大学英语语法与写作College English Grammar and Writing 10 Phrases Gerund Phrases and Absolute Phrases
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1) as a noun to be subject • You must know your enemy. • That is the best defense. • Knowing your enemy is the best defense.
2) as a noun to be predictive • He finishes his supper. • He takes a short walk. • That is his habit. • In this habit, he keeps healthy. • His habit to keep healthy is taking a short walk after supper. 3) as a noun to be appositive • His dream is finding lost treasure. • His dream almost came true recently. • His dream, finding lost treasure, almost came true recently.
3) When the action happened in the past, a gerund is usually used.
• She has had quick thinking. • That saved us all a lot of trouble. • Her quick thinking saved us all a lot of trouble.
nutrients.
• we waiting in line • the students holding a
meeting • the ruler broken • the train crowded • the climate (being) mild • the soil (being) rich in
6. I tried to wake up my wife. I rang the doorbell. She was fast asleep.
I tried to wake up my wife by ringing the doorbell, but she was fast asleep.
4) The following is a list of verbs that can have gerund objects, but not infinitives
• admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, complete, consider, • defend, delay, deny, detest, discuss, dislike, • enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, • get through, give up, go on, can't help, • imagine, involve, keep (on), would like (him), • mention, (not) mind, miss, • postpone, practice, put off, quit, • recall, recollect, recommend, report, resent, resist, resume,
I.Βιβλιοθήκη BaiduGerund Phrases
Both a gerund and a present participle end in –ing but they function as different parts of speech. A gerund is used as a noun, whereas a present participle is used as an adjective or an adverb.
4) as a noun to be object • I travel in the country. • I love that. • I lose my way. • I don’t like that. I love traveling in the country, but I don't like losing my way. 5) as a noun to be object of a preposition • They wanted to travel to foreign country. • They have made preparation for it. They have made preparation for traveling to a foreign country.
time, place, cause, condition, or degree . It modifies the whole sentence rather than a particular word. All absolute phrases can be turned into correspondent adverbial clauses. • The wings were damaged by the storm. • The aircraft crashed. • Its wings damaged by the storm, the aircraft crashed. • (Or: Because its wings were damaged by the storm, the aircraft crashed.) • The weather permits. • We will have the picnic tomorrow. • Weather permitting, we will have the picnic tomorrow. • (Or: If the weather permits, we will have the picnic tomorrow.)
a sentence
an absolute phrase
• We are waiting in line. • The students held a
meeting. • The ruler was broken. • The train was crowded. • The climate is mild. • The soil is rich in
College English Grammar:
Grammar and Writing
Unit 10
Phrases: Gerund Phrases and Absolute Phrases
• Grammar: 1. Gerund Phrases 2. Absolute Phrases
• Writing: Correcting: Missing Commas with Nonessential Elements Rewriting: Intra-sentence coherence
II.3. Position and punctuation
As an absolute phrase acts as an adverb, its position in a sentence is very flexible. As sentence opener or subject-verb split, an absolute phrase usually expresses cause, time, condition, or purpose. As sentence closer, it shows effect or adds more detail or focus to the idea of the main clause, particularly when the absolute refers to an event that occurs later than the event in the main clause.
5. He wanted to follow me around all morning. I had to think of a way. By the way I can prevent him from that.
I had to think of a way of preventing him from following me around all morning.
2) Both gerunds and infinitives can be used as the subject or the complement of a sentence. However, gerunds sound more natural and would be more common in everyday English. If you are not sure whether you should use gerund or infinitive, just remember that 90% of the time, you will use a gerund as the subject or complement of a sentence.
• Nobody was at home. • The thief took a lot of things away. • Nobody (being) at home, the thief took a lot of things away.
II.2. Function • An absolute phrase functions as an adverb, indicating manner,
I.1. Form and function • A gerund phrase includes the gerund and the object of the
gerund or any modifiers related to the gerund. Like a gerund, it is used as a noun—as subject, predictive, object, object of a preposition, or appositive.
• Living a happy life is everyone’s deepest desire. • (normal subject, more natural) • To live a happy life is everyone’s deepest desire. • (abstract subject, less common)
risk, • (can't) see, stop, suggest, take up, tolerate, understand
4. The woman simply took the parcel. She walked out of the shop. She didn’t pay.
The woman simply took the parcel and walked out of the shop without paying.
nutrients
• The poor man lay there. • His hands were trembling. • The poor man lay there, his hands trembling.
• The job has not finished. • We couldn’t see the film. • The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film.
2) as a noun to be predictive • He finishes his supper. • He takes a short walk. • That is his habit. • In this habit, he keeps healthy. • His habit to keep healthy is taking a short walk after supper. 3) as a noun to be appositive • His dream is finding lost treasure. • His dream almost came true recently. • His dream, finding lost treasure, almost came true recently.
3) When the action happened in the past, a gerund is usually used.
• She has had quick thinking. • That saved us all a lot of trouble. • Her quick thinking saved us all a lot of trouble.
nutrients.
• we waiting in line • the students holding a
meeting • the ruler broken • the train crowded • the climate (being) mild • the soil (being) rich in
6. I tried to wake up my wife. I rang the doorbell. She was fast asleep.
I tried to wake up my wife by ringing the doorbell, but she was fast asleep.
4) The following is a list of verbs that can have gerund objects, but not infinitives
• admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, complete, consider, • defend, delay, deny, detest, discuss, dislike, • enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, • get through, give up, go on, can't help, • imagine, involve, keep (on), would like (him), • mention, (not) mind, miss, • postpone, practice, put off, quit, • recall, recollect, recommend, report, resent, resist, resume,
I.Βιβλιοθήκη BaiduGerund Phrases
Both a gerund and a present participle end in –ing but they function as different parts of speech. A gerund is used as a noun, whereas a present participle is used as an adjective or an adverb.
4) as a noun to be object • I travel in the country. • I love that. • I lose my way. • I don’t like that. I love traveling in the country, but I don't like losing my way. 5) as a noun to be object of a preposition • They wanted to travel to foreign country. • They have made preparation for it. They have made preparation for traveling to a foreign country.
time, place, cause, condition, or degree . It modifies the whole sentence rather than a particular word. All absolute phrases can be turned into correspondent adverbial clauses. • The wings were damaged by the storm. • The aircraft crashed. • Its wings damaged by the storm, the aircraft crashed. • (Or: Because its wings were damaged by the storm, the aircraft crashed.) • The weather permits. • We will have the picnic tomorrow. • Weather permitting, we will have the picnic tomorrow. • (Or: If the weather permits, we will have the picnic tomorrow.)
a sentence
an absolute phrase
• We are waiting in line. • The students held a
meeting. • The ruler was broken. • The train was crowded. • The climate is mild. • The soil is rich in
College English Grammar:
Grammar and Writing
Unit 10
Phrases: Gerund Phrases and Absolute Phrases
• Grammar: 1. Gerund Phrases 2. Absolute Phrases
• Writing: Correcting: Missing Commas with Nonessential Elements Rewriting: Intra-sentence coherence
II.3. Position and punctuation
As an absolute phrase acts as an adverb, its position in a sentence is very flexible. As sentence opener or subject-verb split, an absolute phrase usually expresses cause, time, condition, or purpose. As sentence closer, it shows effect or adds more detail or focus to the idea of the main clause, particularly when the absolute refers to an event that occurs later than the event in the main clause.
5. He wanted to follow me around all morning. I had to think of a way. By the way I can prevent him from that.
I had to think of a way of preventing him from following me around all morning.
2) Both gerunds and infinitives can be used as the subject or the complement of a sentence. However, gerunds sound more natural and would be more common in everyday English. If you are not sure whether you should use gerund or infinitive, just remember that 90% of the time, you will use a gerund as the subject or complement of a sentence.
• Nobody was at home. • The thief took a lot of things away. • Nobody (being) at home, the thief took a lot of things away.
II.2. Function • An absolute phrase functions as an adverb, indicating manner,
I.1. Form and function • A gerund phrase includes the gerund and the object of the
gerund or any modifiers related to the gerund. Like a gerund, it is used as a noun—as subject, predictive, object, object of a preposition, or appositive.
• Living a happy life is everyone’s deepest desire. • (normal subject, more natural) • To live a happy life is everyone’s deepest desire. • (abstract subject, less common)
risk, • (can't) see, stop, suggest, take up, tolerate, understand
4. The woman simply took the parcel. She walked out of the shop. She didn’t pay.
The woman simply took the parcel and walked out of the shop without paying.
nutrients
• The poor man lay there. • His hands were trembling. • The poor man lay there, his hands trembling.
• The job has not finished. • We couldn’t see the film. • The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film.