不定式的时态和语态
【精品】英语语法_动词不定式的时态和语态
I am glad to be talking with your brother.我很高兴正在和你哥哥谈话。 完成进行时
结构: to have been doing
概念: 在谓语之前开始发生,直到谓语发生时,不定式的动作依然在发生。
完成时 结构: to have done to have been 概念: 发生在谓语之前。 例句: I am glad to have finished my task.我很高兴已经完成了我的任务。 The boy to have been happy is very sad now.这个已经高兴过的男孩现在非 常难过。
动词不定式的时态、语态
动词不定式的时态
一般时 结构: to do to be 概念: 与谓语同时发生(少见)。 发生在谓语之后。 例句: I am glad to see you.我很高兴(将)见到你。(与谓语同时,或在谓语之 后。) I should study hard to achieve my dream.我应该努力学习以实现我对的梦 想。(在谓语之后)
例句: You seem to have been writing very long. 你好像已经写了很久了。 The battle was said to have been going on for two days. 据说战斗已经进行 两天了。
动词不定式的语态
主动语态 被动语态
高中英语不定式语法
非谓语动词在高中英语中,非谓语动词包括动词不定式(to do)、动名词(-ing)、现在分词(-ing)与过去分词(-ed)三种形式,它们有不少共同特点:①在句子中不能充当谓语,不受主语人称和数的限制;②保留部分动词特性:可以后接宾语,可用副词修饰;③否定形式,都是在其前面加上not/never等否定词;④表示的动作,如果明显发生的谓语动词表示的动作之前(或者强调先后),要求用完成时态形式;⑤都不能作地点状语,只有动词不定式可以作目的状语;⑥没有主语,其表示动作的执行者叫作“逻辑性主语”(主动语态时),有时表示动作的承受者(被动语态时)非谓语动词可充当句子的很多成分,并且有时态和语态的变化如下:Ⅰ动词不定式定义:动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,它没有人称和单复数的变化,在句子中不能独立作谓语,但它仍保持动词的特点,可以有自己的宾语和状语。
一、不定式的时态和语态:1. 动词不定式的时态1). 一般式:当不定式表示的动作或状态发生几乎同时或晚于谓语动词表示的动作或状态时用一般式;eg. ①He seemed to be tired.②The building to be finished next month is for our teachers.2). 进行式:当不定式表示的动作或状态与谓语正好同时发生时,用进行式。
eg. ①When I went to his home, he happened to be traveling around the world.②I didn`t expect you to be working in such bad conditions.3). 完成式:当不定式所表示的动作或状态明显发生在谓语动词之前,用完成式;eg. ①He is said to have written a novel about the Long March.②He is said to have been taught French when he was a child.4). 完成进行式:如果不定式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前,强调一直在进行或有可能继续进行,用完成进行式.eg. ①We are happy to have been working with the experts all the month.②I suspected him to have been playing instead of studying.5. 不定式的语态:1)当不定式的逻辑主语是其表示的动作的执行者时,一般要用主动式;eg. ①The workers are to build the great bridge.当不定式的逻辑主语正好是其表示的动作的承受者时,一般要用被动式(to be done).eg. ①The great bridge is to be built by the workers.2) 若是明显发生在谓语动作之前,而且含有被动含义,就用完成被动式( to have been done).eg. ①He is said to have written a novel about the Long March.②He is said to have been taught French when he was a child.二、不定式的功能:1. 不定式做主语:不定式做主语一般表示具体的某一次动作,而动名词doing 表示习惯的,经常的动作。
不定式的时态+不定式的语态
不定式的时态+不定式的语态不定式的时态1. 一般时(to do);I begin to understand the truth.Would you like to come to my birthday party?Did you go to visit the Great Wall last year ?2. 现在时(to be doing);He seems to be following us.I happened to be standing next to him when he fell to the ground.The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when I came in.3. 完成时(to have done);He seems to have caught a cold.Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.I hope to have finished the work by now.4. 完成进行时(to have been doing);He seems to have been waiting a long time.He pretended to have been studying.He was said to have been teaching in high school for 2 years.不定式的被动语态1.不定式一般时的被动语态(to be done);Did it need to be done so soon?She cant bear to be laughed at.There was a lot of rubbish to be got rid of.2.不定式完成时的被动语态(to have been done);Im pleased to have been given this opportunity.The work seemed to have been finished before the deadline. Its said to have been built in the Ming dynasty.。
动词不定式的完整讲解
动词不定式1、不定式的时态和语态:一般式:完成式:进行式:不定式的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作一般没有时间先后顺序。
不定式的完成式表示额动作一般发生在谓语动词之前,强调动作的先后顺序。
不定式的进行式表示的动作一般与谓语动词同时进行。
翻译下列句子:1)I hope to finish reading the book again.2) You appear to have travelled quite a lot.3) It’s nice to be sitting here with you.4) I am v ery happy to be praised.5) It is impossible for him to be appointed.2、不定式的句法功能1)作主语To succeed calls for hard work.(不定式在句中作主语相当于名词或代词。
)It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. (不定式作主语往往用形式主语it 代替)It’s difficult for us to finish the work in a week.2)作宾语不定式一般作动词的宾语,不直接作介词的宾语,但“疑问词+不定式”结构可以作介词的宾语。
如:Y our father has at last decided to quit smoking.Talk with friends about where to shop.只接to do 作宾语的常见动词有:afford, agree, arrange, ask, care, choose, decide, demand, determine, expect, help, hope, plan, hesitate, long, manage, offer, prepare, refuse, pretend, promise, want, intend ,prefer3)作表语,可以表示主语的具体内容,目的。
动词不定式
4.The Emperor ordered the wonderful cloth _____ for him without delay. A.to have woven B. to be woven C. to be weaving D. to weave 5.I found the German language hard ____. A.learned B. learning C. to be learned D. to learn
注意:使役动词和感官动词跟不带to的 动词不定式,变为被动时to必须恢复。
(5)定语
不定式作定语时,应放在被修饰词的后面,与所修 饰的词之间有三种关系动宾,主谓,同位: (1)动宾关系
I have a lot of work to do. I have something to say.
(2)主谓关系
动作一直在进行而且可能之后也继续)
(5).He is said to study abroad next year. He is said to be studying abroad now. He is said to have studied abroad before.
三. 用法/ 功能
(1). 主语,相当于名词
不定式概述
不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,其否定形式是 “not/never to do”,不定式可以带宾语或状语 构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时 态和语态的变化。不定式可以作主语、宾语、 状语、表语,定语或独立成分,但不能单独作 谓语。
动词不定式的时态与语态
动词不定式的时态与语态动词不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式,在句中不能单独作谓语。
但动词不定式仍具有动词的性质,它不但可以有自己的宾语和状语,从而构成动词不定式短语,它还可以有时态和语态的变化,即一般式、进行式、完成式和被动式。
1.动词不定式的一般式动词不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生,或是在它之后发生。
I happened to be there. 我当时刚好在那里。
(同时发生)To catch the plane, you'd better hurry to the air port by taxi. 为了赶飞机,你最好赶紧乘出租车去机场。
(to catch the train发生在hurry to the station之后)2.不定式的进行式动词不定式的进行式表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。
Tom pretended to be reading the newspaper when his father came into the room. 他父亲走进房间时,汤姆装着在读报纸。
My brain doesn’t seem to be working well today.我的脑子今天似乎不大好使。
3.不定式的完成式动词不定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生。
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting. 我很抱歉让你久等了。
I meant t o have finished my work last night, but I didn't feel very well. 我本来想昨晚完成工作的,但是我感觉身体不舒服。
It has been an honor for me to have been invited to your country. 对我来说,被邀请来你们国家是一件很荣幸的事情。
4.动词不定式的完成进行式动词不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前一直在进行。
高考语法复习不定式的时态和语态(共14张PPT)
Summary
不定式 to do
时态 语态
to do to be doing to have done
主动 to do
被动 to be donr
Thank you
鸟欲高飞先振翅,人求上进先读书。 成功是一种观念,成功是一种思想,成功是一种习惯,成功是一种心态。 阴谋陷害别人的人,自己会首先遭到不幸。——伊索 吃别人吃不了的苦,忍别人受不了的气,付出比别人更多的,才会享受的比别人更多。 一帆风顺,并不等于行驶的是一条平坦的航线。 希望是生命的源泉,失去它生命就会枯萎。 种子牢记着雨滴献身的叮嘱,增强了冒尖的气。 人越是高兴的事情,越爱隐藏;越是痛苦的事情,越爱小题大作。 不论你在什么时候开始,重要的是开始之后就不要停止。 燕雀安知鸿鹄之志哉。 一个华丽短暂的梦,一个残酷漫长的现实。 命运之神关上一道门,必定会打开另一扇窗。 通往光明的道路是平坦的,为了成功,为了奋斗的渴望,我们不得不努力。 只有一条路不能选择――那就是放弃。 学习是苦根上长出来的甜果。 加紧学习,抓住中心,宁精勿杂,宁专勿多。 如果你看到面前的阴影,别怕,那是因为你的背后有阳光。 相信自己,你能作茧自缚,就能破茧成蝶。 因为一无所有这才是拼下去的理由。 相信你行,你就活力无穷。
Example: He could not tell whom to trust. 他不知道谁应该被相信
注:whom是疑问代词,此处的to trust 和whom 连用表示的是被动, 指“谁被相信”
exercise
1. It is very important for us _to_st_ud_y(study) hard. 2. I’m very luckyt_o_be_a_warded(award) 3. He has only one book_to_r_ea_d(read) 4. English is easy_t_o _lea_rn(learn) 5. I don’t know what_t_o _ea_t (eat)
动词不定式的用法
I am the only man to hear the news.
(6)作状语 ①作原因状语 结构:主语+be+adj.+to do (形容词多为表示情绪或状态的形容 词)
I am sorry to hear you were ill.
We hurried to the station only to be told that the train had left. 我们急匆匆 赶到车站,结果被告知火车已经开走了。
④作评论性状语 to be honest, to tell the truth, to cut a long story short, to put it another way
Mary seems to be thinking deeply.
玛丽似乎在沉思。
(4)不定式的被动形式 当动词不定式的逻辑主语是不定
式所表示的动作的承受者时,一般 要用其被动形式。
The radio needs to be repaired. 收音机需要修理。
2.不定式的句法功能 不定式相当于名词、形容词、副
to be done
完成式
to have done
to have been done
进行式
to be doing
——
完成进行式 to have been doing
——
注意:否定形式是在不定式符号to前加not
(1) 不定式的一般式 表示的动作通常时间性不强,
与谓语动词表示的动作没有时间 先后顺序。
(3)作表语 可以表示主语的具体内容、目的等。
My wish is to have a job in an office. 我的愿望是有一份在办公室里的工作。
非谓语动词---不定式的用法
不定式作非谓语动词一、不定式的定义及构成:不定式是一种非限定性动词,即在句中不能单独充当谓语的动词。
肯定形式:to + 动词原形否定形式:not to + 动词原形被动形式:to be + done(动词过去分词)期中to为不定式符号,本身无意义。
二、不定式的时态和语态不定式虽没有人称和数的变化,但所表达的动作仍具有时间先后顺序,主动、被动形式。
具体形式如下表1) 不定式的一般式动词不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与谓语动词所表示的动作同事发生或在其后发生。
We try to finish the task on time. 我们试图及时完成任务。
I hope to see you next week. 我希望下周能见到你。
2)动词不定式的进行式动词不定式的进行式所表示的动作一般与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生He seems to be following us. 他好像正在跟着我们。
3)不定式的完成式不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前I’m so sorry to have given you so much trouble.很抱歉,给你添了那么多的麻烦。
4)动词不定式的被动形式○1动词不定式的一般式被动语态通常表示将来的动作。
The flowers need to be watered. 这些花需要浇水了。
○2不定式的完成式被动语态表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前。
The room seems to have been tidied up already. 这个房子似乎已经整理过了。
三、不定式的用法1)作主语动词不定式作主语,相当于名词或代词的作用To learn an art well is very hard. 学好一门艺术很难。
★动词不定式作主语往往用形式主语it代替,然后不定式置于句尾。
上面的句子可改写为It is very hard to learn an art well.2) 作宾语动词不定式一般作动词或介词的宾语I really want to watch the football match.He has no idea of how to answer this question.3) 作宾语补足语○1后接带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:ask, tell, beg, like, love, would like, order, teach, want, allow, encourage, wish等。
不定式用法
但若这些动词用于被动语态, 其后的不定式就需要带 “to”, 这时候称为主语补足语。
A boy was seen to climb to his mother. The clock was heard to strike twelve.
⑸作状语: 不定式作状语可以表示目的, 结果,原因等意义。 a.表示目的 He worked hard to catch up with his class mates. He went home to see his brother.
We showed them how to repair the car. He promised me to get a doctor for my daughter.
⑷作宾补: 在主+谓+宾+宾补句型中,不 定式结构可作宾语补语。 She told me to get up early. I’d love them to come tonight. We think him to be an outstanding scientist. I advised him to see a doctor immediately.
3.不定式结构 不定式常常带有自己的宾语, 宾语+宾语补足语或状语,带有 这些成分的不定式统称为“不 定式结构”。 He began to study Russian. He wanted to send me a gift. He began to feel sad.
It continued to rain heavily. He decided to live in the countryside. 4.不定式的否定形式
5.不定式结构的句法功能
不定式结构在句中可以作主 语,宾语,补语,表语,定 语和状语。 ⑴作主语: To give good service is our duty.
英语语法不定式
5.---Did you get a job? --- No, I ___ , but it’s no use. A.expected B. tried to C. managed to D. planned
6.We find it impossible for the work ___ ahead of time. A.to finish B. finishing C. being finished D. to be finished
•不定式与疑问词who,which, when, how, what 等连用,在句中起名词作用,可充当主语、表 语、宾语等。
He didn’t know what to say.他不知道说什么。
(宾语)
How to solve the problem is very important.
如何解决这个问题很重要。(主语) My question is when to start.我的问题是什么时 候开始。(表语)
3. The patient was warned ____ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B.eating not C. not to eat D.not eating
4. I would love ____ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone
不定式作主语时,往往放在谓语之后, 用it作形式主语.
三. 用法/ 功能
(2). 表语
My job
动词不定式 语态时态
No harm seems to have been done. 似乎并没有造成损害。(作表语) I wish to be sent to work in the country. 我希望被派往乡下工作。(作宾语) In 1924 Nellie Taylor Ross of Wyoming became the first woman to be elected governor in the United States. 1924年,怀俄明州的内利· 泰勒· 罗斯成为美国第一位当选 州长的妇女。(作定语) I had to shout to be heard. 我大声呼喊以便能被听得见。(作状语) He did not like his intention to be laughed at. 他不喜欢他的意图被人取笑。(作宾语补足语) It’s a great honour to be invited to Mary’s birthday party. 被邀请参加玛丽的生日聚会十分荣幸。(作主语)
(3) 不定式的进行式通常表示其动作与谓语动词的动作同 时发生。 My supervisor happened to be correcting my dissertation when I came in. 当我进来的时候,碰巧我的导师在修改我的论文。 They seemed to be discussing something important. 他们似乎在讨论重要的事情。 (4) 不定式的完成式通常表示其动作在谓语动词的动作之 前完成。 I’m sorry to have kept you waiting. 很抱歉,让你久等了。 (to have kept发生在am所表示的时间之前) Robert is said to have written a book on war on Iraq. 听说罗伯特写了一本关于伊拉克战争的书。 (to have written 发生在is said 所表示的时间之前)
英语中不定式的时态、语态和用法讲解
英语中不定式的时态、语态和用法讲解在谓语以外的句子成分中使用的动词一定要变词形(不能用动词原形),把动词原形变成不定式、-ing式或者过去分词,所以我们把这三种动词形式称为非谓语动词。
不定式的时态和语态:不定式共有4种时态形式(均是主动语态),另有2种被动语态形式:不定式的用法:不定式可以充当主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语。
1)作主语To work hard doesn’t necessarily mean getting high grades.下苦功不一定就能获得高分。
For one to do a good deed is very easy.一个人做一件好事很容易。
2)作表语My job is to take care of children.我的工作是照看小孩。
Her plan is to build a highway for the villagers.她的计划是为村民们建一条公路。
3)作宾语不定式作宾语的场合很多,以下是能够带不定式作宾语的动词:ask, want, agreeexpect, like, hatehope, wish, trystart, begin, offerprefer, continue, manageforget, promise, meanintend, attempt, decidedetermine, pretend, learndesire, choose, telladvise, show, discussI asked to be the first volunteer.我要求当第一名志愿者。
Do you want to leave here?你想要离开这里?We all agreed to do the spring cleaning.我们都同意过进行春季大扫除的。
He hopes to be chosen.他希望被选中。
有几十个动词后面不能接不定式作宾语,只能接-ing式,查阅公众号宾语部分。
不定式的用法和动词不定式的时态
不定式的用法和动词不定式的时态动词不定式是英语语法中的一种形式,它由不定式标志to加上动词的原形构成。
不定式在句子中可以充当名词、形容词或副词,具有一定的时态和语态。
一、不定式的基本用法1. 作主语:动词不定式可以在句子中作主语,表示某种动作、状态或观点。
- To learn a foreign language is important.- To be honest is always appreciated.2. 作宾语:动词不定式可以作及物动词的宾语,表示及物动词的动作或含义。
- I want to travel around the world.- She decided to quit her job.3. 作表语:动词不定式可以作系动词的表语,表示主语的身份、职业、特点等。
- Her dream is to become a doctor.- The important thing is to keep calm in any situation.4. 作定语:动词不定式可以修饰名词或代词,表示名词或代词的用途、目的等。
- I have a book to read.- We have a meeting to attend tomorrow.5. 作状语:动词不定式可以在句中作状语,表示目的、原因、结果、时间等。
- He exercises every day to stay healthy. (目的)- She cried so hard as to lose her voice. (结果)二、动词不定式的时态动词不定式有两种时态:一般时和完成时。
1. 一般时不定式:使用动词的原形表示不定式的一般时态。
- I hope to visit my grandparents next week.- She likes to read books in her free time.2. 完成时不定式:使用动词的完成时形式,由“to have + 动词的过去分词”构成。
不定式的时态和语态
• We knew her to be honest. • 2. 若know为完成式或过去式,则该结构中的不定式可以用除 to be外
的其他动词,且此时其中的to可以省留。如: • I never knew him (to) do such a thing. 我从未听说他会干那种 事。 • We’ve never known him (to) tell a lie. 我们从未听说他撒过谎。 • 我从未听说过有七月下雪的事。 (do it yourself)
2.由only,last,next以及序数词修饰或最高级
形容词修饰的名词,可带不定式作定语。
a.This is the third case of typhoid to occur in this town. 这是本镇发生的第三例伤寒病 例。
b.I don’t think he is the best person to do the job. 我不认为他是做这件事的最佳人选。
•Thank you!
知识回顾 Knowledge Review
祝您成功!
• He was sor about twenty years.
4 不定式的被动式
• 主动语态表示被动含义 • The house is to let. • I’m not to blame. • There is no time to lose. • It’s too hot to eat. • The reason is not far to seek. • I’m ready to leave.
• I’m really puzzled what to think or say. 我真不知该怎 么想怎么说。
不定式用法归纳全
to be lost. (强调物)(谁 lost time不明确)。
B ,There is nothing to do now. (=We have nothing to do now. ) 现在没事干(强调人)。
There is nothing to be done. (=We can do nothing now. ) 现在没办法了(强调物)。
(1)I have some work to do
I have a letter to be typed.
to do是前面一个名词(常是人)发出的动作;
to be done不是前面名词(人) 发出的动作,是句子外的 其他人发出的动作。
试比较: Have you anything to do this afternoon?
(2)能带宾补的动词还有 consider sth/sb to be(宾补), expect sb to do, tell sb to do, want sb to do, warn sb not to do, wish sb to do, invite sb to do等。
区别 I have some work to do(定语,后讲). (去掉不定式对句义影响不大) The manager get him to finish the task
不定式的时态语态?不定式都表发生在过去或现在的将来目的或结果有各种时态和语态?一般式todotobedone?完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone?进行式tobedoing?完成进行式tohavebeendoing?根据语境来判断该用何种时态和语态?一一般式表示动作通常与句子谓语所表示的动作或状态几乎同时发生或是在它之后发生
不定式的用法教师版
不定式的用法教师版一、不定式的时态和语态很抱歉让你等了那么长时间。
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting so long.很高兴和你一起共事。
I am very glad to be working with you.被给予机会在会上发言我感到荣幸。
I think it's an honor to have been given a chance to speak at the meeting.二、不定式的句法功能1.不定式作主语(1)不定式作主语可以用于句首像那样做是愚蠢的。
To act like that is foolish.(2) 不定式作主语也可以用it 作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式短语置于句末。
并常用于以下句式中:①It+be+名词+to do照顾老人是我们的职责。
It's our duty to take good care of the old.②It takes sb+some time+to do你花了多久完成这个工作?How long did it take you to finish the work?③It+be+形容词+for sb+to do你抽这么多烟对身体很不好。
It is not good for you to smoke so much.注:在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough④It+be+形容词+of sb+to do把老师说的一切都记下来是不明智的。
It is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says.注:在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless , brave, considerate, selfish等表示赞扬或批评的词。
动词不定式的时态和语态
动词不定式的时态和语态动词不定式是一种非谓语形式,通常由“to + 动词原型”构成。
它可以用于表示动作、状态或目的。
动词不定式在时态和语态方面也有一些变化。
时态动词不定式有两种时态:一般式和完成式。
**一般式:**一般式动词不定式表示的是一般的、经常性的动作或状态。
它在句子中常常用作主语、宾语、主语补足语、宾语补足语等。
示例:- To walk is good for our health.(走路对我们的健康有好处。
)(作为主语)To walk is good for our health.(走路对我们的健康有好处。
)(作为主语)- I want to study abroad.(我想出国研究。
)(作为宾语)to study abroad.(我想出国学习。
)(作为宾语)**完成式:**完成式动词不定式表示的是动作或状态已经完成或将来完成的情况。
它通常用于表示某个动作在主句谓语动词之前完成。
示例:- I am happy to have finished my homework.(我很高兴已经完成了作业。
)to have finished my homework.(我很高兴已经完成了作业。
)语态动词不定式也有被动语态和完成被动语态。
**被动语态:**被动语态的动词不定式的构成方式是“to be + 动词的过去分词”。
它表示动作的接受者或经历者而不提及动作的执行者。
示例:- He needs to be reminded of the deadline.(他需要被提醒截止日期。
)to be reminded of the deadline.(他需要被提醒截止日期。
)**完成被动语态:**完成被动语态的动词不定式的构成方式是“to have been + 动词的过去分词”。
它表示过去的动作或状态已经完成且对现在产生影响。
示例:- They are excited to have been selected for the team.(他们很兴奋因为被选入了队伍。
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一、非谓语动词的定义:
非限定动词,在句中不能单独作谓语,因此也叫非谓语动词,包括动词不定式(the infinitive)、动名词(the gerund)、现在分词(the Present participle)、过去分词(the Past Participle)四种形式。
现把其用法辨析如下
非谓语动词的句法作用
(表一)
二.非谓语动词的时态和语态:
1.不定式的时态和语态
(表二)
(表三)
(表四)
通过上述几个表格的比较,我们可以知道四种非谓语动词的时态和语态形式,下面我们再总结一下:1.非谓语动词的否定式:一律直接在非谓语动词之前加not 即可。
例如:(1)The doctor advised me not to smoke.
(2)I regret not having gone together with her.
(3)Not having been there before, I don’t know the shortest way to the railway station.
(4)Not educated well, he found it difficult to solve such a complicate problem.
2.非谓语动词的完成式:
不定式的否定式我们只要在原来不定式中的动词之前加have即可,然后把原来的动词变为它的过去分词即可,如to do→not have done. 而过去分词只有一种形式,即done.
下面我们重点来看现在分词和动名词的完成形式。
现在分词和动名词完成形式是完全一样的,其变化规律是:一律在现在分词或动名词的一般式之前加having→having done,再把原来的现在分词或动名词变为它的过去分词。
如stud y →having studied
3.非谓语动词的被动式:
不定式的被动:看表二
现在分词和过去分词的被动:看表三
动名词的被动:看表四
从第二点我们可以知道现在分词和过去分词都可以表被动,那么他们有什么区别?
区别:现在分词的被动形式除了可以表示被动之外,还可以表示进行
过去分词除了表示被动之外还可以表示完成
例如:(1)The house being built now will be a hospital.
(2) The house built last year is a hospital.
下面我们重点讨论一下现在分词和过去分词在句子中的用法。
通过表一,我们知道现在分词和过去分词在句子中可以作表语、定语、状语、补足语,但下面我们仅从后三种情况来讨论现在分词和过去分词,要讨论这三种情况,我们关键要记住两句话:
现在分词表主动、进行
过去分词表被动、完成
记住这两句话之后,我们要搞清楚到底现在分词与谁的关系是主动关系,过去分词与谁的关系是被动关系,这我们就得结合分词在句子中的作用来考虑。
作定语: 现在分词——与被修饰词是主动关系
过去分词——与被修饰词是被动关系
作状语:现在分词——与句子主语是主动关系
过去分词——与句子主语是被动关系
作宾补:现在分词——与动词的宾语是主动关系
过去分词——与动词的宾语是被动关系
例如:Tell the children playing there to stop to have a rest.
He is a great leader loved and admired by all.
Hearing the news, he couldn’t help crying.
Built in 490,the temple is over 1500 years old
I saw the bike being repaired
Helen had to shout to make herself heard
下面我们重点讨论一下现在分词和过去分词作状语的用法:
我们都知道分词作状语时,分词的逻辑主语要与句子的主语一致,但是什么是分词的逻辑主语呢?分词的逻辑主语又如何与主句的主语一致呢?
何谓分词的逻辑主语。
分词属于非谓语动词,即不可作谓语,而我们知道,在句子单中,只有谓语才会有主语(主语--- 动作的发出者),所以分词没有自己真正的主语。
但是我们也知道,分词属于非谓语动词的一种形式,分词也表示动作,而动作必然会有动作的发出者,所以我们把理论上和逻辑上的分词动作的发出者叫做分词的“逻辑主语”。
下面我们来看一道题,通过这道题来理解分词的逻辑主语如何与主句的主语一致。
Finding her car stolen, ___________________________.
A. a policeman was asked to help
B. the area was searched thoroughly
C. it was looked for everywhere
D. she hurried to a policeman for help
通过上一道题我们理解了分词作状语,分词的逻辑主语如何与句子的主语一致(也可以说分词
的逻辑主语就是句子主语)。
我们做选择题时一定要注意这一点。
但是我们也发现在有的时候,分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致。
例如:
Spring coming, the field are full of life.
Weather permitting, we’ll have an outing tomorrow.
在这两个句子中,分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致,分词有了自己独立的逻辑上的主语,我们把这种结构叫做分词的“独立主格”。