服务贸易外文翻译
国际服务贸易外文文献翻译
国际服务贸易外文翻译文献(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：《World Development》，2015，12（1）：35-44.英文原文The research of international service trade and economic growth theoryChakraborty Kavin1 IntroductionThe study of the relation between international trade and economic growth is one of the most active issues. Since 1980s, the world has been in transition from national economy orientating towards natural resources and manufacturing industry to global and regional economy orientating towards information resources and service industry. After the signature of GA TS in1994, the institutional arrangements on liberalizing service trade result in a world-wide involvement division and exchanges of service trade, and it is undoubtedly that the positive interaction between service trade and investment leads to economic growth. But the theoretical research on service trade lags behind practice.Is it a statistic phenomenon or a universal rule of economic growth? To approach the above two issues from theoretical and empirical perspective is of great value to policy-making.For the proposition of that "International service trade will drive economic growth". Theoretical analysis shows that although service tradeis not a direct interpretative variable to economic growth, it can effect economic growth indirectly through other growing factors and technology upgrade, but the ways and mechanisms are different in different stages. In a certain stage of economic development, service trade (including investment) will have static and dynamic effect on factors supply and technology upgrade in one county, which will lead to the domestic alteration of resources condition structure. It is the enterprises that select industry structure, technology structure and trade structure according to dynamic alteration way of comparative technology structure and trade structure, which will ultimately promote evolution of economic growth gradually. So far as operational mechanism of service trade and investment is concerned, service trade affects factors supply in one country by physical capital accumulating effect, human capital effect, technology upgrade effect, institutional transition effect, employment effect and externality of technology, then influences the upgrade of industrial structure, the upgrade of technological structure and the transition of mode of economic growth. It is obvious that dynamic effect is greater than static effect; that external effect is playing more important role than internal effect; and that technology spillover effect of foreign direct investment in service industry is greater than that of service trade in a narrow sense (including across-border supply, consumption abroad and movement of natural person).For the research of mechanism about how service trade drive economic growth. Firstly, the paper verifies the causality between service trade and economic growths concerning different economic bodies and the representative countries. The results show that there are causalities between international service trade and economic growth in the whole world, in the developed countries, in the US and in china. In the developing countries, service trade is the Granger cause of economic growth; In the whole world and the developing countries, economic growth is the Granger cause of service trade; In the US, service export is the Granger cause of economic growth, and economic growth is the Granger cause of service import. On this basis, it is concluded that the opening of service industry will benefit economic growth in one country. Secondly, in order to explore on how the service trade and investment act on economic growth, empirical studies are employed to explain the case of US and that of China. The results show that the routes by which service trade affects economic growth in the US can be rowed as follows from more significant to less: employment effect, human capital effect, physical capital effect, technology effect, institution effect. The results of empirical analysis of China can be summarized that: the routes by which service export affects economic growth can be rowed as follows: employment effect, physical capital effect, institution effect, human capital effect, technology effect; the routs by which service import affectseconomic growth can be rowed as follows: technology effect, institution effect, employment effect, human capital effect, physical capital effect; the routes by which FDI in service affects economic growth can be rowed as follows: technology effect, human capital effect, institution effect, employment effect, physical capital effect. Moreover, the effect of FDI in service is stronger than service import, and the effect of service import is stronger than service export.According to the empirical test in this paper, the conclusion can be drawn as follows: service trade in a narrow sense will have static and dynamic effects on factor supply in one country through import and export of service, FDI in service industry is one of the most important cross-border transactions and is another important channel which will affect the transition of advantages on factor supply in one country. It should be emphasized that the above-mentioned channels will have different effects on countries at different stages of economic development. Whether the roles can be brought into play or not depends on given restraints. The input output of factors themselves cannot form a clear function, but will interact together and act on economic growth hand in hand through numerous feedback chain.Chinese economy is now undergoing transformation from elementary age to middle age of industrialization. Service trade and investment in current period have both advantages and disadvantages.Based on these judgments, we propose that China should pursue a policy favoring protectionism on management of service trade and adopt relevant countermeasures as follows. Scientific development view should be formed with an eye to harmonizing development of three industries so as to lay a solid industries foundation for service trade; The strategic programming should be stipulated and the market of service trade should be opened gradually; The rule of international transfer of service trade should be mastered and environment of utilizing foreign investment on service industry should be improved.As the characteristics of the world's service-oriented economy have gradually emerged, service trade originating from the upgrading of industrial structure has developed rapidly, and the scale of service trade is rapidly expanding. From the statistical data, the total exports of world service trade rose rapidly from 365 billion U.S. dollars in 1980 to 377.779 billion U.S. dollars in 2008, an increase of 9.35 times. Compared with the trade of goods with a long history, service trade is a new form of trade. With the continuous increase in absolute size and relatively low levels, service trade has become a focus of attention in modern society.2 The impact of overall service trade on economic growthAccording to the WTO General Agreement on Trade in Services (GA TS), which was signed in 1994, trade in services includes Cross- border Supply, Consumption A broad, Commercial Presence, and naturalperson mobility. (Movement of Natural Persn) Four modes. The service trade of these four modes has completely different properties and characteristics. Therefore, it is difficult to establish a unified theoretical framework for service trade to affect economic growth. The corresponding literature is very rare. The only foreign documents are mainly Robinson et al. (2002), who simply regard service trade as a commodity. Trade, without taking into account differences in the four trade models, studied the economic growth effects of service trade liberalization using the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model.Using empirical methods to study the literature on the impact of overall service trade on economic growth is more, but such studies are mostly domestic scholars. Research shows that the average contribution of China's overall service trade to economic growth is 18.9%.3 Effect of Service Trade in Different Industries on Economic GrowthAt present, the literature on the impact of industry trade in service trade on economic growth is mostly concentrated in such service sectors as finance, telecommunications, and health care. These studies have basically reached a relatively unanimous conclusion that the opening of the service sector or the increase in productivity can significantly promote economic growth. . For example, studies by Beck et al. (1998), M urinde & Ryan (2003), and Eschenbach (2004) suggest that the opening of the financial sector has, to a certain extent, broken the monopoly of domesticfinancial markets and prompted the orderly competition of financial markets. On the normal development track, productivity has improved, and it has finally led to economic growth in the country. Kim (2000) studied the relationship between the development of service trade in the distribution sector and the growth of total factor productivity (TFP) using Korea's input-output data. The results show that the liberalization of service trade not only significantly promoted its own TFP. The promotion also promoted the improvement of total factor productivity in the related manufacturing sector. The total factor productivity growth brought about by service trade almost covered the entire economic sector.4 Effect of Service Trade on Economic Growth by Different Trading ModesThere are few literatures on specific transaction models and theoretical studies on the impact of trade in services on economic growth. Carr et al. (2001) & M arkusen et al. (2005) theoretically examined the commercial existence model by means of the CGE model. The impact of the trade in services on economic growth shows that the opening up of trade in services is an important source of the increase in economic welfare of a country. From the perspective of economic welfare, the opening up of trade in services is a general trend. Subsequently, the use of CGE models to theoretically examine the impact of service trade on economic growth began to prevail. For example, Rutherford et al. (2005)used the CGE model to evaluate Russia's WTO accession effects, and Ko nan &Maskus (2006) used CGE models. The potential effects of Tunisia's elimination of barriers to trade in services were studied. Their conclusions indicate that the increase in the level of economic welfare in one country can benefit from the opening up of the service market, while the elimination of FDI market access barriers in the service sector is a pattern of four trades. The most important liberalization measures are the main sources of increased welfare in a country. There are a lot of literatures on the relationship between service trade and economic growth in specific models using empirical methods. In the four modes of trade in services, commercial presence is the most important one, and from the point of view of data availability, although statistical data is still not very accurate, commercial existence of service trade is based on service industry FDI as a carrier. To achieve this, researchers can use service industry FDI data to characterize the scale of service trade in this model, and this type of trade model has received more attention. Among them, Markusen (1989) believes that the existence of commercial trade in services has two positive and negative effects. The positive effect is that competition in the service sector has led to an increase in domestic demand for the sector’s production factors, which is conducive to output growth. The effect of market size and negative effects means that the intensified competition in the domestic market of service industries has led to the withdrawal ofdomestic service-oriented enterprises from the market. The study by Markusen (1989) shows that the effect of market size after the opening of the service market far exceeds the crowding-out effect. After offsetting the crowding-out effect, it can still promote the productivity improvement of the non-service sector and further lead to the structure of domestic trade in goods. The changes, those sectors that were previously low in productivity and dependent on imports, will evolve into high-productivity export sectors, which is quite similar to the latest research findings on the interactive development of producer services and manufacturing. Hoekman (2006) and Hoekman (2006) used India as an example to examine the impact of the existence of commercial trade in services in the finance, telecommunications, and transportation sectors on the competitiveness of the goods export sector, and believe that these sectors have been liberalized. The level of soft facilities has been increased, which in turn has greatly reduced the operating costs of the downstream product manufacturing sector, which has increased the export competitiveness. With the inefficiency of the domestic service industry, the unfavorable pattern is reversed with the help of commercial presence of service trade. Feasible choice. Guerrieri et al. (2005) took the EU as the research object and analyzed the role of commercial trade in services for knowledge accumulation and economic growth. The study concluded that the openness of the service market or the relaxation of domesticservice regulations has positively promoted economic growth. It was found that the imported service items may be more able to promote economic growth than the domestic same service items due to high technological content.5 Possible Future Research DirectionsIt is not difficult to find from the above-mentioned documents that since the development of service trade started late, research on the growth of service trade began to rise gradually from the 1980s, and more than 20 years of research in this area is in the ascendant. With the further enhancement of the status of trade in services, the possible directions for future research will generally include the following aspects.From the point of view of research methodology, classification of service trade can be studied. As the theory of goods trade has gradually matured, the development practice of service trade still calls for the birth of the theory of service trade. Helpman and Markusen, international economists, expressed on different occasions that the difficulty in establishing the theoretical system of service trade lies in the fact that there are large differences in various types of service trades, and it is difficult for researchers to overcome the gap between them. Classifying service trade according to certain standards and exploring the impact of various types of service trade on economic growth is a possible direction for future research.From the perspective of the research subjects, it is possible to study China’s service trade and economic growth. China’s GDP has already ranked second in the world. However, the service industry’s added value accounted for only 40% of GDP, which is obviously not commensurate with the status of an economic power. In addition, the trade in services is still relatively small compared to the trade in goods. Under such a realistic background, what is the relationship between China's service trade and economic growth? How will service trade contribute to China's economic growth? What impact will service outsourcing have on China's economy? With China in In the next decade, how will China make service trade an engine of economic growth? From the academic point of view, economists from all countries are paying attention to China’s economic development, and China’s service trade will also be improved. It will become a research hotspot.From the perspective of research topics, it is possible to study the impact of service outsourcing on economic growth. In 2008, the scale of global service outsourcing market has reached 1.5 trillion US dollars. According to the UNCTAD (UNCT AD) speculation, the global service outsourcing market will increase by 30%-40% in the next 5-10 years.The surging service industry outsourcing is a new form of service trade. How does service outsourcing drive economic growth through employment, industrial structure upgrading, and technology spillovers?What are the differences in the impact of contracting and receiving services on economic growth in the service industry? Research on these issues will start with the development of service outsourcing to important theoretical guidance.中文译文国际服务贸易与经济增长理论与实证研究Chakraborty Kavin1 引言国际贸易与经济增长始终是国际经济学最生动的论题之一。
英国服务贸易发展现状分析报告1
英国国际服务贸易报告摘要服务贸易又称劳务贸易(trade in services)，指国与国之间互相提供服务的经济交换活动。
服务贸易有广义与狭义之分，狭义的服务贸易是指一国以提供直接服务活动形式满足另一国某种需要以取得报酬的活动。
广义的服务贸易既包括有形的活动，也包括服务提供者与使用者在没有直接接触下交易的无形活动。
伴随着国际分工的不断深入和产业结构的不断优化，服务业和服务贸易在世界各国经济发展中的战略地位不断提升。
作为第一次工业革命的发源地，西方主要发达国家之一，英国的服务贸易发展迅速，在世界服务贸易领域的地位十分重要，是国际服务贸易的重要输出国。
英国服务业发展状况分析英国服务业发展概况在互联网时代，信息技术高度发展，高新技术产业取得巨大突破，拥有发达工业体系的英国完成了产业升级，服务业迅速发展，日益成为英国经济增长的动力源泉。
进入21世纪以来，服务业占英国GDP的比重已经高达70%，成为英国国民经济的命脉。
在三产结构上，2000年为：1：28：71；2005年为1：26：73；2007年为1：23：76。
可见，第三产业不管是在比例上还是GDP贡献上，已经成为英国经济的“大腿”。
在吸纳就业上，英国服务业也是当之无愧的“大腿”。
早在1901年，英国服务业的从业人员就占总人口的36%，2000年，英国第三产业从人员比例达到73%，2006年英国第三产业从业人员人数约为2210万，约占总人口比重的76.4%，服务业已经成为英国吸纳就业的主要场所。
英国服务业基本情况在英国的标准产业分类（SIC）定义中，服务业类属 G 至 Q 序列，主要包括批发与零售贸易，酒店与餐厅，运输与通讯，金融中介，房地产、租赁与商业和商业活动，公共管理与防卫，教育，卫生与社会工作，其他社会、个人与私人家政服务等十大类。
在英国，上述各个服务行业有不同的管理规定与监管机构。
同时，也是由具体行业管理机构或组织负责某行业的贸易促进相关事宜。
服务贸易(WTO组织规则与运行-四川师范大学,潘路佳)
政府采购与补贴
原则上该协定有关国民待遇和市场准入的各项规则不适用 于成员方涉及政府采购的法律、规章和要求；
不过政府采购只能是为政府的目的，用于商业转卖或服务 提供中商业销售的政府采购不在其内。
成员方应在世界贸易组织协定生效之日起两年内就服务贸 易协定中的政府采购问题进行多边谈判。
13
GATS的基本结构
框架协定
条款部分：序言和6个部分共29条构成，规定适用 于所有成员的基本权利和义务。
附录：8个，旨在处理特定服务部门及服务提供方 式所引起的特殊问题。
成员的具体义务承诺表
每一成员应制定一项承担特定义务的具体承诺表， 说明市场准入和国民待遇的范围、条件、限制及承 诺生效时间等。
国际服务贸易是伴随着国际货物贸易发展而发展起 来的。
各国产业结构的调整和发展中心向服务业转移是促 进国际服务贸易发展的另一个重要因素。
不少国家意识到促进服务贸易发展的重要性，并先 后确定了以服务业为导向的经济发展政策。
6
国际服务贸易的发展现状及特征
国际服务贸易的平均增长率超过货物贸易，服务贸 易额已占到全球贸易额的25％。
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服务贸易的范围
十、文化、娱乐及体育服务 十一、交通运输服务 十二、其他服务
19
服务贸易领域的一般责任与纪律
最惠国待遇
"每一成员方给予任何其他成员方的服务 或服务提供者的待遇，应立即无条件地以 不低于前述待遇给予其他任何成员方相同 的服务或服务提供者。"
两个例外: 一成员可保持一项与第l款不相符合的措施 边境贸易
11
GATS对国际服务贸易发展的价值
为国际服务贸易的发展创立了可资遵循的 国际标准
服务贸易的开放度与经济增长外文翻译(可编辑)
服务贸易的开放度与经济增长外文翻译外文翻译原文Openness in Services Trade and Economic GrowthMaterial Source: Eeonomies Letters Volume92,IssueZ,2006,p.277一283 Author: El Khoury Antoine and Savvides.AndreaabstractThis paper examines the relationship between openness in services trade and economic growth. We estimate a threshold regression model to test whether openness in services trade has a different impact on low- and high-income countries. We consider openness in both telecommunication and financial services. Results confirm the existence of a two- regime split with low-income economies benefiting from greater openness in telecommunication services and high-income economies from financial services openness.Key Words: Services trade, telecommunication services, financial services, economic growth.Openness in Services Trade and Economic Growth1. IntroductionThe costs and benefits of openness to international trade for economic growth have been studied extensively. Diverse measures of openness to trade have been used referring mainly to trade in commodities and include, inter alia, the share of exports/imports in GDP, measures of the prevalence of tariffs/quotas in commodity trade, or general qualitative indicators of openness. Studies, on the whole, demonstrate the positive effects of international trade e.g. Dollar, 1992; Frankel and Romer, 1999; and Sachs and Warner, 1995 though dissenting views have been voiced e.g. Rodríguez and Rodrik 2001.To date, very little has appeared on the growth effects of openness in services trade. This should, perhaps, not be surprising given that services constitute a new dimension in regional and multilateral trade agreements, especially within the auspices of recent and proposed WTO trade rounds. The view that greater openness in services trade is associated with higher growth seems to have taken hold amongst some policy makers recentlyEmpirical evidence on this issue, however, has been scant.A recent article in The Economist2004 emphasizes the fact that a well-established infrastructure is necessary in order for openness in services trade to have a positive impact on growth. The article is concerned whether “…ICTs[information and communication technologies] might have less impact on productivity in poor countries than in rich countries” and “… whether a certain threshold level ofadoption is required before the productivity benefits of ICTs kick in.” It questions whether the benefits from liberalizing trade in services are the same for low- and high-income countries.The objective of this paper is twofold: first, to add to the very limited evidence on the effects of liberalizing trade in services on economic growth; second, to test the hypothesis that a threshold level of development per capita income exists in the relationship between services trade openness and economic growth, and the corollary that the benefits from service trade liberalization do not materialize until such a threshold is achievedWe focus on two service industries: telecommunication and financial services.To test the underlying hypothesis we use the threshold regression TR model, an econometric technique that selects endogenously and tests simultaneously the existence of a threshold level of per capita income.2. The threshold regression model and openness in services tradeHansen’s 2000 TR model allows for an endogenous sample splitHe develops a sequential search algorithm to determine the value of the threshold and a Lagrange multiplier test for its significance. Papageorgiou 2002 uses the TR model in the context of a growth regression and finds that initial income per capita is a significant first-round threshold indicator. In subsequent rounds, literacy and general openness to trade the share of exports plus imports in GDP are alsosignificant threshold indicators.In our model, the threshold variable is initial income per capita and the underlying hypothesis is that the impact of service trade openness on economic growth depends on a country’s level of development income per capitaWe estimate the following growth regression model:g i?XiOPtelOPfinlnGDP??lnGDPi gi??XiOPtelOPfinlnGDPi?lnGDPiwhere i g is the average annual growth rate of per capita GDP for country i, Xi a vector of conditioning variables, OPtel and OPfin measure openness in telecommunication and financial services trade, respectively, lnGDPi is the log initial level of per capita income, and, ?11 ,,?15??and ?21,, ?25??are the threshold level and parameter vectors to be estimated, respectively.The focus of this study, the indices OPtel and OPfin, are from Mattoo, Rathindran and Subramanian 2001. They are constructed to reflect a policy-based measure of liberalization of a country’s services sectors. They assume values from 1 to 9 telecommunication services and 1 to 8 financial services with higher values indicating greater openness. The construction of the telecommunications index was based on market structure, the degree of foreign ownership and the existence of independent regulators. The financial openness index was based on market structure, foreign equity, and Dailami’s 2000 capital control index that takes into consideration the coding of rules, regulations andadministrative procedures that can affect capital flows. One value of each index is available for each country referring to observations during the early 1990s.The dependent variable is the average annual growth rate between 1990 and 2000 to reflect the availability of the two indexes during the early 1990s. The vector of conditioning variables, X i , includes: the government consumption/GDP ratio, lagged investment rate, inflation rate, mean years of total schooling in the population above 15 a measure of human capital and the ratio exports plus import/GDP. These variables were selected as representative of conditioning variables in the growth literature e.g. Levine et al., 2000. Data for all these variables are from the World Development Indicators, except for mean years of schooling from the Barro-Lee database. All conditioning variables are decadal averages.3. Empirical resultsResults are in Table 1The first four columns 1-4 show least squares estimates without a threshold. Column 1 is our basic growth specification. An issue of concern is that our two service trade indexes may be correlated with the general degree of openness and, thus, may proxy for the effects of overall trade openness. For this reason, the second specification column 2 includes an indicator of overall trade openness the ratio of imports plus exports to GDP. The third specification omits the investment rate to investigate the channels physical capital accumulation orproductivity via which service openness influences growth .The final specification column4 omits both the investment rate and overall trade opennessThe estimates show that greater openness in the telecommunication as well as financial services sector does not have a significant effect on growth. The conditioning variables have the expected signs but, except for investment in physical capital, trade openness and government size in some specifications, are insignificant.Next, we employ the TR model. The bootstrapped Lagrange multiplier test statistics with 1000 replications are significant for all specifications p-values 0.011, 0.009, 0.016 and 0.066. Therefore, income per capita splits the sample significantly. The least squares estimate of??? is consistent across specifications:??$3310 for specifications 1-3 and$3150 for specification 4.1 For the first three specifications the threshold level divides the sample of 60 countries into two subsamples 23 countries below and 37 above;2 for the final specification it divides the sample into a lower-income 21 and a higher-income group 39.Columns 1a-4a show parameter estimates for observations below the threshold and columns 1b-4b for observations above the threshold that correspond to the four specifications 1-4.The fit of the TR regressions as represented by R2 improves compared to least squares estimationFor countries below the threshold the relationship between openness intelecommunication services trade and growth is positive and highly significant; there is no evidence, however, of a significant relationship between openness in financial services and growth. For countries above the threshold the results are reversed: there is evidence of a positive and in two specifications significant relationship between openness in financial services trade and growth, but no such evidence for openness in telecommunication services trade.3 Overall trade openness has a positive and significant impact on growth for the high-income group and also a positive and marginally significant effect for the low-income groupWhen the investment ratio is excluded from the control variables in the final two specifications, the main result concerning the estimated coefficients for services openness for the two groups remains valid. We interpret this as evidence consistent with openness in services trade influencing the rate of economic growth both through physical capital accumulation and productivity growth. Finally, in contrast to the results for the complete sample, we note evidence favorable to conditional convergence for the two groups of countries separately, an observation consistent with the notion of convergence clubs. Because our results are based on the sample split via the TR model, we tested their robustness to alternative methods of sample splitting. One alternative is to introduce interaction terms between initial per capita income and the two indices of openness in services trade. The parameter estimates witht-statistics in parentheses for specification 2 similar results hold true for the other specifications are:g0.029?0.023GovernmentSize?0.00094 Inflation+0.00107 Human Capital0.54 0.62 0.90 1.01+ 0.0456 Investment Rate + 0.00004 Trade Openness0.0045 Initial Income1.48 1.36 0.63+ 0.0174 OPTel ? 0.0147 OPFin0.0020 Initial Income × OPTel3.13 1.86 3.02+ 0.0019 Initial Income × OPFin R20.341.85These estimates confirm the results of the TR modelBoth interaction effects are highly significant, as are the estimated coefficients for both service openness indicators. Importantly, the coefficient on telecommunication services openness is positive and its interaction with initial income is negative, while the opposite is true for financial services. This would indicate that telecommunication services openness has a positive impact on growth for low-income economies that diminishes as per capita income increases and vice versa for financial services, a conclusion that is in line with the TR model results. Based on these estimates, we can compute the level of income at which the impact of telecommunications openness on growth switches from positiveto negative and vice versa for financial services openness: it is $6003 for telecommunication services openness and $2291 for financial services openness.Our findings on the growth effects of openness in telecommunication services trade for lower-income economies and financial services for higher-income economies brings into focus the issue of physical and human capital infrastructureWe conjecture that lower-income economies benefit from greater telecommunications openness because the degree to which investment in telecommunication services is successful in boosting productivity is linked to the availability of physical capital, a complementary factor. Efforts to liberalize telecommunication services trade by lower-income economies frequently elicit foreign direct investment that contributes to raising productivity growth in the sector. For financial services, human capital a key complementary factor is in relative scarcity in lower-income economies and a factor that cannot be enticed from abroad, following liberalization.4 Moreover, lower income countries do not have the requisite institutional or regulatory structures to ensure the effective functioning of the financial sector as intermediary between savers and investors, something that greater openness of their financial sectors is unlikely to remedy.One concern with our results is the possible endogeneity of thetwo service openness indices. Several points are worth noting here. First, as indicated earlier, the service openness indices are based on observations largely from the first half of the 1990s while the growth rate is the average over the 1990-2000 decadeSecond, the correlation coefficient between the two service openness measures and the average growth rate is low: 0.11 for OPTel and 0.02 for OPFin both insignificant. Finally, we attempted to instrument for the service openness indices with the lagged growth rate but it turned out to be a poor instrument:the regression of each of the two service indicators on the lagged 1980-1990 growth rate yielded a positive but insignificant coefficient in both cases t-ratio 1.13 and 1.08 and the R2 was very low for both regressions approximately 0.02 in both cases. Given the way our service openness indices were measured, the low correlation coefficient between the two service openness indicators and growth, the persistence of growth rates across time a stylized fact and the low predictive power of the lagged growth rate for the service openness indicators, we do not expect endogeneity to be an important source of bias for our results.4. ConclusionThis study aims to measure the effect of openness in telecommunication and financial services on economic growth for countries at different stages of economic development. We look at whether the impact of greater openness in these services on growth is different for low- andhigh-income countries. We find evidence of a positive and significant relationship between openness in telecommunication services and growth for countries with income per capita below an endogenously determined threshold level and no evidence of a significant relationship for countries above the same threshold. Concerning the financial services sector, the results are reversed: there is evidence of a positive and significant relationship between openness and growth for countries with income per capita above the threshold and no significant relationship for countries below the threshold.References[1]“Canyon or Mirage,” 2004, The Economist, January 22.[2]Dailami. M.2000, “F inancial openness, democracy andredistributive policy,” World Bank Institute.[3]Dollar. D., 1992, “Outward-oriented developing economies really do grow more rapidly: evidence from 95 LDCs 1976-1985,” Economic Development and Cultural Change 40, 523-544.[4]Frankel. J, and D. Romer, 1999, “Does trade cause growth?” American EconomicReview 89, 379-399.[5]Hansen, B.E., 2000, “Sample splitting and threshold estimation,” Econometrica 68, 575-603.[6]Levine, R., N. Loayza and T. Beck, 2000, “Financial interme diation and growth: Causality and causes,” Journal of Monetary Economics 46, 31-77.[7]Mattoo, A., R. Rathindran, and A. Subramanian, 2001, “Measuring services trade liberalization and its impact on economic growth: An illustration,” World Bank Working Pap er No. 2655.[8]Papageorgiou, C., 2002, “Trade as a threshold variable for multiple regimes,” Economics Letters 77, 85-91.[9]Rodríguez, F. and D. Rodrik, 2001, “Trade policy and economic growth: Askeptic’s guide to cross national evidence,” in B.S. Bernan ke and K.S. Rogoff eds.: NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2000, Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 261-325.[10]Sachs, J.D. and A.M. Warner, 1995, “Economic reform and the process of global integration,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,1-118.译文服务贸易的开放度与经济增长资料来源:经济报92卷作者:安东尼尔本文主要研究服务贸易的开放度与经济增长之间的关系。
第九章 对外服务贸易
二、透明度与国内法
《服务贸易总协定》的透明度原则要求，成员方应当及时 公布影响服务贸易自由化规则的所有措施。若成员方新制定或 修改后的法律、法规和行政措施对该成员在《服务贸易总协定 》具体承诺产生影响，则应当及时通知服务贸易理事会。
在各国的国内法方面，《服务贸易总协定》要求成员方以 合理、客观、公正的方式实施影响服务贸易的所有措施；在合 理的期限内答复外国服务商提供某种服务的申请；提供司法或 其他程序，便利服务商就影响其贸易利益的行政决定提出复议 申请；成员方对服务商的资格要求、服务技术标准及许可的发 放等不应构成不必要的贸易限制，应当确保不削弱或损害各成 员已作出的具体承诺。
4.自然人流动
它指服务提供者以自然人的身份进入其他国家并向当地的 消费者提供服务。 此外，服务贸易还包括其他的官方（如外交及其他官方相 关机构）和民间服务等。有关资料表明，技术贸易、金融、电 信、建筑和旅游在国际服务贸易中占为主地位。
二、国际服务贸易的发展
二次大战后，科技革命的发展使各产业日益专业 化，各国特别是发达国家的产业结构发生了由制造业 为主向第三产业为主的重大升级变化，跨国公司的国 际投资网络日趋发达，世界贸易持续发展，一批发展 中国家和地区积极参与国际经济技术合作，使国际服 务贸易得到空前的发展。据统计，1970—1980年间， 国际服务贸易额由728亿特别提款权猛增至3155亿特 别提款权，1986年继续增加为4049亿特别提款权，即 在十余年间增长了4.56倍。与同期世界商品贸易额相 比，二者的比例约为1：4。
（二）国际承包劳务合作
国际承包劳务合作是指一国的企业通过签订合同 ，以对外承包工程或派出劳务人员的方式，向其他国 家企业提供劳务服务并获取盈利的经济合作活动。 国际承包劳务合作有两种主要方式: 1.国际承包工程:即一国具有法人地位的从事国际 建设工程项目的公司或联合体，在国际市场上通过投 标或接受委托与国外业主签订合同，并根据合同要求 承建某项工程，获取经济利益的劳务合作。国际承包 工程通常采取独家承包、分包、联合承包等具体方式 进行；
服务贸易与货物贸易的差异和互补【外文翻译】
服务贸易与货物贸易的差异和互补【外文翻译】外文翻译原文Trade in Services and Trade in Goods: Differences and Complementarities Material Source: April 2009,The Vienna Institute for International Economic StudiesAuthor: Carolina LennonAbstractDespite the increasing importance of services in national economies (accounting for about 50-70 % of internal product), in global economy (accounting for the 20 % of global trade) and in public opinion (i.e. US Concern about Mexican workers due to migration laws or the case of the “polish plumbers” in France at the time of European Constitution referendum) there is no economic consensus about the way in what services should be considered in trade liberalization analyses. The double purpose of this paper is; first, to empirically determine to what extent trade in services differs from trade in goods and, second, to explore for potential complementarities between bilateral trade in goods and bilateral trade in services. For our first goal we regress a set of equations derived from the gravitational model and for the second we instrument bilateral trade for both services and goods in order to analyses potential causalities of each type of flow in the other. Main results show tha t “bilateral trust and contract enforcement environment”, “networks”, “labor markets” and “technology and technology of communication” have higher impact on service trade than on trade in goods; finally, after incrementing for endogenously, we found that bilateral trade in goods explains bilateral trade in services: theresulting estimated elasticity is close to 1.Reciprocally, though in a lower extent, bilateral trade in services affects positively bilateral trade in goods: a 10% increase in trade in services raises traded goods by 4.6%.1 IntroductionThe services sector is the biggest contributor to a country’s economy, its contribution increases with the level of development of countries, ranging from 47 percent of countries’ GDP in the case of low income countries to a contribution of 70 percent in the case of high income countries. In addition, measured by thebalance of payments (BOP), over the past two decades, growth of trade in services has surpassed growth of trade in goods. Trade in goods has multiplied by 3,5 while T otal services has multiplied by around 5. The growing importance of services in domestic economies and international trade is largely due to an increase in the production of intermediate services (i.e. outsourcing).Firms increasingly delegate costly knowledge-intensive intermediate-stage processing activities to specialized suppliers in order to benefit from lower factor costs. To illustrate this phenomenon we can observe in Figure 2 that trade in “Other Commercial Services”, which cons ists mainly in business to business services or outsourcing services, has experienced a seven-fold increase in its export value over the last twenty years. Besides the economic importance of services activity, in general, and service outsourcing, in particular, this phenomenon has received a huge amount of attention in the media and political circles and the sector has increasingly been included under the framework of current multilateral negotiations (GATS) and regional agreements. Notwithstandingthe economic importance of services sector in national economies and in the globalization process, there is no economic consensus about how trade in services should be considered in trade liberalization analyses. Bhagwati et al.(2004) argue that outsourcing is fundamentally a trade phenomenon, hence, with respect to trade in goods, there is no need to use a different approach to analyze trade liberalization outcomes in the services sector . By contrast Mirza et al (2006) develop a theoretical model that incorporates a special feature in services trade, based on the fact that trade in some services can only occur if inputs from both trading countries are jointly used in the transaction process. Some empirical research on the determinants of the bilateral trade in ser vices has been already carried. Grünfeld et al. (2003), Mirza et al. (2004), and Kimura and Lee (2003) explore for the determinants of bilateral trade in services using a gravity framework, differently to us they rely on aggregate data. Additionally Freund and Weinhold (2002) also use a gravity framework but focus only on the U.S. case and mainly on the impact of the new communication technologies on traded services. Aviat and Coeurdacier (2005) apply also a gravitational framework to explain bilateral trade in financial assets. To control for endogenously and to check for the direction of the causal relationship, they jointly study trade in goods and trade in banking assets in simultaneous gravity equations. The work of Kimura and Lee (2003) is the closest to our analysis, because, similarly to us, they also explore for differences and complementarities between trades in services and trade in goods. The purpose of this paper is double.First, we empirically explore to what extent the determinants of trade in services differs from those of trade in goods and,second, by the use of instrumental variables, we explore for potential complementarities between bilateral trade in goods and bilateral trade in services. All over the analysis we use a gravity framework. We make use of two sets of explanatory variables. The first consists in a set of basic gravity variables, and then, the second adds to the analysis an array of variables we estimate to have an important role in explaining trade in services such as; the “b ilateral trust and contract enforcement environment”, the existence of “Networks”, the regulation and qualification of the “labor markets” and the adoption of “technology and new communication technologies”. Given the lack of disaggregate data, previous analysis have only studied the determinant of trade in total services However it is reasonable to think that the nature of services such as the “Travel” and the “Other commercial services” sector should be highly different, and therefore their determinants might also differ. In this context the present analysis benefits from the new release of the OECD database on bilateral trade in services. The outstanding advantage of this new database is that trade in services has been classified by four sub-sectors: “Travel”, “Transportation”, “Other commercial services” and “Government services”. Moreover focusing on “Other commercial services”, the services sector presenting the highest trade growth rate over the last two decades, we enrich the set of explanatory variables. Finally, as far as we know, this work is the first attempt to explore for potential complementarities between trade in goods and trade in services using bilateral trade data as well as the Instrumental Variable (IV) technique. The paper proceeds as follows. In Section 2, we present a review of special features of the services sector and some potential sources ofcomplementarities between trade in services and trade in goods. In Section 3, we present the gravitational model and the data. In Section 4, we discuss results on the differences between trades in services and trade in goods. Section 5, we present results of the instrumental variable estimations and Section 6 concludes.2 Characteristics of Services and Potential2.1 Service CharacteristicsThe services sector has been considered for a long time as the non-tradable sector of the economy, since a large number of services required physical contacts between producers and consumers in order to allow the transaction to occur, rendering trading cost to remote locations prohibitive. New communication technologies in general and the Internet, in particular, help to overcome suchhistorical barriers as they help to reduce transaction costs from unaffordable to virtually nothing (e.g. call centers and trade in financial assets). Services have a highly heterogeneous nature and they have often been considered as being intangible and non-storable. The heterogeneous nature is drawn from several sources: (1) services often require the suppliers and the consumers to be physically located in the same place in order to fulfill the transaction, therefore they are differentiated by location;(2) several services are customized in order to fit client needs, then, they are differentiated by client firms; In addition, (3) they are highly specialized, in the sense that it is costly (in terms of time and money) to change the type of services offered, accordingly, services production might require expertise gained by education, training or experience . Finally (4) they are heterogeneous in quality because they are labor-intensive. As mentioned in the introduction “Other commercial services”,which consists mainly in business to business services, has been the most dynamic sector of trade in services. This sub-sector has been characterized by Jones and Kierzkowski (2005), Markusen (1989) and Markusen et al. (2000 and 2005) as a sector presenting Increasing Returns to Scale. In particular, Markusen has modeled it as being: (1) a Knowledge-intensive sector requiring a high initial investment in learning (i.e. expertise), (2) a sector that is intensive in skilled labor and (3) which final products are highly differentiated. Because of its intangible character and quality variability, services cannot always be identified by their clients before they are purchased or consumed, this phenomenon, in turn, generates information asymmetries and agency problems. Consequently, the experience of contracting a service can be risky. Finally the fact that services are highly specialized and differentiated implies: (1) that services do not have reference prices and (2) that the efforts involved in searching the suited partner might be significant.2.2 ComplementaritiesSome economists have suggested the existence of complementarities between bilateral trade in goods and bilateral trade in services. In Marku sen’s models, an increase in producer services varieties (varieties of intermediate services) confers a positive technological externality in final goods production, which in turn, makes total factor productivity to increase. Amiti and Wei (2004) use data on US manufacturing industries and find that services outsourcing is positively correlated with labor productivity. Francois and Wooton (2005) analyze the interaction between trade in goods and the level of competitiveness in the “export and retailrelated services” sector (i.e. shipping and logistic services,wholesale and final consumer distribution). They show theoretically and empirically that an uncompetitive domestic services sector can act as an import barrier to trade in goods. In Feenstra et al. (2004) the authors focus on the importance of services intermediaries in reducing informational barriers to international trade in goods. They elaborate a theoretical model where countries benefit from purchasing goods from a remote country (China) by having access to intermediary services located in a third country (Hong Kong).译文服务贸易与货物贸易的差异和互补资料来源:维也纳学院,国际经济研究作者：Carolina Lennon 摘要尽管服务在国民经济中的重要性越来越多（约占50%-70％的内部产品），在全球经济（20％的会计全球贸易）及公众意见（即美国因为移民法对墨西哥工人的关注或法国“波兰管道工”在欧洲宪法公投时的情况）中没有关于应该以何种经济方式来认识服务在贸易自由化情况下的分析。
服务贸易翻译
公司
根据RVB，公司是相互联结具有独特性资源的束 缚和资源转变活动。换句话说，每一个公司都是 独特的，其独特性来自对资源的占有、资源相互 间的协调及其处置。更进一步说，这个独特性相 对持久，因为公司的资源相对稳定。 市场不完全和市场失灵范式对公司的独特性持有 各自观点，例如，在完全竞争条件下，公司独特 性被认为是同质实体，在市场失灵条件下，是异 种实体。 通过假定资源异质性，RVB代表一种更现实的公 司观。这一观点更多被发现用于支持基于市场的 传统的公司观中。
RBV与定位决策
RBV理论认为公司将在当地进行生产和市场活动， 同时在这些活动中享受他们的竞争优势。一开始， 公司在国内拥有优势。所以国内的市场定位就是 像Dunning的范例，产品生命周期理论和国际化 理论所示进行市场占领和生产活动。接下来公司 将评估在选定的东道国建立竞争优势的机会，这 种评估是基于公司自身的特点和东道国的相关因 素来进行的。也就是说，当公司进入宗主国时， 可能会对公司所需的一些特定资源进行估计，但 是没有进行精确的估计。这种需求会随着公司的 建立竞争优势的过程而有所改变。
公司特定资源
RVB主要集中于那些有潜在创造价值、不可完全 模仿、不完全稳定的资源。一些学者企图把这些 资源分成理论有用分类。例如，Hunt和Morgan 将资源广泛的分为七种类别：金融、物理、法律、 人文、组织、信息和相关类别。 为了与前面提到的方法相一致，本著作专注于公 司特定资源，在生产和营销领域能够帮公司形成 竞争优势。在生产领域，这些资源包括技能和不 同的特定知识以及将知识转变成产品的有形资源。
长期利润最大化机制
RBV认为这才是公司的主要目标。和其他 同类理论的不同点在于该理论认为当公司 的产品市场策略有效的开发了公司的特有 资源时，就可以得到一项可维持的竞争优 势，这种竞争优势将可以使公司得到价值 回报，继而实现其长期利润的最大化。
服务贸易(GATs)
服务贸易（GATs）服务（service）作为“第三产业”，到本世纪70年代才被人们独立分列成为单独部门，而且在美国与欧洲一些发达国家，它的发展十分迅速。
到20世纪90年代，服务业已占到发达国家国民生产总值（GNP）的50％~60％，美国则达到70％以上。
而服务贸易在国际贸易中也已占到25经~30％的份额。
据估计，WTO成立后的1995年，全球国际贸易额5万亿美元中，服务贸易占到1万亿美元左右。
在许多发达国家和少部分发展中国家，出口服务贸易的收益，占其总出口收益的一大部分。
当然，服务一般属于“无形产品”，在数额估计上有许多困难。
上述估计含有推算的成分。
服务是个门类很多很杂，五花八门，内容庞杂的概念，很难对它下一个抽象定义。
据美国统计，服务的门类达150个。
我国国家统计局则列为“第三产业”计24个门类。
就其荦荦大者，诸如：交通运输（海、空、陆、水运），金融服务（银行、保险、股票），电讯服务，建筑工程，旅游业，商业销售，专业性（律师、会计、医生、咨询等），视听服务（广播、电视、电影、音乐等），教育服务等。
WTO秘书处则就服务贸易的门类，分为11大类142项。
一、GATs的适用范围与定义如前述，服务是个门类众多、五花八门、内涵十分庞杂的经济部门，很难为之下一个能概括其共同特征的定义。
但是，经济学家们对服务贸易的性质，从其绝大多数门类角度，与货物贸易相对照，归纳概括出如下三个特性。
第一，与货物相比，服务是一种无形的产品。
因此，服务的进出口或者作跨国界流动，不像货物那样都经过海关，经海关验明正身，征收关税后始放行进入进口国。
而有相当一部分服务是在提供方境内或者在消费者境内进行的，有的甚至在第三国境内提供的。
这个特征决定了服务贸易的壁垒不同于货物贸易，服务贸易自由化的关键，它要消减的东西或对象不是关税，而是各国管理模式和法令上的限制。
第二，不像货物，服务一般是无法贮存的，服务的生产与消费经常是在同一时间、同一地点，由提供者和消费者面对面接触来完成，或者用其他联系方式来进行。
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关于杭州中心地区服务业竞争力及其发展战略的评价（节选）郑建壮，中国浙江省浙江大学城市学院江海霞，中国浙江省浙江工业大学摘要：服务行业的竞争力是直接反映在区服务业的发展水平和潜在能力之中的。
本文研究了杭州服务行业的发展现状，从中心区的角度构建了一个服务行业的评价指标体系，并分析了杭州每个中心城区服务业的可持续发展的优势和劣势。
最后，文章给杭州的服务行业竞争力的提高提出了战略建议。
关键词：中心地区，服务业，竞争力1. 引言20世纪80年代以来，全球经济已呈现从“工业经济”转向于“服务经济”的变化趋势。
服务业已成为全球经济好转的一个关键的引擎（2005年李和王），它在改善国家经济、增加就业率、调整产业结构和提高生活水平等方面的重要作用是显而易见的。
一般来说一个地区的服务行业发展主要集中于中部地区，而不是郊区，因为中心区一般被视为一个城市经济发展的“心脏”，它在地理位置、交通和文化等方面都占有有利因素，不仅可增强生产要素、人口和产业聚集的力量，也有利于市场的发展。
因此，中部地区正在成为服务行业的主要区域（李2007）。
本文在分析杭州中心城区的服务业竞争力的基础上，进行了相关的评价，旨在寻找到一种有效的策略以提高城市的服务行业发展。
2. 服务产业竞争力的文献研究大部分关于服务行业的竞争力的学术研究都是基于它们的地区竞争能力之上的。
因此，服务业的竞争力可以简单地定义为“服务行业在竞争中获取和利用资源的能力”。
国外的研究学者更倾向于特定的服务行业的竞争力分析与研究，如商业服务行业（2001年Rubalcaba和加戈）、保险业（哈德威克和窦1998）、知识密集服务（1999年Windrum和汤姆林森）。
然而，在中国，学者们的研究重点则集中于一个特定的区域，而不是一个特定的行业，如中国的31个主要省份（吴2003），中国六大发展先进的省份（2004年刁、庄），中国16个主要省份（2005年苏、张）。
由于很多的因素都可以影响服务业的竞争力和复杂性，大多数中国学者认为，我们应该建立一个多层次的综合评价指标体系，如“总目标指导指数”。
他们参考了区域竞争力评价体系的结构，使用量化参数作为区域经济发展的能力、服务行业的规模、扩张速度、生产效率以及科学和技术能力等的指标。
他们还采用诸如主成分分析、因素分析和数据包分析（DEA）评价的分析方法来对几个省份的服务行业的竞争力进行测量。
就整体而言，关于中国的服务产业竞争力的研究主要是针对省市的，而其一般使用省份和城市规模意义上的综合数据。
因此，相关的郊区数据，特别关于农村地区经济的数据是无法得到的。
事实上，服务行业现在主要集中在中心城区发展。
在这些领域的数据，可以有效地反映一个城市的核心区域的服务行业的竞争情况。
另一方面，随着现代社会密集型发展趋势不断扩大，即使在同一个城市的几个中心城区都会服务业的发展有不同的侧重。
因此，只有通过分析影响每个中心区服务行业的竞争力的有利条件和不利因素，并分别进行研究，才能有效地提高全市服务业的发展。
3. 杭州服务行业的现状杭州在长江三角洲发挥着中心城市的作用，是三个最大的综合交通运输链之一。
近年来，杭州目标是成为“一个长江三角洲的中心的现代服务产业，构建现代产业体系”杭州全球金融危机中利用反相传输，加快产业结构升级，提高服务行业的质量，并鼓励服务企业发展壮大起来，从而在服务行业取得重大发展。
在2009年，杭州的服务行业获得了约13.9％的增长速度，约值247.352亿元，占国内生产总值为48.51％。
显然，服务业在杭州的经济发展已成为一个主要的发动机。
在服务业的内部结构中，杭州制定了10个领域的发展战略方向，包括文化创新、旅游、信息服务、金融服务、商业服务、现代物流、中介服务、房地产、社会服务和技术分工服务。
其中，文化创新、商业服务和金融服务行业的金额占整体服务业的15％以上，而房地产、信息服务、旅游和现代物流占近10％。
从上述数据可以看出，杭州的服务行业的产业结构已经优化到一定程度，有一些优势产业具备比较高的的增加值。
然而，杭州在服务行业的发展中也面临着许多的问题。
例如，服务行业的总量和结构的现代化程度远远落后如北京、上海、广州和深圳等城市。
此外，在长江三角洲的范围内，杭州的服务行业的总数落后于苏州城市，而在GDP中所占的比例则落后于南京。
对杭州来说，特别是在中部地区，它仍有许多方面需要改善以维持服务行业的快速发展，每一个中心区都应被视为发展的基本单元。
因此，针对每个区域的服务业发展的优势和劣势，杭州可以采用不同的可行策略。
4. 各个中心区的竞争力评价A. 指标体系区域服务业竞争力是一个涉及几个影响因素的功能性指标。
在前人研究的基础上，本文综合考虑了全面性、科学性和可得性方面的因素，从而对服务业的竞争力建立了评价指标体系，包括经济发展基础、发展水平、成长能力和技术能力这4个指标，以及二阶的12个指标。
B.评估过程和结果分析关于消除指标之间可能具有的相关性，本文采用因子分析方法来衡量服务业的竞争力。
在2009年每个中心区的相关数据的基础上，文章选取了浙江省7个中心城区和9个其他省份的中心地区，它们都有迅速而又发达的服务业。
以这些地区为样本做横向比较，文章找出了服务业的竞争力情况以及每个杭州中心区的优势和劣势。
Appraisal to the Competitiveness of Service Industry in Central Districts of Hangzhou and Its Improvement Strategy*Jianzhuang Zheng1 and Haixia Jiang21 Zhejiang University City College Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China2 Hangzhou Vocational & Technical College,Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, ChinaJianzhuangZheng@Abstract. The Competitiveness of the service industry directly reflects the development level and potential ability of service industry in district. This paper studies the current development of the service industry in Hangzhou, constructs an appraisal index system of the service industry in the central district perspective, analyses the advantages and disadvantages in the sustainable development of service industry in each central districts of Hangzhou, and finally, gives suggestions in the strategy to enhance the competitiveness of service industry of Hangzhou. Keywords: central district, service industry, competitiveness.1 IntroductionSince the 1980s, the global economics has showed an overall trend changes from ‘industry economic’ to ‘service economic’. The service industry is becoming a pivotal engine in the worldwide economic improvement (Li and Wang 2005). Its crucial role in the aspects of improving country economics, increasing employment rate, adjusting industry structure and upgrading level of living standard is apparent. In the internal view of a district, the development of service industry mainly occurs in the central districts instead of suburbs, due to the fact that central districts, regarded as the ‘heart’in economic development of a city, have favorable factors in geographic position, transportation and culture, which not only bring ‘magnetic power’ towards aggregation of productive factor, population and industry, but also benefit to the market development. Therefore, the central districts are becoming the major zones of service industry (Li 2007). This paper conducts an apprasial based on analysis of the service industry competitiveness in some central districts of Hangzhou, in order to search for an effective strategy to improve the service industry development in cities.2 The Literature of the Competitiveness of Service IndustryMost academic researches towards the service industry competitiveness are based on their competitive ability in regions. Thereby, the service industry competitiveness can be simply defined as ‘the ability and capability of service industry to obtain and utilize resources in the competition’. Researchers in the world are more concentrate on the competitive analysis of a particular service industry, e.g. the commercial service industry (Rubalcaba and Gago 2001), the insurance industry (Hardwick and Dou 1998), and knowledge-intensive service (Windrum and Tomlinson 1999). However in China, emphasis is put on a particular region rather than a particular industry, e.g. 31 main provinces in China (Wu 2003), 6 high-developed provinces in China (Diao and Zhuang 2004), 16 major provinces in China (Su and Zhang 2005). Due to the big amount of factors influencing serviceindustry competitiveness and their complexities, most Chinese scholars hold the proposition to establish a multi-layer integrated appraisal index system such as ‘General Objective-Guideline-Sub guideline-Index’. They make reference to the structure of regional competitiveness appraisal system, use quantities parameters as capability of regional economic development, scale of service industry, expanding speed, productive efficiency, science and technology capability and so on, use analytical methods like main element analysis, factor analysis and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) appraisal, conduct measurement to the competitiveness of service industry in several provinces.On the whole, studies on the service industry competitiveness in China mainly target to provinces and cities, while using the integrated data in the scale of provinces and cities. Thus, relevant data about economic in suburbs, especially in rural areas, can not be derived. In fact, the service industry nowadays mainly develops in central districts. Data in these areas can effectively reflect the competition circumstances of service industry in the core region of a city. On the other hand, along with the trend of aggregation development in modern society, even those several central districts in the same city will have different emphasizes on the service industry development. Therefore, only by analyzing favorable and unfavorable factors affected the competitiveness of service industry in each central district and conducting research separately, can the development of the whole city’s service industry be improved effectively.3 The Current Situation of Service Industry in HangzhouHangzhou plays the role of central city in the Yangtze River delta and one of the three biggest integrated transportation hinges. In recent years, aiming to be ‘a modern service industry centre in Yangtze River delta’ and to construct a modern industry system, Hangzhou made use of the ‘Reversed Transmission’ in the global financial crisis, speeded the upgrading of industry structure, improved the quality of service industry and encouraged service enterprises to grow up. Significant development in the service industry is obtained. In 2009, the service industry in Hangzhou gained value about 247.352 billion Yuan with the increasing rate about 13.9%, accounted for 48.51% in GDP. Apparently, the service industry has become a major engine in the economic development of Hangzhou. From the internal structure of the service industry, Hangzhou makes division of ten fields in the development strategy direction, including culture & innovation, tourism, information service, financial service, commercial service, modern logistic, agency service, real estate, community service and technological service. Among them, the amount of culture & innovation, commercial service and financial service industry occupies more than 15% in the overall service industry, while real estate, information service, tourism and modern logistic accounting for nearly 10%. It can be seen from the data above that the industry structure of service industry in Hangzhou is already optimized to some extent, while some superior industries have relatively high adding-value.However, many problems are confronted by Hangzhou in the service industry development. For instance, the total amount of service industries and the structure modernization degree are far more behind of cities like Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhouand Shenzhen. What’s more, in the scale of Yangtze River delta, Hangzhou falls behind cities of Suzhou in the total amounts of service industries and Nanjing in the proportion occupied in GDP. To Hangzhou, there are still many aspects needed to improve in order to sustain the rapid development of service industry, especially in the central districts. Every central district should be regarded as a basic development unit. Thus, different feasible strategies can be adopted aiming to the advantages and disadvantages of service industry development in each district.4 Competitiveness Appraisal in Each Central DistrictA. The Index SystemThe competitiveness of regional service industry is a function involving several influence factors. Based on former studies, the paper gives a integrated consideration to the comprehensiveness, scientificalness and acquirability, establishes an appraisal index system to the service industry competitiveness, comprising 4 first order indexes of Economic Development Foundation, Development Level, Growing Ability and Technological Capability, with 12 second order indexes under them (Table 1).B. The Appraisal Process and Outcome AnalysisConcerning to eliminate possible relativity between indexes, this paper adopts the factor analysis method to measure the service industry competitiveness. Based on relevant data of each central district in 2009, the paper selects 7 central districts within the Zhejiang Province and 9 central districts in other provinces, which all have fast-developed service industry. These districts are used as samples in the horizontal comparison to find out the service industry competitiveness situation and the advantages and disadvantages of each central district of Hangzhou.。