that, all those, those that (who)等。

其中的 such 为先行词，as 为关系代词。

如：
Take such (things) as you need. 你需要什么就拿什么。

You may choose such as you prefer. 你可挑选自己想要的东西。

Such (people) as have knowledge and skill will not want to work.
有知识和技能的人不愁没有工作。

4. 有时 such as 整个儿用作关系代词，用以引导定语从句。

如：
We had hoped to give you a chance such as nobody else ever had.
我们本来希望给你一个别人从未有过的机会。

Then I left it，feeling a weight at my heart such as I had never had before.
然后我离开那里，心头感到一种前所未有的沉重心情。

5. 用于such…as to do sth.，表示结果，其中的such为限定语，as to do sth 表示结果。

如：
It was such a loud noise as to wake everybody in the house.
声音很大，屋里的所有人都被吵醒了。

You shouldn’t put such high prices as to frighten your customers off.
你不应该要价这么高，以致把顾客都吓跑了。

6. 用于such as to do sth.，表示程度或结果。

其中的such是代词，as to do sth
引出的结构作程度状语或结果状语。

如：
Her illness was not such as to cause anxiety. 她的病不是很重，不必担心。

The pain in her foot wasn’t such as to stop her walking. 她脚疼，但还不至
于不能行走。

7. 用于 such as it is 构成习语，表示让步，意思是“尽管不怎么好”“尽管不一
定正确”“尽管没什么价值或重要性”。

如：
The food, such as it is, is plentiful. 食物不是很好，但量很多。

You may use my bike, such as it is. 尽管我的自行车不好，你可以将就着用吧。

You’re welcome to join us for supper, such as it is—we’re only having soup and bread.
欢迎你和我们一起吃晚饭，只是没什么好吃的——只有汤和面包。

二、such as 与其他相似结构的区别
1. such…as与such…that
such ... as 前者用于引导定语从句，such ... that 后者用于引导结果状语从句。

如：
I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲那样的故事。

It was such a cold day that there was nobody on the street. 天气很冷，街上
没有一个人。

试比较：
He is such a good teacher as we all respect. 他是一位我们大家都尊敬的好老师。

(as引导的是定语从句，as 在该定语从句中用作respect的宾语)
He is such a good teacher that we all respect him.
他是那样一位好老师，以致于我们大家都尊敬他。

(that 引导的是结果状语从句，
that在该状语从句中不充当句子成分，另外注意句中的respect带有宾语him)
2. such as 与 as such
such as 与 as such 两者词序相反，意义区别也很大，as such 有两个主要意思：
(1) 表示“按照某词通用的词义”“根据某词严格的词义”。

如：
It’s not an agreement as such, but it will have virtually the same effect as one.
就协议的词义而言，它算不上是协定，但实际上起到了协定的作用。

I can’t call my book a best seller as such but it’s very popular.
我不敢说我的书是畅销书，但可以说很受欢迎。

(2) 表示“就本身而论”。

如：
Money as such will seldom bring happiness. 金钱本身很少带来幸福。

Money, as such, does not bring happiness. 金钱本身并不给人带来快乐。

(3) 表示“以某种身份(或资格)”“像所指的人(或事物)那样”。

如：
She is a kind woman and is known as such. 她是位好心肠的女人，这是大家知道的。

He is the author of the article, but he does not desire to be known as such.
他是文章的作者，但他不想让人知道他是作者。

for example
for example作“例如”讲时，一般只以同类事物或人中的“一个”为例，作插入语，用逗号隔开，可置于句首、句中或句末。

For example，air is invisible. 例如，空气是看不见的。

He，for example，is a good student. 例如，他就是个好学生。

Some students, for example, Tim, live far away from here.
有些学生,比如Tim，住在离这很远的地方。

for example用来举例说明某一论点或情况，一般只举同类人或物中的“一个”为例，作插入语，可位于句首、句中或句末。

例如：
Ball games, for example, have spread around the world.
例如,球类运动已经在世界各地传播开了。

What would you do if you met a wild animal - a lion, for example
如果遇上野兽，例如狮子，你该怎么办
Like
like也常用来表示举例，可与such as互换。

但such as用于举例可以分开使用，此时不可与like互换。

Some warm-blooded animals, like / such as the cat，the dog or the wolf, do not need to hibernate. 一些温血动物，像猫、狗和狼都不需要冬眠。

He has several such reference books as dictionaries and handbooks.
他有几本像字典、手册之类的参考书。

例题：选词填空
，，is a kind of pollution.
like drinks tea and soda.
3. ，my full name is James Allen Green. Green is my family name.
can buy fruit here—oranges and bananas， .
are several people interested， Mr. Jones and Mr. Simpson.
答案： example such as example example
namely
1.表示全部列举。

如：
He knows three languages, namely Chinese, English and French.
他会说三种语言，如汉语、英语和法语。

ly后加上逗号隔开，作为插入语表示“也就是，即是，换句话说”
include和contain
contain强调容量，include强调范围。

contain与include 都是及物动词，两词都有“包含”的意思。

区别在于：contain可用于表示包含所含之物的全部或部分（have or hold within itself）；而include则只能用于表示所包含之物中的一部分（have…as part of a whole），其宾语指的是部分内容或容量，表示一个整体由几个部分组成,侧重包括者只是整体的一部分。

如：
The parcel contained a dictionary. 那包裹里装的是一本字典。

It contains a powerful drug which affects mosquitoes.
它含有一种可以防止蚊虫叮咬的强效药物。

The bottle contains two glasses of beer. 意思是这瓶子可装两杯啤酒。

what meaning is contained in your words 你话里含着什么意思
This book contains all the information you need. 这书包含你所需的一切资料。

Does the price include postage 这价钱包含有邮费吗
The pill contains vitamins. 这药丸中含有多种维生素。

另外，contain有“克制，抑制”之意。

如：
She could hardly contain her excitement/anger/laughter.
她抑制不住内心的激动/愤怒/笑意。

二、Include的现在分词including，过去分词included用法如下：
We all went to the museum, Lily included. 我们去了博物馆，莉莉也去了。

The band played many songs, including some of my favourites.
乐队演奏了很多曲子，包括我最喜欢的几首。

there ten of us here, including three girls/three girls included.
我们这里一共有十个人，包括三个女孩。

Many students went out to play, including Tom/Tom included.
许多学生出去玩，包括汤姆在内。

Include等列举词不与etc., and so on连用，语意重复
can help lots of different people, including students, teachers, translators, etc. 可以帮到很多人，包括学生、老师、翻译人员等。

在这句子里，“including”和“etc.”实际上是同一个意思，这两个说法都表示还有句子已列举的条目以外的内容。

因此，一句话中用这两个词有点重复。

and so on前要加逗号作为独立成分，与etc.一般均置于句末。