博物馆-外文翻译-外文文献-英文文献
外文翻译外文文献英文文献国际建设工程风险分析
外文文献：This analysis used a case study methodology to analyze the issues surrounding the partial collapse of the roof of a building housing the headquarters of the Standards Association of Zimbabwe (SAZ). In particular, it examined the prior roles played by the team of construction professionals. The analysis revealed that the SAZ’s traditional construction project was generally characterized by high risk. There was a clear indication of the failure of a contractor and architects in preventing and/or mitigating potential construction problems as alleged by the plaintiff. It was reasonable to conclude that between them the defects should have been detected earlier and rectified in good time before the partial roof failure. It appeared justified for the plaintiff to have brought a negligence claim against both the contractor and the architects. The risk analysis facilitated, through its multi-dimensional approach to a critical examination of a construction problem, the identification of an effective risk management strategy for future construction prject and riskThe structural design of the reinforced concrete elements was done by consulting engineers Knight Piesold (KP). Quantity surveying services were provided by Hawkins, Leshnick & Bath (HLB). The contract was awarded to Central African Building Corporation (CABCO) who was also responsible for the provision of a specialist roof structure using patented “gang nail” roof trusses. The building construction proceeded to completion and was handed over to the owners on Sept. 12, 1991. The SAZ took effective occupation of the headquarters building without a certificate of occupation. Also, the defects liability period was only three months .The roof structure was in place 10 years At first the SAZ decided to go to arbitration, but this failed to yield an immediate solution. The SAZ then decided toproceed to litigate in court and to bring a negligence claim against CABCO. The preparation for arbitration was reused for litigation. The SAZ’s quantified losses stood at approximately $ 6 million in Zimbabwe dollars (US $1.2m) .After all parties had examined the facts and evidence before them, it became clear that there was a great probability that the courts might rule that both the architects and the contractor were lia ble. It was at this stage that the defendants’ lawyers requested that the matter be settled out of court. The plaintiff agreed to this suxamined the prior roles played by the project management function and construction professionals in preventing/mitigating potential construction problems. It further assessed the extent to which the employer/client and parties to a construction contract are able to recover damages under that contract. The main objective of this critical analysis was to identify an effective risk management strategy for future construction projects. The importance of this study is its multidimensional examination approach.Experience sugge be misleading. All construction projects are prototypes to some extent and imply change. Change in the construction industry itself suggests that past experience is unlikely to be sufficient on its own. A structured approach is required. Such a structure can not and must not replace the experience and expertise of the participant. Rather, it brings additional benefits that assist to clarify objectives, identify the nature of the uncertainties, introduces effective communication systems, improves decision-making, introduces effective risk control measures, protects the project objectives and provides knowledge of the risk history .Construction professionals need to know how to balance the contingencies of risk with their specific contractual, financial, operational and organizational requirements. Many construction professionals look at risks in dividually with a myopic lens and donot realize the potential impact that other associated risks may have on their business operations. Using a holistic risk management approach will enable a firm to identify all of the organization’s business risks. This will increas e the probability of risk mitigation, with the ultimate goal of total risk elimination .Recommended key construction and risk management strategies for future construction projects have been considered and their explanation follows. J.W. Hinchey stated th at there is and can be no ‘best practice’ standard for risk allocation on a high-profile project or for that matter, any project. He said, instead, successful risk management is a mind-set and a process. According to Hinchey, the ideal mind-set is for the parties and their representatives to, first, be intentional about identifying project risks and then to proceed to develop a systematic and comprehensive process for avoiding, mitigat and its location. This is said to be necessary not only to allow alternative responses to be explored. But also to ensure that the right questions are asked and the major risks identified. Heads of sources of risk are said to be a convenient way of providing a structure for identifying risks to completion of a participant’s pa rt of the project. Effective risk management is said to require a multi-disciplinary approach. Inevitably risk management requires examination of engineering, legal and insurance related solutions .It is stated that the use of analytical techniques based on a statistical approach could be of enormous use in decision making . Many of these techniques are said to be relevant to estimation of the consequences of risk events, and not how allocation of risk is to be achieved. In addition, at the present stage of the development of risk management, Atkinson states that it must be recognized that major decisions will be made that can not be based solely on mathematical analysis. The complexity ofconstruction projects means that the project definition in terms of both physical form and organizational structure will be based on consideration of only a relatively small number of risks . This is said to then allow a general structured approach that can be applied to any construction project to increase the awareness of participants .The new, simplified Construction Design and Management Regulations (CDM Regulations) which came in to f 1996, into a single regulatory package.The new CDM regulations offer an opportunity for a step change in health and safety performance and are used to reemphasize the health, safety and broader business benefits of a well-managed and co-ordinated approach to the management of health and safety in construction. I believe that the development of these skills is imperative to provide the client with the most effective services available, delivering the best value project possible.Construction Management at Risk (CM at Risk), similar to established private sector methods of construction contracting, is gaining popularity in the public sector. It is a process that allows a client to select a construction manager (CM) based on qualifications; make the CM a member of a collaborative project team; centralize responsibility for construction under a single contract; obtain a bonded guaranteed maximum price; produce a more manageable, predictable project; save time and money; and reduce risk for the client, the architect and the CM.CM at Risk, a more professional approach to construction, is taking its place along with design-build, bridging and the more traditional process of design-bid-build as an established method of project delivery.The AE can review to get the projec. Competition in the community is more equitable: all subcontractors have a fair shot at the work .A contingency within the GMP covers unexpected but justifiable costs, and a contingency above the GMP allows for client changes. As long as the subcontractors are within the GMP they are reimbursed to the CM, so the CM represents the client in negotiating inevitable changes with subcontractors.There can be similar problems where each party in a project is separately insured. For this reason a move towards project insurance is recommended. The traditional approach reinforces adversarial attitudes, and even provides incentives for people to overlook or conceal risks in an attempt to avoid or transfer responsibility.A contingency within the GMP covers unexpected but justifiable costs, and a contingency above the GMP allows for client changes. As long as the subcontractors are within the GMP they are reimbursed to the CM, so the CM represents the client in negotiating inevitable changes with subcontractors.There can be similar problems where each party in a project is separately insured. For this reason a move towards project insurance is recommended. The traditional approach reinforces adversarial attitudes, and even provides incentives for people to overlook or conceal risks in an attempt to avoid or transfer responsibility.It was reasonable to assume that between them the defects should have been detected earlier and rectified in good time before the partial roof failure. It did appear justified for the plaintiff to have brought a negligence claim against both the contractor and the architects.In many projects clients do not understand the importance of their role in facilitating cooperation and coordination; the desi recompense. They do not want surprises, and are more likely to engage in litigation when things go wrong.中文译文：国际建设工程风险分析索赔看来是合乎情理的。
金属合金 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 铁类金属
附录5Ferrous MetalsMetals are divided into two general groups: ferrous metals and nonferrous metals. Ferrous metals are those metals whose major element is iron. The major types of ferrous metals arc irons, carbon steels, alloy steels and tool steels.IronThe iron ore which we find in the earth is not pure. It contains some impurities which we must remove by smelting. The process of smelting consists of heating the ore in a blast furnace with coke and limestone, and reducing it to metal. Blasts of hot air enter the furnace from the bottom and provide the oxygen which is necessary for the reduction of the ore, The ore becomes mohen, and its oxide combines with carbon kom the coke. The non-metallic constituents of there combine with the limestone to form a liquid slag. This floats on top of the molten iron, and passes out of the furnace through a tap. The metal which remains is pig-iron, and consists of approximately 93 percent iron, 5 percent carbon, and 2 percent impurities.Remehing pig iron and scrap iron in a furnace to remove some of the impurities produces cast iron. The type, or grade, of cast iron is determined by the extent of refining, the amounts of pig iron and scrap iron, and the methods used to cast and cool the metal.The three primary types of cast iron are gray cast iron, white cast iron, and malleable iron.Gray cast iron is primarily used for cast frames, automobile engine blocks, handwheel, and east housings. White cast iron is hard and wear resistant and is used for parts such as train wheels. Malleable cast iron is a tough material used for tools such as pipes and wrenches. Generally, cast irons have very good compressive strength, corrosion resistance, and good machinability. The main disadvantage of cast iron is its natural brittleness.Carbon SteelCarbon steel is made from pig iron that has been refined and cleaned of most impurities. Most of the original carbon in the metal is burned out during the refining process. Measured amounts of carbon are then added to the molten metal to produce the exact grade of carbon steel desired. After the steel is poured into ingots and allowed to cool, it is usually sent to a rolling mill to be rolled and formed into specific shapes.The three principal types of carbon steel used in industry are low, medium, and high carbon steel. The percentage of carbon :is the most important factor in determining the mechanical properties of each type of carbon steel. :Low carbon contains between 0. 05% and O. 30% carbon and is primarily used for parts that do not require great strength. Typical uses of low carbonsteel include chains, bolts, screws, washers, nuts, pins, wire, shafting, and pipes. This metal is also known as machine steel, mild steel, and cold-rolled steel. Low carbon steel is tough, ductile material that is easily machined and welded. It is useful for parts that must be stamped or formed.Containing between 0. 30 and 0.50% carbon, medium carbon steel is used for parts that required great strength than is possible with low carbon steel, such as gears, crankshafts, machine parts and axles. Because this steel has higher carbon content, it can be heat-treated to increase both hardness and wear resistance. Medium carbon steel is a tough, hardenable metal that has good machinability and is easily welded.Containing between 0.50 and 1.70% carbon, high carbon steel is used for parts that require hardness and strength, such as files, knives, drills, razors, and woodworking tools. Due to their increased carbon content, high carbon steels can be heat-treated to make them harder and more wear resistant than low or medium carbon steels. Due to their great hardness, high carbon steels are often brittle.Alloy SteelsAlloy steels are basically carbon steels with elements added to modify of change the mechanical properties of the steel. All steels are alloy steels because each is a combination of elements, including carbon steel, a mixture of iron and carbon. To identify the two groups, one is called carbon or plain steel and the other is referred to as alloy steel.Alloying elements are added to the molten steel in measured amounts. The desired end product determines the elements and amounts added. The primary alloying elements and their effect on the steel are as follows: Boron —The hardenability of an alloy is increased by boron. Only very small amounts of boron are needed to increase the hardenability characteristics of the other elements in the alloy.Chromium — When used in small amount, chromium increases the depth hardness of the metal. The more chromium used, the better the alloy resists corrosion. Chromium is a principal element in stainless steels.Cobalt —Cobalt is added to an alloy to increase wear resistance and increase red hardness, which is the ability of a metal to maintain a cutting edge at elevated temperature. Cobalt is a valuable addition to some high-speed tool steels.Lead —By reducing the cutting friction, lead improves machinability. Leaded steels also have good weldability and formability.Manganese —Impurities in alloy steels are controlled by using manganese as a purifier and scavenger. When added in larger amount ( 1 to 15 percent) , manganese produces good hardness and wear resistance.Molybdenum — A tough alloy suitable for a wide range of high-strength applications, molybdenum steel permits good depth hardness and strength at elevated temperatures.Nickel —High-strength alloys resistant to both elevated temperaturesand corrosion are produced by nickel. When alloyed with molybdenum, nickel steel becomes a very tough alloy, which is often used for many aircraft parts. Larger amounts of nickel greatly add to the corrosion resistance of stainless steels.Phosphorus and Sulfur —Free-machining carbon steels are produced with phosphorus and sulfur. When alloyed with carbon steels, phosphorus and suffer produce alloys with excellent machining characteristics.Tungsten —When alloyed with steel, tungsten produces a variety of high-speed tool steels and adds hardenability and strength at elevated temperatures as well as high resistance to wear.Vanadium —A tough, fine-grained steel that acts as a cleanser and purifier to eliminate many of the impurities of steel is produced by vanadium.Tool SteelsTool steels are a special grade of alloy steels used for making a wide variety of tools. Depending on their composition, tool steels are highly resistant to wear, shocks, and heat. These alloys gener ally contain more carbon, tungsten, and cobalt than do the standard alloy steels, i41 Another principal difference between most alloy steels and tool steels is the control with which elements are added.Tool steels are made with much closer quality controls than are other alloy steels.铁类金属金属材料分为两种类型：铁类金属和非铁金属。
博物馆文物展品的英译——以洛阳博物馆为例
收稿日期: 2012 － 09 － 29
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Kwan-yin。其 实， 菩 萨 的 本 名 在 梵 文 中 是 Avalokitesvara，至于“观音、观世音”的说法，其实是对 原文的意译理解。西天取经归来的唐玄奘认为若将 Avalokitesvara（ 读音类似“阿娃罗其特斯娃拉”） 音译 的话太拗口，于是将其意译为“观自在”以便中国读者 掌握，又作观世音菩萨、光世音菩萨等，从字面解释就 是“观察（ 世间民众的） 声音”的菩萨，是四大菩萨之 一，性别也从原来的男性转变成今天为国人所熟知的 女性。可以说，观音崇拜是印度佛教中国化的结果，也 与中国传统 文 化 有 着 密 切 的 联 系。 因 此，将“观 音 造 像”直接译为 Figure of Guan Yin 是符合翻译规律的， 便于目的语读者接触独特的中国文化。
博物馆英文作文
博物馆英文作文英文回答：A museum serves as a repository for significant artifacts, artworks, and historical records. It preserves and displays these objects for public appreciation, education, and research. Museums can vary greatly in size and scope, from small local institutions to vast national museums. However, they all share the common goal of preserving and interpreting cultural heritage.Museums play a vital role in preserving our collective memory and promoting cultural diversity. They provide a space where people can encounter different perspectives, learn about the past, and appreciate the beauty of human creativity. By safeguarding and showcasing cultural artifacts, museums contribute to the preservation of our shared history and collective identity.In addition to their role as guardians of culturalheritage, museums also serve as educational institutions. They offer a wide range of educational programs, exhibitions, and resources that cater to diverse audiences. Museums provide opportunities for visitors to engage with history, art, and science in a hands-on and interactive way. School groups, families, and lifelong learners can explore museum collections, participate in workshops, and attend lectures to deepen their understanding of various subjects.Museums are also important centers for research. They offer scholars and researchers access to valuable collections, libraries, and archives. Museums collaborate with universities and research institutions to conduct groundbreaking research that contributes to the advancement of knowledge in fields such as history, archaeology, andart history.Moreover, museums play a significant role in fostering community engagement and cultural dialogue. They hostpublic events, workshops, and performances that bringpeople together to share ideas, engage with artists, and celebrate cultural diversity. Museums also provideopportunities for local communities to participate in the preservation and interpretation of their own cultural heritage.In conclusion, museums are institutions that play a crucial role in preserving cultural heritage, providing educational opportunities, fostering research, andpromoting community engagement. They serve as guardians of our collective memory and catalysts for cultural understanding and appreciation.中文回答：博物馆是一个收藏重要文物、艺术品和历史记录的地方。
谈文博领域的外文翻译工作
目录
01 关键词分析
03
一、博物馆外文翻译 的重要性
02 内容构思 04 二、博物馆外文翻译
的基本要求和技巧
目录
05 三、博物馆外文翻译 的具体实践策略
07 参考内容
06 结论
随着全球化的推进和文化的繁荣发展，博物馆领域的外文翻译工作逐渐受到人 们的。外文翻译在博物馆领域具有重要意义，它不仅有助于推动文化交流，还 能提升博物馆的国际影响力。本次演示将探讨文博领域的外文翻译工作，分析 关键词的含义和基本要求，并简述撰写技巧。
中国戏曲的剧目通常分为传统剧目和现代剧目两类，其中传统剧目最为著名。 传统剧目通常包括历史故事、民间传说和神话故事等题材，而现代剧目则更注 重现实生活的描写和社会问题的反映。此外，中国戏曲的角色也分为生、旦、 净、末、丑等几个行当，每个行当都有其独特的表演特点。因此，在翻译中需 要准确地表达这些剧目和人物角色的特点。
1、推动文化交流
博物馆作为人类文化遗产的重要载体，是各国间文化交流的重要桥梁。通过外 文翻译，国际观众可以更好地了解不同国家和民族的历史和文化，从而增进相 互之间的了解与友谊。
2、提升博物馆的国际影响力
准确、生动的外文翻译可以提高博物馆的国际知名度，吸引更多国际观众前来 参观，从而提升博物馆的国际影响力。
在博物馆领域，外文翻译的主要对象是展品、文物和相关文献资料的说明与介 绍。这些展品和文物代表了各个国家和民族的历史和文化，因此外文翻译的准 确性对于传达正确的信息至关重要。此外，外文翻译还涉及到展厅的国际化和 本土化问题，如何在保持本土特色的同时满足国际观众的需求，是对外文翻译 的一大挑战。
关键词分析
综上所述，中国戏曲的外文翻译需要考虑到其历史、文化和社会背景，以及其 表演形式和技巧的特殊性，同时也需要准确地表达剧目和人物角色的特点。为 了使翻译更加准确和全面，建议在翻译中使用一些辅助词汇或者加上注释来进 一步解释和补充相关信息。例如，“中国传统戏剧”可以翻译为 “Traditional Chinese Opera”，而“京剧”则可以翻译为“Peking Opera”。也可以在文章中加入相关的背景介绍和文化解释，以便读者更好地 理解和欣赏中国戏曲这一独特的艺术形式。
图书馆的英语单词
图书馆的英语单词图书馆有保存人类文化遗产、开发信息资源、参与社会教育等职能。
那样你知道图书馆的英语单词是什么吗?目前跟我们一起学习关于图书馆的英语常识吧。
图书馆的英语单词librarybibliotheca图书馆的英语例句暴乱者放火烧了当地的图书馆。
The rioters torched the local library.图书馆搬迁的艰巨任务The mammoth task of relocating the library这个图书馆藏书10万卷。
This library has 100000 volumes.那城市有自身的公用图书馆和公园。
The town has its own public library and public gardens.那个图书馆从上午9点到下午6点开放。
The library is open from 9 to 6.我喜爱在图书馆学习。
I like to study in the library.我要去图书馆还这些书。
Im just going to check in these books at the library.还有一些则需要需要亲自光顾图书馆分支机构。
Some others require visiting the library branch in person.那个图书馆吸引了成千上万的学者和研?a href='http:///yangsheng/kesou/' target='_blank'>咳嗽薄?/p> The library attracts thousands of scholars and researchers.我在去图书馆的路上经过了那家商店。
I passed the store on my way to the library.图书馆的英语句子带翻译我经常到图书馆，包括学校图书馆或公共图书馆借阅书籍。
博物馆英语介绍作文带翻译
博物馆英语介绍作文带翻译Museum Introduction。
As one of the most popular tourist attractions in the city, the museum has been attracting visitors from all over the world for many years. It is a place where visitors can learn about the history, art, and culture of the region, and it is also a place where they can appreciate the beauty of the exhibits.The museum is located in the heart of the city, and it is easily accessible by public transportation. The building itself is a work of art, with its modern design and stunning architecture. The interior of the museum is just as impressive, with its spacious galleries and well-lit exhibits.One of the highlights of the museum is its collection of ancient artifacts. Visitors can see everything from pottery and sculptures to jewelry and weapons, all of whichprovide a glimpse into the lives of the people who lived in the region thousands of years ago.Another popular exhibit is the art collection, which includes works by some of the most famous artists of the region. Visitors can see everything from traditional paintings and sculptures to modern installations and multimedia displays.The museum also has a number of interactive exhibits that are designed to engage visitors of all ages. There are hands-on displays that allow visitors to touch and explore the exhibits, as well as multimedia presentations that provide a deeper understanding of the history and culture of the region.Overall, the museum is a must-see attraction for anyone visiting the city. With its impressive collection of artifacts, stunning architecture, and engaging exhibits, it is a place that visitors will want to return to again and again.博物馆介绍。
外文文献
英文文献资料外文文献一：Food safety: the shocking truth about the food industrySource: Author: Marion Nestle、Refrigeration technology, pasteurization, pesticides, disease control, these technologies so that safe food into the 20th century, public health's greatest achievements. This book view is that food safety problems also depend on politics. September 2001 events to dispel this view of the doubts about aviation aircraft used by terrorists as a destruction of weapons to civilians and public figures have anthrax spores sent folder of letters, the consequences of these events shows, food, water can easily become a a tool for terrorists, it has also become the federal government for food safety control problem.This chapter will sum up this book referred to in the various food safety problems. Some of them threatened to keep animals healthy, very few will lead to a number of human diseases. Even so, these issues impact on human well-being is deep; large-scale destruction of breeding animals, affecting the livelihood of many people, limiting personal freedom. The 20th century, 90's and early 21st century, an outbreak of mad cow disease and foot and mouth disease Although this is only because of errors caused by the production process, but still brings a lot of destructive. In contrast, bio-terrorism is the deliberate use of biological and chemical substances to achieve their political objectives. For food safety issues,Bio-terrorism extends food safety issues and political outreach; deliberate destruction, excluding any consequences of innocent injury.In this chapter, we will discuss how the rise of bio-terrorism, food safety issues and extend the extension of food safety issues. In the United States, food safety, usually refers to the family food supply reliability. E-mail from the anthrax incident, the food safety issues, also includes safety from biological terrorism. Our discussion will be the beginning of some zoonotic diseases: such as mad cow disease, foot and mouth disease, anthrax. In recent years, these zoonotic diseases harmful to humans is relatively small. Today, for these zoonotic diseases, we are concerned that they may give rise to disease, destruction of food supply system,To become a tool for bio-terrorism aspect. This chapter summarizes the discussion of this book, fromsociety and from a personal point of view what action should be taken to face these issues, as well as food safety issues present and future.The political animal diseasesOne of the consequences of globalization is that of food cross-border long-distance rapid transit, affecting food supply all kinds of disease can easily spread from one country to another country. Animal diseases have a commercial impact, if a country has come to infectious diseases of animals, other countries will refuse to import the kinds of animal meat. The impact of business at the same time there are political consequences.Britain's mad cow disease and foot and mouth disease occurred as a result of beef in the production process caused by mismanagement, compared to the U.S. anthrax letters is a result of vandalism. However, this three kinds of threatening to cause great panic, they are difficult to detect control, can cause severe disease. Moreover, these three kinds of threats against people for the food supply, as well as confidence in the Government.Mad cow is the mid-20th century, 90 of the most popular of a food security crisis, the epidemic is mainly limited to the United Kingdom. With regard to BSE-related issues and our discussion, mainly because of political issues and scientific issues intertwined Among them, public confidence had a great impact. For example, the British Government in the BSE crisis in the practice is also considered to result in distrust of genetically modified food one of the reasons. The beginning of the 20th century, 80 years, no one had heard of the disease, but in 1999, this disease affects at least 175,000 British cattle. The consequences are very serious: 400 million head of livestock were slaughtered, the loss of 70 billion U.S. dollars,Spread to 18 countries worldwide national boycott of British beef. By 2001 only, although "only" 120 people died of the human variant of mad cow disease, it is estimated the death toll will reach 10 million people. Because mad cow disease revealed the modern politics of food safety issues, it is worth detailing.英文文献中文翻译06013618 胡冬敏外文翻译一：作者：玛丽恩·内斯特尔出版时间：2004年11月食品安全：令人震惊的食品行业真相（美）玛丽恩·内斯特尔冷藏技术，巴氏消毒，杀虫剂，疾病控制，这些技术使安全食品成为20世纪公众健康最伟大的成就之一。
博物馆文物英译的翻译失误及方法探析
- 228-校园英语 / 翻译探究博物馆文物英译的翻译失误及方法探析渭南师范学院外国语学院/姚艳【摘要】物是人类文明发展过程中所遗留下来的珍贵遗产，同时也是城市现代化建设中得天独厚的宝贵资源，因此博物馆文物展品的翻译工作承担着传播中华文明的重担。
本文对博物馆文物展品英译文中出现的各种翻译失误进行了分析和总结，提出一些相应的改进方法，旨在提高博物馆文物展品的翻译质量，促进中华文化的对外交流和传播。
【关键词】博物馆 文物展品 翻译失误一、引言博物馆翻译是跨文化交际的桥梁，翻译的质量直接影响到跨文化交流。
博物馆是人类文化遗产中极其珍贵的财富。
对研究中国古代的政治、军事、科学、艺术等各方面的文化都有十分重要的价值，在旅游业发达的今天，作为中外文化沟通的桥梁，博物馆文物展品的翻译发挥着不可估量的作用。
博物馆文物展品的英译特点是用词准确，语言简练，朴实无华，条理清楚，内容完整。
笔者在参观了当地的几家博物馆之后，发现博物馆文物展品英译的水平质量参差不齐，这对于国外参观者正确了解中国文物是一个巨大的阻碍, 使其无法更好的了解中华文明，因此通过此文为博物馆文物展品的翻译工作提出一些自己的认识见解，希望能引起翻译工作者和相关部门的注意，从而提高整个行业翻译的水平，更好的推动中华文化的对外交流以及传播。
二、博物文物展品英译存在的翻译失误诺德提出，“翻译不仅是两种语言之间的转换，更是一种有目的的跨文化交际行为”。
目的论对翻译失误的定义是“如果翻译的目的是实现某种服务于译文预期读者的功能，那么任何妨害实现该翻译目的的现象就是一种翻译失误”。
“Nord 将翻译失误自上而下地分为四个不同层次，即功能翻译失误，文化翻译失误，语言翻译失误和文本特有的翻译失误”。
功能性翻译失误(pragmatic translation errors) 是最高层次的翻译失误，从某种意义上说它涵盖了译文中的所有翻译失误，因为只要是失误都会直接或间接地损害译文的预期功能。
外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 胜任力模型研究
Research on Competency Model:A Literature Review andEmpirical StudiesAbstractWestern countries have applied competency models to addressing problems existed in their administrative and managerial systems since 1970s，and the findings is positine and promising. However, competency model hasn’t been introduced to China until 1990s and it is still unknown and mysterious to many Chinese managers. This paper aims to uncover the mysterious veil of competency model in order to broaden the horizon of Chinese managers and boost China's human resource development as well as management.Keywords:Competency，Competency Models，Empirical Studies of Competency ModelsIt has been more than 30 years since competency model was utilized to human resource management.In western countries，competency model first displayed its effectiveness in government administration, meanwhile many multinationals and their branch companies applied the competency model to their daily business management and their business was a great success. As the notion of competency is gradually come to light and accepted by people all around the world，more and more enterprises have been trying to build their own competency model under the help of professional consultant firms. As a result，competency model has gradually been a very fashionable phrase in the field of management and quite a few enterprises are thus benefited from it. In recent years, competency model has become a hot spot in the Chinese academia as well as big-，middle- and small-sized enterprises alike，many relevant writings and books have also been translated and published. However, competency and competency model are still mysterious to many Chinese scholars, business managers as well as government administrators.Purpose and Significance of the StudyThe purpose of the study aims to make a critical literature review of the competency model，clarify some confusion related to it and explore its application. The following questions are employed to guide this study:What is competency? What is competency model? What are the theoretical and empirical findings related to competency model?The study illustrates how we could take advantage of competency model in our harmonious society building. On one hand，the study will delineate competency and competency model in order to clarify confusions related to it since it is still strange and mysterious to many Chinese managers and administrators;on the other hand，thestudy would enrich Chinese HRD&HRM in the field of government administration and business management both theoretically and empirically.Research MethodThe present study has utilized qualitative analysis, induction and deduction. Since this research is a literature review in some sense, qualitative analysis will be an indispensable research method; Induction and deduction are applied to both theoretical and empirical studies.In order to enhance the credibility of present research，only the authoritative publications on competency model are reviewed，including books and papers written by foreign and Chinese scholars and HRDHRM practitioners. By searching for the keywords "competency" "competency model" and "competency model building" as well as "empirical studies on competency models"，books and papers written by well-known foreign scholars such as McClelland D. C.，Lyle M. Spencer, Anntoinette D. Lucia, Richard Lepsinger etc.，are available; by the same token，books and papers written by Chinese scholars such as Zhi-gong He，Jianfeng Peng, Shaohua Fang, Nengquan Wu，etc.，could be consulted. All the books and papers are published between 1950s and 2007. In addition, many data cited in this paper comes from empirical studies at home and abroad.FindingsIn this part，a literature review of competency is firstly carried out;then competency model as well as its evolution，development and innovation is delineated;finally empirical studies are reviewed. Empirical studies mainly focus on competency model building and its application to human resource development and management.Understanding CompetencyIn 1973，American scholar David C. McClelland published his paper Testing for Competency Rather Than Intelligence which cited a large amount of research findings to illustratethe inappropriateness of assessing personnel qualities by abusing intelligence tests. Dr. McClelland further explained that some factors (personality, intelligence, value，etc.)which people had always taken for granted in determining work performance hadn't displayed their desired result. As a result，he emphasized that people should ignore those theoretical by pothese and subjective judgements which had been proved groundless in reality. He declared that people should tap directly those factors and behaviors which could really impact their performance (McClelland, 1973). These factors and behaviors were named "competency" by McClelland. The publishing of this paper symbolized the debut of competency research. From then on，many scholars started getting involved into the research on competency and they conceptualizedcompetency from different perspectives as shown in the following table: The above ten concepts of competency have a lot in common:①Competency is motive, trait，value，skill，self-image, social role，knowledge;②Competency is a combination;③Competency should be measurable, observable, instructional，phasic and hierarchical;④Competency is a determinant to outstanding performance.Thus competency is an underlying combination of individual characteristics such as motive, inner drive force, quality, attitude，sole role，self-image, knowledge and skill，it is causally related to criterion-referenced effective and/or superior performance in a job or situation and it is measurable，observable and instructional.Besides，many scholars and consultancy firms believe that competency could be explained under the help of three different models:Iceberg Model. This model treats competency as an iceberg, the part above the water represents behavior, knowledge and skills which are easy to measure and observe，while the part under the water symbolizes underlying qualities such as value，attitude，social role, self-image，traits which are hard to assess，and the deepest part under the water represents the most latent qualities such as inner drive force，social motive, etc. which are most difficult to observe and measure.Onion Model. This model treats competency as an onion, the outer layer represents skills and knowledge which are liable to acquire，the inner layer refers to qualities such as self-image，social role，attitude and value which are relatively difficult to appraise, while the core of the onion symbolizes traits and motives which are most difficult to cultivate and develop.Brain Model. This model stems from the brain mechanism. It presupposes that the brain could be divided into four parts. Each part functions differently. The upper-left part is in charge of competency such as analysing capacity, calculation, strong logic ability; the upper-right part is in charge of competency such as innovation and intuition;the bottom left part is in charge of competency such as organizing ability, planning ability; and the bottom-right part is in charge of competency such as communication ability，perception, etc. Different parts will exert corresponding influence on competency development.Conceptualizations of Competency ModelFew foreign scholars have directly put forward conceptualizations of competency model. By contrast，many Chinese scholars have expressed their opinions on it. The present paper only cites those concepts that have been published by authoritative publishing houses.Jianfeng Peng, a professor in Ch;na Renmin University，together with his students, has studied how to build competency models for effective HR management since 2003. He thought competency model was the combination of differentqualities which were necessary for people to successfully finish a job or achieve superior performance，these qualities included different motives，traits, self-images and social roles as well as knowledge and skill (Jianfeng Peng, 2003). Prof. Peng believed that a competency model was composed of 4-6 competencies that were closely related to performance. Competency models could help managers judge and distinguish key factors that led to superior performance or underperformance. As a result，competency model could be treated as a foundation to improve performance.Professor Nengquan Wu from Sun Yat-sen University published his book Competency Model:Design and Application in 2005，according to his understanding, competency model refers to "proficiencies that people define core competencies of different levels, delineate corresponding behaviors，determine key competencies as well as f inish certain work.”(Nengquan Wu，2005). Prof. Wu conceptualized competency model from the perspective of methodology. He believed that competency model was a unique HRM thinking mode, method and operation flow. On the basis of organizational strategy, competency model could be utilized to enhance organizational competitiveness and improve performance.Shaohua Fang, a senior HRM consultant and expert，provided us with the following definition:"Competency model is to conceptualize and describe the necessary knowledge,skills，qualities and abilities which an employee should have in order to finish work (Shaohua Fang, 2007)”.By taking advantage of definitions of different levels and related behavioral descriptions, people could determine the combination of core competencies and required proficiency to finish work. Hc} pointed out these behaviors and skills must be able to measure，observe and instruct and they should exert a great influence upon personal performance and business success.International Human Resource Institute(IHRI) has also defined competency model:"The so-called competency model is the standardized description and explanation of competencies that could actualize superior performance.”(·IHRI, 2005)IHRI declared that a competency model should include 6^-1 2 competencies.In summary, the first concept mentioned above attaches an importance to the composition of competency model and its function, while all of the rest three concepts emphasize cognitive abilities as well as criterion-referred performance. Thus competency, model is a combination of different competencies which could be observed，delineated，explained and calculated on one hand，and could facilitate superior performance on the other hand.Development and Evolution of Competency ModelIn early 1970, top officials in U. S. Department of State believed that theirdiplomats' se- lection based on intelligence test was ineffective. It was an upset situation for them to find that many seemly excellent people fail to live up to their expectations regarding their work performance. Under such circumstances, Dr. McClelland was invited to help Department of State design an effective personnel selection system which could appraise the actual performance of employees. In that program，McClelland and his colleague Charles Dailey adopted the method of Behavioral Event Interview (BEI) to collect information in older to study factors that influenced the diplomats' performance. Through a series of summaries and analyses, McClelland and Dailey found out the differences between an excellent diplomat and a mediocre diplomat as far as their behaviors and modes of thinking were concerned. In this way, competencies that a diplomat should possess were found out. This program is the earliest empirical application of competency model. And the research findings were two papers: Improving Officer Selection for the Foreign Service (McClelland&Dailey，1972) as well as Evaluating New Methods of Measuring the Qualities Needed in Superior Foreign Service Information Officers(McClelland& Dailey，1973).Mcber and American Management Association (A'MA) also started their research on competency model in the same year. They focused on providing the answer to the question:what kind of competencies should be displayed by successful managers rather than unsuccessful ones? AMA spent 5 years observing 1 800 managers. By comparing the performance of excellent managers and mediocre ones, AMA defined their competencies based on their traits. The research results showed that all the successful managers shared the following 5 competencies:professional knowledge，maturity of mentality, maturity of .entrepreneurship，people relations and maturity of the profession. Of which，only professional knowledge were shared by excellent and mediocre managers (Mcber&.AMA, 1970).Then Prof. Bray carried out 8 years research at AT&T based on technique of assessment center. From the aspectives of abilities, attitudes and traits, etc.，he built a competency model composed of 25 competencies such as interpersonal relations, expression ability, social sensitivity, creativity，flexibility，organizational ability，planning ability, decision-making ability, etc(Bray and Grant，1978).In China，however, researches on competency model are relatively much late.Chinese scholars Chongming Wang and Minke Chen published their paper about competency model in Psychological Science in 1992. They studied 220 senior and middle-level managers of 51 enterprises in 5 cities. After examining and testing the competency model for senior managers on the basis of factor analysis and structural equation modelling, they compiled "Key Managerial Behavior Assessment Scale" (Chongming Wang&Minke Chen，2002).Scholars such as Kan Shi, Jicheng Wang and Chaoping Li took advantage of Behaviocal Event Interview to assess the competency model for senior managers in the industry of telecommunication (Kan Shi，Jicheng Wang&Chaoping Li，2002). Jicheng Wang designed 5 universal competency models for technical personnel，sales people, community service personnel，managers as well as entrepreneurs respectively.Jianfeng Peng and his postgraduate student Xiaojuan Xing built 4 universal competency models for business managers，business technical personnel，marketing personnel as well as HR managers (Jianfeng Peng，2003 ).The above domestic studies illustrate that competency models for middle-level and senior managers have been built based on in-depth interview and questionnairing. Most publications only focus on conceptualizing competency model，its development，behavioral event interview as well as competency model building，most of the findings are theoretical rather than empirical. By contrast，foreign studies are much maturer both theoretically and empirically.Empirical StudiesEmpirical studies highlight the application of competency model to enterprises, governments and other institutions.Nowadays，empirical studies on competency models mainly focus on the following 4 aspects:Staffing and Selection. Besides job standards and skills prescription, more and more businesses have carried out their personnel staffing and selection in light of the candidates' competencies which are crucial to their future performance. This competency-based personnel staffing and selection has connected business strategies and targets to business employees themselves. As a result，the quality of staffing and selection is greatly improved.Performance Management. Businesses which have built their competency models are more interested in the competency rather than the result itself in their performance management. As a result, their performance management style has been competency-driven rather than result-driven. Managers haven’t attached an importance to short-term performance, but current and long-term performances. In such a managerial system，outstanding performance has been easily actualized. Each employee has made most of their core competencies and expertise to make a contribution to their business.Compensation Management.After the competency-based compensation management system is set up, businesses have concentrated on their employees’future development and potential value, which has stimulated employees and managers of all ranks to improve themselves both menetuacy and teconologcal. Competency oases compense lion management system has helped enterprises attract and retain moretalents. In a word，competency model has endowed employees with a sense of respect and creativity.Training and Development. Enterprises which have built their competency models tend to determine core competencies in light of business strategies，environments, employee development planning and performance appraisal. Enterprises decide their training and development priorities on the basis of competency model.Future TrendsDespite that there is a growing body of literature on competency model，research on competency model is still in a premature stage and many questions still remain unanswered. Therefore, further research is required to address several important issues.First of all，although there are growing studies on the impacts of the competency model on organizational outcomes，antecedents of competency model need to be identified and academically explored. Future studies are needed to examine the relationships between the features of competency model and its key antecedent variables such as organizational sttracture.leadership and external environment. For example，it can be reasoned that the features of competency model are likely to be positively correlated with the structures of enterprises, governments as well as other institutions. Secondly，the impact of competency model on performance needs to be thoroughly explored. More studies are needed to examine whether the features of competency model or organizational culture，has direct or indirect impacts on organizational performance. While quite a few HRD and HRM researchers and practitioners have demonstrated that the concept of competency model has a positive impact on organizational performance, however，such impact may be mediated by other important organizational variables. Finally, it is also important to consider the relationships of competency model and other important HR variables such as career development, managerial coaching as well as employee training.Conclusions and DiscussionsIn conclusion，competency model has increasingly exerted profound influence on human resource development and management. While this concept has received an increase in both academic and management fields，there are increasing empirical studies designed to examine the nature of the construct and its relationships with other important organizational variables. More studies are needed to enhance the theoretical and empirical foundations of competency model.胜任力模型研究：文献综述和实证研究摘要20世纪70年代以来，西方国家已经利用胜任力模型来解决存在于行政和管理系统中的问题，其结果是积极且有前途的。
博物馆的作文
博物馆的作文英文回答：A museum is a repository of artifacts, specimens, or other items of historical, cultural, or scientific importance. Museums are usually organized around a specific theme or subject matter, and they may include collections of paintings, sculptures, furniture, costumes, weapons, or other objects that are representative of a particular era, culture, or region.Museums play an important educational role in society. They provide a place where people can learn about history, culture, science, and art. Museums often offer educational programs, such as lectures, workshops, and guided tours, that help visitors to understand the exhibits and learn more about the subjects that they cover.Museums can also be a source of inspiration and creativity. The artifacts and specimens on display canspark new ideas and help visitors to see the world in a new way. Museums can also provide a space for people to come together and share their love of history, culture, and science.In addition to their educational and inspirational value, museums can also be a source of economic benefit for a community. Museums can attract tourists and create jobsin the local area. They can also help to revitalize downtowns and other urban areas.中文回答：博物馆是一个存放具有历史、文化或科学意义的文物、标本或其他物品的地方。
闽南地区博物馆文物名称英译研究
闽南地区博物馆文物名称英译研究随着全方位对外开放的不断深化，国与国之间的交流更加频繁而密切，更是在无形之中衡量着国家间的综合国力。
伴随着新科技革命的发展，综合国力已不能只讲经济力、政治力、军事力、外交力，更要看文化软实力，而博物馆则是体现国家文化软实力的一大重要标志。
中国五千年的悠久历史沉积出了极其雄厚的历史资源、涵养出了极有底蕴的文化内涵。
而中国珍贵遗产宝库中的文物作为历史文化的一种承载体，其命名不是单纯的给予文物一个称谓的形式，更是要以最精炼的笔触对文物文化特征和历史背景做出较为全面的概括。
在外国游客进行对博物馆的参观时，面对数量庞大的文物展品往往缺少精力进行细致的阅览，于是文物名称英译的重要性就突显而出。
如何以最为简练的文笔、在最短的时间内对读者输出主要信息，使读者正确认识文物、完美捕捉其名称中蕴含的信息，进而更好地弘扬中华名族的悠久历史和灿烂文化，是一个重要的课题，这也意味着对译者的要求有所提高。
闽南地区毗邻海岸，文旅产业兴盛，通常是许多外来旅居者的第一“登岸处”，其博物馆于对外宣传具有一定特殊性。
因此，本文选取闽南地区博物馆为例，对博物馆文物的名称英译进行调查，探究闽南地区博物馆文物名称英译的特点及不足之处。
一、文物名称英译的特点及原则翻译作为一种跨语言、跨文化的交流活动，从表层来看，是将一种语言转化成另一种语言的过程，但从深层来看，其中又包含着不同历史、不同国家与不同文化之间的转化与交流。
而文物名称的翻译又具有特殊性，因文物本身具有鲜明的民族特征和丰富的文化内涵，文物名称是了解一件文物最直观快速的方法，既要简洁明了，又要信息全面，还要重视目的语读者的感受，因此，文物名称英译应遵循交际翻译的原则，贴合简洁性、信息性和通文流畅性的英译特点。
首先，在文物的名称中蕴含着有着文化特色的重要信息需要着重翻译，而有些内容可以加以注释或者忽略不译。
在英汉两种语言有着较大的文化差异的前提下，要求译者能够做出合理的取舍。
博物馆-外文翻译-外文文献-英文文献资料讲解
第一篇：航空博物馆与航空展示公园巴特罗米耶杰·基谢列夫斯基飞翔的概念、场所的精神、老机场的建筑---克拉科夫新航空博物馆理性地吸取了这些元素，并将它们整合到一座建筑当中。
Rakowice-Czyzyny机场之前的旧飞机修理库为新建筑的平面和高度设定了模数比例。
在此基本形态上进一步发展，如同裁切和折叠一架纸飞机，生成了一座巨大的建筑。
其三角形机翼是由混凝土制成，却如同风动螺旋桨一样轻盈。
这个机翼宽大通透，向各个方向开敞。
它们的形态与组织都是依据内部功能来设计的。
机翼部分为3个不平衡的平面，使内外景观在不断变化中形成空间的延续性，并且联系了建筑内的视觉焦点和室外的展览区。
新航空展示公园的设计连接了博物馆的8栋建筑和户外展览区，并与历史体验建立联系。
从前的视觉轴线与通道得到尊重，旧的道路得到了完善，朝向飞机场和跑道的空间被限定出来。
每栋建筑展示了一个主题或是一段飞行史。
建筑周围伸展出巨大的平台，为特殊主题的室外展览提供了空间。
博物馆容纳了超过150架飞机、引擎、飞行复制品、成套的技术档案和历史图片。
这里的特色收藏是飞机起源开始的各种飞行器，如Jatho1903、Grade1909、莱特兄弟1909年的飞机模型和1911年的鸽式单翼机。
The first passage:Museum for aviation and aviation exhibition parkBartiomiej KislelewskiThe idea of flying, the spirit of place, the structure of the historic airfield – the new Museum of Aviation in Krakow takes up these references intellectually and synthesizes them into a building. The old hangars of the former airport Rakowice Czyzyny set the modular scale for the footprint and the height of the new building. Developed from this basic shape, as if cut out and folded like a paper airplane, a large structure has been generated, with triangular wings made of concrete and yet as light as a wind-vane propeller. The wings are generously glazed and open in all directions. Their form andarrangement depend on the interior uses. In the floor plans of the wings, the three offset floor layers generate a spatial continuum of varying insights and outlooks, to focal points within the building and to exhibition areas outside.The design of the new aviation park links the eight buildings of the museum and open-air exhibition areas in a joint historical experience. Former view axes and paths are respected, old alleys are completed and spaces towards the airfield and taxiway are defined. Each building exhibits one topic or episode of aviation, with a large base platform extending around it giving spaces for open-air exhibition of the particular themes. The museum contains more than 150 planes, engines, aviation artefacts, sets of technical construction documents and historical pictures. A special feature is the collection of aircraft from the beginning of aviation, such as the Jatho 1903, the Grade 1909, a Wright Brothers model from 1909, and the Etrivh Taube from 1911.第二篇:华沙现代艺术博物馆克里斯蒂安·克雷兹此建筑正逐步向综合性展览与多功能空间的方向发展。
交际翻译理论视角下博物馆外宣翻译原则研究——以故宫博物院英文网站为例
作者简介：陈云萍，翻译硕士。
杜萌萌，通讯作者，副教授。
研究方向：口、笔译理论与实践研究。
收稿日期：2020-7-28（1）2018年8月24日，中国博物馆协会官网公示2014—2016年度国家一级博物馆运行评估结果，在全国96家一级博物馆中，故宫博物院评估结果为优秀；（2）故宫博物院网站的英译采用 “中国本土译者+外国译者”的翻译模式，考虑到了目标语读者的阅读体验，更具研究价值。
因此，本文以故宫博物院英文网站为例，运用交际翻译理论，对博物馆这类外宣文本特有的翻译原则进行探究。
2 文献综述2.1 文物展品解说词翻译原则针对展品解说词翻译，刘庆元（2005）认为，在处理文物翻译这种特殊类别的翻译时，如果“信”与“达”之间存在矛盾，译者应遵守以“达”为先的原则，这样才能达到最佳的译文效果。
杨红英（2012）则提到文物解说词英译应遵从 “读者中心” 的翻译原则。
郦青等（2013）认为丝绸文物解说词英译应遵循“用语专业”“译名统一” “行文简练”和 “读者中心”四原则。
2.2 外宣翻译原则博物馆网站的中译英工作，实质上是一种外宣翻译工作。
黄友义（2004）认为外宣翻译工作应坚持三个原则：贴近中国发展的实际，贴近国外受众对中国信息的需求，贴近国外受众的思维习惯。
仇贤根（2016）认为，外宣翻译人员在工作中应特别遵循四个原则：“内外有别”“外外有别”“含而不露”“以语篇为中心”。
笔者认为，在博物馆网站外宣翻译中，除了基本的外宣翻译原则，博物馆文本特有的翻译原则对译者更具有指导意义。
笔者通过知网检索发现，从交际翻译角度进行博物馆外宣翻译研究的相关文献较少。
因此，笔者从交际翻译理论的视角出发，将博物馆外宣翻译原则归结为目标语读者中心原则、信息突出原则和文化内涵彰显原则。
3 理论依据3.1 交际翻译理论概述纽马克提出，对于属于不同类型文体的原文，译者在翻译中也应采用不同的翻译方法。
在《翻译教程》（A Textbook of Translation ）中，纽马克（2001：39）根据文本功能将文本详细分类为：表达型文本、信息型文本、呼唤型文本。
博物馆历史文物文本英译方法研究
2018年32期总第420期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS博物馆历史文物文本英译方法研究文/周丹【摘要】本文通过对比中西博物馆历史文物英文本语料，发现两者在信息内容和文化内涵传达方面相异。
当下博物馆历史文物文本英译的目的是让历史文物所凝聚的中国历史文化“走出去”，为了更好地服务目的语读者，本文建议采用增译基本信息和增译文化内涵的翻译方法。
【关键词】相异；目的；文化“走出去”；翻译方法【作者简介】周丹(1989-)，女，汉族，四川外国语大学成都学院，英语专业教师，研究生，研究方向：翻译理论与实践，英语教学。
一、语料收集和对比笔者走访了故宫博物院和成都金沙遗址博物馆，拍摄了文物照片并收集了文字材料。
笔者接着查阅了大英和美国大都会博物馆官网，找出了与上述博物馆相近时期、相近形制的文物。
将这些文物作为语料进行对比后，笔者发现了一些现象。
这些现象会给文物英译工作者带去一些思考。
1.基本信息的翻译。
文物的基本信息包含了对文物的表象认识，是对文物进行命名的立足点。
文物的材料、质地、年代、功能用途以及属体名称都是文物的基本表象，属于基本信息。
文物的基本信息解释其为何物，翻译时需要首先传递。
文物的年代信息体现文物所拥有的历史价值，是一件文物区别于其它文物的最重要标志之一。
刘庆元认为虽源语中未标注朝代的起止时间，按惯例，此类译文理应用括号增补上。
从目的语读者角度出发，不能死扣原文。
笔者选取了玉琮作为语料分析对比的对象。
玉琮是一种内圆外方筒型玉器，是古代人们用于祭祀的一种礼器。
(金沙)：玉琮Jade Cong.(英博)：Jade Cong.An important burial jade, carved with faces.文物的功能信息说明文物的基本用途，不同的文物具有不同的功能属性，即使是同一文物在不同时期其功能也有可能不同。
上述语料对比分析可知：大英博物馆通过在文物描述中增补功能信息，金沙博物馆却将没有呈现这一重要信息。
博物馆中的英文介绍
博物馆中的英文介绍English Answer:Museum of Ancient Egyptian Art.The Museum of Ancient Egyptian Art houses one of the world's largest and most comprehensive collections of ancient Egyptian artifacts. The collection includes over 50,000 pieces and spans over 5,000 years of Egyptian history. From monumental sculptures to intricate jewelry, the museum provides visitors with an unparalleled glimpse into the lives, culture, and beliefs of the ancient Egyptians.History.The museum was founded in 1901 by the egyptologist Charles Edwin Wilbour. Wilbour had spent years collecting Egyptian antiquities and wanted to create a place where they could be displayed and studied. The museum'scollection grew rapidly over the years, and in 1933 it moved into its current home in New York City.Collections.The museum's collection is divided into several major areas:Sculpture: The museum has a large collection of Egyptian sculpture, including monumental statutes, reliefs, and funerary figures. Some of the highlights include the statue of Kas, the bust of Nefertiti, and the sarcophagus of Merneptah.Papyri: The museum houses a vast collection of papyri, which are ancient Egyptian manuscripts made from the papyrus plant. The papyri include religious texts, literary works, and everyday documents.Jewelry: The museum has a large collection of Egyptian jewelry, including necklaces, bracelets, rings, and earrings. Many of the pieces are made from gold and silverand are decorated with precious stones.Textiles: The museum has a collection of Egyptian textiles, including clothing, tapestries, and funerary shrouds. The textiles provide insights into the clothing and weaving techniques of the ancient Egyptians.Education.The museum offers a variety of educational programs for visitors of all ages. These programs include lectures, workshops, and guided tours. The museum also has a research library and a conservation laboratory.Exhibitions.The museum regularly hosts special exhibitions on various aspects of ancient Egyptian culture. These exhibitions often feature new discoveries and research from the museum's curators.Visiting the Museum.The Museum of Ancient Egyptian Art is located at 1250 Fifth Avenue in New York City. The museum is open every day from 10am to 5pm. Admission is $15 for adults, $12 for seniors and students, and free for children under 12.中文回答：古埃及艺术博物馆。
自动化专业毕业设计外文翻译--走进数字博物馆展览智能化：模块化的框架,艺术审美的超媒体
毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译译文一：文献出处：Int J Digit Libr (2004) 4: 64–68/Digital Object Identifier (DOI)10.1007/s00799-003-0059-3走进数字博物馆展览智能化：模块化的框架，艺术审美的超媒体摘要在目前基于Web的超媒体环境下，建设和维持一个大规模的互动展览超媒体是一项艰巨的任务。
特别是编排风格繁多的多媒体创作，非常费时费力。
我们把发展智能数字博物馆展览系统作为第一步，本文提出了一种细粒度的模块化框架即分解一个典型的超媒体造型并将其介绍成细粒式模块（FGSM）。
一个基于“单声道媒体处理程序”的超媒体文档和一个数字博物馆展览管理框架已经被设计出来用以帮助我们理解FGSM的概念。
我们已经实施了基于Web的创作系统，允许内容提供商能够有效地构建起集媒体中心，互动性，美观于一体的超媒体网站。
今后，有关的优化和约束求解技术将用来最终实现数字博物馆智能展览的目标。
关键词：数字博物馆;展览;超媒体1．简介“博物馆是人们能够探索灵感，学习和享受的地方。
他们是机构收集，维护和访问，通过文物标本展现他们的社会。
”一个博物馆的基本任务包括收集，保存，研究和教育。
所有这些活动汇集在博物馆展览的公共展坛，目前这些都是博物馆对公众的主要吸引力。
同样，数字博物馆也是意料中必须建设的大型虚拟展览，实现高层次出席。
虚拟展览的主题基本上是一个编舞介绍数位典藏文物。
不论对身体还是虚拟博物馆展览的发展都是一个多学科的任务，通常需要观众专家，内容专家，通信专家和技术专家的积极参与。
由于参观者对博物馆的欣赏模式展览包括思考，理解，发现的相互作用，虚拟展览设计预计将超越只是提供单调平原网页的最终用户。
相反，考虑到美学展览需要提供先进的多媒体演示。
数字博物馆展览网站还必须考虑信息技术可用性优势，提高参与一个互动的个人设置。
然而，在当前基于Web的超媒体环境中，建设和维持一个大规模的吸引力展览的互动超媒体是复杂和困难的。
博物馆藏品英文翻译研讨
博物馆藏品英文翻译研讨作者：刘治选来源：《收藏与投资》2020年第06期摘要：随着社会的不断发展，对外文化交流也变得日益频繁，我国博物馆的藏品英文翻译工作非常重要，这可以向世界传达一个民族、一个国家及一个区域的文化内涵。
由于博物馆的藏品英文翻译专业性较强，涉及的文物比较广泛，这就给翻译工作带来了一定的困难。
在此主要探讨博物馆藏品英文翻译的要点，并从整体到细节进行博物馆藏品英文翻译的探讨，希望可以给大家带来一些借鉴和思考。
关键词：博物馆；藏品；英文翻译；探讨博物馆可以让人们更好地了解一个民族悠久的历史，蕴含的宝贵文化艺术，让人们更好地欣赏这些精神文化和人类物质智慧的结晶，通过这些藏品可以更好地见证人类文明的发展历程，展现中华民族的独特魅力。
随着社会经济的快速发展，博物馆事业取得了丰硕的发展成果，各种科技馆、民族馆、历史馆以及革命馆等也拔地而起，这些极大地丰富了展览内容，更多注重以人为本的经营理念，不断满足人们日益增长的需求。
博物馆藏品英文翻译就是为了更好地适应时代发展需求，从而将博大精深的中华文明推向世界。
一、博物馆藏品英文翻译的要点（一）明确翻译对象博物馆藏品的翻译需要对其文化、历史、特色以及艺术等诸多方面进行诠释，从而为世界传播这些特色的民族文化。
诸如我国广西壮族自治区的博物馆藏品翻译工作，不但是展现广西的历史文化，同时也是对广西少数民族的文化传播过程，让这些特色的民族文化走向全国、走向全世界。
这些独特的边疆文化、民族文化以及民歌文化等都非常具有特色，因此，其藏品翻译工作就显得非常重要，这样可以让更多的外国朋友更好地感受这些异域文化，了解中国悠久的历史[1]。
将藏品印刷成出版物，配有英文翻译，这样的方式更多是考虑外国读者，或者是以英文作为母语的观众，让他们通过阅读的方式去了解文化、了解历史。
所以博物馆藏品英文翻译要充分地考虑这些因素，符合外文传达模式，否则将导致其藏品翻译无法实现真正的价值，达不到良好宣传的效果。
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第一篇：航空博物馆与航空展示公园巴特罗米耶杰·基谢列夫斯基飞翔的概念、场所的精神、老机场的建筑---克拉科夫新航空博物馆理性地吸取了这些元素，并将它们整合到一座建筑当中。
Rakowice-Czyzyny机场之前的旧飞机修理库为新建筑的平面和高度设定了模数比例。
在此基本形态上进一步发展，如同裁切和折叠一架纸飞机，生成了一座巨大的建筑。
其三角形机翼是由混凝土制成，却如同风动螺旋桨一样轻盈。
这个机翼宽大通透，向各个方向开敞。
它们的形态与组织都是依据内部功能来设计的。
机翼部分为3个不平衡的平面，使内外景观在不断变化中形成空间的延续性，并且联系了建筑内的视觉焦点和室外的展览区。
新航空展示公园的设计连接了博物馆的8栋建筑和户外展览区，并与历史体验建立联系。
从前的视觉轴线与通道得到尊重，旧的道路得到了完善，朝向飞机场和跑道的空间被限定出来。
每栋建筑展示了一个主题或是一段飞行史。
建筑周围伸展出巨大的平台，为特殊主题的室外展览提供了空间。
博物馆容纳了超过150架飞机、引擎、飞行复制品、成套的技术档案和历史图片。
这里的特色收藏是飞机起源开始的各种飞行器，如Jatho1903、Grade1909、莱特兄弟1909年的飞机模型和1911年的鸽式单翼机。
The first passage:Museum for aviation and aviation exhibition parkBartiomiej KislelewskiThe idea of flying, the spirit of place, the structure of the historic airfield – the new Museum of Aviation in Krakow takes up these references intellectually and synthesizes them into a building. The old hangars of the former airport Rakowice Czyzyny set the modular scale for the footprint and the height of the new building. Developed from this basic shape, as if cut out and folded like a paper airplane, a large structure has been generated, with triangular wings made of concrete and yet as light as a wind-vane propeller. The wings are generously glazed and open in all directions. Their form andarrangement depend on the interior uses. In the floor plans of the wings, the three offset floor layers generate a spatial continuum of varying insights and outlooks, to focal points within the building and to exhibition areas outside.The design of the new aviation park links the eight buildings of the museum and open-air exhibition areas in a joint historical experience. Former view axes and paths are respected, old alleys are completed and spaces towards the airfield and taxiway are defined. Each building exhibits one topic or episode of aviation, with a large base platform extending around it giving spaces for open-air exhibition of the particular themes. The museum contains more than 150 planes, engines, aviation artefacts, sets of technical construction documents and historical pictures. A special feature is the collection of aircraft from the beginning of aviation, such as the Jatho 1903, the Grade 1909, a Wright Brothers model from 1909, and the Etrivh Taube from 1911.第二篇:华沙现代艺术博物馆克里斯蒂安·克雷兹此建筑正逐步向综合性展览与多功能空间的方向发展。
建筑东侧的画廊空间由街道层开始，就在力求营造艺术的可见性与可及性。
展厅容纳的功能定位于更广泛的大众----波兰和国际艺术界的“知名人士”将在这里展示他们的作品。
首层空间服务于多种功能----一个大型报告厅和电影院将设置在这里，同时还有一个大型书店、南向观景餐厅、中心广场、以及一个名为“华沙画廊”的附加展示空间----目的是要将当地艺术的气氛、各项目间有趣的互动纳入外界视觉艺术的构架。
博物馆的主要门厅朝向Marszalkowska大街和未来的中心广场，并与博物馆上面各层相连。
巨大的、如圆形剧场般的楼梯将参观者引导上来，宽敞的接待大厅将整个楼层分两个部分：巨大的东侧展厅和西侧的画廊。
展厅高达16m，具有大教堂般的空间体验，并将容纳大尺度的雕塑类和放置特定的展览项目。
建筑西翼将容纳博物馆的核心部分，即永久展厅，是按照20世纪与21世纪波兰与国际艺术发展史分区设置的展览。
附加空间用于对艺术档案与文件的探索与研究。
正如开幕展上博物馆临时馆长所说的，“我一睁开眼睛，就会看到一部电影，是那些1960年代、1970年代前南斯拉夫的实验艺术。
”在博物馆系列画廊后面是图书馆和阅览室，通过独立的楼梯和街道层入口与首层相连。
通过整合两个楼层的功能、人性化的展览布局、教育区与娱乐区，以及将结构与立面结合的屋顶构件理念，这些措施使该项目达到了最大程度的和谐与统一的效果。
The second passage:Museum of modern art in warsawChristian KerezThe building is gradually evolving towards the full integration of exhibition and multi-function spaces. The art will be visible- and reachable- from the street level at the gallery space in the east wing of the building .That exhibition hall will host a program aimed at the wide public –“big names” in both Polish and international art will be shown here.The spaces on the ground floor will offer a varied program-both the large auditorium and the cinema hall will be located here, together with a large bookshop, restaurant overlooking the southern, central plaza, and an additional exhibition space, called “The Warsaw Gallery” –aimed at the local artistic milieu, interesting debuts as well interdisciplinary projects, reaching outside the visual arts framework.The main lobby of the Museum will be opened towards both Marszalkowska street and the future central plaza, and it will also connect to the upper floor of the Museum. Wide, amphitheatre-like stairs will lead visitors up, where a roomy reception lobby bisects the whole floor, dividing the vast east exhibition room, reaching 16 meters in height, will give a cathedral-like experience and will host large-scale sculptural and site specific projects.The western wing will house the core of the Museum, i.e. its permanent collection halls, followed by rooms for historical exhibitions of Polish and international art of the 20th and 21st centuries. Additional space will host research projects, aimed at exploration of artistic archives and documentation, such as the inaugural exhibition “As soon as Iopen my eyes, I see a film. Experiment in the art of Yugoslavia in the 1960’s and 1970’s.” held at Museum temporary HQ. Behind that set of galleries the museum library and reading rooms will be located, connected to the ground floor through independent staircases and entrance from the street level.The integration of the functional program on two floors, visitor-friendly layout of exhibition, educational and leisure areas, as well as the architectonic concept of the roof which combines both the construction and façade of the building-all those steps lead towards a maximum of coherence and unity of the project.第三篇:波兰犹太人历史博物馆拉赫戴尔玛马赫兰姆基2005年春举办了波兰犹太历史博物馆的国际设计竞赛。