1999年5月TOEFL语法笔记
老托福语法笔记
语法笔记，给offerdd 和各位托友最后的总复习：把所有做错的题目写出来，把正确答案安上，熟读或背诵。
填空题的作题方法1. 先看句子的分界点（即连词，介词，分词和标点符号）选择要看的兔子内容，即只关注空格所在句子2. 简化句子：a-副词adv.b-介词短语（句首除外）2乍定语的形容词d-作定语或者壮语的分词短语e-与空格无关的句子3. 分析句子结构，判断空格中所缺的句子成分捷径：可套用固定结构或句型4. 区分选项，结合句意和语感 ---- ＞确定答案填空分类：简单句，主从句（状语从句，定语从句），倒装句，平行结构，同位语结构改错的做题方法：敏感和熟练是唯一的秘诀1 .语法和句意并重2. 先看句子结构，边读句意考虑划线部分的语法知识点3. 熟练掌握各种错误类型，对特殊词形成特殊反应4. 读句子要读全，避免无谓失误填空的固定结构一、主句专一结构任何句子只有一个主句，句子之间必须有连词连接句子之间必须有连词连接*句子，句子永远错二、谓语专一结构任何句子只有一个谓语，谓语之间必须有连词连接，谓语可以是两个动词的并列形式* 主谓，谓错三、平行结构A，B，or/andCA,B, C三个元素必须对应四、宾语从句结构宾从：S+Vt+(that+SVO)* 看到这些Vt 后，第一反应找that (讲义P21)indicate,state,regard,demonstrate,find,estimate,show,hold,insist,say,tell,believe ,think,learn宾语从句中，that 在下列词后可省：believe,think,suppose,presume,say,see,know,hear,propose,heatunderstand,bet old五、what 结构(A) what=thethingthat=allthat,thing 由句意决定(B) what 必须在前后句中都作成分(C) noun.+what 永远错(D) what 引导的句子等于一个名词，可以用作介词或者动词的宾语what+V=thethingthat+Vprep.+what+V*prep.+what+ 完整句子永远错，改为whichVt+what+V(E) what 的出题方法(1)prep __________ V(2)Vt __________ V(F) *whatisnow 永远对，做插入语成分where+V 永远错，因为where 是adv.(G) whatlittle=alittlewhat六、介词+which 结构which 只能用于定语从句，在从句中必须作主/ 宾语(A) SVO+which+不完整句(缺主语)(B) SVO+prep.+which完整句* 句子_______ 句子，优先选择prep+which(C) 介词+which+todo条件是主语必须一致七、inthat 结构in that二because连词，出现就是正确答案不能位于句首：句子inthat 结构* 如果发现句子______ 句子，优先选择prep+which 和inthat 结构八、同位语结构主同，宾同，n同位语说明主/ 宾某一方面的内容(A) 主语同位语的三种位置1. -------------------------------- 主同，主谓宾noun,SVO逗号前的名词只能是主同2.S主同，V03.主同主谓宾(B) 宾语同位语的两个位置主谓宾，宾同主谓宾宾同*同位语从句是名词性从句：..... +noun .+that+SVOthat 是关系副词SVO来说明noun.*adv. 不能修饰任何名词但是adv.+同位语是正确的：...,(whichis)approximatelythedistanee.九、形容词的并列结构----- ＞可参考改错类型十(A) adjadjadj+noun.n 个adj 不并列，有确定的先后顺序(B) 当多个形容词用逗号连接时，这几个形容词完全对等，无先后顺序(逗号相当于and)* 选项中有复合形容词即为答案十、比较结构(A) 对称性：比较对象应该对称* 选that/those/theone ---- 泛指不选it/them -------------- 特指(B) 省略性：相同的谓语结构可以省,be动词通常省(C) 倒装性：(more)than后可以倒装也可以不倒装十一、定语从句的省略结构(A) 定语从句中，主+系可以同时省略即that+be,which+be,who+be可省(B) 定从的特殊省略eg:IdorememberthefirsttimeIhaveheardthesweetestvoiceintheworld.1 、thetime 后面通常+句子，因为(when,that)都省略2、thereason(why,that)+句子3、theway(inwhich)+句子(C定从中，如果that/which在定从中作宾语(讲义P26)that/which 可省略(作主语不可省)SVO+(that,which)+S+Vt...noun.+(which,that)noun.+Vt*题目中两个名次连不上的情况即省略发生了(讲义No.27)。
TOEFL语法笔记
TOEFL语法笔记王海波代词95%为错，情态动词永远不错，first 划线永远对，虚拟语气不考。
填空的基本做法：1 先找句子的分段点（即连词，分词，介词和标点符号）将句子分成记几段，选择要看的那部分句子，即只关注与空格相关的那部分句子。
句法：{①简单句： S+V②并列句：分句+并列句子+；句子+。
并列句划为简单句：句子，and/all/but+句子。
③复合句：主句+从句划为简单句2 简化句子简化原则：①adv/数/冠可以划掉②介词短语可以划掉③修饰名词的adj/n可以划掉④做状语的分词短语可以划掉⑤与空格无关的句子可以很划掉 p65-5/83 分析句子结构，判断空格中所缺的句子成分。
捷径：可直接套用句型和结构 p53-14 ，倒装句答案的首字母为系动词或助动词p92-14 * ——+n为There be 句型p210-74 区分四选项，结合句意和语感确定答案。
句子→简单句→主干→判断→选答案主语，——，谓宾。
100%考↓插入语定语从句或省略的定语从句定语从句中主和系可以同时省略which+be/that+be/who+be 可以省略①定语从句②n③adj短语/分词短语/介词改错做题要点：1 语法与句意并重，一定要通读全句（做题思想）。
2 一边读句意，一边思考划线部分的语法知识点是否正确。
3 熟悉掌握各种错误类型。
4 做题 ABCD要看全，选择一个最明显的错误，最好有明确的理由。
填空的固定句型和结构一主句专一结构 1-2※句子，句子。
为错任何句子只有一个主句，句子之间必须有连词。
※任何从句都是正常语序。
二谓语专一结构 3-4任何一个句子只有一个谓语，谓语动词之间一定要有连词连接。
※主谓……谓……错主谓……，谓……。
错三平行结构 5-6X and YX ，Y and Z 各元素必须一致 to do ，do and do 。
be done ，done and done。
※——，——，and——。
四 what 结构 7-8缩合连接代词（1）what =the thing that =all that thing 由句意定7 中what =the corp that 8 中what =the place that（2）what 在前后句中必须同时做成分 what =the thing that（3）n+what 错 n+the thing that √※prep+what+SVO 错 what →which√（4）what 引导的句子等于一个名词，可以做主语，宾语，表语。
托福语法高分要点(完全整理版)概要
目录第一章名词 (2第二章形容词 (13第三章副词 (19第四章介词 (23第五章动词 (28第六章代词 (41第七章简单句 (45第八章并列句 (50第九章主从复合句 (54第十章时态 (62第十一章一致原则 (65第十二章倒装 (69第十三章被动语态 (72第十四章常考关于It的句式 (74 第十五章虚拟语气 (77第一章名词正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容第一节可数名词考点一单复数可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。
TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式下面我们会讲一下复数形式。
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则:1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs例题:(1 Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance.A B C D答案:A应改为:Flowers解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数(2 Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronicA B C Dpain.答案:A应改为:Doctors解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数考点二复数形式特例这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意1.单复数词形相同如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人, aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft 等2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如:basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crisesmedium(媒体-media datum(数据-data curriculum(课程-curriculalarva(幼虫-larvae criterion(标准-criteria phenomenon(现象-phenomena3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如:clothes trousers compasses(圆规 scales(天平 savings(储蓄,statistics(统计数据, headquarters(总部,4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如:goods(货物, manners(礼貌, troops(军队, authorities(当局5 不规则的名词复数child - children mouse - mice louse - licetooth - teeth foot - feet6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词例题:(1 With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leadingA B Cjazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities.D(2Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed feetA B C D答案:D应改为:foot解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬第二节限定词名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类:1.之后肯定接单数:a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc.例句:Each of them has two books.You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本2.之后肯定接复数:these, those, many, such, other,大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…,a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small number of, several,one of, all (of, some /any (of, most(of, a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用考点一否定限定词no(1 no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如:No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花.No one is here.(2 no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。
考研英语黄皮书四篇阅读真题词汇汇总1999年卷
established 固定的，确定的
invisible
border
divide
on the behalf of=on one’s behalf
radical
educational reform
explore
contradiction
go to the heart of
put in
n
v
n
a
v
v
a
n
n
rough
slip
let sth slip
light up
stove
burn down
黄皮书真题词汇
1999 年 text1
a 充满暴力的，危险的
v 滑、滑到
n 炉子
burn up 燃烧的更旺 burn away 继续燃烧，burn sth off 烧掉某物
warn
coming
disaster
lawsuit
点燃
使（人的脸等）放光彩
烧毁
v 警告（warn sb about 警告某人注意）
a 即将来临的
n 灾难
n 诉讼，控诉
v 补偿（近义词：make up）
n 陪审团
v 认为，持有……的观点
n 不幸、灾祸、灾难
愈来愈长的
警示标志
尽力、试图
n 高凳、折梯
n 披肩
跌落
州或联邦的规定
v 保卫、保护
v 伤害
v 输、失败、未赢得
web business
revolve around
tap
பைடு நூலகம்
prove to be
more than
business-to-business sales
【免费下载】05月TOEFL语法讲解
(A) reaching (B) has reached (C) reach (D) have reached 答案：B 测试点：谓语／主谓数的一致． 分析：本句有主语而缺谓语，应在答案中选择可作谓语的动词．主语是第三人称单数的 dance，故选(B)．(A)是非谓语形式，不可单独作谓语；(C)(D)不可与第三人称单数的主语 搭配。
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历年TOEFL考试经典语法错题及答案
收集易错语法题及答案1989年01月语法题 (2)1989年05月语法题 (3)1989年08月语法题 (5)1989年10月语法题 (6)1990年01月语法题 (7)1990年05月语法题 (7)1990年08月语法题 (8)1990年10月语法题 (9)1991年1月语法题 (10)1991年5月语法题 (10)1991年10月语法题 (12)1992年01月语法题 (12)1992年05月语法题 (12)1992年08月语法题 (13)1992年10月语法题 (14)1993年01月语法题 (14)1993年05月语法题 (15)1993年08月语法题 (15)1993年10月语法题 (16)2000年01月语法题 (17)2000年05月语法题 (17)2000年08月语法题 (18)2000年10月语法题 (19)2001年01月语法题 (20)2001年05月语法题 (21)2001年08月语法题 (22)2001年10月语法题 (26)2002年01月语法题 (26)2002年05月语法题 (27)2002年10月语法题 (28)2002年08月语法题 (28)2002年09月语法题 (29)2003年01月语法题 (29)2003年08月语法题 (30)2004年01月语法题 (31)1989年01月语法题12. A historical novel may do more than mirror history; __________future events.(A) even influencing(B) it may even influence(C) may even influence(D) that it may even influence14. It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes__________roundshape into a teardrop shape.(A) of the drop(B) the drop’s(C) drop of(D) drops their15.__________modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting topersonalize them with warmer, less severe interiors.(A) If(B) But(C) With(D) Once16. Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, whenFrances Perkins became secretary of labor.23. The ritual combat of animals are triggered by precise signals.28. Benjamin Franklin drew a political cartoon that is credited raising 10,000 volunteers for theAmerican Revolutionary War.lchemists.31. Luminescence refers to the emission of light by means another than heat.39. The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century.1989年05月语法题libel is printed while slander is spoken,libel文字中伤是写的，诽谤是说出来的。
新东方TOEFL复习笔记(第二部分：语法笔记)3(2)
新东方TOEFL复习笔记（第二部分：语法笔记）3(2)4．each / every 单数，可数eg each ten boys √each major styles Xeach major style √5．数词 / several + pl.five aircraft √ several settings √several + n.s6．one of+pl （讲义P1 7）among+pl (讲义P1 11)7．first / only / simple 单/复数均可the first school 第一所学校the first schools 第一批学校the only university 的大学the only university 的几所大学single: a single +n.(sing) / no single +n.(sing)也可pl: two single rooms8．another+sing （复数也可以，但不多）other + pl （单数也可以，但不多）anyother +singanother two boys other part tthe other+sing / plany other state = any of the other states9． Hundred / thousand / million数量词=数词+量词five thousands pieces X → five thousand piece （five:数词 thousand 量词）一亿本书：hundred millions books Xhundreds million books Xhundreds millions books X(a) hundred millions books √数量10．a number of + pl + v(pl) （讲义P1 8 9）the number of +pl+v(sing)11．Various / diverse / numerous +pl.C、可数与不可数名词：1．常考的可数n. （讲义?P23 5）a chance discovery 一个偶然发现population:人口数/Λ / 各地的人口数/c/ 人群/c/：a sample population make great efforts to docolor effectsa clue 一条线索an amount of + /Λ /2．常考的不可数名词：(讲义 P10 1)a. 流体：air smoke oil water…b. 总称名词：poetry foliage…[集合名词：family people police…+are]c. 抽象名词：wisdom knowledge information…d. 自然现象：sunlight darkness weather rain…[但是：a heavy rain 前有adj.，raindrop雨滴，可数]e. 颗粒装物体：rice salt parder（颗粒）…f. 疾病：measles mumps diaheties…g. 学科：讲义 P10 2 statistics:统计学，不可数；统计数据，可数【。
托福考试语法结构知识点
托福考试语法结构知识点托福考试是一个评估非英语母语者英语能力的标准化测试，其中语法结构是考试的一个重要部分。
掌握语法结构的知识点对于正确理解和运用英语语言至关重要。
本文将介绍托福考试中常见的语法结构知识点，帮助考生更好地备考。
一、动词时态和语态1. 一般现在时：用于陈述普遍事实、经常重复的动作或客观真理。
例如：Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.2. 一般过去时：用于过去发生的动作或状态。
例如：I watched a movie yesterday.3. 现在进行时：表示正在进行的动作或现阶段的状态。
例如：She is reading a book now.4. 过去进行时：表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。
例如：They were studying when I called them.5. 将来时态的使用：用于表示将来的动作或状态。
例如：I will go to the party tomorrow.6. 被动语态：用于强调动作的接受者而不是执行者。
例如：The book was written by Mark Twain.二、主谓一致1. 单复数主谓一致：主语是单数时，谓语动词要用单数形式；主语是复数时，谓语动词要用复数形式。
例如：She walks to school every day. They walk to school every day.2. 近距离主谓一致：当主语和谓语之间有介词短语或从句时，要根据主语而不是介词短语或从句来确定谓语动词的单复数形式。
例如：The book, along with its companion, is on the shelf.三、条件句1. 第一型条件句：表示真实条件和其可能的结果。
例如：If it rains,I will stay at home.2. 第二型条件句：表示对现在或未来假设的不太可能或不可能的条件及其可能的结果。
老托福1996-05语法笔记
1996年05月语法题1. Wind motion can be observed in the mesosphere by _____ the trails of meteors passing through it.(A) to watch(B) watching(C) watched(D) watch答案：B分析：空格前是介词by,由此判断空格处是非谓语动词-ing形式，故选B.翻译参考：通过观察大气中层的流星可以测定风的移动。
2. Thomas Edison's first patented invention was a device_____ in Congress.(A) votes counted for(B) had been counting votes(C) for counting vote(D) be a counted vote答案：C分析：空格前为结构完整的句子，(A),(B),(D),均含有谓语动词，但没有从句引导词，不符和谓语单一性原则，故选(C).翻译参考：Thomas Edison第一个取得专利权的发明是一个为美国国会选票计数的装置。
3. Clara Bow, a popular actress in the 1920's, retired _____ she was unable to make thetransition from silent films to sound films.(A) nevertheless(B) in spite of(C) because(D) and for答案：C分析：空格前后都是主谓结构，空格处明显缺少从句引导词，四个选项中只有C能引导从句，故选(C).翻译参考：十八世纪二十年代的著名女影星Clara Bow，因为无法适应无声电影到有声电影的过度而退休。
4. Built in 1882, the Kinzua Viaduct in Mckean County, Pennsylvania, is open only to thosevisitors _____ are able to walk its 2,058 - foot length.(A) who(B) to whom(C) which they(D) that which答案：A分析：空格前为指人的先行词，空格后有谓语动词，空格处缺少指人的定语从句引导词，故选(A).翻译参考：建于1882年宾西法尼亚Mckean郡的Kinzua Viaduct只对能够步行2058米的游客开放。
《最新题TOEFL语法笔记》
《最新题TOEFL语法笔记》前言TOEFL语法已经由朋友们钻研透彻了，就余下1996年12月北美卷，2003年8月、10月，2004年1月的笔记一直没有找到，《最新题TOEFL语法笔记》将弥补这一缺憾。
1996年12月北美卷由likui编写，2004-01由bryony编写，2003-08和2003-10由pumpkin编写，定稿由ChaseDream超级论坛TOEFL区各位版主审定。
准备TOEFL的时候，借鉴了朋友们很多心血凝聚的资料，直到自己动手一写，才更加理解什么叫辛苦。
这点小小心意送给ChaseDream的各位TOEFL考友，同ChaseDream带给我的一切相比，实在是微不足道。
谢谢enjoylife517和真老九给我的帮助和鼓励，谢谢各位朋友给我的支援和理解。
从考GMAT到考TOEFL，接着是面临选校和申请，ChaseDream在我人生中留下的远远不仅仅是那几千个帖子吧。
继承ChaseDream《PP语法笔记》的精神，本着简洁实用的原则编写，因而在分析解释的部分相对比较精炼，翻译也是意译为主。
中间错误疏漏相比不少，希望朋友们谅解。
关于本语法笔记的反馈，有关于托福考试的任何问题，都可以访问ChaseDream论坛TOEFL专区：附：一个小小的提醒，在国外考试，请朋友们记住带上护照。
虽然有的考场不要求，还是带上护照吧，在TOEFL 的官方网页上要求的证件是护照。
最后祝愿大家考试、申请、工作、生活，一切顺利！！！Pumpkin (ChaseDream)龙城飞将2004/8/1ChaseDream - 1 -1996年12月北美1． The province of Newfoundland has ________ than any other region of North American in which the first language is English.(A) its longer history(B) a longer history(C) the longer the history(D) the history is longer答案：B解析：than 确定比较级；C longer 前加the 显然错误， the 一般出现在最高级前面，(在the more … the more 的结构才能用the 在more 前面)；D 中is 与 has 使句子谓语冲突；A 不符合习惯。
【免费下载】05月TOEFL语法讲解
【免费下载】05月TOEFL语法讲解1992年05月语法题1.--- principal types of acceleration: linear and angular.(A)There are tow(B)Two of them(C)The two(D)Two答案：A测试点：there be句型．分析：空格后只剩下名词性的成份，应在答案中选择主谓结构或there+be结构，即(A)．2.East Liverpool, Ohio, ---the pottery capital of the United States.(A)and called(B)is called(C)calling(D)to call答案：B测试点；谓语。
分析：本句有主语而缺谓语，应在答案中选择可作谓语的动词，即(B)。
(A)多了连词and；(C)(D)均是非谓语形式，不可作谓语．3.True hibernation takes place only among ---animals.(A)whose blood is warm(B)blood warm(C)warm-blooded(D)they have warm blood答案：C测试点：定语．分析：本句主谓宾俱全，animals前缺定语，应在答案中选择形容词性的成份，4个答案中只有(C)是形容词．解题要点：分词的作用相当于形容词．4.Like other women ---in the field of medicine, Sara Mayo found the beginning yearsdifficult.(A)who they pioneered(B)they pioneered(C)who pioneered(D)pioneered答案：C测试点：定语从句／主谓结构．分析：women后接定语从句，从句连接词，主、谓语均缺，应在答案中选择连接词兼主语牛动词的形式．即(C)。
96-99_托福语法真题.
1996年01月语法题 (2)1996年05月语法题 (6)1996年08月语法题 (10)1996年10月语法题 (14)1997年01月语法题 (18)1997年01月北美语法题 (22)1997年05月语法题 (26)1997年08月语法题 (31)1997年10月语法题 (35)1997年12月北美语法题 (40)1998年01月语法题 (44)1998年05月语法题 (48)1998年08月语法题 (52)1998年08月语法题 (57)1998年08月北美语法题 (62)1998年10月语法题 (67)1999年01月语法题 (72)1999年05月语法题 (76)1999年08月语法题 (81)1999年10月语法题 (86)1996年01月语法题1. Sociologists have long recognized that social tension _____.(A) elements from group living.(B) elements of a normal group life(C) living are a group of elements.(D) are normal elements of group life2. _____ have a very keen sense of hearing, although most do not hear sounds audible to the human ear.(A)While some insects do(B) Some insects which(C)Some insects(D)That some insects.3. Although both political parties wanted Dwight D. Eisenhower as their presidential nominee in 1952, he became a Republican candidate and _____.(A)President was electing(B) was elected President(C)to elect the President(D)being elected president.4. If an act is rewarded many times, immediately and with strong reinforces, it will rapidly become _____.(A)a habit(B) into a habit(C)that which a habit(D)a habit can be5. Giant pandas resemble bears in shape and in _____.(A)it is a slow, clumsy way to walk(B) the slow, clumsy way they walk(C)they walk in a slow, clumsy way(D)their slow walk is clumsy.6. _____ temperature at which air holds as much water vapor as it can is called the dew point.(A)It is the(B) Is the(C)As the(D)The7. The earring is one of the oldest known ornaments and _____ pieces of stone, bone, or shell.(A)was from originally from(B) was made originally from(C)originally made was from(D)from originally made was8. No one knows exactly _____.(A)how did speech begin(B) how speech began(C)how the beginning of speech(D)of how beginning speech.9. _____ mechanical device has ever been invented that can satisfactorily replace teasel flower heads for raising the nap on cloth.(A)No(B) Not the(C)Never has a(D)There is no10. Even as a girl, _____ to be her life, and theater audiences were to be her best teachers.(A)performances by Fanny Brice were(B) it was known that Fanny Brice’s performances were(C)audiences knew that Fanny Brice’s performances were(D)Fanny Brice knew that performing was11. _____ the diffusion of heat upward to the Earth’s surface, the temperature within the Earth remains constant.(A)That(B) Despite(C)If(D)When12. Noise in a room may be reduced by carpeting, draperies, and upholstered furniture, _____ absorb sound.(A)which they all(B) of them all(C)all of which(D)of all which13. _____ devised to lessen the drudgery of washing clothes that origin of the washing machine is unclear.(A)Were the inventions so numerous(B) The inventions so numerous(C)So numerous were the inventions(D)The inventions that were so numerous14. Of the thousands of varieties of bird species in North America, _____ bright red plumage, like the cardinal, are most often designated as state bird.(A)those that have(B) who have(C)which have(D)to have their15. _____ as a territory in 1854 and admitted as a state in 1861, Kansas is at the geographical center of the United States.(A)By organizing(B) Because organized(C)Organized(D)He had organized16. Before pioneers cleared the land for farms, cities, and road, forests covered about 40percent of what is now the state of Illinois.17. The sea chantey, a type of folk music, not only described the pleasures of stations’ livesashore, also but the harsh conditions of life aboard ship.18. Mount Rushmore National Memorial in South Dakota has a heads of four presidents of theUnited States carved into its face.19. Nest building is much less commonly among mammals than among birds.20. The Awakening, a novel by Kate Chopin, shocked readers and cause a storm of criticism.21. The Alaskan Highway was officially opened November 20, 1942, although much morework needed be done to complete it.22. Sagebrush flourishes in the dry soil of the western plains, where other many plants cannotgrow.23. Modern directions of Shakespeare are not longer inhibited by earlier traditions of realisticsettings.24. Surveys show that the majority of passengers are pleasing that an agreement has beenreached to forbid smoking on commercial flights within the continental UnitedStates.25. Snakes are capable of graceful motion throughout the entire long of their rubbery bodies.26. Tariffs preventing the most efficient use of the world’s resources by restricting division oflabor to national boundaries.27. The Aleuts in western Alaska have always depended of the sea for food.28. Atoms that having different atomic numbers generally behave differently.29. Over the past few year, many towns in the United States have been joining withneighboring communities to share the costs of government.30. What makes for human skeleton hard and strong is the presence of the metallic elementcalcium.31. Many of Robert Bly’s poems explore solitude, natural vigor, and silent in an immediate andmodern idiom.32. To convert an angle measured in radians for an equivalent angle measured in degrees,multiply the number of radians by 57.296.33. Serving as chief of the United States Children’s Bureau from 1921 to 1934., Grace Abbottfought for the rights of women and children through the world.34. To people from temperate climates, tropical butterflies may seem incredible big.35. The first railroad in the United States were short wooden tramways connecting mines alsoquarries with nearby streams.36. The league of Women Voters of the United States identifies certain local, state, and nationissues for study and action.37. Fibers can come from plants, animals, or mineral ores, or they may be made from a varietychemical substances.38. Edwin Franko Goldman was the first bandmaster to encourage leading contemporarycompositions to write original works for a band.39. The tapir, an odd-toed, hoofed mammal, feed on plants, eating such things as grass,leaves, fallen fruit, and moss in large quantities.40. For thousands of years, people have used some kind of refrigeration cooling beveragesand preserve edibles.1996年05月语法题1. Wind motion can be observed in the mesosphere by _____ the trails of meteors passing through it.(A) to watch(B) watching(C) watched(D) watch2. Thomas Edison’s first patented invention was a device_____ in Congress.(A) votes counted for(B) had been counting votes(C) for counting vote(D) be a counted vote3. Clara Bow, a popular actress in the 1920’s, retired _____ she was unable to m ake the transition from silent films to sound films.(A) nevertheless(B) in spite of(C) because(D) and for4. Built in 1882, the Kinzua Viaduct in Mckean County, Pennsylvania, is open only to those visitors _____ are able to walk its 2,058 - foot length.(A) who(B) to whom(C) which they(D) that which5. A bridge must be strong enough to support its own weight _____ the weight of the people and vehicles that use it.(A) as well(B) so well(C) as well as(D) so well as6. The swallows of Capistrano are famous _____ to the same nests in California each spring.(A) to return(B) who returned(C) they returned(D) for returning7. In the fourteenth century, _____ that glass coated with silver nitrate would turn yellow when fired in an oven.(A) the discovery(B) it was discovered(C) with the discovery(D) if it was discovered8. _____ recurring fear is out of proportion to any real danger, it is called a phobia.(A) When(B) Whereas(C) Which(D) Whether9. Many modern photographers attempt to manipulate elements of photography other _____ in their photographs.(A) than light is(B) than light(C) being light(D) light10. For any adhesive to make a really strong bond, _____ to be glued must be absolutely clean and free from moisture or grease.(A) and surfaces(B) when surfaces(C) the surfaces(D) surfaces that11. Although still underwater, Loihi Seamount, the newest Hawaiian island, _____ closer to the surface by frequent volcanic eruptions that add layers of lava to the island.(A) brought(B) to be brought(C) being brought(D) is being brought12. _____ unstable and explodes as a supernova is not known.(A) For a star to become(B) How a star becomes(C) A star becomes(D) That a star is becoming13. Not until linoleum was invented in 1860 _____ hard - wearing, easy - to - clean flooring.(A) any house did have(B) did any house have(C) house had any(D) any house had14. Hiram Revels, the first Black member of the United States Senate, served as senator from Mississippi, an office _____ he was elected in 1870.(A) which(B) to which(C) and which(D) being which15. Oceans continually lose by evaporation much of the river water _____.(A) to constantly flow into them(B) is constantly flowing into them(C) constantly flows into them(D) constantly flowing into them16. Because of it consists only of a relatively short strand of DNA protected by a shell ofprotein, a virus cannot eat or reproduce by itself.17. The oxygen in the air we breathe has no tasted, smell, or color.18. In 1977 Kathleen Battle was hired by the New York Metropolitan Opera, Where herbecame the star soprano.19. The aardvark is a mammal that burrows into the ground to catches ants and termites.20. Because of the availability of trucks and easy access to modern highways, the locate offarms has become relatively unimportant with respect to their distance from markets. 21. The homes created by the legendary architect Frank Lloyd Wright are still viewed asuniquely, innovative, and valuable.22. Geologists find it useful to identification fossils in a rock sample because certainassemblages of species are characteristic of specific geologic time periods.23. Many poets enhance their work by creating a contrast among realism and symbolism in agiven poem.24. Most countries depend to few extent on cereal imports to augment their own crops.25. The fragrant leaves of the laurel plant to sell commercially as bay leaves and are used forseasoning foods.26. When contented, and occasionally when hunger, cats frequently make a purring sound.27. The evolution of fishes is a history of constant adaptation to new possibilities, and a refinedof these adaptations.28. In 1991 Antonia Novello, the United States Surgeon General launched several programs toaddress particular problem that young people have.29. Some psychologists believe that those who are encouraged to be independent,responsible,and competent in childhood are likely more than others to become motivated to achieve.30. The central purpose of management is for making every action or decision help achieve acarefully chosen goal.31. As a poetry Nikki Giovanni makes effective use of jazz and blues rhythms.32. Unlike wood, paper, and fabric, which tendency to disintegrate after being buried for manyyears, ceramics and glassware although easily broken, survive well in the ground.33. Margaret Mead achieved world famous through her studies of child - rearing, personality,and culture.34. The discovery of the antibiotic penicillin in 1928 has not produced antibiotics useful for thetreatment of infectious diseases until 1940.35. In the United State, the Cabinet consist of a group of advisers, each of whom is chosen bythe President to head an executive department of the government.36. Colleges in the newly formed United States, in recovering from the adverse effects of theAmerican Revolution, inaugurated a broad curriculum in response of social demands. 37. Humus is formed during soil microorganisms decompose animal and plant material intoelements usable by plants.38. Ozone is an unstable faintly bluish gas that is the most chemical active form of oxygen.39. The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to nineteenthcentury.40. Long before his death, John Dewey saw his philosophy have a profound influences oneducation and thought in the United States and elsewhere.1996年08月语法题1. A microscope can reveal vastly _____ detail than is visible to the naked eye.(A) than(B) than more(C) more than(D) more.2. Narcissus bulbs _____ at least three inches apart and covered with about four inches of well drained soil.(A) should be planted(B) to plant(C) must planting(D) should plant3. Industrialization has been responsible for _____ most radical of the environmental changes caused by humans.(A) a(B) the(C) some of which(D) which are the4. In many areas the slope and topography of the land _____ excess rainfall to run off into a natural outlet.(A) neither permit(B) without permitting(C) nor permitting(D) do not permit.5. Color and light, taken together, _____ the aesthetic impact of the interior of a building.(A) very powerfully influence(B) very influence powerfully(C) powerfully very influence(D) influence powerfully very.6. _____ that Rachel Carson’s 1962 book Sile nt Spring was one of the chief sources of inspiration for the development of nontoxic pesticides.(A) There is likely(B) Likely to be(C) It is likely(D) Likely7. Total color blindness, _____, is the result of a defect in the retina.(A) a rare condition that(B) a rare condition(C) that a rare condition(D) is a rare condition.8. _____ no conclusive evidence exists, many experts believe that the wheel was inventedonly once and then diffused to the rest of the world.(A) Even(B) But(C) Although(D) So.9. Wherever there is plenty of rain during the growing season, life is _____ in various forms.(A) abundant(B) the abundance(C) an abundant(D) it abundant10. In her time, Isadora Duncan was _____ today a liberated woman.(A) calling what we would(B) who would be calling(C) what we would call(D) she would call it.11. _____ around stones that are sun-warmed, even the smallest of stones creates tiny currents of warm air.(A) The cool air(B) If the air is cool(C) That the air cools(D) The cooler the air.12. Despite its wide range of styles and instrumentation, country music has certain common features _____ its own special character.(A) give it that(B) that give it(C) give that(D) that gives it to13. Most of _____ archaeologists know about prehistoric cultures is based on studies of material remains.(A) these(B) what(C) which(D) their14. According to some critics, the novels of William Burroughs demonstrate the major hazard of absurd literature, _____ tendency toward over-embellishment and incoherence.(A) notwithstanding(B) besides(C) is a(D) its15. Coinciding with the development of jazz in New Orleans in the 1920’s _____ in blues music.(A) was one of the greatest periods.(B) one of the greatest periods(C) was of the greatest periods(D) the greatest periods.16.Gone With the Wind, the epic novel about life in South during the Civil War period, took tenyears write.17. None two butterflies have exactly the same design on their wings.18. To save the California condor from extinction, a group of federal, local, and privatelyorganizations initiated a rescue program.19. A coral reef, a intricate aquatic community of plants and animals, is found only in warm,shallow, sunlit seas.20. Carnegie hall was the first building in New York designed special for orchestral music.21. Since it lives in the desert, the collared lizard depends from insects for water as well as forfood.22. The Texas Panhandle region, in the northwestern part of the state, produces more wheat,cotton, and grain sorghum than any of other area of Texas.23. Light rays what enter the eye must be focused onto a point on the retina in order for a clearvisual image to form.24. The orangutan’s hands and feet are designed for holding and grasping branches, and itspowerful immensely arms enable it to climb and swing in trees without difficulty.25. The extraordinary beautiful of orchids makes them the basis of a multimillion dollar floralindustry.26. The Vermont Elememary Science Project, according to its founders, are designed tochallenge some of the most widely held beliefs about teaching.27. The number 8.5 is an example of a “mixed number” because it is composing of an integerand a fraction.28. If it is kept dry, a seed can still sprout up to forty years after their formation.29. In The Sociology of Science, now considered a classic, Robert Merton discusses cultural,economy and social forces that contributed to the development of modern science.对现代科学发展的贡献.30.Bacteria lived in the soil play a vital role in recycling the carbon and nitrogen needed byplants.31.Some snakes have hollow teeth are called fangs that they use to poison their victims.32.Stars derive their energy from thermonuclear reactions that take place in their heatinteriors.33.Carrie Chapman Call organized the League of Women Votes after successfully campaignfor the constitutional amendment that gave women the right to vote.34.Any group that conducting its meeting using parliamentary rules will encounter situationswhere prescribed procedures cannot be applied.35.The strongly patriotic character of Charles Sangster’s poetry is credited about greatlyfurthering the cause of confederation in Canada.36.Jessamyn West’s first and most famous novel, The friendly Persuasion describes the life ofa Quaker farmed family in the mid-1800’s.37. One inventor that Thomas Edison can take credit for is the light bulb.38.Electric motors range in size from the tiny mechanisms that operate sewing machine to thegreat engines in heavy locomotives.39.The nitrogen makes up over 78 percent of the Earth’s atmosphere, the gaseous masssurrounding the planet.40.The Mississippi, the longest river in the United States, begins as small clear stream innorthwestern Minnesota.1996年10月语法题1. Charlie Parker, _____ was one of the creators of the music style called “bop.”(A) a great jazz improviser who(B) to improvise great jazz(C) a great jazz improviser(D) improvised great jazz.2. The world’s deepest cave, Pierre St. Martin in the Pyrenees Mo untains, is almost three times as deep _____.(A) as the Empire State Building is high.(B) That the Empire State Building is higher.(C) Is higher than the Empire State Building(D) And the Empire State Building’s height.3. When Columbus reached the New World, corn was the _____ in the Americas.(A) widely most grown plant.(B) Most widely grown plant(C) Most grown widely plant(D) Plant widely grown most.4. Because kaolin shrinks in firing at a different rate than ordinary clay, _____ when creating pottery using both types of clay.(A) special handling is required(B) special handling required(C) a requirement of special handling(D) the required special handling5. The ceremonial Chilcat blanket of the Northwest Tlingit Indians was generally _____ from cedar bark, wool, and goats’ hair.(A) wove(B) to weave(C) weaving(D) woven6. _____ composed traditionally has been a subject of debate among scholars.(A) Were ballads how(B) Ballads were how they(C) How ballads that were(D) How ballads were7. Jupiter, the closest of the giant planets to Earth, has _____ solid surface and is surrounded by zones of intense radiation.(A) not(B) nor(C) no(D) neither.8. The black-billed cuckoo has been known to steal eggs _____ to other birds.(B) which belonging(C) which they belong(D) that belongC中多主语they9. The purpose of phonetics is _____ an inventory and a description of the sounds found in speech.(A) to provide(B) provided(C) which provided(D) providing thatD多that10.Earthquakes can damage a tree _____ violently, and it can take several years for the tree to heal.(A) to cause shaking(B) when shaking it causes(C) by causing it to shake(D) to cause to shake it11._____ bacteria in foods are killed, as they are during baking or stewing, decay is slowed down.(A) What(B) The(C) If(D) So12.The colors and patterns of the wings of butterflies and moths help _____ the organism against predators.(A) protect(B) being protected(C) protecting(D) protection of13.In 1993 the Library of Congress appointed author Rita Dove _____ of the United States.(A) as was poet laureate(B) was poet laureate(C) poet laureate(D) and poet laureate14.At the South Pole _____, the coldest and most desolate region on Earth.(A) Antarctica lies where(B) Where Antarctica lies(C) Antarctica lies and(D) Lies Antarctica15.Tornados, powerful, destructive wind storms, occur most often in the spring when hot winds _____ over flat land encounter heavy cold air.(A) which to rise.(B) that rising(D) rising16.Many exercises such as calisthenics, running, or to swim involve producing muscle tensionthrough a range of movements that are called isotonics.17.Intelligence, education, and experience all helps shape management style.18. The basic elements of public-opinion research are interviewers, questionnaires, tabulatingequipment, and to sample population.19. Conservation organizations help for to preserve the ecology of an area by keeping track ofendangered species.20. Gwendolyn Brooks, which won a Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1950, had 75 poems publishedby the time she was twenty.21. O Halifax is largest city and chief port of Nova Scotia and is the eastern terminus ofCanada’s two great railway systems.22.T. S. Eliot received wide recognition after publishes The Waste Land, which fused poetictraditions with elements of modern music and language.23. Numerous types of cells, such as skin cells and white blood cells, have the powerreproduce asexually.24. The knee is more likely to be damage than most other joints because it is subject totremendous forces during vigorous activity.25.Although ferns lack flowers, they do have leaves, stems, and root.26. Crazy Horse is generally recognized for his courageous and skill, and he was revered bythe Sioux as their greatest leader.27. In medicine, certain plastics have important uses because they do not affected bychemicals in the body, and they do not harm the body.28. Since a hospital is organized to protect and treat people who are ill, its goals, structures,and functions depend on the currently state of medical science.29. A change in direction of the monsoon winds result from the differences between theheating or cooling of landmasses and that of oceans.30. Small distinctions among stamps, unimportant to the person average, would mean a greatdeal to the stamp collector.31. Members of a nation’s foreign service represent that country’s interests abroad and reporton the conditions, trends, and policies of the country which they arestationed.32. Abraham Lincoln’s boyhood home resembled those of many others mid-western pioneers,with its dirt floor, sleeping loft, and crude fireplace.33. Dwelling primarily in the ice northern polar seas, beluga whales are characteristically small,white, agile, and elusive.34.There is evidence that the caribou originated into North America and crossed over al landbridge into Asia and evolved into the Old World’s reindeer.35.The bold way in which Margaret Mead defined the terms “family” - based as much onchoice as on biological relationship - is possibly the most enduring of herlegacies.36. The planet Mars is a freezing, barren deserts with huge, dry canyons and toweringvolcanoes.37. Of the many machines invented in the late nineteenth century, none had a great impact onthe United States economy than the automobile.38. A number of the Pacific Islands are volcanoes that have pushed up from the ocean floor,others are the tops sunken mountain ranges.39. It has been reported that during any twenty-four hour period, a minimal of three hundredNorth American women start their own businesses.40. Archeological studies have provided evidence that the use of plants for decoration as wellas for food developed early in the history.1997年01月语法题1. _____ a necessary dimension for measuring astronomical space and the distance of heavenly bodies from the Earth.(A) Once in time(B) Time is(C) The time(D) It is time2. Jackie Joyner-Kersee, _____ the world record in the heptathlon in the 1988 Olympics, also won the long jump in the year.(A) whose setting(B) which she set(C) whoever set(D) who set(A) no more large(B) no larger than(C) not larger(D) which no larger4. Gorillas are quiet animals, _____ they are capable of making about 20 different sounds.(A) whether(B) which(C) even though(D) as well asA、句意不符D不能连接句子5. Although the Earth’s chemical composition had been studied for years, only toward the end of the nineteenth century _____ as a discipline in its own right.(A) when geochemistry was recognized(B) was geochemistry as recognized(C) then recognized as geochemistry(D) as geochemistry was recognized6. Because the wood of the dogwood tree is very hard, _____ is used for objects, such as roller skate wheels, in which hardness is desired.(A) and(B) it(C) what(D) thus7. In hot, dry region s, the Sun’s heat causes the outer layer of rocks _____, a process called exfoliation.(A) are expanded and peeled away(B) to expand and peel away(C) expands and peels away(D) they expand and peel away8. The lower _____ in a room, the more slowly our eyes focus.(A) the level of lighting(B) light level(C) leveling of light(D) lighting is level9. _____ Sarah Orne Jewett, a nineteenth-century writer, read widely in her family’s extensive library.(A) That she received little education formally(B) The little formal education that she received(C) Little formal education that was received by(D) Although she received little formal education10. In the early twentieth century, the “Model T” automobile was mass-produced and sold at a price _____ could afford.(A) the average person who(B) that the average person who(C) and the average person(D) the average personC afford缺少宾语11. Not only _____ all the positive charge of an atom, it is also the site of the weight of every atom.(A) does the nucleus hold(B) the nucleus holding(C) the nucleus does hold(D) holds the nucleus12. The wind-rippled sand at California’s Kelso Dunes res embles _____.(A) to be an ocean floor(B) as an ocean floor(C) an ocean floor(D) being an ocean floor13. Fossil records indicate _____ existing in the past have become extinct.(A) that many species of organisms(B) many species of organisms that(C) many species of organisms are(D) there are many organisms14. Experiments related to the sense of smell are more easily _____ than those related to perception of color.(A) setting them up(B) to set up(C) set up(D) sets up those15. The Pulitzer Prize has been _____ in American literature for more than seventy years.(A) the award most prestigious that(B) the most prestigious award。
2000年1月5月8月10月TOEFL托福语法题笔记
2000年01月语法题1. Amanda Way’s career as a social reformer____ in 1851 when, at an antislavery meetingin Indiana, she called for a state woman’s rights convention.(A) begin(B) began(C) have begun(D) to have begun2. The celesta, an orchestral percussion instrument, resembles___(A) a small upright piano(B) how a small upright piano(C) a small upright piano is(D) as a small upright piano3. Thomas Paine, _____, wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet that identified the American colonies with the cause of liberty.(A) writer of eloquent(B) whose eloquent writing(C) an eloquent writer(D) writing eloquent4. Although beavers rarely remain submerged for more than two minutes, they can stay underwater___fifteen minutes before having to surface for air.(A) as long(B) as long as(C) so long(D) so long that5. Protein digestion begins in the stomach ____ends in the small intestine.(A) while(B) and(C) how(D) because6. When natural gas burns, its___ into atoms of carbon and hydrogen.(A) hydrocarbon molecules, breaking up(B) broke up by hydrocarbon molecules(C) hydrocarbon molecules break up(D) broken up hydrocarbon molecules7. _____ ballet dancers learn five basic positions for the arms and feet.(A) All of(B) Of every(C) All(D) Every8. Some colonies of bryozoans, small marine animals, form ___with trailing stems.(A) creeping colonies(B) which colonies creep(C) creeping colonies are(D) colonies creep9. Ruth Bader Ginsburg argued six women’s rights cases before the United States Supreme Court in the 1970’s,____(A) of five winning them(B) five winning of them(C) of them five winning(D) winning five of them10. Natural selection is defined as the process ___the course of evolution by preserving those traits best adapted for an organism’s survival.(A) to which directs(B) of which directs it(C) directs it(D) that directs11. ____ 363 miles between the cities of Albany and Buffalo in New York State, the Eric Canal helped link the Atlantic Ocean with the Great Lakes.(A) The extension of(B) The extension(C) Extending(D) Extends12.The chief sources of B12,a water-soluble vitamin ____ stored in the body, include meat, milk and eggs.(A) is not(B) that is not(C) not that is(D) that not13. ____ is rooted in experiments in iron and steel conducted in the nineteenth century.(A) While the history of twentieth-century architecture(B) The history of twentieth-century architecture(C) That the history of twentieth-century architecture(D) Both twentieth-century architecture and its history14.The primary source of energy for tropical cyclones is the latent heat released when ____(A) does water vapor condense(B) condensed water vapor(C) water vapor condenses(D) the condensation of water vapor15. Maufacturing is Canada’s most important economic activity, ____17 percent of the workforce.(A) engages(B) and to engage(C) that it engage(D) engaging16. The outer layer of the heart, called the pericardium, forms a sac in what the heart lies.17. Wood from the ash tree becomes extremely flexibly when it is exposed to steam.18. The ability to talk is one of the skill that make humans different from the rest of the animalworld.19. In plane geometry, the sum of the internal angles of any triangle has always equal to 180degrees.20. Polar bears are bowlegged and pigeon-toed, adaptations that enable this massive animals tomaintain their balance as they walk.21. Caves are formed by the chemical or action mechanical of water on soluble rock, byvolcanic activity, and by earthquakes.22. Celery, an edible plant is having long stalks topped with feathery leaves, grows best in coolweather.23. The first fiction writer in the United States to achieve international fame was WashingtonIrving, who wrote many stories, included“ Rip Van Winkle” and“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.24. Three fundamental aspects of forest conversation are the protection of immature trees, the useof proper harvesting methods, and provide for anenvironment that supports reproduction.25. For each enzyme reaction there is an optimum temperature which maximum efficiency isachieved.26. Adolescence is a transitional stage in human development from the beginning of puberty tothe attainment of the emotion, social, and physical maturity ofadulthood.27. The people native to the northwest coast of North American have long be known for woodcarvings of stunning beauty and extraordinary quality.28. Colonial efforts to manufacture glass at Jamestown---- and later attempts near Philadelphiaand Boston---failed despite the abundant of fuel and good rawmaterials.29. The orbit of a celestial body is usually in the shape of ellipse.30. Chicago is the third largest publishing center in the United States, exceeding only by NewYork City and San Francisco.31. North American bison differ from domestic cattle in have 14 rather than 13 pairs of ribs.32. Female sea turtles, before laying her eggs, swim as much as 2,000 kilometers to return to thebeaches where they themselves were hatched.33. Water is the only substance that occur at ordinary temperatures in all three states of matter:solid, liquid and gas.34. Despite the growth of manufacturing and other industries, the economy of the state of Texashas remained heavily dependence on oil and gas.35. Lyndon B. Johnson was the only United States President who oath of office was administeredby a woman Judge Sarah Tilghman Hughes.36. It took more than fourteen years to carve the faces of four United States Presidents into thegranite cliffs to Mount Rushmore, South Dakota.37.Charles Bullfinch was the architect who design the original red brick core of the State Housein Boston.38.Rarely has a technological development had as great an impact on as much aspects of social,economic, and cultural development as the growth ofelectronics.39. Lowell, Massachusetts, known as the “Spindle City” since 1822 when its first textile mills werebuilt, attracted worldwide attention as textile center.40.Strange Victory, Sara Teas dale’s smallest and most perfect collection of poems, appear inprint in 1933.2000年05月语法题1.From 1949 onward, the artist Georgia O’ Keeffe made New Mexico ______.(A) her permanent residence was(B) where her permanent residence(C) permanent residence for her(D) her permanent residence2. Just as remote-controlled satellites can be employed to explore outer space,_______employed to investigate the deep sea.(A) can be robots(B) robots can be(C) can robots(D) can robots that are3. In ______ people, the areas of the brain that control speech are located in theleft hemisphere.(A) mostly of(B) most(C) almost the(D) the most of4. Stars shine because of _______ produced by the nuclear reactions taking placewithin them.(A) the amount of light and heat is(B) which the amount of light and heat(C) the amount of light and heat that it is(D) the amount of light and heat5. ________ is not clear to researchers.(A) Why dinosaurs having become extinct(B) Why dinosaurs became extinct(C) Did dinosaurs become extinct(D) Dinosaurs became extinct6.Although many people use the word “milk” to refer cow’s milk, _______ to milkfrom any animal, including human milk and goat’s milk.(A) applying it also(B) applies also(C) it also applies(D) but it also applies7. The first transatlantic telephone cable system was not established _______ 1956.(A) while(B) until(C) on(D) when8. _______ no two people think exactly alike, there will always be disagreement,but disagreement should not always be avoided; it can be healthy if handled creatively.(A) There are(B) Why(C) That(D) Because9.Drinking water ________ excessive amounts of fluorides may leave a stained ormottled effect on the enamel of teeth.(A) containing(B) in which containing(C) contains(D) that containC 同B10. In the 1820’s physical education became_______ of the curriculum of Harvardand Yale Universities.(A) to be part(B) which was part(C) was part(D) partA 不定式不能做表语11. Pewter, _______ for eating and drinking utensils in colonial America, is aboutninety percent tin, which copper or bismuth added for hardness.(A) was widely used(B) widely used it(C) widely used(D) which widely used12.A moth possesses two pairs of wings _____ as single pair and are covered with dustlike scales.(A) function(B) are functioning(C) that function(D) but functions13.Soap operas, a type of television drama series, are so called because at first,they were ________.(A) often which soap manufacturers sponsored(B) sponsored often soap manufacturers(C) often sponsored by soap manufacturers(D) soap manufacturers often sponsored them14.The Woolworth Building in New York was the highest in America when _______ in1943 and was famous for its use of Gothic decorative detail.(A) built(B) it built(C) was built(D) built it15.Humans, ________, interact through communicative behavior by means of signs orsymbols used conventionally.(A) like other animals(B) how other animals(C) other animals that(D) do other animals16.More and 90 percent of the calcium in the human body is in the skeleton.17. Perhaps the most popular film in movie history, Star Wars was written anddirection by George Lucas.18. Some animal activities, such as mating, migration, and hibernate, have ayearly cycle.19. Geographers were once concerned largely with exploring areas unknown tothem and from describing distinctive features of individual places.20. In his animated films, Walt Disney created animals that talk and act likepeople while retaining its animal traits.21. The first city in the United States that put into effect major plan for theclustering of government buildings was Washington, D.C.22. In a microwave oven, radiation penetrates food and is then absorbedprimarily by water molecules, caused heat to spread through the food.23.The cultures early of the genus Homo were generally distinguished byregular use of stone tools and by a hunting and gathering economy.24. Dolphins are sleek and powerful swimmers that found in all seas and unlikeporpoises have well defined, beaklike snouts and conical teeth.25. The velocity of a river is controlled by the slope, the depth, and thetough of the riverbed.26. The phonograph record was the first successful medium for capturing,preservation and reproducing sound.27. Generally, the pattern of open space in urban areas has shaped bycommercial systems, governmental actions, and cultural traditions.28. A liquid that might be a poor conductor when pure is often used to makesolutions that readily transmits electricity.29.The initial discovery by humans almost 10,000 years ago that they couldexploit metallic mineral deposits was an important milestone in thedevelopment civilization.30. In 1989 Tillie Fowler a Republican, became the first member of her party toserving as president of the city council of Jacksonville, Florida.31. General anesthesia, which is usually used for major surgery, involves acomplete loss of consciousness and a relaxed of the muscles.32. After first establishment subsistence farms along the Atlantic seaboard,European settlers in North America developed a maritime and shipbuilding industry.33.The legs of a roadrunner are enough strong that it can run up to 24kilometers per hour to catch lizards and small rodents.34. For the immune system of a newborn mammal to develop properly, thepresence of the thymus gland is essentially.35. Physicians working in the field of public health are mainly concerned withthe environmental causes of ill and how to eliminate them.36.By 1850, immigration from distance shores, as well as migration from thecountryside, had caused New York City’s population to swell.37.By identifying similar words or structures in different languages, we findevidence that those languages are related and may be derived from same ancestor.38. Astronomers use photography and sighting telescopes to study the motions ofall of the bright stars and many of the faint one.39.In the nineteenth century a number of Native American tribe, such as theComanche, lived a nomadic existence hunting buffalo.40. The average elevation of West Virginia is about 1,500 foot above sealevel.2000年08月语法题1. 1.The gray scale, a progressive series of shades ranging from black to white, is used incomputer graphics _____ detail to graphical images.(A)(A)added(B)(B)to add(C)(C)are added(D)(D)and add答案：B分析：考察点为动词不定式做目的状语。
托福1998年05月语法笔记
1998年05月语法题1. _____ a major role in future planetary exploration.(A) Robots will surely play(B) Robots, which will surely play(C) Because robots will surely be playing(D) Surely robots, which will be playing答案:A分析：句子缺主谓（B）如为定语从句，则缺谓语（C）Because引导的原因状语从句,无主句（D）同A，且频度副词Surely形容整个句子，应以逗号隔开参考译文：机器人极有可能将在未来的太空探索中扮演主要角色。
2. Unlike the owl, bats cannot see very well, but they do have_____.(A) it hears very well(B) very good to hear(C) hearing very well(D) very good hearing答案:D分析：but后无宾语，D为名词短语（A）谓语动词重复（B）缺宾语（C) well做"好"讲为adv.不修饰名词参考译文：蝙蝠不像猫头鹰一样有良好的视力，但却有极佳的听力.3. Comparatively few clues in the United Slates have competing newspapers today, a major change from 1900 _____ more than two newspapers.(A) because then most large cities having(B) when did most large cities have(C) then most large cities that had(D) when most large cities had答案：D分析：逗号前已经是完整的句子，接从句，加之横线前为时间，所以是时间状语从句（A）从句缺谓语（B）从句不能将助动词提前，而应当使用陈述句语序（C）缺乏时间状语从句引导词参考译文：通过比较美国现今竞争激烈的报业的一些细微线索，（可见）1900年是一个主要的转折，从那一年开始，多数大城市都出现了两份以上的报纸。
新东方TOEFL复习笔记(第二部分：语法笔记)3(3)
新东方TOEFL复习笔记（第二部分：语法笔记）3(3)3．常考的不规则单复数：（讲义P10 3 4）*tooth划线，这个答案一定错。
foot-foot 单复数一样：步兵horse-horse:单复数一样：骑兵4．常考的单复数同形的名词：（讲义P11 4）：*a mean这答案一定错。
5．单复数名词意义有差异：mean：中庸，均值-means：方法，手段，财富water：水-waters：水域（water加s一定不错）part：部分-parts：部分，才能other part:其他部分，以免歧义。
good：好-goods：货物force：；力，力量-forces：武装部队custom：风俗习惯-customs风俗习惯，海关spectacle：光景-spectacles：眼镜arm：手臂-arms：武器6．既可数又不可数的名词：（讲义P21 91.1.21.n.c.&u.）rock：大块岩石，可数；小的岩石，不可数suger：方糖，可数；沙糖，不可数area：面积，不可数；地区、区域，可数collection：由同种物品构成，不可数；由不同种物品构成，可数eg: his art collection /Λ / his three collections of shortstories /c/time：时间，不可数；此数、倍数，可数*当不可数表示种类的时候，就是可数的。
可数/不可数的区别：有无可数的概念，抽象（不可数）还是具体（可数）advertising /Λ /advertisement /c/the meaning of life /Λ?/ 生命的意义their lives /c/ 他们的生命二、冠词（讲义P1 12-23）A、不定冠词（a与an划线80%错）1． a与an的混用：（讲义12）发音而非字母a university a unit a unique an undergradute an understanding an atom an emotion an electrical lamp an hour an honest boy an herba yawn2． a与pl.n.的连用出题方式：a/an+adj+pl.nan outstanding boys X an outstanding boy √【。
老托福1999-01语法笔记
1999年01月语法题1. Among the first plants to grow on the land regions of the Earth _____, which in prehistoric times grew to immense size(A) were horsetail rushes(B) horsetail rushes(C) horsetail rushes were(D) and horsetail rushes答案：A分析：浏览全句，后面是一从句，那么，逗号前面一定是主句。
主句中介词短语among…在句首，所以用倒装句。
B, D无谓语，且D中也无与and 并列的成分; C, were后无表语。
翻译参考：马尾鞭草是最早生长在地球陆地上的植物之一，它们在史前时代能长得非常巨大。
2. Unlike fossil fuels, which can be used only once, wind and solar power _____of energy.(A) for renewable sources(B) the sources are renewable(C) are renewable sources(D) renewable sources答案：C分析：浏览全句，得知句中缺谓语，排除A, D。
B, wind and solar power与the sources无法连接，故选C。
翻译参考：与只可利用一次的石油不同，风能和太阳能是可更新的能源3. _____ that the first cheese was probably made more than 4,000 years ago by nomadic tribes in Asia.(A) The belief(B) Although they believe(C) It is believed(D) Believing答案：C分析：空格后面是完整的从句，所以选C, 主谓成份都齐全，后跟that引导的宾语从句。
1999-08托福语法笔记
1999年08月语法题1. In 1864 Nevada enter the United States as _______ thirty-sixth state.(A) in the(B) to be the(C) was the(D) the答案：D分析：as是介词，后面应该是名词性结构。
翻译参考：1864年内华达进入合众国，成为第三十六个州。
2. Bob Stephenson, a biologist in Alaska who studies the Canadian lynx, a type of wildcat, haslearned ______ from studying their tracks in the snow.(A) how lynx hunt(B) lynx hunt how(C) how hunt lynx(D) lynx how hunt答案：A分析：缺宾语，每一个选项中都有how, 说明需要how引导的宾语从句，排除B, D, 语序不对；名词性从句应该用陈述语气，所以选A.翻译参考：Bob Stephenson是阿拉斯加一个生物学家，研究加拿大山猫，一种野生的猫科动物，他从其在雪地上留下的足迹获悉了山猫是如何捕猎的。
3. ______ lay eggs , but some give birth to live young.(A) Although most insects(B) Most insects(C) Despite most insects(D) Most insects that答案：B分析：从句完整，从主句的谓语来看主句缺复数主语，所以选B。
A中的Although和but不能同时出现在一个句子里面; B despite后面不能跟句子；D that使得逗号前面无法成为主谓句。
翻译参考：大部分昆虫都生卵，但是有些生产活体的幼虫。
4. Author Sraah Jewett established her literary reputation with Deephaven, a collection of sketches ______.(A) with rural Maine life(B) that life in rural Maine(C) about life in rural Maine(D) life in rural Maine答案：C分析：B, D 比较好排除，B that后从句无谓语；D sketches与life无法连接；根据题义，是讲这个文集的内容，所以about更贴近题义。
托福真题：1999年5月托福听力考试试题原文-托福真题
托福真题：1999年5月托福听力考试试题原文-托福真题1999年5月托福听力考试试题原文Part A1. A: I need to go across town, but the traffic is so heavy this time of day.B: When you take the subway, you don't have to deal with traffic.I never drive any more.What does the man imply?2. A: I've got two tickets to today's game. Do you want to come along?B: It'll be on television. Besides, it's really too cold for me.What will the man probably do?3. A: You had met Professor Johnson before, right? How would you describe his lectures?B: Well, let me put it this way: I could never stay awake in one of his classes without first drinking at least two cups of coffee.What does the man imply?4. A: Excuse me, could you tell me how to get to the post office?B: Your guess is as good as mine. I'm new around here.What does the woman mean?5. A: I forgot to tell you that Fred called last night to borrowyour sleeping bag.B: Oh, I saw him at the gym this morning and he didn't say anything. So he must've asked somebody else.What does the man imply?6. A: You must be looking forward to your trip back to Colorado. It should be fun to hike up into those mountains again.B: Well, there might not be time for that. The thing is I haven't seen my sister and her kids for three years.What does the woman imply?7. A: Tom's house is a mess! Doesn't he ever clean it?B: I guess he just has too much else on his mind with that new job of his.What does the woman imply about Tom?8. A: Hey, that's a great sweater you're wearing. It looks really warm.B: Yeah, but I wish I brought a coat like you did. It's really cold today.What does the woman imply?9. A: Hey, George, I can't get to sleep with the lights so near my bed. Can you study someplace else?B: Sorry, there is a party going on down in the lounge. I suppose I can check the dining room though.What will George probably do?10. A: I wish I didn't have to make a special trip to the post office to get my package.B: Well, if you call them in the morning, they'll give the package to your mail carrier to bring out to you.What does the woman suggest the man do?11. A: Professor, have you graded my term paper yet?B: To tell you the truth, I've been tied up in committee meetings all week.What can be inferred about the paper?12. A: With the cold that bad, I think it is pretty foolish not to see a doctor.B: Don't worry. It'll pass in a few days.What does the man mean?13. A: Do you have hot water in your dorm? Because we haven't had any for three days and I hate cold showers.B: Oh, sounds miserable. Since the gyms usually open, why don't you just go over there to fix the problem?What does the woman suggest the man do?14. A: I just found out the registration of the creative writing class is full. Now I have to wait another whole year to get in.B: Why don't you check back after the first week? Somebody might drop it.What does the man suggest the woman do?15. A: Professor Nelson, could you please turn up the temperature in here? I'mshavingstrouble concentrating.B: Yeah, I understand, but I don't control the thermostat. Tell you what, I'll talk to maintenance about it after class. In the mean time, I suggest you put on a sweater if you brought one.What does the man imply?16. A: Hi, Jerry, it's Beth from the apartment next door. I'm at school right now and I realize I forgot my keys at home. Could you ask the building manager to put the extra set in my mailbox?B: I don't think that's secure enough. I can just drop by your class later.What would the man probably do?17. A: I'm going to Chicago on business and somebody said you were the right person to talkto about what I can do there for fun.B: You bet I am. But I hope you've got at least a month.What does the man imply?18. A: Come on, Sue, I know you have a new camera, but, you just took a picture of a car.B: No, No! Look behind the car.What does the woman mean?19. A: Could I look at your bus schedule? I don't want to drive to work tomorrow if it's snowing.B: You would be better off calling the terminal. It's been a long time since I've used my schedule and I'm sure it was out of date.What does the woman mean?20. A: That's a pretty thick book. Are you sure Fram will want to plough through that?B: Are you kidding? She'll be through it in two days.What does the man imply about Fram?21. A: If I send this package third class, how long will it take to arrive?B: About two weeks. But, hmm, many people don't realize thatfirst class is only a dollar fifty more and[1] [2] [3] [4] 下一页[1] [2] [3] [4] 下一页1999年5月托福听力考试试题原文it would get there in just a few days.What does the woman suggest the man do?22. A: Surely, you don't want to eat at the expensive restaurant.B: Not much I don't. They have the best food in town.What does the man mean?23. A: Like usual the lecture hall is complete mess this afternoon. Newspapers, soda cans, used issues, all of it, just thrown all over the floor. I can't understand how people can be so thoughtless.B: Well, your professor should have the authority to get something done about it.What does the woman imply the man should do?24. A: How about going on a camping trip next week with us? We are planning on hiking and canoeing in the state park.B: That sounds great. But I'd better warn you: I've never been in the canoe and I am not much the swimmer either.What does the woman mean?25. A: I heard that the pre-turn-out for the opening of the new sculpture exhibit was a kind of disappointing.B: I guess a lot of other people feel the way I do about modern art.What does the woman mean?26. A: We'd better make sure we get to the presentation early tomorrow morning. The dean said that there would be bagels and pastries in food. But I have a feeling that they are going to goquickly.B: I guess I'll bring my appetite.What will the man probably do?27. A: Isn't it great about Ruth's community service award?B: She deserved itWhat does the man mean?28. A: I'm driving downtown this afternoon. I have to stop by Deluxe, the art supply store, to get some paints for my art class.B: Deluxe? They moved to Smithville.What does the woman mean?29. A: You were right about the puzzle you lent me last week. It really is a challenge. I want to try to get it myself though, so I am going to work on it a little longer.B: Well, if you get really stuck, remember, I'm only a phone call away.What does the woman mean?30. A: I'm new in town and I need to find a doctor. Do you know anything about Joyce Brown?B: I've been going to her for years. I don't see how you could do better.What does the man say about Dr. Brown?Part BQuestions 31-34 Listen to a conversation in a college dormitory.Hmm, hi.Hi, I am going door to door tonight to tell people about the student action coalition. Do you have a few minutes?Sure. You know, I think I read something in the newspaper lastweek.Yeah, there was an article about us since the last issue. See, we are trying to protect and conserver some of the open spaces on campus.That's right. You are thesgroupsthat's opposing the extension of the parking lot next toSmith Hall, right?That's us. We just feel it is important to save some of thenatural beauty of the campus,like Over-by Swing. Some of those trees are hundreds of years old.It is a pretty spot. My friends and I had picnics over there by the creek.Then you understand how we feel. We are organizing a rally on Thursday afternoon to get the administration to reconsider theparking lot plan.Well, I have a class on Thursday afternoon.But maybe you could sign this petition. We're going to summit itto the administration to demonstrate how the students feel about this.Sure, let me get a pen and I'll sign it.I have a pen right here. And let me leave you this pamphlet about the student action coalition. Maybe you could come to some of our meetings. We get together once a month.Yeah, I'd like to know more about your group. Let me know whenthe next meeting is andI'll try to be there.31. How did the woman first learn about the student action coalition?32. What is the student action coalition trying to do?33. What will the woman probably do on Thursday afternoon?34. What does the woman agree to do?Q 35-39This food is terrible! I can't even finish my diner.I know. You think with all the money we paid for room and board, the university could hirea better food service. Where are you headed next?I'm going over to the student recreation center to play some bridge.You are spending your time on a card game?Not just any card game. It's one of the most strategic there is.So I have heard. Don't you play with a partner?Yeah! Four people play, two against the other two.So, you try to play in cooperation with your partner?Actually, the cards of one of the four plays are turned face up. That player is called thedummy.I wouldn't want to be called that. When you are the dummy, what do you do while thecards are being played?Anything you want. Sit there and study, shuffle another deck, get snacks forevery上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] 下一页上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] 下一页1999年5月托福听力考试试题原文one…I like to stand behind my partner and watch.You know, I've heard that bridge is a habit forming. You shouldbe careful not to play somuch that you don't get your studying done.Don't worry about me. I only play Thursdays after dinner, and sometimes when theyneed a forth player. If you like, I could teach you.Thanks, but I have a pretty heavy workload this semester. I already spend my eveningsdoing things I don't really know how to do yet.35. Where does the conversation take place?36. How does the woman plan to spend her evening?37. What will the woman probably do if she is the dummy?38. What does the man warn the woman not to do?39. Why doesn't the man accept the woman's offer?Part CQuestions 40-42 Listen to part of a talk in an architecture class.Today, we are going to take a look at the development of the skyscraper. We'll start with some buildings in Chicago. One of the circumstances that led Chicago to become home to some of thebuildings now considered the prototypes for later skyscrapers was this: In 1871, there was a great fire that destroyed much of the city. It was that tragic fire that cleared the way for a new kind of city that used the new building techniques and new materials developed during the early 1800s.One of these new structures was the Home Insurance Building, completed in 1885. It was ten storeys high. Now granted, that's no higher than some of the early skyscrapers in New York City. What made Chicago's Home Insurance Building important is that it had true skyscraper instruction with an internal metal skeleton that carried the weight of the brick exterior. This metal-support system alongwith the earlier development of the elevator were the two innovations that made the later very tall industrial buildings possible.Chicago's Reliance Building was another important building in the development of the skyscraper. It showed the architects' understanding of the possibilities of mental frame construction by eliminating walls and opening up the sides as a glass box. It was the first expression of the skyscraper as the glass shelf framed in the metal grid.40. Why does the professor mention the fire of 1871?41. What was important about the Home Insurance Building?42. What point does the professor make about the Reliance Building?Questions 43-46 Listen to a lecture given in a mass communications class.It was an Italian inventor who created the first wireless device for setting out radio signalsin 1895. But not until the American inventor Lee De Forest built the first amplifying vacuumtube in 1906 did we get the first radio as we know it. And the first actual radio broadcast wasmade on Christmas Eve of 1906. That's when someone working from an experimentalstation in Brand Rock, Massachusetts, arranged the program with two short musicalselections of poem and brief holiday greeting. The broadcast was heard by wirelessoperators on ships with a radio through several hundreds miles. The following year, DeForest began regular radio broadcasts in New York. These programs were similar to muchwhat we hear on radio today. In that, De Forest played only music. But because there werestill no home radio receivers, De Forest's audiences consisted only of wireless operators onships in New York Harbor. There is no doubt that radio broadcasting was quite a novelty inthose days, but it took a while to catch on commercially. Why? Hmm, for the simple factthat only a few people, in fact, only those who tinkered with wireless telegraphs as a hobbyowned receivers. It wasn't until the 1920s that someone envisioned mass appeal for radio.This was radio pioneer David Sarnoff who predicted that one day there would be a radioreceiver in every home.43. What is the talk mainly about?44. Why were early radio broadcasts heard by such a small audience?45. According to the talk, who owned the receivers in the early days of radio?46. According to the talk, what did David Sarnoff predict about radios?Questions 47-50 Listen to part of a talk in an astronomy classThe origin of Earth's moon, the largest moon in the solar system, is still something of amystery. There are some theories about its origin however. Now, keep in mind that a theoryof the moon's origin has to be consistent with two important facts. The first fact is that theEarth contains a lot of iron, most of it has an iron core. But the moon contains practically noiron. The second fact is that other than the difference in iron content, the moon and Earth arecomposed of accentually the same minerals, a similarity not shared with any other planet ormoon in our solar system.One of the earliest theories of the moon's origin, I called it the Capture Theory, proposes that the moon was somehow captured by Earth's gravitational force. T上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] 下一页上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] 下一页1999年5月托福听力考试试题原文his theory is improbable, however, because it assumes that the moon and Earth formed in different parts of the solar system. If this was true you would expect the moon's composition to be much differentfrom Earth's composition, just as all the other planets in the solar system are so different from Earth.A second theory of the moon'sorigin is more promising. It is sometimes referred to as the Mars Theory, because according to this theory, when Earth was still molten, it was struck by a planet about the size of Mars. The impact caused the cores of the two planets to melt together and chunks of Earth's crust to be thrown out into space. These chunks came together to form the moon. Now, remember, Earth's crust is low in iron, because theiron is in Earth's core, but high in various other minerals. This then accounts for why there is little iron but lots of other minerals on the moon.47. What is the talk mainly about?48. According to the professor, what characteristic of Earth's moon should a theory of its origin be able to explain?49. Why is the second theory sometimes referred to as the Mars Theory?50. According to the Mars Theory, why does the moon containlittle iron上一页[1] [2] [3] [4]上一页[1] [2] [3] [4]。
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1999年5月TOEFL语法笔记编委：雪中茉莉审委：Fional1. Classical logic is characterized by a concern for the structure and elements ofargument____ that thought, language, and reality are interrelated.(A) based on the belief(B) on the belief based(C) belief based on the(D) the based belief onKey：A分析：考点是定语成分。
空格前面句子结构完整，空间应该填修饰argument的部分。
答案A，过去分词短语结构做后置定语，修饰argument。
（B）that 引导的是同位语从句，前面必然有一个名词，所以B错（C）明显的名词重叠，顺序混乱（D）这个选项进入句子无法修饰argument，同样是明显错误。
参考译文：经典的逻辑是以注重论证的结构和元素为特征的，其论证基于思想、语言和现实是相互关联的信念。
2. Adult fleas_____ only blood and are external parasites of mammals and birds.(A) eat(B) having eaten(C) that eat(D) to eatKey：A分析：考点是主谓结构。
由and并列关系，可知此处缺谓语。
答案A，主语复数，这里动词原形。
（B）这个选项是一个分词结构形式不能做谓语（C）如果选这个则，that引导定语从句，那么缺和and引导的动词并列的谓语。
（D）to do 在这里可以做补语，但是出现问题和C相同参考译文：成年的跳蚤只是吸血，是哺乳动物和鸟类的外寄生虫。
3. Heat energy may be absorbed or released when_____ while work is done on or by the1system.(A) changes in the internal energy of a system(B) by changing the internal energy of a system.(C) the internal energy of a system that changes(D) the internal energy of a system changesKey：D分析：考点是状语成分。
When后面是时间状语从句（change 可以作名词也可以作动词）答案D。
做when引导的时间状语从句，结构完整(A) when引导时间状语从句，A入选则从句结构不完整，缺谓语(B) when和by不共存(C) that多余，造成一个新的定语从句，且两个部分都不完整参考译文：当外部做功或者系统做功时，系统内部能量变化，热能会被吸收或者释放。
4. Metheods of measuring mass, time ,and distance are _____ of human culture.(A) among the oldest skills(B) they are among the oldest skills(C) what among the oldest skills(D) the skills that among the oldestKey：A分析：考点是表语成分。
Are 后面应该是表语或者是过分，答案A，介词短语作表语。
（B）两个are，谓语重叠（C）what如果做宾语从句引导词则宾语从句缺谓语（D）of前面应该有一个中心名词，D缺少一个这样的名词参考译文：度量质量、时间和距离的方法是人类文化中最古老的技能。
5. ______ they sometimes swim alone, dolphins usually congregate in large groups, oftennumbering in the hundreds.(A) Why(B) Although(C) Even(D) NeverthelessKey：B分析：考点是连词用法。
由句意可知，表转折（*** alone***,***large***hundreds）答案C。
even 表示的是递进关系，没有转折。
(A) why 如果填入，本句逗号前面就成了完整的一个疑问句了，后面的必须单独成句，所以不对。
(B) 虽然。
做为让步状语从句连词，转接(D) nevertheless＝however，但是表示的语气弱些，这里需要的是“虽然”含义的词，不是它2参考译文：虽然有时候会单独出游，海豚通常是聚集成一大群，总是数以百计。
6. ______ plays an important in commercial art , illustrating advertisements, textbooks，brochures, and articles in magazines and periodicals.(A) Drawing and(B) Because drawing(C) Drawing, which(D) DrawingKey：D分析：考点是主谓结构。
空格后面是谓语宾语，全句缺主语。
答案D。
动名词做主语，主谓完整。
（A）and后面没有和drawing并列的成分（B）because引导原因状语从句，这样主句还是主谓不完整（C）which做为非限定定语从句连词使得整个句子缺乏全句谓语参考译文：在广告艺术、图片广告、教科书、宣传册和杂志期刊的文章中，图画起到了很重要的作用。
7. Goldfinches build compact _______ nests, which they line with soft vegetable down.(A) shaped like a cup(B) cup—shaped(C) cup shapes(D) shape of a cupKey：B分析：考点是定语成分。
此处修饰nests，应该是个形容词。
答案B。
cup-shaped是形容词符合要求。
(A) 此处应该是和compact并列的修饰成分修饰nest，这里的谓语结构显然不对(C)这个选项是一个名词短语(D) 语义错误，cup nest是错误表达参考译文：金翅雀结构严密的杯状巢穴，它们在其底部放置柔软的植物。
8. Louisa May Alcott published her first book, Flower Fables ，_____ of fairy tales, in 1854.(A) which a collection(B) a collection was(C) a collection(D) in which a collectionKey：C分析：考点是同位语。
前面句子结构完整，空格应该是状语或者定语，同位语。
答案C。
同位3语。
（A）定语从句缺谓语（B）was和前面的publish 谓语重复（D）定语从句结构不完整参考译文：Louisa May Alcott 1854年出版了她第一本书，花之传奇是一个神话故事。
9. ______ understanding of weather and its variability, it has been difficult to prove thatweather can be controlled(A) Since incomplete(B) Because of incomplete(C) Incomplete(D) Why is incompleteKey：B分析：考点是状语成分。
逗号后面是各完整的句子，前面应该是状语从句。
答案B，because+n 表原因。
understanding为中心词的名词短语做because of的宾语。
（A）Since引导一个状语从句，这里从句缺谓语（C）逗号前面部分缺少和后面主句进行连接的连词成分或者介词（D）why is…即可单独构成原因疑问句，那么和逗号后面的主句不能合成单句了。
参考译文：因为对于天气及其变化性的了解不够完全，证明天气可控一直是件困难的事情。
10. Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal Program included ______ designed to provide relief andcounteract the effects of the economic depression that had begun in 1929.(A) measures were temporary(B) in temporary measures(C) temporary and measures(D) temporary measuresKey：D分析：考点是宾语结构。
空格在及物动词included后面，应该是其宾语。
答案D，名词短语作宾语，designed引导的分词短语做其后置定语。
（A）were 和include谓语重叠（B）include是及物动词，不用加in（C）temporary 和measures不是并列成分不能用and连接参考译文：富兰克林罗斯福的新政包括专为缓解和抵制1929年开始的经济萧条带来的影响而设计的政策。
11. Current health guidelines recommend that people restrict their consumption_______.(A) foods of high in fat4(B) of foods in fat high(C) of foods high in fat(D) in foods high of fatKey：C分析：考点是定语成分。
空格前面句子结构完整，而且没有逗号分隔，应该是定语成分。
答案C，介词短语作后置定语。
而high in fat，又是作foods的后置定语。
（A）如果是consuming 构成分词短语就可以了，但是consumption是名词（B）high in fat固定搭配，in fat high顺序错误（D）in 和of与名词的搭配颠倒参考译文：先行的健康指导推荐人们控制对那些高脂肪食品的消费。
12. Walt Whitman originated a distinctive form of free verse that sets his work apartfrom_____ of all other poets.(A) what(B) that(C) how(D) itKey：B分析：考点是宾语结构。