服务贸易外文翻译
国际服务贸易外文文献翻译
国际服务贸易外文翻译文献(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：《World Development》，2015，12（1）：35-44.英文原文The research of international service trade and economic growth theoryChakraborty Kavin1 IntroductionThe study of the relation between international trade and economic growth is one of the most active issues. Since 1980s, the world has been in transition from national economy orientating towards natural resources and manufacturing industry to global and regional economy orientating towards information resources and service industry. After the signature of GA TS in1994, the institutional arrangements on liberalizing service trade result in a world-wide involvement division and exchanges of service trade, and it is undoubtedly that the positive interaction between service trade and investment leads to economic growth. But the theoretical research on service trade lags behind practice.Is it a statistic phenomenon or a universal rule of economic growth? To approach the above two issues from theoretical and empirical perspective is of great value to policy-making.For the proposition of that "International service trade will drive economic growth". Theoretical analysis shows that although service tradeis not a direct interpretative variable to economic growth, it can effect economic growth indirectly through other growing factors and technology upgrade, but the ways and mechanisms are different in different stages. In a certain stage of economic development, service trade (including investment) will have static and dynamic effect on factors supply and technology upgrade in one county, which will lead to the domestic alteration of resources condition structure. It is the enterprises that select industry structure, technology structure and trade structure according to dynamic alteration way of comparative technology structure and trade structure, which will ultimately promote evolution of economic growth gradually. So far as operational mechanism of service trade and investment is concerned, service trade affects factors supply in one country by physical capital accumulating effect, human capital effect, technology upgrade effect, institutional transition effect, employment effect and externality of technology, then influences the upgrade of industrial structure, the upgrade of technological structure and the transition of mode of economic growth. It is obvious that dynamic effect is greater than static effect; that external effect is playing more important role than internal effect; and that technology spillover effect of foreign direct investment in service industry is greater than that of service trade in a narrow sense (including across-border supply, consumption abroad and movement of natural person).For the research of mechanism about how service trade drive economic growth. Firstly, the paper verifies the causality between service trade and economic growths concerning different economic bodies and the representative countries. The results show that there are causalities between international service trade and economic growth in the whole world, in the developed countries, in the US and in china. In the developing countries, service trade is the Granger cause of economic growth; In the whole world and the developing countries, economic growth is the Granger cause of service trade; In the US, service export is the Granger cause of economic growth, and economic growth is the Granger cause of service import. On this basis, it is concluded that the opening of service industry will benefit economic growth in one country. Secondly, in order to explore on how the service trade and investment act on economic growth, empirical studies are employed to explain the case of US and that of China. The results show that the routes by which service trade affects economic growth in the US can be rowed as follows from more significant to less: employment effect, human capital effect, physical capital effect, technology effect, institution effect. The results of empirical analysis of China can be summarized that: the routes by which service export affects economic growth can be rowed as follows: employment effect, physical capital effect, institution effect, human capital effect, technology effect; the routs by which service import affectseconomic growth can be rowed as follows: technology effect, institution effect, employment effect, human capital effect, physical capital effect; the routes by which FDI in service affects economic growth can be rowed as follows: technology effect, human capital effect, institution effect, employment effect, physical capital effect. Moreover, the effect of FDI in service is stronger than service import, and the effect of service import is stronger than service export.According to the empirical test in this paper, the conclusion can be drawn as follows: service trade in a narrow sense will have static and dynamic effects on factor supply in one country through import and export of service, FDI in service industry is one of the most important cross-border transactions and is another important channel which will affect the transition of advantages on factor supply in one country. It should be emphasized that the above-mentioned channels will have different effects on countries at different stages of economic development. Whether the roles can be brought into play or not depends on given restraints. The input output of factors themselves cannot form a clear function, but will interact together and act on economic growth hand in hand through numerous feedback chain.Chinese economy is now undergoing transformation from elementary age to middle age of industrialization. Service trade and investment in current period have both advantages and disadvantages.Based on these judgments, we propose that China should pursue a policy favoring protectionism on management of service trade and adopt relevant countermeasures as follows. Scientific development view should be formed with an eye to harmonizing development of three industries so as to lay a solid industries foundation for service trade; The strategic programming should be stipulated and the market of service trade should be opened gradually; The rule of international transfer of service trade should be mastered and environment of utilizing foreign investment on service industry should be improved.As the characteristics of the world's service-oriented economy have gradually emerged, service trade originating from the upgrading of industrial structure has developed rapidly, and the scale of service trade is rapidly expanding. From the statistical data, the total exports of world service trade rose rapidly from 365 billion U.S. dollars in 1980 to 377.779 billion U.S. dollars in 2008, an increase of 9.35 times. Compared with the trade of goods with a long history, service trade is a new form of trade. With the continuous increase in absolute size and relatively low levels, service trade has become a focus of attention in modern society.2 The impact of overall service trade on economic growthAccording to the WTO General Agreement on Trade in Services (GA TS), which was signed in 1994, trade in services includes Cross- border Supply, Consumption A broad, Commercial Presence, and naturalperson mobility. (Movement of Natural Persn) Four modes. The service trade of these four modes has completely different properties and characteristics. Therefore, it is difficult to establish a unified theoretical framework for service trade to affect economic growth. The corresponding literature is very rare. The only foreign documents are mainly Robinson et al. (2002), who simply regard service trade as a commodity. Trade, without taking into account differences in the four trade models, studied the economic growth effects of service trade liberalization using the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model.Using empirical methods to study the literature on the impact of overall service trade on economic growth is more, but such studies are mostly domestic scholars. Research shows that the average contribution of China's overall service trade to economic growth is 18.9%.3 Effect of Service Trade in Different Industries on Economic GrowthAt present, the literature on the impact of industry trade in service trade on economic growth is mostly concentrated in such service sectors as finance, telecommunications, and health care. These studies have basically reached a relatively unanimous conclusion that the opening of the service sector or the increase in productivity can significantly promote economic growth. . For example, studies by Beck et al. (1998), M urinde & Ryan (2003), and Eschenbach (2004) suggest that the opening of the financial sector has, to a certain extent, broken the monopoly of domesticfinancial markets and prompted the orderly competition of financial markets. On the normal development track, productivity has improved, and it has finally led to economic growth in the country. Kim (2000) studied the relationship between the development of service trade in the distribution sector and the growth of total factor productivity (TFP) using Korea's input-output data. The results show that the liberalization of service trade not only significantly promoted its own TFP. The promotion also promoted the improvement of total factor productivity in the related manufacturing sector. The total factor productivity growth brought about by service trade almost covered the entire economic sector.4 Effect of Service Trade on Economic Growth by Different Trading ModesThere are few literatures on specific transaction models and theoretical studies on the impact of trade in services on economic growth. Carr et al. (2001) & M arkusen et al. (2005) theoretically examined the commercial existence model by means of the CGE model. The impact of the trade in services on economic growth shows that the opening up of trade in services is an important source of the increase in economic welfare of a country. From the perspective of economic welfare, the opening up of trade in services is a general trend. Subsequently, the use of CGE models to theoretically examine the impact of service trade on economic growth began to prevail. For example, Rutherford et al. (2005)used the CGE model to evaluate Russia's WTO accession effects, and Ko nan &Maskus (2006) used CGE models. The potential effects of Tunisia's elimination of barriers to trade in services were studied. Their conclusions indicate that the increase in the level of economic welfare in one country can benefit from the opening up of the service market, while the elimination of FDI market access barriers in the service sector is a pattern of four trades. The most important liberalization measures are the main sources of increased welfare in a country. There are a lot of literatures on the relationship between service trade and economic growth in specific models using empirical methods. In the four modes of trade in services, commercial presence is the most important one, and from the point of view of data availability, although statistical data is still not very accurate, commercial existence of service trade is based on service industry FDI as a carrier. To achieve this, researchers can use service industry FDI data to characterize the scale of service trade in this model, and this type of trade model has received more attention. Among them, Markusen (1989) believes that the existence of commercial trade in services has two positive and negative effects. The positive effect is that competition in the service sector has led to an increase in domestic demand for the sector’s production factors, which is conducive to output growth. The effect of market size and negative effects means that the intensified competition in the domestic market of service industries has led to the withdrawal ofdomestic service-oriented enterprises from the market. The study by Markusen (1989) shows that the effect of market size after the opening of the service market far exceeds the crowding-out effect. After offsetting the crowding-out effect, it can still promote the productivity improvement of the non-service sector and further lead to the structure of domestic trade in goods. The changes, those sectors that were previously low in productivity and dependent on imports, will evolve into high-productivity export sectors, which is quite similar to the latest research findings on the interactive development of producer services and manufacturing. Hoekman (2006) and Hoekman (2006) used India as an example to examine the impact of the existence of commercial trade in services in the finance, telecommunications, and transportation sectors on the competitiveness of the goods export sector, and believe that these sectors have been liberalized. The level of soft facilities has been increased, which in turn has greatly reduced the operating costs of the downstream product manufacturing sector, which has increased the export competitiveness. With the inefficiency of the domestic service industry, the unfavorable pattern is reversed with the help of commercial presence of service trade. Feasible choice. Guerrieri et al. (2005) took the EU as the research object and analyzed the role of commercial trade in services for knowledge accumulation and economic growth. The study concluded that the openness of the service market or the relaxation of domesticservice regulations has positively promoted economic growth. It was found that the imported service items may be more able to promote economic growth than the domestic same service items due to high technological content.5 Possible Future Research DirectionsIt is not difficult to find from the above-mentioned documents that since the development of service trade started late, research on the growth of service trade began to rise gradually from the 1980s, and more than 20 years of research in this area is in the ascendant. With the further enhancement of the status of trade in services, the possible directions for future research will generally include the following aspects.From the point of view of research methodology, classification of service trade can be studied. As the theory of goods trade has gradually matured, the development practice of service trade still calls for the birth of the theory of service trade. Helpman and Markusen, international economists, expressed on different occasions that the difficulty in establishing the theoretical system of service trade lies in the fact that there are large differences in various types of service trades, and it is difficult for researchers to overcome the gap between them. Classifying service trade according to certain standards and exploring the impact of various types of service trade on economic growth is a possible direction for future research.From the perspective of the research subjects, it is possible to study China’s service trade and economic growth. China’s GDP has already ranked second in the world. However, the service industry’s added value accounted for only 40% of GDP, which is obviously not commensurate with the status of an economic power. In addition, the trade in services is still relatively small compared to the trade in goods. Under such a realistic background, what is the relationship between China's service trade and economic growth? How will service trade contribute to China's economic growth? What impact will service outsourcing have on China's economy? With China in In the next decade, how will China make service trade an engine of economic growth? From the academic point of view, economists from all countries are paying attention to China’s economic development, and China’s service trade will also be improved. It will become a research hotspot.From the perspective of research topics, it is possible to study the impact of service outsourcing on economic growth. In 2008, the scale of global service outsourcing market has reached 1.5 trillion US dollars. According to the UNCTAD (UNCT AD) speculation, the global service outsourcing market will increase by 30%-40% in the next 5-10 years.The surging service industry outsourcing is a new form of service trade. How does service outsourcing drive economic growth through employment, industrial structure upgrading, and technology spillovers?What are the differences in the impact of contracting and receiving services on economic growth in the service industry? Research on these issues will start with the development of service outsourcing to important theoretical guidance.中文译文国际服务贸易与经济增长理论与实证研究Chakraborty Kavin1 引言国际贸易与经济增长始终是国际经济学最生动的论题之一。
英国服务贸易发展现状分析报告1
英国国际服务贸易报告摘要服务贸易又称劳务贸易(trade in services)，指国与国之间互相提供服务的经济交换活动。
服务贸易有广义与狭义之分，狭义的服务贸易是指一国以提供直接服务活动形式满足另一国某种需要以取得报酬的活动。
广义的服务贸易既包括有形的活动，也包括服务提供者与使用者在没有直接接触下交易的无形活动。
伴随着国际分工的不断深入和产业结构的不断优化，服务业和服务贸易在世界各国经济发展中的战略地位不断提升。
作为第一次工业革命的发源地，西方主要发达国家之一，英国的服务贸易发展迅速，在世界服务贸易领域的地位十分重要，是国际服务贸易的重要输出国。
英国服务业发展状况分析英国服务业发展概况在互联网时代，信息技术高度发展，高新技术产业取得巨大突破，拥有发达工业体系的英国完成了产业升级，服务业迅速发展，日益成为英国经济增长的动力源泉。
进入21世纪以来，服务业占英国GDP的比重已经高达70%，成为英国国民经济的命脉。
在三产结构上，2000年为：1：28：71；2005年为1：26：73；2007年为1：23：76。
可见，第三产业不管是在比例上还是GDP贡献上，已经成为英国经济的“大腿”。
在吸纳就业上，英国服务业也是当之无愧的“大腿”。
早在1901年，英国服务业的从业人员就占总人口的36%，2000年，英国第三产业从人员比例达到73%，2006年英国第三产业从业人员人数约为2210万，约占总人口比重的76.4%，服务业已经成为英国吸纳就业的主要场所。
英国服务业基本情况在英国的标准产业分类（SIC）定义中，服务业类属 G 至 Q 序列，主要包括批发与零售贸易，酒店与餐厅，运输与通讯，金融中介，房地产、租赁与商业和商业活动，公共管理与防卫，教育，卫生与社会工作，其他社会、个人与私人家政服务等十大类。
在英国，上述各个服务行业有不同的管理规定与监管机构。
同时，也是由具体行业管理机构或组织负责某行业的贸易促进相关事宜。
服务贸易(WTO组织规则与运行-四川师范大学,潘路佳)
政府采购与补贴
原则上该协定有关国民待遇和市场准入的各项规则不适用 于成员方涉及政府采购的法律、规章和要求；
不过政府采购只能是为政府的目的，用于商业转卖或服务 提供中商业销售的政府采购不在其内。
成员方应在世界贸易组织协定生效之日起两年内就服务贸 易协定中的政府采购问题进行多边谈判。
13
GATS的基本结构
框架协定
条款部分：序言和6个部分共29条构成，规定适用 于所有成员的基本权利和义务。
附录：8个，旨在处理特定服务部门及服务提供方 式所引起的特殊问题。
成员的具体义务承诺表
每一成员应制定一项承担特定义务的具体承诺表， 说明市场准入和国民待遇的范围、条件、限制及承 诺生效时间等。
国际服务贸易是伴随着国际货物贸易发展而发展起 来的。
各国产业结构的调整和发展中心向服务业转移是促 进国际服务贸易发展的另一个重要因素。
不少国家意识到促进服务贸易发展的重要性，并先 后确定了以服务业为导向的经济发展政策。
6
国际服务贸易的发展现状及特征
国际服务贸易的平均增长率超过货物贸易，服务贸 易额已占到全球贸易额的25％。
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服务贸易的范围
十、文化、娱乐及体育服务 十一、交通运输服务 十二、其他服务
19
服务贸易领域的一般责任与纪律
最惠国待遇
"每一成员方给予任何其他成员方的服务 或服务提供者的待遇，应立即无条件地以 不低于前述待遇给予其他任何成员方相同 的服务或服务提供者。"
两个例外: 一成员可保持一项与第l款不相符合的措施 边境贸易
11
GATS对国际服务贸易发展的价值
为国际服务贸易的发展创立了可资遵循的 国际标准
服务贸易的开放度与经济增长外文翻译(可编辑)
服务贸易的开放度与经济增长外文翻译外文翻译原文Openness in Services Trade and Economic GrowthMaterial Source: Eeonomies Letters Volume92,IssueZ,2006,p.277一283 Author: El Khoury Antoine and Savvides.AndreaabstractThis paper examines the relationship between openness in services trade and economic growth. We estimate a threshold regression model to test whether openness in services trade has a different impact on low- and high-income countries. We consider openness in both telecommunication and financial services. Results confirm the existence of a two- regime split with low-income economies benefiting from greater openness in telecommunication services and high-income economies from financial services openness.Key Words: Services trade, telecommunication services, financial services, economic growth.Openness in Services Trade and Economic Growth1. IntroductionThe costs and benefits of openness to international trade for economic growth have been studied extensively. Diverse measures of openness to trade have been used referring mainly to trade in commodities and include, inter alia, the share of exports/imports in GDP, measures of the prevalence of tariffs/quotas in commodity trade, or general qualitative indicators of openness. Studies, on the whole, demonstrate the positive effects of international trade e.g. Dollar, 1992; Frankel and Romer, 1999; and Sachs and Warner, 1995 though dissenting views have been voiced e.g. Rodríguez and Rodrik 2001.To date, very little has appeared on the growth effects of openness in services trade. This should, perhaps, not be surprising given that services constitute a new dimension in regional and multilateral trade agreements, especially within the auspices of recent and proposed WTO trade rounds. The view that greater openness in services trade is associated with higher growth seems to have taken hold amongst some policy makers recentlyEmpirical evidence on this issue, however, has been scant.A recent article in The Economist2004 emphasizes the fact that a well-established infrastructure is necessary in order for openness in services trade to have a positive impact on growth. The article is concerned whether “…ICTs[information and communication technologies] might have less impact on productivity in poor countries than in rich countries” and “… whether a certain threshold level ofadoption is required before the productivity benefits of ICTs kick in.” It questions whether the benefits from liberalizing trade in services are the same for low- and high-income countries.The objective of this paper is twofold: first, to add to the very limited evidence on the effects of liberalizing trade in services on economic growth; second, to test the hypothesis that a threshold level of development per capita income exists in the relationship between services trade openness and economic growth, and the corollary that the benefits from service trade liberalization do not materialize until such a threshold is achievedWe focus on two service industries: telecommunication and financial services.To test the underlying hypothesis we use the threshold regression TR model, an econometric technique that selects endogenously and tests simultaneously the existence of a threshold level of per capita income.2. The threshold regression model and openness in services tradeHansen’s 2000 TR model allows for an endogenous sample splitHe develops a sequential search algorithm to determine the value of the threshold and a Lagrange multiplier test for its significance. Papageorgiou 2002 uses the TR model in the context of a growth regression and finds that initial income per capita is a significant first-round threshold indicator. In subsequent rounds, literacy and general openness to trade the share of exports plus imports in GDP are alsosignificant threshold indicators.In our model, the threshold variable is initial income per capita and the underlying hypothesis is that the impact of service trade openness on economic growth depends on a country’s level of development income per capitaWe estimate the following growth regression model:g i?XiOPtelOPfinlnGDP??lnGDPi gi??XiOPtelOPfinlnGDPi?lnGDPiwhere i g is the average annual growth rate of per capita GDP for country i, Xi a vector of conditioning variables, OPtel and OPfin measure openness in telecommunication and financial services trade, respectively, lnGDPi is the log initial level of per capita income, and, ?11 ,,?15??and ?21,, ?25??are the threshold level and parameter vectors to be estimated, respectively.The focus of this study, the indices OPtel and OPfin, are from Mattoo, Rathindran and Subramanian 2001. They are constructed to reflect a policy-based measure of liberalization of a country’s services sectors. They assume values from 1 to 9 telecommunication services and 1 to 8 financial services with higher values indicating greater openness. The construction of the telecommunications index was based on market structure, the degree of foreign ownership and the existence of independent regulators. The financial openness index was based on market structure, foreign equity, and Dailami’s 2000 capital control index that takes into consideration the coding of rules, regulations andadministrative procedures that can affect capital flows. One value of each index is available for each country referring to observations during the early 1990s.The dependent variable is the average annual growth rate between 1990 and 2000 to reflect the availability of the two indexes during the early 1990s. The vector of conditioning variables, X i , includes: the government consumption/GDP ratio, lagged investment rate, inflation rate, mean years of total schooling in the population above 15 a measure of human capital and the ratio exports plus import/GDP. These variables were selected as representative of conditioning variables in the growth literature e.g. Levine et al., 2000. Data for all these variables are from the World Development Indicators, except for mean years of schooling from the Barro-Lee database. All conditioning variables are decadal averages.3. Empirical resultsResults are in Table 1The first four columns 1-4 show least squares estimates without a threshold. Column 1 is our basic growth specification. An issue of concern is that our two service trade indexes may be correlated with the general degree of openness and, thus, may proxy for the effects of overall trade openness. For this reason, the second specification column 2 includes an indicator of overall trade openness the ratio of imports plus exports to GDP. The third specification omits the investment rate to investigate the channels physical capital accumulation orproductivity via which service openness influences growth .The final specification column4 omits both the investment rate and overall trade opennessThe estimates show that greater openness in the telecommunication as well as financial services sector does not have a significant effect on growth. The conditioning variables have the expected signs but, except for investment in physical capital, trade openness and government size in some specifications, are insignificant.Next, we employ the TR model. The bootstrapped Lagrange multiplier test statistics with 1000 replications are significant for all specifications p-values 0.011, 0.009, 0.016 and 0.066. Therefore, income per capita splits the sample significantly. The least squares estimate of??? is consistent across specifications:??$3310 for specifications 1-3 and$3150 for specification 4.1 For the first three specifications the threshold level divides the sample of 60 countries into two subsamples 23 countries below and 37 above;2 for the final specification it divides the sample into a lower-income 21 and a higher-income group 39.Columns 1a-4a show parameter estimates for observations below the threshold and columns 1b-4b for observations above the threshold that correspond to the four specifications 1-4.The fit of the TR regressions as represented by R2 improves compared to least squares estimationFor countries below the threshold the relationship between openness intelecommunication services trade and growth is positive and highly significant; there is no evidence, however, of a significant relationship between openness in financial services and growth. For countries above the threshold the results are reversed: there is evidence of a positive and in two specifications significant relationship between openness in financial services trade and growth, but no such evidence for openness in telecommunication services trade.3 Overall trade openness has a positive and significant impact on growth for the high-income group and also a positive and marginally significant effect for the low-income groupWhen the investment ratio is excluded from the control variables in the final two specifications, the main result concerning the estimated coefficients for services openness for the two groups remains valid. We interpret this as evidence consistent with openness in services trade influencing the rate of economic growth both through physical capital accumulation and productivity growth. Finally, in contrast to the results for the complete sample, we note evidence favorable to conditional convergence for the two groups of countries separately, an observation consistent with the notion of convergence clubs. Because our results are based on the sample split via the TR model, we tested their robustness to alternative methods of sample splitting. One alternative is to introduce interaction terms between initial per capita income and the two indices of openness in services trade. The parameter estimates witht-statistics in parentheses for specification 2 similar results hold true for the other specifications are:g0.029?0.023GovernmentSize?0.00094 Inflation+0.00107 Human Capital0.54 0.62 0.90 1.01+ 0.0456 Investment Rate + 0.00004 Trade Openness0.0045 Initial Income1.48 1.36 0.63+ 0.0174 OPTel ? 0.0147 OPFin0.0020 Initial Income × OPTel3.13 1.86 3.02+ 0.0019 Initial Income × OPFin R20.341.85These estimates confirm the results of the TR modelBoth interaction effects are highly significant, as are the estimated coefficients for both service openness indicators. Importantly, the coefficient on telecommunication services openness is positive and its interaction with initial income is negative, while the opposite is true for financial services. This would indicate that telecommunication services openness has a positive impact on growth for low-income economies that diminishes as per capita income increases and vice versa for financial services, a conclusion that is in line with the TR model results. Based on these estimates, we can compute the level of income at which the impact of telecommunications openness on growth switches from positiveto negative and vice versa for financial services openness: it is $6003 for telecommunication services openness and $2291 for financial services openness.Our findings on the growth effects of openness in telecommunication services trade for lower-income economies and financial services for higher-income economies brings into focus the issue of physical and human capital infrastructureWe conjecture that lower-income economies benefit from greater telecommunications openness because the degree to which investment in telecommunication services is successful in boosting productivity is linked to the availability of physical capital, a complementary factor. Efforts to liberalize telecommunication services trade by lower-income economies frequently elicit foreign direct investment that contributes to raising productivity growth in the sector. For financial services, human capital a key complementary factor is in relative scarcity in lower-income economies and a factor that cannot be enticed from abroad, following liberalization.4 Moreover, lower income countries do not have the requisite institutional or regulatory structures to ensure the effective functioning of the financial sector as intermediary between savers and investors, something that greater openness of their financial sectors is unlikely to remedy.One concern with our results is the possible endogeneity of thetwo service openness indices. Several points are worth noting here. First, as indicated earlier, the service openness indices are based on observations largely from the first half of the 1990s while the growth rate is the average over the 1990-2000 decadeSecond, the correlation coefficient between the two service openness measures and the average growth rate is low: 0.11 for OPTel and 0.02 for OPFin both insignificant. Finally, we attempted to instrument for the service openness indices with the lagged growth rate but it turned out to be a poor instrument:the regression of each of the two service indicators on the lagged 1980-1990 growth rate yielded a positive but insignificant coefficient in both cases t-ratio 1.13 and 1.08 and the R2 was very low for both regressions approximately 0.02 in both cases. Given the way our service openness indices were measured, the low correlation coefficient between the two service openness indicators and growth, the persistence of growth rates across time a stylized fact and the low predictive power of the lagged growth rate for the service openness indicators, we do not expect endogeneity to be an important source of bias for our results.4. ConclusionThis study aims to measure the effect of openness in telecommunication and financial services on economic growth for countries at different stages of economic development. We look at whether the impact of greater openness in these services on growth is different for low- andhigh-income countries. We find evidence of a positive and significant relationship between openness in telecommunication services and growth for countries with income per capita below an endogenously determined threshold level and no evidence of a significant relationship for countries above the same threshold. Concerning the financial services sector, the results are reversed: there is evidence of a positive and significant relationship between openness and growth for countries with income per capita above the threshold and no significant relationship for countries below the threshold.References[1]“Canyon or Mirage,” 2004, The Economist, January 22.[2]Dailami. M.2000, “F inancial openness, democracy andredistributive policy,” World Bank Institute.[3]Dollar. D., 1992, “Outward-oriented developing economies really do grow more rapidly: evidence from 95 LDCs 1976-1985,” Economic Development and Cultural Change 40, 523-544.[4]Frankel. J, and D. Romer, 1999, “Does trade cause growth?” American EconomicReview 89, 379-399.[5]Hansen, B.E., 2000, “Sample splitting and threshold estimation,” Econometrica 68, 575-603.[6]Levine, R., N. Loayza and T. Beck, 2000, “Financial interme diation and growth: Causality and causes,” Journal of Monetary Economics 46, 31-77.[7]Mattoo, A., R. Rathindran, and A. Subramanian, 2001, “Measuring services trade liberalization and its impact on economic growth: An illustration,” World Bank Working Pap er No. 2655.[8]Papageorgiou, C., 2002, “Trade as a threshold variable for multiple regimes,” Economics Letters 77, 85-91.[9]Rodríguez, F. and D. Rodrik, 2001, “Trade policy and economic growth: Askeptic’s guide to cross national evidence,” in B.S. Bernan ke and K.S. Rogoff eds.: NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2000, Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 261-325.[10]Sachs, J.D. and A.M. Warner, 1995, “Economic reform and the process of global integration,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,1-118.译文服务贸易的开放度与经济增长资料来源:经济报92卷作者:安东尼尔本文主要研究服务贸易的开放度与经济增长之间的关系。
第九章 对外服务贸易
二、透明度与国内法
《服务贸易总协定》的透明度原则要求，成员方应当及时 公布影响服务贸易自由化规则的所有措施。若成员方新制定或 修改后的法律、法规和行政措施对该成员在《服务贸易总协定 》具体承诺产生影响，则应当及时通知服务贸易理事会。
在各国的国内法方面，《服务贸易总协定》要求成员方以 合理、客观、公正的方式实施影响服务贸易的所有措施；在合 理的期限内答复外国服务商提供某种服务的申请；提供司法或 其他程序，便利服务商就影响其贸易利益的行政决定提出复议 申请；成员方对服务商的资格要求、服务技术标准及许可的发 放等不应构成不必要的贸易限制，应当确保不削弱或损害各成 员已作出的具体承诺。
4.自然人流动
它指服务提供者以自然人的身份进入其他国家并向当地的 消费者提供服务。 此外，服务贸易还包括其他的官方（如外交及其他官方相 关机构）和民间服务等。有关资料表明，技术贸易、金融、电 信、建筑和旅游在国际服务贸易中占为主地位。
二、国际服务贸易的发展
二次大战后，科技革命的发展使各产业日益专业 化，各国特别是发达国家的产业结构发生了由制造业 为主向第三产业为主的重大升级变化，跨国公司的国 际投资网络日趋发达，世界贸易持续发展，一批发展 中国家和地区积极参与国际经济技术合作，使国际服 务贸易得到空前的发展。据统计，1970—1980年间， 国际服务贸易额由728亿特别提款权猛增至3155亿特 别提款权，1986年继续增加为4049亿特别提款权，即 在十余年间增长了4.56倍。与同期世界商品贸易额相 比，二者的比例约为1：4。
（二）国际承包劳务合作
国际承包劳务合作是指一国的企业通过签订合同 ，以对外承包工程或派出劳务人员的方式，向其他国 家企业提供劳务服务并获取盈利的经济合作活动。 国际承包劳务合作有两种主要方式: 1.国际承包工程:即一国具有法人地位的从事国际 建设工程项目的公司或联合体，在国际市场上通过投 标或接受委托与国外业主签订合同，并根据合同要求 承建某项工程，获取经济利益的劳务合作。国际承包 工程通常采取独家承包、分包、联合承包等具体方式 进行；
服务贸易与货物贸易的差异和互补【外文翻译】
服务贸易与货物贸易的差异和互补【外文翻译】外文翻译原文Trade in Services and Trade in Goods: Differences and Complementarities Material Source: April 2009,The Vienna Institute for International Economic StudiesAuthor: Carolina LennonAbstractDespite the increasing importance of services in national economies (accounting for about 50-70 % of internal product), in global economy (accounting for the 20 % of global trade) and in public opinion (i.e. US Concern about Mexican workers due to migration laws or the case of the “polish plumbers” in France at the time of European Constitution referendum) there is no economic consensus about the way in what services should be considered in trade liberalization analyses. The double purpose of this paper is; first, to empirically determine to what extent trade in services differs from trade in goods and, second, to explore for potential complementarities between bilateral trade in goods and bilateral trade in services. For our first goal we regress a set of equations derived from the gravitational model and for the second we instrument bilateral trade for both services and goods in order to analyses potential causalities of each type of flow in the other. Main results show tha t “bilateral trust and contract enforcement environment”, “networks”, “labor markets” and “technology and technology of communication” have higher impact on service trade than on trade in goods; finally, after incrementing for endogenously, we found that bilateral trade in goods explains bilateral trade in services: theresulting estimated elasticity is close to 1.Reciprocally, though in a lower extent, bilateral trade in services affects positively bilateral trade in goods: a 10% increase in trade in services raises traded goods by 4.6%.1 IntroductionThe services sector is the biggest contributor to a country’s economy, its contribution increases with the level of development of countries, ranging from 47 percent of countries’ GDP in the case of low income countries to a contribution of 70 percent in the case of high income countries. In addition, measured by thebalance of payments (BOP), over the past two decades, growth of trade in services has surpassed growth of trade in goods. Trade in goods has multiplied by 3,5 while T otal services has multiplied by around 5. The growing importance of services in domestic economies and international trade is largely due to an increase in the production of intermediate services (i.e. outsourcing).Firms increasingly delegate costly knowledge-intensive intermediate-stage processing activities to specialized suppliers in order to benefit from lower factor costs. To illustrate this phenomenon we can observe in Figure 2 that trade in “Other Commercial Services”, which cons ists mainly in business to business services or outsourcing services, has experienced a seven-fold increase in its export value over the last twenty years. Besides the economic importance of services activity, in general, and service outsourcing, in particular, this phenomenon has received a huge amount of attention in the media and political circles and the sector has increasingly been included under the framework of current multilateral negotiations (GATS) and regional agreements. Notwithstandingthe economic importance of services sector in national economies and in the globalization process, there is no economic consensus about how trade in services should be considered in trade liberalization analyses. Bhagwati et al.(2004) argue that outsourcing is fundamentally a trade phenomenon, hence, with respect to trade in goods, there is no need to use a different approach to analyze trade liberalization outcomes in the services sector . By contrast Mirza et al (2006) develop a theoretical model that incorporates a special feature in services trade, based on the fact that trade in some services can only occur if inputs from both trading countries are jointly used in the transaction process. Some empirical research on the determinants of the bilateral trade in ser vices has been already carried. Grünfeld et al. (2003), Mirza et al. (2004), and Kimura and Lee (2003) explore for the determinants of bilateral trade in services using a gravity framework, differently to us they rely on aggregate data. Additionally Freund and Weinhold (2002) also use a gravity framework but focus only on the U.S. case and mainly on the impact of the new communication technologies on traded services. Aviat and Coeurdacier (2005) apply also a gravitational framework to explain bilateral trade in financial assets. To control for endogenously and to check for the direction of the causal relationship, they jointly study trade in goods and trade in banking assets in simultaneous gravity equations. The work of Kimura and Lee (2003) is the closest to our analysis, because, similarly to us, they also explore for differences and complementarities between trades in services and trade in goods. The purpose of this paper is double.First, we empirically explore to what extent the determinants of trade in services differs from those of trade in goods and,second, by the use of instrumental variables, we explore for potential complementarities between bilateral trade in goods and bilateral trade in services. All over the analysis we use a gravity framework. We make use of two sets of explanatory variables. The first consists in a set of basic gravity variables, and then, the second adds to the analysis an array of variables we estimate to have an important role in explaining trade in services such as; the “b ilateral trust and contract enforcement environment”, the existence of “Networks”, the regulation and qualification of the “labor markets” and the adoption of “technology and new communication technologies”. Given the lack of disaggregate data, previous analysis have only studied the determinant of trade in total services However it is reasonable to think that the nature of services such as the “Travel” and the “Other commercial services” sector should be highly different, and therefore their determinants might also differ. In this context the present analysis benefits from the new release of the OECD database on bilateral trade in services. The outstanding advantage of this new database is that trade in services has been classified by four sub-sectors: “Travel”, “Transportation”, “Other commercial services” and “Government services”. Moreover focusing on “Other commercial services”, the services sector presenting the highest trade growth rate over the last two decades, we enrich the set of explanatory variables. Finally, as far as we know, this work is the first attempt to explore for potential complementarities between trade in goods and trade in services using bilateral trade data as well as the Instrumental Variable (IV) technique. The paper proceeds as follows. In Section 2, we present a review of special features of the services sector and some potential sources ofcomplementarities between trade in services and trade in goods. In Section 3, we present the gravitational model and the data. In Section 4, we discuss results on the differences between trades in services and trade in goods. Section 5, we present results of the instrumental variable estimations and Section 6 concludes.2 Characteristics of Services and Potential2.1 Service CharacteristicsThe services sector has been considered for a long time as the non-tradable sector of the economy, since a large number of services required physical contacts between producers and consumers in order to allow the transaction to occur, rendering trading cost to remote locations prohibitive. New communication technologies in general and the Internet, in particular, help to overcome suchhistorical barriers as they help to reduce transaction costs from unaffordable to virtually nothing (e.g. call centers and trade in financial assets). Services have a highly heterogeneous nature and they have often been considered as being intangible and non-storable. The heterogeneous nature is drawn from several sources: (1) services often require the suppliers and the consumers to be physically located in the same place in order to fulfill the transaction, therefore they are differentiated by location;(2) several services are customized in order to fit client needs, then, they are differentiated by client firms; In addition, (3) they are highly specialized, in the sense that it is costly (in terms of time and money) to change the type of services offered, accordingly, services production might require expertise gained by education, training or experience . Finally (4) they are heterogeneous in quality because they are labor-intensive. As mentioned in the introduction “Other commercial services”,which consists mainly in business to business services, has been the most dynamic sector of trade in services. This sub-sector has been characterized by Jones and Kierzkowski (2005), Markusen (1989) and Markusen et al. (2000 and 2005) as a sector presenting Increasing Returns to Scale. In particular, Markusen has modeled it as being: (1) a Knowledge-intensive sector requiring a high initial investment in learning (i.e. expertise), (2) a sector that is intensive in skilled labor and (3) which final products are highly differentiated. Because of its intangible character and quality variability, services cannot always be identified by their clients before they are purchased or consumed, this phenomenon, in turn, generates information asymmetries and agency problems. Consequently, the experience of contracting a service can be risky. Finally the fact that services are highly specialized and differentiated implies: (1) that services do not have reference prices and (2) that the efforts involved in searching the suited partner might be significant.2.2 ComplementaritiesSome economists have suggested the existence of complementarities between bilateral trade in goods and bilateral trade in services. In Marku sen’s models, an increase in producer services varieties (varieties of intermediate services) confers a positive technological externality in final goods production, which in turn, makes total factor productivity to increase. Amiti and Wei (2004) use data on US manufacturing industries and find that services outsourcing is positively correlated with labor productivity. Francois and Wooton (2005) analyze the interaction between trade in goods and the level of competitiveness in the “export and retailrelated services” sector (i.e. shipping and logistic services,wholesale and final consumer distribution). They show theoretically and empirically that an uncompetitive domestic services sector can act as an import barrier to trade in goods. In Feenstra et al. (2004) the authors focus on the importance of services intermediaries in reducing informational barriers to international trade in goods. They elaborate a theoretical model where countries benefit from purchasing goods from a remote country (China) by having access to intermediary services located in a third country (Hong Kong).译文服务贸易与货物贸易的差异和互补资料来源:维也纳学院,国际经济研究作者：Carolina Lennon 摘要尽管服务在国民经济中的重要性越来越多（约占50%-70％的内部产品），在全球经济（20％的会计全球贸易）及公众意见（即美国因为移民法对墨西哥工人的关注或法国“波兰管道工”在欧洲宪法公投时的情况）中没有关于应该以何种经济方式来认识服务在贸易自由化情况下的分析。
服务贸易翻译
公司
根据RVB，公司是相互联结具有独特性资源的束 缚和资源转变活动。换句话说，每一个公司都是 独特的，其独特性来自对资源的占有、资源相互 间的协调及其处置。更进一步说，这个独特性相 对持久，因为公司的资源相对稳定。 市场不完全和市场失灵范式对公司的独特性持有 各自观点，例如，在完全竞争条件下，公司独特 性被认为是同质实体，在市场失灵条件下，是异 种实体。 通过假定资源异质性，RVB代表一种更现实的公 司观。这一观点更多被发现用于支持基于市场的 传统的公司观中。
RBV与定位决策
RBV理论认为公司将在当地进行生产和市场活动， 同时在这些活动中享受他们的竞争优势。一开始， 公司在国内拥有优势。所以国内的市场定位就是 像Dunning的范例，产品生命周期理论和国际化 理论所示进行市场占领和生产活动。接下来公司 将评估在选定的东道国建立竞争优势的机会，这 种评估是基于公司自身的特点和东道国的相关因 素来进行的。也就是说，当公司进入宗主国时， 可能会对公司所需的一些特定资源进行估计，但 是没有进行精确的估计。这种需求会随着公司的 建立竞争优势的过程而有所改变。
公司特定资源
RVB主要集中于那些有潜在创造价值、不可完全 模仿、不完全稳定的资源。一些学者企图把这些 资源分成理论有用分类。例如，Hunt和Morgan 将资源广泛的分为七种类别：金融、物理、法律、 人文、组织、信息和相关类别。 为了与前面提到的方法相一致，本著作专注于公 司特定资源，在生产和营销领域能够帮公司形成 竞争优势。在生产领域，这些资源包括技能和不 同的特定知识以及将知识转变成产品的有形资源。
长期利润最大化机制
RBV认为这才是公司的主要目标。和其他 同类理论的不同点在于该理论认为当公司 的产品市场策略有效的开发了公司的特有 资源时，就可以得到一项可维持的竞争优 势，这种竞争优势将可以使公司得到价值 回报，继而实现其长期利润的最大化。
服务贸易(GATs)
服务贸易（GATs）服务（service）作为“第三产业”，到本世纪70年代才被人们独立分列成为单独部门，而且在美国与欧洲一些发达国家，它的发展十分迅速。
到20世纪90年代，服务业已占到发达国家国民生产总值（GNP）的50％~60％，美国则达到70％以上。
而服务贸易在国际贸易中也已占到25经~30％的份额。
据估计，WTO成立后的1995年，全球国际贸易额5万亿美元中，服务贸易占到1万亿美元左右。
在许多发达国家和少部分发展中国家，出口服务贸易的收益，占其总出口收益的一大部分。
当然，服务一般属于“无形产品”，在数额估计上有许多困难。
上述估计含有推算的成分。
服务是个门类很多很杂，五花八门，内容庞杂的概念，很难对它下一个抽象定义。
据美国统计，服务的门类达150个。
我国国家统计局则列为“第三产业”计24个门类。
就其荦荦大者，诸如：交通运输（海、空、陆、水运），金融服务（银行、保险、股票），电讯服务，建筑工程，旅游业，商业销售，专业性（律师、会计、医生、咨询等），视听服务（广播、电视、电影、音乐等），教育服务等。
WTO秘书处则就服务贸易的门类，分为11大类142项。
一、GATs的适用范围与定义如前述，服务是个门类众多、五花八门、内涵十分庞杂的经济部门，很难为之下一个能概括其共同特征的定义。
但是，经济学家们对服务贸易的性质，从其绝大多数门类角度，与货物贸易相对照，归纳概括出如下三个特性。
第一，与货物相比，服务是一种无形的产品。
因此，服务的进出口或者作跨国界流动，不像货物那样都经过海关，经海关验明正身，征收关税后始放行进入进口国。
而有相当一部分服务是在提供方境内或者在消费者境内进行的，有的甚至在第三国境内提供的。
这个特征决定了服务贸易的壁垒不同于货物贸易，服务贸易自由化的关键，它要消减的东西或对象不是关税，而是各国管理模式和法令上的限制。
第二，不像货物，服务一般是无法贮存的，服务的生产与消费经常是在同一时间、同一地点，由提供者和消费者面对面接触来完成，或者用其他联系方式来进行。
专业服务贸易-详解
专业服务贸易-详解专业服务贸易(Professional Service Trade)目录• 1 什么是专业服务贸易[1]• 2 专业服务贸易的形式[2]• 3 GATS对专业服务贸易的一般义务规定[3]• 4 GATS对专业服务贸易具体承担义务规定[3]• 5 参考文献什么是专业服务贸易[1]专业服务贸易是指国家之间专业服务的交换，即一国对他国专业服务提供者在其所在国获得的某些专业或商业营业执照、学位证书以及技术职称等资格予以承认，外国专业服务提供者采用各种方式、依靠自己的专业知识、经验和信息提供有关服务，并获得报酬的经济活动。
专业服务贸易的形式[2]专业服务贸易的交易和其他眼务贸易一样，主要有四种形式：a．过境交付。
一国专业服务提供者不需要与消费者直接接触，而是通过一定的媒介，如电讯、邮电、计算机网络向其他国家服务消费者提供专业服务，比如工程技术人员可以坐在家里利用计算机网络为海外机构设计图纸和开展咨询，注册会计师也可以通过计算机网络为海外客户提供会计服务等。
这种交易方式会随着科技的进步而不断增加。
b．境外消费。
一国消费者到另一国接受专业服务提供者提供的服务，如本国病人到外国就医。
c．商业存在。
一国允许专业服务提供者以经营实体方式到本国来开业，如外国律师事务所、会计师事务所到本国开办办事处或分支机构，直接面对消费者提供服务。
这种形式是专业服务贸易的主要交易方式，也是迫切要开放的领域。
d．自然人流动。
一国专业服务提供者个人以自然人身份进入他国提供专业服务。
如外国工程师、医生、律师等到本国从事个体专业服务等。
这四种交易形式，都是专业服务提供者的交易行为。
专业服务的消费方是专业服务的进口方，专业服务的提供方是专业服务的出口方。
专业服务贸易是服务贸易中迅速崛起的新兴贸易领域，是GATS的重要项目。
在“乌拉圭回合”服务贸易谈判中达成的有关专业服务贸易的一系列法律规范，是各国进行专业服务贸易的基本准则。
国际服务贸易(1)
《服务贸易总协定》涉及的服务范围
部门 商务服务
通讯服务 建筑和相关工程服务 分销服务
教育服务 环境服务
金融服务 与健康相关的服务和 社会服务 旅游和旅游相关服务 娱乐、文化和体育服 务（视听服务除外） 运输服务
其他未包括的服务
分部门 专业服务、计算机及相关服务、研究和开发服务、房地产服务、租赁 服务、其他商务服务 邮政服务、速递服务、电信服务、视听服务、其他
5
1960年美国市场营销学会（AMA）把服务定义为：
“用于出售或者是同产品连在一起进行出 售的活动、利益或满足感。”
V.富克斯（V.Fuchs，1968）
服务在生产的一刹那间消失，它是在 消费者在场参与的情况下提供的，不能运 输、积累和储存，缺少实质性。
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6
希尔（T.P.Hill） （1977）《论商品与服务》
面向对象不同。第三产业的概念主要针对国内经济的； 而服务业的概念是面向国内和国际两个市场的。
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二、服务业的分类
1、三次产业分类法 2、标准产业分类法（SIC） 3、北美产业分类体系（NAICS） 4、我国的国民经济行业分类方法
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1、三次产业分类法
第一次产业，即农业和畜牧业，主要提供满足最基本 生产需要的食物；
例外：如保险
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4.服务的异质性（heterogeneity）
异质性指相同的服务产品在提供质量上存 在差异，具有可伸缩性。服务的异质性既 有服务提供者的因素，也有服务消费者的 因素。
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5.所有权的不可转让性（absence ownership）
服务的生产和消费过程中不涉及任何东西 的所有权的转移
服务贸易1-5缩印
Chapter 1General Agreement on Trade in Services服务贸易总协议Domestic regulation国内监管Individual service providers个人服务供应商Non-preferential treatment非优惠待遇MFN 最惠国待遇Public monopolies公共垄断Natural monopoly自然垄断Inadequate information信息不充分Externality 外部性Universal access普遍获得性Regulatory harmonization 监管协调Temporary migration 临时性移民NAFTA北美自由贸易区Chapter 2Business services 商业服务Communication services 通信服务Construction services建筑服务Distribution services 分销服务Educational services教育服务Environmental services 环境服务Financial services金融服务Health-related and social services健康与社会服务Tourism and travel-related services旅游服务Recreational, cultural and sporting services娱乐、文化与体育服务Transport services运输服务Government-mandated regulators 政府委托的监管部门Schedule of commitment承诺表Non-scheduled sectors非承诺部门Market access 市场准入National treatment 国民待遇Quota-type limits 数量限制Joint venture requirements合资企业要求Foreign capital participation外国资本参与Foreign equity ceilings 外国股权限制Foreign land ownership外国土地所有权Discriminatory training requirements歧视性培训要求Regulatory disciplines监管纪律Competitive safeguards竞争保护Transparency and institutional obligations透明性和制度性义务Horizontal Commitments水平承诺Sector Commitments部门承诺Discriminatory restrictions 歧视性限制Phase-in Commitments阶段性承诺Modification or Suspension of Commitments承诺的修改与取消Council for Trade in Services 服务贸易委员会Balance-of-payments difficulties国际收支困难Conditional obligations & unconditional obligations 有条件和无条件承诺Objective and transparent criteria客观性与透明性标准Market failure 市场失灵Natural monopolies or oligopolies自然垄断与寡头垄断Asymmetric information信息不对称Modalities and Procedures模型与程序Chapter 3Discriminatory taxes 歧视性税Domestic regulations 国内管制Trade barriers贸易壁垒Physical proximity物理靠近comparative advantage比较优势increasing returns to scale规模报酬递增lock-in锁定market-niche effect市场定位效应Agglomeration effect集聚效应A general concentration综合性集聚The specialized concentration专业性集聚Cores and peripheries structure中心外围结构spillover effects溢出效应labor-intensive services劳动密集型服务Modes of Supply as Substitutes供给模式的替代性Modes of Supply as Complements供给模式的互补性The Instruments of Protection保护的工具NTBs非贸易壁垒Government procurement policies政府采购政策lack of transparency of domestic regulations国内监管缺乏透明性Licensing and certification requirements许可和证书要求the firm-specific fixed costs 企业特定固定成本The plant-level fixed costs工厂固定成本Chapter 4The Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services国际服务贸易统计手册BOP statistics 国际收支平衡统计EBOPS扩展的国际收支平衡统计IMF Balance of Payments Manual国际货币基金国际收支手册Foreign Affiliates Trade in Services (FATS) statistics外国附属机构服务贸易统计Residents and non-residents Transactions 居民与非居民交易A product-based classification以产品基础分类Geographical allocations of the statistics按地理分类统计Trading partners贸易伙伴Resident affiliates of foreign firms (inward FATS)外国企业的国内附属机构Affiliates abroad of resident firms (outward FATS)本国企业的国外附属机构In establishment-level statistics 分支机构层面的统计In enterprise-level statistics企业层面的统计Net operating surplus营业盈余净额Gross fixed capital formation固定资本形成总值The geographical breakdown 地理分类The industrial activity breakdown 产业分类Services Product breakdown服务产品分类Temporary nature of the movement of natural persons暂时性人没流动I ntra-corporate transferees公司内部转移Chapter 5Tariff equivalent关税等价Measurements of trade barriers贸易壁垒测量Price and quantity measurements价格与数量测量Ad valorem tax从价税Entry regulations 进入限制Operations regulations经营限制Discriminatory and nondiscriminatory regulations 歧视性与非歧视性规制Regulations of ongoing operations对经营的规制Ownership and control restrictions所有权与控制权限制1.What are the four modes of services supply? Please give examples of each mode.2.What are the active(or benefits) and negative effects(or flaws) of services tradeliberalization?3.What are the three problems caused to market failure in services liberalization, and how tosettle these problems?4.What types of measures covered by the GATs?5.What are the services excluded from the GATS?6.What are the restrictions of Market Access?7.In what conditions the commitments can be modified or suspended, and what is theprocedure of modification or suspension of commitments.8.What are the causes of trade in services?9.Please give examples to explain the complements and substitutes of different modes ofSupply.10.What are the two statistic sources based upon internationally agreed standards in MSITS?11.Please introduce these two statistic sources.12.What is concept of the residence in statistics of international trade in services?13.How to understand the concept of tariff equivalent in international services trade?14.Please introduce the types of service barriers.15.How to understand the differences between service trade barriers and regulations.1．The four modes of services supply：(1)Cross-border (mode 1): services supplied from the territory of one Member into the territory of another. An example is software services provided by a supplier in one country through mail or electronic means to consumers in another country. (2)Consumption abroad (mode 2): services supplied in the territory of one Member to the consumers of another. Examples are tourism or education services.(3)Commercial presence (mode 3): services supplied through any type of business or professional establishment of one Member in the territory of another. The example is an domestic company establishing a foreign branch by means of FDI. (4)Presence of natural persons (mode 4): services supplied by nationals of one Member in the territory of another. This mode includes both independent service suppliers and employees of the services supplier of another Member. Examples are a doctor of one country supplying through his physical presence services in another country, or the foreign employees of a foreign bank providing services on a temporary basis.2．The active effects: (1)SECTORAL EFFECTS:Removing barriers to trade in services in a particular sector is likely to lead to lower prices,improved quality, and greater variety.(2) ECONOMY-WIDE EFFECTS: Estimates of benefits vary for individual countries-from under 1 per cent to over 50 per cent of GDP-depending on the initial levels of protection and the assumed reduction in barriers.The gains from liberalizing services may be substantially greater than those from liberalizing trade in goods. Liberalization would create spillover benefits from the required movement of capital and labor. The negative effects: (1)flaws in reform programs, if privatization of state monopolies is conducted without concern to creating conditions of competition, the result may be merely transfers of monopoly rents to private owners (possibly foreigners). Similarly, if increased entry into financial sectors is not accompanied by adequate prudential supervision and full competition, the result may be insider lending and poor investment decisions. (2) Adverse Effects on the poor: Opening up essential services to foreign or domestic competition could have an adverse effect on the poor—which is often cited as a reason for the persistence of public monopolies.If a country is a relatively inefficient producer of a service, liberalization and the resultant foreign competition are likely to lead to a decline in domestic prices and improvement in quality.Liberalization such as elimination of restrictions on entry implies an end to cross-subsidization because it is no longer possible for firms to make extra-normal profits in certain market segments.3．market failure is attributable to three kinds of problems: natural monopoly; inadequate consumer information; and considerations of equity and protecting the poor. The settlement of natural monopoly depends on trade-off between the scale economy and monopoly inefficiency, the expansion of the market or market access through regionalism can conduct competition and at the same time keep the scale economy.The settlement of inadequate consumer information usually through domestic regulation. The settlement of social equity and protecting the poor can accommodate universal-service obligations by imposing requirement on new entrants in a non-discriminatory way. However, subsidies have often proved more successful than direct regulation in ensuring universal access. 4．Measures affecting trade in services taken by governments and public authorities, as well as by non-governmental bodies in the exercise of delegated powers (e.g.government-mandated regulators or licensing bodies). This implies that purely commercial decisions without government interference are beyond the scope of the Agreement.5． There two types are excluded from the GATS, the governmental servicesand air transport services.6．All the restrictions on Market Access can be classified into 6 types, four of them are quota-type limits(what are these?), two of them are non-quantity limits(what are these?).7． In what conditions the commitments can be modified or suspended, and what is the procedure of modification or suspension of commitments.Answers: Once a country made a commitment, its costly to revoke. This does not imply, however, that governments are locked in for good,usually,the commitments can be modified or suspended in the event of serious balance-of-payments and other financial difficulties.And GATT provides cover for measures necessary to protect public morals and/or human, animal or plant life and health, the security exceptions and to accommodate some other situations.The procedure of modification: The first step is member concerned would need to notify the Council for Trade in Services of its intentions, the second is preparing to negotiate compensatory adjustments, the third is preparing to resort to arbitration in case of all attempts fail. Only once all procedural steps have been exhausted in full, the commitment concerned can be modified or withdrawn.8. There are two major explanations for trade between countries: comparative advantage, and gains from specialization arising from increasing returns to scale or agglomeration effects. The first explanation relies on fundamental differences between countries to generate trade. The second approach can explain trade between similar countries: differences may emerge because of trade, but the differences need not have been present at the outset to generate trade.4.Please give examples to explain the differences of the two types of theories: the comparative advantage and specialization trade theories in services.Answer: The first explanation is comparative advantage theory, the examples such as : call centers in India provide customer contact services for US firms; nannies from the Philippines move to Canada temporarily to provide childcare services; and Europeans travel to Peru for a week in the jungle as part of an eco-tourism package. In each of these examples, trade takes place via a different mode. However, each of these examples has something in common: trade is driven by differences between countries. The trade in both child care and call center services is driven by differences in labor costs across countries; and the Amazon has unique attributes that are not available at home to the European tourists. The second approach is specialization arising from increasing returns to scale or agglomeration effects. The differences need not have been present at the outset to generate trade. One way to think about how trade can emerge between similar countries is to consider a labor-market example. Think of two students starting university who are equally bright and talented. However, suppose one chooses to study medicine and the other chooses to study engineering.Ten years later, each student will have very different skills and they can trade with each other via the labor market, withthe doctor selling medical services and the engineer selling engineering services. 9．For some types of services, different modes of supply are substitutes. For example, a specialized surgical team could come from a foreign country to perform surgery in the home country; or the patient could go to the foreign country to receive treatment. Some different modes of supply are complementary. For example, if a firm chooses to have a physical presence in a foreign market, then the effectiveness of their operation may be enhanced if personnel are allowed to move between the home and foreign establishments.10．One is BOP statistics and the EBOP statistics; another is Foreign Affiliates Trade in Services (FATS) statistics.11．BOP statistics is under IMF Balance of Payments Manual (BPM5) which displays data on trade in services between residents and non-residents (within the current account) into 11 items. MSITS proposes further breakdowns of these 11 items based on product classification in the Extended BOP statistics to respond to needs for more detailed information. Foreign Affiliates Trade in Services (FATS) statistics is about the measurement of services supplied by foreign affiliates. In fact, all the data displayed in these two statistic sources can be classified by country(the data of trading partners), by activity (by industry) and by product.FATS statistics is mainly about mode 3 and BOP statistics is mainly about the three other modes of supply.12． The residence concept is not based on nationality or legal criteria but on a transactor’s center of economic interest. An enterprise has a center of economic interest in an economy when it engages or intends to engage in economic activities within the economic territory of that country. A household has a center of economic interest where it maintains one or more dwellings within the country that members of the household use as their principal residence. A period of one year or more is suggested as a flexible guideline (the ‘‘one-year rule’’)for determining residence (center of economic interest).13.The tariff equivalent is thought of as the equivalent tax on foreign suppliers in their competition with domestic suppliers—is a useful way of quantifying a barrier to trade in services. Both price and quantity measurements are also often converted into, and reported as, tariff equivalents.14.The types of service barriers are regulations that apply to entry or establishment of firms versus their operations; and regulations that are nondiscriminatory versus discriminatory. That is, most barriers to trade in services can be placed in one of the four cells.15. Services trade is highly regulated, most of the service trade barriers come from domestic regulations. But, not all regulations of services should be viewed as protectionist, even when they do serve to reduce service imports. Many regulations serve legitimate purposes, such as protecting health and safety or preventing fraud and other misconduct. Such a regulation, if applied in a nondiscriminatory manner, is not protectionist and should not be viewed as a barrier to service trade, even though it may maintain a higher standard than prevails abroad and thus reduce imports compared to what they would be without the regulation.。
WTO词汇(中英翻译对照)
QQuads 四方集团（指美国、欧盟、日本、加拿大）Qualification of Suppliers 供应商资格Qualification Procedures 资格审查程序Qualification System 资格审查制度Qualifications 资格Quantitative Ceiling 数量上限Quantitative Restriction 数量限制Quantity Commitment Levels 数量承诺水平Quantity trigger level 数量触发水平Quantum of International 国际贸易总量Quarantine Measures 检疫措施Quarantine Treatments 检疫处理Quasi-judicial 准司法Quota Period 配额期限Quota Price 配额价格Quota Restrictions 配额限制Quota System 配额制度quota-free products 非配额产品Quota-Hopping 配额跳过RRate of Subsidization 补贴率Reasonable Expectation 合理预期Reasonable Means 合理方法Reasonable Period of Time 合理期限Rebuttal Evidence 反驳的证据Rebuttal Submissions 书面辩驳Recidivist Dumping 习惯性倾销Recipient Country/Region 受援国/地区Reciprocal Trade 互惠贸易Reciprocity 对等Recommendations （争端解决）建议Recommendations of Findings 建议或裁决Recovery of Costs 成本收回Red Box 红箱Reduction Commitments 削减承诺Reference years 参考年（基期）Refund of Duties or Taxes 退税Regional trade 区域贸易Regional Trade Agreements 区域贸易协定Registration of a Trademark 商标注册Registry 登记处Regular Channels of Trade 正常贸易渠道Regulatory Duty 调节关税Regulatory Requirements 管理要求Related Persons 有关联关系的人Remedies 经济措施Remission or Drawback 减免与退税Renewal of Registration 注册续展Rental of Phonograms 录音制品出租Rental Rights 出租权Reporting system 申报制度Representations or Proposals 交涉或建议Representative Office 代表处Representative Period 代表期Request for a Waiver 请求豁免义务Request for Conciliation 请求调解Requirments of Use 使用要求Res Judicata 一事不再理Reservation Clause 保留条款Reserved Negotiations 保留谈判Residual Tariffs 剩余关税Residual Value 剩余价值Resource Rent 资源租金Responding Party 应诉方Restraint of Trade 贸易限制Restrictive Clauses 限制性条款Resumed dumping 继续倾销Retail Store Restriction 零售店限制Retailing Services 零售服务Retaliation 报复Retaliatory Measures 报复措施Retaliatory Subsidization 报复性补贴Retrospective Remedies 追溯性救济Revenue 税收Reverse Dumping 逆倾销Review 复审Review Session 审议会议Revocation 撤销Right Holder 权利持有人Right of Appeal 上诉权Right of Establishment 设立权Right of First Refusal 首次拒绝权利Right of Priority 优先权Right of Reproduction 复制权Right to Use a Trademark 商标使用权Risk assessment 风险分析Round 回合Routine Notification 例行通知Royalties 特许权费/使用费Rules of Origin 原产地规则Rules of Procedure 议事规则Rural Development 农村发展SSafeguard Agreement 保障措施协定Safeguard(SG) 保障措施Safe-Haven Agreement 安全港协定Safety Requirements 安全要求Sale for Export 出口销售Sales Tax 销售税Sanitary Inspection 卫生检查Scale of Contribution 会费分摊比例Schedular Tax 分类所得税Schedule of Commitments(GATS) 承诺减让表Schedule Price 价目表价格Schedules of Bindings 约束关税表Schedules of Concessions 减让表Schedules of concessions 减让时间表Scheduling 减让表制作Scientific Evidence 科学证据Scientific Justification 科学上的正当性Scientific Tariff 科学关税Scope of Appellate Review 上诉审查范围Screen Quota 反映限额Screen Time 反映时间Screwdriver Operations 改锥业务Secondary Dumping 二级倾销Second-Level Obligations 第二层义务Sectoral Commitments 部门承诺Sector-Specific Commitments 部门具体承诺Security 担保Security Exceptions 安全例外Security Services 证券服务Selection Procedures 选择程序Selective Safeguard 选择性保障措施Selective Safeguard Clause 严重损害Self-Certification 自我认证Self-Regulatory 自律组织Sellers’Price List 卖方价格清单Selling Price 销售价格Semi-Generic Wine Names 半通用酒名Separate Customs Territory 单独关税区Sequencing 先后顺序Serious Adverse 严重不利影响Serious injury 严重损害Serious Prejudice 严重侵害Service Address 送达地址Service Industry 服务业Service Mark 服务商标Service Market Access 服务贸易市场准入Service Regulations 服务管理Services 服务Services Supplier 服务提供者Settlement of Claims 权利请求的解决Shrimp Case 虾案Similar Goods 类似货物Singapore Agenda 新加坡议程Singapore Issues新加坡议题Single Approach 单一方式Single Tendering 单一来源采购Single Unified Market 单一统一市场Situation Complaints 情势之诉Small Economies 小经济体Social Dumping 社会倾销Social Labeling 社会标签Social Services 社会服务Social Subsidies 社会补贴Social Welfare Charges 社会福利费用Sole Agent 独家代理人Sole Concessionaire 独家受让人Sole Distributor 独家经销人Special Economic Areas 特殊经济区Special Import Measures Act 特殊进口措施法Special Safeguards（SSG）特殊保障措施Special Treatment（ST）（农业协议）特别处理Specialist 专家Specialist in Accounts 会计账目专家Specific Duty 特别关税Specific License 特种许可证Specific Measure 具体措施Specific Subsidy 专向性补贴Specific tariff 从量税Specificity 专向性Specificity Principle 专向性原则Specificity Test 专向性测试Sporadic Dumping 零星倾销Spurious Dumping 假倾销Square Brackets 方括号Staff Regulations 职员条例Staff report 工作人员报告Staff Rules 职员规则Stamp Tax 印花税Standard of Review 审查标准Standardization 标准化Standardization Activities 标准化活动Standardizing 标准化机构Standards 标准Standards Code 标准守则Standing Appellate Body 常设上诉机构Standstill Commitment 维持现状承诺Standstill Provisions 维持现状规定Stare Decisis 遵循先例Start-Up Period 投产期间Start-Up Situation 投产状态State Pricing 国家定价State Responsibility 国家责任State Trading 国营贸易State Trading Commitment 国营贸易承诺State Trading Countries 国营贸易国家State-Owned Enterprises 国有企业State-Trading Dumping 国营贸易倾销Statism 国家主义Stockpiling Exception 储存例外Strategic Duping 战略倾销Subheading 子目Subject Matter of a Patent 专利的客体Submission 递交材料Sub-National Obligation 地方政府义务Subsequent Practice 嗣后做法Subsidiaries 独资子公司Subsidiary 从属性Subsidiary Bodies 附属机构Subsidies 补贴Subsidized Goods 补贴产品Subsidizing Member 进行补贴的成员Subsidy 补贴Subsidy Practice 补贴做法Substantial Improvement 实质性改善Substantial Interest 实质利益Substantial Transformation 实质性改变Substantive Disciplines 实质性纪律Substantive Meeting 实质性会议Substitutable Products 替代品Sunset Clause 日落条款Sunset Industry 夕阳产业Sunset Review 日落复审Supplemental Information 补充信息Supplementary Criteria 补充标准Support Price 支持价格Surrogate Country 替代国Suspend concessions 暂停减让Suspension of an Investigation 中止调查Suspension of Concessions 中止减让Suspension of Release 中止放行Sustainable Development 可持续发展Swiss Formula 瑞士公式Symmetrical Comparisons 对称比较Sympathetic Consideration 积极考虑TTargeted Dumping 目标倾销Tariff Act 关税法Tariff Anomaly 关税异常Tariff Bindings 约束关税/ 关税约束承诺tariff classification 关税分类Tariff Concessions 关税减让Tariff Consolidation 关税合并Tariff Equivalent 关税等值Tariff Escalation 关税升级Tariff Increase 提高关税Tariff Item 税号Tariff Laws 关税法规Tariff Level 关税水平Tariff line 税号Tariff Line 税则号列Tariff Negotiations 关税谈判Tariff Nomenclature 税则目录Tariff peaks 关税高峰Tariff Policy 关税政策Tariff Preferences 关税优惠Tariff Protection 关税保护Tariff Quota 关税配额Tariff Range 关税范围Tariff Rate 关税税率Tariff rate quotas （TRQ ）关税配额Tariff Schedule 关税表Tariff Structure 关税结构Tariff Union(CU) 关税同盟Tariff valuation 关税估价Tariff War 关税战Tariff Zone 关税区Tariff-Cutting Formula 关税减让公式Tariff-Free Quota 免税配额Tariffication 关税化Tariff-Only Regime 单一关税机制Tariffs 关税Tax Credit 税收抵免Tax Subsidy 税收补贴Taxation Services 税收服务Taxed Product 国内征税产品Technical Expertise 技术专长Technical Regulation 技术法规Technical Specifications 技术规格Technical Sub-Committee 技术小组委员会Telecommunication Services 电信服务案Telecommunications 电信Telecommunications Annex 电信附件Telecommunications Services 电信服务Television Services 电视服务Tendering Documents 招标文件Tendering Procedures 招标程序Term of Patent Protection 专利保护期Terms of Reference 职权范围条款Test Methods 检验方法Test Value 测试价格Testing and Inspection 检验和检查Textile Committee 纺织品委员会Textile Designs 纺织品设计Textile Trade 纺织品贸易The Contracting Parties 缔约方全体The contraction in demand 需求萎缩Threat of Injury 损害威胁Threat of Serious Injury 严重损害威胁Threshold 最低限额Threshold Price 门槛价Threshold Value 最低限价Tied Investment 捆绑式投资Tiered Formula 分层公式Time-Limited Exceptions 有时限的例外Time-Schedules 时间表Tokyo Round 东京回合Tolerances for Contaminants 污染物允许量Top-Down Approach 自上而下的方法Torquay Round 托奎回合Total AMS 综合支持总量Total AMS Commitment 综合支持总量承诺Total Eligible Costs 可计入总成本Tourism Satellite Account 旅游卫星账户Tourist Guides Services 导游服务Trade and Environment 贸易与环境Trade Defence Measures 贸易防御措施Trade Diversion 贸易转移Trade diversion inquiry 贸易转移调查Trade Facilitation 贸易便利化Trade in goods 货物贸易Trade in Services 服务贸易Trade in Services Statistics 服务贸易统计Trade Name 商号Trade or Business Association 同业公会或商会Trade Policy 贸易政策Trade Policy Review 贸易政策审议Trade preferences 贸易优先Trade Regulations 贸易法规Trade Relief 贸易补救Trade Remedies 贸易救济Trade Rules for Services 服务贸易规则Trade Secrets 商业秘密Trade Statistics 贸易统计Trade Surplus 贸易盈余Trade, Debt and Finance 贸易、债务和金融Trademark 商标Trading Rights 贸易权Traffic Rights 航空权Training Services 培训服务Transaction in Services 服务交易Transaction Value 成交价格Transfer Duties 转让税Transfer of Liabilities 债务转移Transfer of Payments 转移支付Transitional Safeguard 过渡性保障措施Translation Issues 翻译问题Transparency 透明度Transport Subsidy 运输补贴Transshipment 转运Treaty Interpretation 条约解释Trigger Clause 触发条款Trigger Level 触发水平Trigger Price 触发价格Triggering Point 触发点Turnover Tax 营业税UUnder-Invoicing 低报出口Undertaking 承诺Undisclosed Information 未披露信息Unforeseen Development 不可预见的发展Uniform Tariff 统一关税Unit Amount of a Subsidy 单位补贴额Universal Services 普遍服务Unrequited Export 无偿出口Upstream Dumping 上游倾销Upstream Subsidy 上游补贴Urban Planning Services 城市规划服务Urgent Circumstances 紧急问题Uruguay Round 乌拉圭回合Use in Good Faith 善意使用Use of a Trademark 商标使用User Member 用户成员VVagueness of Claims 权利请求模糊Valuation Basis 估价基础Valuation Effect 估价效果Valuation of Contracts 合同估价Valuation Option 估价选择Valuation Procedures 估价程序Valuation System 估价系统Value Added Tax System 增值税制度Value Added Tax（VAT）增值税Value-Added Telecommunications 增值电信Variable duties 差价税Variable Duty 可变税Variable Import 进口差价税Variable Levies差价税Verification 核实Vertical merger 垂直兼并Veterinary Services 兽医服务Violation Claims 违反之诉Visible Balance 有形收支余额Visible Export and Import 有形进出口Visible Trade 有形贸易Visible Trade Balance 有形贸易余额Voluntary Export Quota 自愿出口配额Voluntary Restraint of Export 自愿出口限制Voluntary Standard 自愿性标准Voluntary Undertakings 自愿承诺WWaiver （WTO 义务）豁免Water Transport Services 水运服务Welfare Services 社会福利服务Well-Known Trademark 驰名商标Wheat Flour 面粉案Wholesale Trade Services 批发服务Withdraw 撤回Withdraw concessions 撤销减让Withdraw from the Agreement 退出协定Withdrawal 退出Withdrawal of the Measures 措施撤回Withholding of Concessions 停止减让Witness statement 证词Work of Applied Art 实用艺术作品Working party 工作组Working Procedures 工作程序Wrongful Detention of Goods 错误扣押商品WTO Agreement WTO 协议WTO Secretariat 世界贸易组织秘书处YYearly Updates 年度更新ZZero Binding 零关税约束Zero Duties 零关税Zero-for-Zero Approach 零对零方法Zero-for-Zero Principle 零对零原则Zero-for-Zero Proposal 零对零建议Zeroing 归零Zero-Margin Harmonization 零差别协调。
第6章中国服务贸易
离岸外包有两种形式： “境外自营”: 境外中心为摩根大通自己所有并运 营 离岸“外包”: 将业务流程交付给第三方提供商实 施 包含两种至关重要的业务策略: 选址策略(“我们应把业务流程转移到哪里”) 资源策略(“谁最适合实施这些业务流程”)
离岸外包的动力
服务外包的本质，是企业以价值链管理为基础， 将其非核心业务通过合同方式发包、分包或转包 给本企业之外的服务提供者，以提高生产要素和 资源配置效率的跨国生产组织模式。
服务外包影响着广泛的服务活动，遍布各个产业。 由于外包服务往往以跨国公司的非核心商业流程 为主，技术含量和附加值相对较低，因此发展中 国家在承接外包服务方面拥有低成本优势。
承接服务外包对东道国的意义
1.提升产业结构
2.增加服务贸易出口收入
3.创造就业机会
4.提高工薪收入和技能水平 思考我国承接服务外包的优势和可能面临的挑战 有哪些？
由于国际服务贸易在跨国界移动时是以人 员、资本、服务产品、信息等的流动为载体， 一般不进行海关登记，所以利用关税保护服 务业难以奏效，而利用非关税壁垒限制外国 服务者的服务就成为国际服务贸易的主要保 护手段。
服务贸易政策工具
限制贸易过程的壁垒
税收歧视
限制主体资格的壁垒
资格的限制
补贴
国家垄断 政府购买
二、国际服务贸易发展的特点
1.国际服务贸易发展迅猛. 2.发达国家占主导地位. 3.国际服务贸易领域不断扩大. 4.国际服务贸易自由化进程加快.
进口额
第二节 服务跨境交付境外消费与自 然人存在
各种模式占服务贸易总额的比重：
ＷＴＯ 秘书处的测算表明，通过商业存在（即外国投资） 进行的服务贸易占世界服务贸易总值的５６％ 左右，跨境 服务贸易约占２８％，通过境外消费方式进行的服务贸易占 １４％，而纯粹通过自然人提供的服务仅占２％。
服务贸易
随着全球经济的发展，各国在发展货 （一）引入冻结、棘轮等条款 TISA谈判目的在于服务贸易领域的进 区别 对比GATS初始减让表、修正的“出价” 物贸易的同时，服务贸易领域的需求越来 TISA还考虑到“21世纪的新问题”， 一步自由化，在谈判过程中 总结GATS的 越大，而最为服务贸易领域基础性规则的 表和各国实际政策执行情况，可以发现 协议GATS在服务贸易蓬勃发展的今天己无 将“新的和增强的纪律”纳入到谈判范围 一个“特征化事实”，即服务贸易自由 不足，谈判所制定的规则更加具体明确。 TISA对谈判中承诺 TISA期许比GATS更 内。第一，对于国有企业（ SOE ）提出了 谈判 中就主要领域各国更多的达成具体的 法适应全球服务贸易发展的情势，亦无法 化水平呈依次递增态势。在TISA中引入冻 明确的协议，使其能在实践中更 满足WTO各国发展服务贸易加大开放度和 竞争中性的要求。第二，跨境数据流。 方式作出改变 高水平的自由化 好的发展 结条款和棘轮条款后，进一步自由化的 TISA将提出具体的跨境数据流准则，这些 以期促进各国服务贸易的发展。 自由度的迫切要求。 起点是各国的现行实际自由化水平，而 同时，TISA谈判成员的特点 决定了其 准则将保证跨境服务贸易中数据不受限制 与此同时，与多哈回合的“一揽子承诺” 不是在GATS框架下做出的承诺水平。 的权利。第三，强制地方化。 TISA协定包 成员方利益较为一致，这也为具体规则的 不同的是TISA专注于服 （二）重视自然人流动自由化 条件。TISA谈判成员是 含关于强制地方化问题的条款来限制政府 务贸易的谈判，因此不会出现因其他议题 TISA特别强调不应该排除任何一种服务贸 制定提供了较好的 的失败而全盘告终的结果。TISA不同于 出台对服务部门新的地方化强制要求，例 易提供方式，特别提到自然人流动。TISA 发达大国和发达小国或发达地区，这些国 家或 WTO地区之间经济都较为发达，且服务贸 的“一揽子承诺”方式，更多的引入 如，合资企业要求或者外资股比限制等限 规范了自然人的类别，提出了一个非穷 易依存度较大，国家或地区之间 关系也比 制性、甚至歧视性要求。欧盟提出，在最 诸边谈判的方式，谈判国家间更多的达成 TISA 规则更加具体明确， TISA 还考虑到“ 21 尽性的“软清单”，包括商业访问人员、 多不超过10%的服务分部门中可保留股权 较紧密，同时服务业发展迅速也是这些国 多边协定和双边协定，谈判各国在服务贸 公司内部调任人员、合约服务提供者和 成员利益具有一致性 世纪的新问题” 限制要求。 家作为 TISA成员国 的特点之一。 易利益问题上无需做出较多的让步，给谈 独立专家、咨询人员等，并表态要关注 判国更多的自由度，使各国能够更大程度 技术半熟练人员的流动。 上获得共同利益。
四种服务贸易模式 英文
Modes of supply 服务贸易的方式60.We have reviewed the major different explanations for the pattern of trade. These explanations provide a motive for trade. But they do not always explain why firms choose particular modes to supply services to foreign customers.我们已经回顾了关于贸易模式的几个主要的不同的解释。
这些解释为贸易的发生提供了动机。
但是它们并不总能解释为什么公司采用特定的模式来为它们的外国客户提供服务。
61.The possibility that services may be supplied by more than one mode raises a number of issues. First, if trade in all modes was unconstrained, how would firms choose to supply service to their foreign customers? Second, are different modes substitutes or complements? Third, what is the effect of allowing trade via some modes but not others? The answers to these questions have important implications both for predicating and assessing the implications含义of trade liberalization in services. Unfortunately, this issue has not received a great deal of study in the academic literatur e.服务可以被多种方式提供的可能性引出了一些问题：第一，如果各种贸易方式没有受到限制，公司会如何选择提供服务给它们的外国客户？第二，各种不同的模式是相互替代还是相互补充？第三，如果允许贸易只能通过一些方式，而不能用其他的方式，这样做的影响又是什么？这些问题的答案对预测和评析服务贸易自由化的重要影响有着重要的意义。
WTO词汇(中英翻译对照)
QQuads 四方集团（指美国、欧盟、日本、加拿大）Qualification of Suppliers 供应商资格Qualification Procedures 资格审查程序Qualification System 资格审查制度Qualifications 资格Quantitative Ceiling 数量上限Quantitative Restriction 数量限制Quantity Commitment Levels 数量承诺水平Quantity trigger level 数量触发水平Quantum of International 国际贸易总量Quarantine Measures 检疫措施Quarantine Treatments 检疫处理Quasi-judicial 准司法Quota Period 配额期限Quota Price 配额价格Quota Restrictions 配额限制Quota System 配额制度quota-free products 非配额产品Quota-Hopping 配额跳过RRate of Subsidization 补贴率Reasonable Expectation 合理预期Reasonable Means 合理方法Reasonable Period of Time 合理期限Rebuttal Evidence 反驳的证据Rebuttal Submissions 书面辩驳Recidivist Dumping 习惯性倾销Recipient Country/Region 受援国/地区Reciprocal Trade 互惠贸易Reciprocity 对等Recommendations （争端解决）建议Recommendations of Findings 建议或裁决Recovery of Costs 成本收回Red Box 红箱Reduction Commitments 削减承诺Reference years 参考年（基期）Refund of Duties or Taxes 退税Regional trade 区域贸易Regional Trade Agreements 区域贸易协定Registration of a Trademark 商标注册Registry 登记处Regular Channels of Trade 正常贸易渠道Regulatory Duty 调节关税Regulatory Requirements 管理要求Related Persons 有关联关系的人Remedies 经济措施Remission or Drawback 减免与退税Renewal of Registration 注册续展Rental of Phonograms 录音制品出租Rental Rights 出租权Reporting system 申报制度Representations or Proposals 交涉或建议Representative Office 代表处Representative Period 代表期Request for a Waiver 请求豁免义务Request for Conciliation 请求调解Requirments of Use 使用要求Res Judicata 一事不再理Reservation Clause 保留条款Reserved Negotiations 保留谈判Residual Tariffs 剩余关税Residual Value 剩余价值Resource Rent 资源租金Responding Party 应诉方Restraint of Trade 贸易限制Restrictive Clauses 限制性条款Resumed dumping 继续倾销Retail Store Restriction 零售店限制Retailing Services 零售服务Retaliation 报复Retaliatory Measures 报复措施Retaliatory Subsidization 报复性补贴Retrospective Remedies 追溯性救济Revenue 税收Reverse Dumping 逆倾销Review 复审Review Session 审议会议Revocation 撤销Right Holder 权利持有人Right of Appeal 上诉权Right of Establishment 设立权Right of First Refusal 首次拒绝权利Right of Priority 优先权Right of Reproduction 复制权Right to Use a Trademark 商标使用权Risk assessment 风险分析Round 回合Routine Notification 例行通知Royalties 特许权费/使用费Rules of Origin 原产地规则Rules of Procedure 议事规则Rural Development 农村发展SSafeguard Agreement 保障措施协定Safeguard(SG) 保障措施Safe-Haven Agreement 安全港协定Safety Requirements 安全要求Sale for Export 出口销售Sales Tax 销售税Sanitary Inspection 卫生检查Scale of Contribution 会费分摊比例Schedular Tax 分类所得税Schedule of Commitments(GATS) 承诺减让表Schedule Price 价目表价格Schedules of Bindings 约束关税表Schedules of Concessions 减让表Schedules of concessions 减让时间表Scheduling 减让表制作Scientific Evidence 科学证据Scientific Justification 科学上的正当性Scientific Tariff 科学关税Scope of Appellate Review 上诉审查范围Screen Quota 反映限额Screen Time 反映时间Screwdriver Operations 改锥业务Secondary Dumping 二级倾销Second-Level Obligations 第二层义务Sectoral Commitments 部门承诺Sector-Specific Commitments 部门具体承诺Security 担保Security Exceptions 安全例外Security Services 证券服务Selection Procedures 选择程序Selective Safeguard 选择性保障措施Selective Safeguard Clause 严重损害Self-Certification 自我认证Self-Regulatory 自律组织Sellers’Price List 卖方价格清单Selling Price 销售价格Semi-Generic Wine Names 半通用酒名Separate Customs Territory 单独关税区Sequencing 先后顺序Serious Adverse 严重不利影响Serious injury 严重损害Serious Prejudice 严重侵害Service Address 送达地址Service Industry 服务业Service Mark 服务商标Service Market Access 服务贸易市场准入Service Regulations 服务管理Services 服务Services Supplier 服务提供者Settlement of Claims 权利请求的解决Shrimp Case 虾案Similar Goods 类似货物Singapore Agenda 新加坡议程Singapore Issues新加坡议题Single Approach 单一方式Single Tendering 单一来源采购Single Unified Market 单一统一市场Situation Complaints 情势之诉Small Economies 小经济体Social Dumping 社会倾销Social Labeling 社会标签Social Services 社会服务Social Subsidies 社会补贴Social Welfare Charges 社会福利费用Sole Agent 独家代理人Sole Concessionaire 独家受让人Sole Distributor 独家经销人Special Economic Areas 特殊经济区Special Import Measures Act 特殊进口措施法Special Safeguards（SSG）特殊保障措施Special Treatment（ST）（农业协议）特别处理Specialist 专家Specialist in Accounts 会计账目专家Specific Duty 特别关税Specific License 特种许可证Specific Measure 具体措施Specific Subsidy 专向性补贴Specific tariff 从量税Specificity 专向性Specificity Principle 专向性原则Specificity Test 专向性测试Sporadic Dumping 零星倾销Spurious Dumping 假倾销Square Brackets 方括号Staff Regulations 职员条例Staff report 工作人员报告Staff Rules 职员规则Stamp Tax 印花税Standard of Review 审查标准Standardization 标准化Standardization Activities 标准化活动Standardizing 标准化机构Standards 标准Standards Code 标准守则Standing Appellate Body 常设上诉机构Standstill Commitment 维持现状承诺Standstill Provisions 维持现状规定Stare Decisis 遵循先例Start-Up Period 投产期间Start-Up Situation 投产状态State Pricing 国家定价State Responsibility 国家责任State Trading 国营贸易State Trading Commitment 国营贸易承诺State Trading Countries 国营贸易国家State-Owned Enterprises 国有企业State-Trading Dumping 国营贸易倾销Statism 国家主义Stockpiling Exception 储存例外Strategic Duping 战略倾销Subheading 子目Subject Matter of a Patent 专利的客体Submission 递交材料Sub-National Obligation 地方政府义务Subsequent Practice 嗣后做法Subsidiaries 独资子公司Subsidiary 从属性Subsidiary Bodies 附属机构Subsidies 补贴Subsidized Goods 补贴产品Subsidizing Member 进行补贴的成员Subsidy 补贴Subsidy Practice 补贴做法Substantial Improvement 实质性改善Substantial Interest 实质利益Substantial Transformation 实质性改变Substantive Disciplines 实质性纪律Substantive Meeting 实质性会议Substitutable Products 替代品Sunset Clause 日落条款Sunset Industry 夕阳产业Sunset Review 日落复审Supplemental Information 补充信息Supplementary Criteria 补充标准Support Price 支持价格Surrogate Country 替代国Suspend concessions 暂停减让Suspension of an Investigation 中止调查Suspension of Concessions 中止减让Suspension of Release 中止放行Sustainable Development 可持续发展Swiss Formula 瑞士公式Symmetrical Comparisons 对称比较Sympathetic Consideration 积极考虑TTargeted Dumping 目标倾销Tariff Act 关税法Tariff Anomaly 关税异常Tariff Bindings 约束关税/ 关税约束承诺tariff classification 关税分类Tariff Concessions 关税减让Tariff Consolidation 关税合并Tariff Equivalent 关税等值Tariff Escalation 关税升级Tariff Increase 提高关税Tariff Item 税号Tariff Laws 关税法规Tariff Level 关税水平Tariff line 税号Tariff Line 税则号列Tariff Negotiations 关税谈判Tariff Nomenclature 税则目录Tariff peaks 关税高峰Tariff Policy 关税政策Tariff Preferences 关税优惠Tariff Protection 关税保护Tariff Quota 关税配额Tariff Range 关税范围Tariff Rate 关税税率Tariff rate quotas （TRQ ）关税配额Tariff Schedule 关税表Tariff Structure 关税结构Tariff Union(CU) 关税同盟Tariff valuation 关税估价Tariff War 关税战Tariff Zone 关税区Tariff-Cutting Formula 关税减让公式Tariff-Free Quota 免税配额Tariffication 关税化Tariff-Only Regime 单一关税机制Tariffs 关税Tax Credit 税收抵免Tax Subsidy 税收补贴Taxation Services 税收服务Taxed Product 国内征税产品Technical Expertise 技术专长Technical Regulation 技术法规Technical Specifications 技术规格Technical Sub-Committee 技术小组委员会Telecommunication Services 电信服务案Telecommunications 电信Telecommunications Annex 电信附件Telecommunications Services 电信服务Television Services 电视服务Tendering Documents 招标文件Tendering Procedures 招标程序Term of Patent Protection 专利保护期Terms of Reference 职权范围条款Test Methods 检验方法Test Value 测试价格Testing and Inspection 检验和检查Textile Committee 纺织品委员会Textile Designs 纺织品设计Textile Trade 纺织品贸易The Contracting Parties 缔约方全体The contraction in demand 需求萎缩Threat of Injury 损害威胁Threat of Serious Injury 严重损害威胁Threshold 最低限额Threshold Price 门槛价Threshold Value 最低限价Tied Investment 捆绑式投资Tiered Formula 分层公式Time-Limited Exceptions 有时限的例外Time-Schedules 时间表Tokyo Round 东京回合Tolerances for Contaminants 污染物允许量Top-Down Approach 自上而下的方法Torquay Round 托奎回合Total AMS 综合支持总量Total AMS Commitment 综合支持总量承诺Total Eligible Costs 可计入总成本Tourism Satellite Account 旅游卫星账户Tourist Guides Services 导游服务Trade and Environment 贸易与环境Trade Defence Measures 贸易防御措施Trade Diversion 贸易转移Trade diversion inquiry 贸易转移调查Trade Facilitation 贸易便利化Trade in goods 货物贸易Trade in Services 服务贸易Trade in Services Statistics 服务贸易统计Trade Name 商号Trade or Business Association 同业公会或商会Trade Policy 贸易政策Trade Policy Review 贸易政策审议Trade preferences 贸易优先Trade Regulations 贸易法规Trade Relief 贸易补救Trade Remedies 贸易救济Trade Rules for Services 服务贸易规则Trade Secrets 商业秘密Trade Statistics 贸易统计Trade Surplus 贸易盈余Trade, Debt and Finance 贸易、债务和金融Trademark 商标Trading Rights 贸易权Traffic Rights 航空权Training Services 培训服务Transaction in Services 服务交易Transaction Value 成交价格Transfer Duties 转让税Transfer of Liabilities 债务转移Transfer of Payments 转移支付Transitional Safeguard 过渡性保障措施Translation Issues 翻译问题Transparency 透明度Transport Subsidy 运输补贴Transshipment 转运Treaty Interpretation 条约解释Trigger Clause 触发条款Trigger Level 触发水平Trigger Price 触发价格Triggering Point 触发点Turnover Tax 营业税UUnder-Invoicing 低报出口Undertaking 承诺Undisclosed Information 未披露信息Unforeseen Development 不可预见的发展Uniform Tariff 统一关税Unit Amount of a Subsidy 单位补贴额Universal Services 普遍服务Unrequited Export 无偿出口Upstream Dumping 上游倾销Upstream Subsidy 上游补贴Urban Planning Services 城市规划服务Urgent Circumstances 紧急问题Uruguay Round 乌拉圭回合Use in Good Faith 善意使用Use of a Trademark 商标使用User Member 用户成员VVagueness of Claims 权利请求模糊Valuation Basis 估价基础Valuation Effect 估价效果Valuation of Contracts 合同估价Valuation Option 估价选择Valuation Procedures 估价程序Valuation System 估价系统Value Added Tax System 增值税制度Value Added Tax（VAT）增值税Value-Added Telecommunications 增值电信Variable duties 差价税Variable Duty 可变税Variable Import 进口差价税Variable Levies差价税Verification 核实Vertical merger 垂直兼并Veterinary Services 兽医服务Violation Claims 违反之诉Visible Balance 有形收支余额Visible Export and Import 有形进出口Visible Trade 有形贸易Visible Trade Balance 有形贸易余额Voluntary Export Quota 自愿出口配额Voluntary Restraint of Export 自愿出口限制Voluntary Standard 自愿性标准Voluntary Undertakings 自愿承诺WWaiver （WTO 义务）豁免Water Transport Services 水运服务Welfare Services 社会福利服务Well-Known Trademark 驰名商标Wheat Flour 面粉案Wholesale Trade Services 批发服务Withdraw 撤回Withdraw concessions 撤销减让Withdraw from the Agreement 退出协定Withdrawal 退出Withdrawal of the Measures 措施撤回Withholding of Concessions 停止减让Witness statement 证词Work of Applied Art 实用艺术作品Working party 工作组Working Procedures 工作程序Wrongful Detention of Goods 错误扣押商品WTO Agreement WTO 协议WTO Secretariat 世界贸易组织秘书处YYearly Updates 年度更新ZZero Binding 零关税约束Zero Duties 零关税Zero-for-Zero Approach 零对零方法Zero-for-Zero Principle 零对零原则Zero-for-Zero Proposal 零对零建议Zeroing 归零Zero-Margin Harmonization 零差别协调。
服务贸易的开放度与经济增长外文翻译
服务贸易的开放度与经济增长外文翻译外文翻译原文Openness in Services Trade and Economic GrowthMaterial Source: Eeonomies Letters Volume92,IssueZ,2006,p.277一283 Author: El Khoury Antoine and Savvides.AndreaabstractThis paper examines the relationship between openness in services trade and economic growth. We estimate a threshold regression model to test whether openness in services trade has a different impact on low- and high-income countries. We consider openness in both telecommunication and financial services. Results confirm the existence of a two- regime split with low-income economies benefiting from greater openness in telecommunication services and high-income economies from financial services openness.Key Words: Services trade, telecommunication services, financial services, economic growth.Openness in Services Trade and Economic Growth1. IntroductionThe costs and benefits of openness to international trade for economic growth have been studied extensively. Diverse measures of openness to trade have been used referring mainly to trade in commodities and include, inter alia, the share of exports/imports in GDP, measures of the prevalence of tariffs/quotas in commodity trade, or general qualitative indicators of openness. Studies, on the whole, demonstrate the positive effects of international trade e.g. Dollar, 1992; Frankel and Romer, 1999; and Sachs and Warner, 1995 though dissenting views have been voiced e.g. Rodríguez and Rodrik 2001.To date, very little has appeared on the growth effects of openness in services trade. This should, perhaps, not be surprising given that services constitute a new dimension in regional and multilateral trade agreements, especially within the auspices of recent and proposed WTO trade rounds. The view that greater openness in services trade is associated with higher growth seems to have taken hold amongst some policy makers recentlyEmpirical evidence on this issue, however, has been scant.A recent article in The Economist2004 emphasizes the fact that a well-established infrastructure is necessary in order for openness in services trade to have a positive impact on growth. The article is concerned whether “…ICTs[information and communication technologies] might have less impact on productivity in poor countries than in rich countries” and “… whether a certain threshold level ofadoption is required before the productivity benefits of ICTs kick in.” It questions whether the benefits from liberalizing trade in services are the same for low- and high-income countries.The objective of this paper is twofold: first, to add to the very limited evidence on the effects of liberalizing trade in services on economic growth; second, to test the hypothesis that a threshold level of development per capita income exists in the relationship between services trade openness and economic growth, and the corollary that the benefits from service trade liberalization do not materialize until such a threshold is achievedWe focus on two service industries: telecommunication and financial services.To test the underlying hypothesis we use the threshold regression TR model, an econometric technique that selects endogenously and tests simultaneously the existence of a threshold level of per capita income.2. The threshold regression model and openness in services tradeHansen’s 2000 TR model allows for an endogenous sample splitHe develops a sequential search algorithm to determine the value of the threshold and a Lagrange multiplier test for its significance. Papageorgiou 2002 uses the TR model in the context of a growth regression and finds that initial income per capita is a significant first-round threshold indicator. In subsequent rounds, literacy and general openness to trade the share of exports plus imports in GDP are alsosignificant threshold indicators.In our model, the threshold variable is initial income per capita and the underlying hypothesis is that the impact of service trade openness on economic growth depends on a country’s level of development income per capitaWe estimate the following growth regression model:g i?XiOPtelOPfinlnGDP??lnGDPi gi??XiOPtelOPfinlnGDPi?lnGDPiwhere i g is the average annual growth rate of per capita GDP for country i, Xi a vector of conditioning variables, OPtel and OPfin measure openness in telecommunication and financial services trade, respectively, lnGDPi is the log initial level of per capita income, and, ?11 ,,?15??and ?21,, ?25??are the threshold level and parameter vectors to be estimated, respectively.The focus of this study, the indices OPtel and OPfin, are from Mattoo, Rathindran and Subramanian 2001. They are constructed to reflect a policy-based measure of liberalization of a country’s services sectors. They assume values from 1 to 9 telecommunication services and 1 to 8 financial services with higher values indicating greater openness. The construction of the telecommunications index was based on market structure, the degree of foreign ownership and the existence of independent regulators. The financial openness index was based on market structure, foreign equity, and Dailami’s 2000 capital control index that takes into consideration the coding of rules, regulations andadministrative procedures that can affect capital flows. One value of each index is available for each country referring to observations during the early 1990s.The dependent variable is the average annual growth rate between 1990 and 2000 to reflect the availability of the two indexes during the early 1990s. The vector of conditioning variables, X i , includes: the government consumption/GDP ratio, lagged investment rate, inflation rate, mean years of total schooling in the population above 15 a measure of human capital and the ratio exports plus import/GDP. These variables were selected as representative of conditioning variables in the growth literature e.g. Levine et al., 2000. Data for all these variables are from the World Development Indicators, except for mean years of schooling from the Barro-Lee database. All conditioning variables are decadal averages.3. Empirical resultsResults are in Table 1The first four columns 1-4 show least squares estimates without a threshold. Column 1 is our basic growth specification. An issue of concern is that our two service trade indexes may be correlated with the general degree of openness and, thus, may proxy for the effects of overall trade openness. For this reason, the second specification column 2 includes an indicator of overall trade openness the ratio of imports plus exports to GDP. The third specification omits the investment rate to investigate the channels physical capital accumulation orproductivity via which service openness influences growth .The final specification column4 omits both the investment rate and overall trade opennessThe estimates show that greater openness in the telecommunication as well as financial services sector does not have a significant effect on growth. The conditioning variables have the expected signs but, except for investment in physical capital, trade openness and government size in some specifications, are insignificant.Next, we employ the TR model. The bootstrapped Lagrange multiplier test statistics with 1000 replications are significant for all specifications p-values 0.011, 0.009, 0.016 and 0.066. Therefore, income per capita splits the sample significantly. The least squares estimate of??? is consistent across specifications:??$3310 for specifications 1-3 and$3150 for specification 4.1 For the first three specifications the threshold level divides the sample of 60 countries into two subsamples 23 countries below and 37 above;2 for the final specification it divides the sample into a lower-income 21 and a higher-income group 39.Columns 1a-4a show parameter estimates for observations below the threshold and columns 1b-4b for observations above the threshold that correspond to the four specifications 1-4.The fit of the TR regressions as represented by R2 improves compared to least squares estimationFor countries below the threshold the relationship between openness intelecommunication services trade and growth is positive and highly significant; there is no evidence, however, of a significant relationship between openness in financial services and growth. For countries above the threshold the results are reversed: there is evidence of a positive and in two specifications significant relationship between openness in financial services trade and growth, but no such evidence for openness in telecommunication services trade.3 Overall trade openness has a positive and significant impact on growth for the high-income group and also a positive and marginally significant effect for the low-income groupWhen the investment ratio is excluded from the control variables in the final two specifications, the main result concerning the estimated coefficients for services openness for the two groups remains valid. We interpret this as evidence consistent with openness in services trade influencing the rate of economic growth both through physical capital accumulation and productivity growth. Finally, in contrast to the results for the complete sample, we note evidence favorable to conditional convergence for the two groups of countries separately, an observation consistent with the notion of convergence clubs. Because our results are based on the sample split via the TR model, we tested their robustness to alternative methods of sample splitting. One alternative is to introduce interaction terms between initial per capita income and the two indices of openness in services trade. The parameter estimates witht-statistics in parentheses for specification 2 similar results hold true for the other specifications are:g0.029?0.023GovernmentSize?0.00094 Inflation+0.00107 Human Capital0.54 0.62 0.90 1.01+ 0.0456 Investment Rate + 0.00004 Trade Openness0.0045 Initial Income1.48 1.36 0.63+ 0.0174 OPTel ? 0.0147 OPFin0.0020 Initial Income × OPTel3.13 1.86 3.02+ 0.0019 Initial Income × OPFin R20.341.85These estimates confirm the results of the TR modelBoth interaction effects are highly significant, as are the estimated coefficients for both service openness indicators. Importantly, the coefficient on telecommunication services openness is positive and its interaction with initial income is negative, while the opposite is true for financial services. This would indicate that telecommunication services openness has a positive impact on growth for low-income economies that diminishes as per capita income increases and vice versa for financial services, a conclusion that is in line with the TR model results. Based on these estimates, we can compute the level of income at which the impact of telecommunications openness on growth switches from positiveto negative and vice versa for financial services openness: it is $6003 for telecommunication services openness and $2291 for financial services openness.Our findings on the growth effects of openness in telecommunication services trade for lower-income economies and financial services for higher-income economies brings into focus the issue of physical and human capital infrastructureWe conjecture that lower-income economies benefit from greater telecommunications openness because the degree to which investment in telecommunication services is successful in boosting productivity is linked to the availability of physical capital, a complementary factor. Efforts to liberalize telecommunication services trade by lower-income economies frequently elicit foreign direct investment that contributes to raising productivity growth in the sector. For financial services, human capital a key complementary factor is in relative scarcity in lower-income economies and a factor that cannot be enticed from abroad, following liberalization.4 Moreover, lower income countries do not have the requisite institutional or regulatory structures to ensure the effective functioning of the financial sector as intermediary between savers and investors, something that greater openness of their financial sectors is unlikely to remedy.One concern with our results is the possible endogeneity of thetwo service openness indices. Several points are worth noting here. First, as indicated earlier, the service openness indices are based on observations largely from the first half of the 1990s while the growth rate is the average over the 1990-2000 decadeSecond, the correlation coefficient between the two service openness measures and the average growth rate is low: 0.11 for OPTel and 0.02 for OPFin both insignificant. Finally, we attempted to instrument for the service openness indices with the lagged growth rate but it turned out to be a poor instrument:the regression of each of the two service indicators on the lagged 1980-1990 growth rate yielded a positive but insignificant coefficient in both cases t-ratio 1.13 and 1.08 and the R2 was very low for both regressions approximately 0.02 in both cases. Given the way our service openness indices were measured, the low correlation coefficient between the two service openness indicators and growth, the persistence of growth rates across time a stylized fact and the low predictive power of the lagged growth rate for the service openness indicators, we do not expect endogeneity to be an important source of bias for our results.4. ConclusionThis study aims to measure the effect of openness in telecommunication and financial services on economic growth for countries at different stages of economic development. We look at whether the impact of greater openness in these services on growth is different for low- andhigh-income countries. We find evidence of a positive and significant relationship between openness in telecommunication services and growth for countries with income per capita below an endogenously determined threshold level and no evidence of a significant relationship for countries above the same threshold. Concerning the financial services sector, the results are reversed: there is evidence of a positive and significant relationship between openness and growth for countries with income per capita above the threshold and no significant relationship for countries below the threshold.References[1]“Canyon or Mirage,” 2004, The Economist, January 22.[2]Dailami. M.2000, “F inancial openness, democracy andredistributive policy,” World Bank Institute.[3]Dollar. D., 1992, “Outward-oriented developing economies really do grow more rapidly: evidence from 95 LDCs 1976-1985,” Economic Development and Cultural Change 40, 523-544.[4]Frankel. J, and D. Romer, 1999, “Does trade cause growth?” American EconomicReview 89, 379-399.[5]Hansen, B.E., 2000, “Sample splitting and threshold estimation,” Econometrica 68, 575-603.[6]Levine, R., N. Loayza and T. Beck, 2000, “Financial interme diation and growth: Causality and causes,” Journal of Monetary Economics 46, 31-77.[7]Mattoo, A., R. Rathindran, and A. Subramanian, 2001, “Measuring services trade liberalization and its impact on economic growth: An illustration,” World Bank Working Pap er No. 2655.[8]Papageorgiou, C., 2002, “Trade as a threshold variable for multiple regimes,” Economics Letters 77, 85-91.[9]Rodríguez, F. and D. Rodrik, 2001, “Trade policy and economic growth: Askeptic’s guide to cross national evidence,” in B.S. Bernan ke and K.S. Rogoff eds.: NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2000, Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 261-325.[10]Sachs, J.D. and A.M. Warner, 1995, “Economic reform and the process of global integration,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,1-118.译文服务贸易的开放度与经济增长资料来源:经济报92卷作者:安东尼尔本文主要研究服务贸易的开放度与经济增长之间的关系。
外文翻译--外商直接投资,服务贸易谈判和发展： 加勒比旅游
本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译外文题目：Foreign Direct Investment , Services Trade Negotiations and Development: The Case Of Tourism In The Caribbean出处：Blackwell Publishing作者：Dirk Willem Te Velde and Swapna Nair译文：外商直接投资，服务贸易谈判和发展：加勒比旅游摘要本文探讨发展中国家如何利用服务贸易谈判，以增加外国直接投资流入量有利于发展。
它回顾了服务贸易规则可能会影响外商直接投资，在员工与加勒比国家的9个旅游部门创新工具变量1997-2003年期间使用面板数据分析。
该报告认为，加勒比国家可能要对内开放信号在服务贸易总协定的外国直接投资，同时保持政策措施的使用一定程度的灵活性，在与欧盟经济伙伴关系协定目前的谈判中，重点强调可发展层面上。
一、简介本文探讨是否和发展中国家如何利用服务贸易谈判，以增加对在加勒比地区旅游部门为重点的外来直接投资金额有利于发展。
旅游业是最重要的服务部门，在加勒比地区，不同层次，不同形式的成功在不同的国家从大众旅游的范围，（例如巴巴多斯）和游船（这些岛屿的竞争集中），以生态旅游（例如伯利兹）。
有哪些战略，以最适合解决发展问题的辩论，但很显然，旅游业已经成为其多样化进程远离商品的加勒比国家越来越重要。
利用旅游卫星账户，目前整个经济的影响，而不仅仅是该部门本身，旅行和旅游服务目前贡献本地生产总值的15％，加勒比和16％的就业（见世界旅行和旅游理事会，2004）。
投资是该行业的进一步发展至关重要，因此重要的是要理解什么驱动它。
一个可能的因素是安全和透明的框架，可降低风险（迪克西特和平狄克，1994年，世界银行，2004），有时也被称为一个温馨的投资环境。
国际贸易规则可以有助于使被供奉的是国家对本国的国际承诺的基础上进行改革，投资环境更加透明和安全。
四种服务贸易模式 英文
Modes of supply 服务贸易的方式60.We have reviewed the major different explanations for the pattern of trade. These explanations provide a motive for trade. But they do not always explain why firms choose particular modes to supply services to foreign customers.我们已经回顾了关于贸易模式的几个主要的不同的解释。
这些解释为贸易的发生提供了动机。
但是它们并不总能解释为什么公司采用特定的模式来为它们的外国客户提供服务。
61.The possibility that services may be supplied by more than one mode raises a number of issues. First, if trade in all modes was unconstrained, how would firms choose to supply service to their foreign customers? Second, are different modes substitutes or complements? Third, what is the effect of allowing trade via some modes but not others? The answers to these questions have important implications both for predicating and assessing the implications含义of trade liberalization in services. Unfortunately, this issue has not received a great deal of study in the academic literatur e.服务可以被多种方式提供的可能性引出了一些问题：第一，如果各种贸易方式没有受到限制，公司会如何选择提供服务给它们的外国客户？第二，各种不同的模式是相互替代还是相互补充？第三，如果允许贸易只能通过一些方式，而不能用其他的方式，这样做的影响又是什么？这些问题的答案对预测和评析服务贸易自由化的重要影响有着重要的意义。
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关于杭州中心地区服务业竞争力及其发展战略的评价（节选）郑建壮，中国浙江省浙江大学城市学院江海霞，中国浙江省浙江工业大学摘要：服务行业的竞争力是直接反映在区服务业的发展水平和潜在能力之中的。
本文研究了杭州服务行业的发展现状，从中心区的角度构建了一个服务行业的评价指标体系，并分析了杭州每个中心城区服务业的可持续发展的优势和劣势。
最后，文章给杭州的服务行业竞争力的提高提出了战略建议。
关键词：中心地区，服务业，竞争力1. 引言20世纪80年代以来，全球经济已呈现从“工业经济”转向于“服务经济”的变化趋势。
服务业已成为全球经济好转的一个关键的引擎（2005年李和王），它在改善国家经济、增加就业率、调整产业结构和提高生活水平等方面的重要作用是显而易见的。
一般来说一个地区的服务行业发展主要集中于中部地区，而不是郊区，因为中心区一般被视为一个城市经济发展的“心脏”，它在地理位置、交通和文化等方面都占有有利因素，不仅可增强生产要素、人口和产业聚集的力量，也有利于市场的发展。
因此，中部地区正在成为服务行业的主要区域（李2007）。
本文在分析杭州中心城区的服务业竞争力的基础上，进行了相关的评价，旨在寻找到一种有效的策略以提高城市的服务行业发展。
2. 服务产业竞争力的文献研究大部分关于服务行业的竞争力的学术研究都是基于它们的地区竞争能力之上的。
因此，服务业的竞争力可以简单地定义为“服务行业在竞争中获取和利用资源的能力”。
国外的研究学者更倾向于特定的服务行业的竞争力分析与研究，如商业服务行业（2001年Rubalcaba和加戈）、保险业（哈德威克和窦1998）、知识密集服务（1999年Windrum和汤姆林森）。
然而，在中国，学者们的研究重点则集中于一个特定的区域，而不是一个特定的行业，如中国的31个主要省份（吴2003），中国六大发展先进的省份（2004年刁、庄），中国16个主要省份（2005年苏、张）。
由于很多的因素都可以影响服务业的竞争力和复杂性，大多数中国学者认为，我们应该建立一个多层次的综合评价指标体系，如“总目标指导指数”。
他们参考了区域竞争力评价体系的结构，使用量化参数作为区域经济发展的能力、服务行业的规模、扩张速度、生产效率以及科学和技术能力等的指标。
他们还采用诸如主成分分析、因素分析和数据包分析（DEA）评价的分析方法来对几个省份的服务行业的竞争力进行测量。
就整体而言，关于中国的服务产业竞争力的研究主要是针对省市的，而其一般使用省份和城市规模意义上的综合数据。
因此，相关的郊区数据，特别关于农村地区经济的数据是无法得到的。
事实上，服务行业现在主要集中在中心城区发展。
在这些领域的数据，可以有效地反映一个城市的核心区域的服务行业的竞争情况。
另一方面，随着现代社会密集型发展趋势不断扩大，即使在同一个城市的几个中心城区都会服务业的发展有不同的侧重。
因此，只有通过分析影响每个中心区服务行业的竞争力的有利条件和不利因素，并分别进行研究，才能有效地提高全市服务业的发展。
3. 杭州服务行业的现状杭州在长江三角洲发挥着中心城市的作用，是三个最大的综合交通运输链之一。
近年来，杭州目标是成为“一个长江三角洲的中心的现代服务产业，构建现代产业体系”杭州全球金融危机中利用反相传输，加快产业结构升级，提高服务行业的质量，并鼓励服务企业发展壮大起来，从而在服务行业取得重大发展。
在2009年，杭州的服务行业获得了约13.9％的增长速度，约值247.352亿元，占国内生产总值为48.51％。
显然，服务业在杭州的经济发展已成为一个主要的发动机。
在服务业的内部结构中，杭州制定了10个领域的发展战略方向，包括文化创新、旅游、信息服务、金融服务、商业服务、现代物流、中介服务、房地产、社会服务和技术分工服务。
其中，文化创新、商业服务和金融服务行业的金额占整体服务业的15％以上，而房地产、信息服务、旅游和现代物流占近10％。
从上述数据可以看出，杭州的服务行业的产业结构已经优化到一定程度，有一些优势产业具备比较高的的增加值。
然而，杭州在服务行业的发展中也面临着许多的问题。
例如，服务行业的总量和结构的现代化程度远远落后如北京、上海、广州和深圳等城市。
此外，在长江三角洲的范围内，杭州的服务行业的总数落后于苏州城市，而在GDP中所占的比例则落后于南京。
对杭州来说，特别是在中部地区，它仍有许多方面需要改善以维持服务行业的快速发展，每一个中心区都应被视为发展的基本单元。
因此，针对每个区域的服务业发展的优势和劣势，杭州可以采用不同的可行策略。
4. 各个中心区的竞争力评价A. 指标体系区域服务业竞争力是一个涉及几个影响因素的功能性指标。
在前人研究的基础上，本文综合考虑了全面性、科学性和可得性方面的因素，从而对服务业的竞争力建立了评价指标体系，包括经济发展基础、发展水平、成长能力和技术能力这4个指标，以及二阶的12个指标。
B.评估过程和结果分析关于消除指标之间可能具有的相关性，本文采用因子分析方法来衡量服务业的竞争力。
在2009年每个中心区的相关数据的基础上，文章选取了浙江省7个中心城区和9个其他省份的中心地区，它们都有迅速而又发达的服务业。
以这些地区为样本做横向比较，文章找出了服务业的竞争力情况以及每个杭州中心区的优势和劣势。
Appraisal to the Competitiveness of Service Industry in Central Districts of Hangzhou and Its Improvement Strategy*Jianzhuang Zheng1 and Haixia Jiang21 Zhejiang University City College Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China2 Hangzhou Vocational & Technical College,Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, ChinaJianzhuangZheng@Abstract. The Competitiveness of the service industry directly reflects the development level and potential ability of service industry in district. This paper studies the current development of the service industry in Hangzhou, constructs an appraisal index system of the service industry in the central district perspective, analyses the advantages and disadvantages in the sustainable development of service industry in each central districts of Hangzhou, and finally, gives suggestions in the strategy to enhance the competitiveness of service industry of Hangzhou. Keywords: central district, service industry, competitiveness.1 IntroductionSince the 1980s, the global economics has showed an overall trend changes from ‘industry economic’ to ‘service economic’. The service industry is becoming a pivotal engine in the worldwide economic improvement (Li and Wang 2005). Its crucial role in the aspects of improving country economics, increasing employment rate, adjusting industry structure and upgrading level of living standard is apparent. In the internal view of a district, the development of service industry mainly occurs in the central districts instead of suburbs, due to the fact that central districts, regarded as the ‘heart’in economic development of a city, have favorable factors in geographic position, transportation and culture, which not only bring ‘magnetic power’ towards aggregation of productive factor, population and industry, but also benefit to the market development. Therefore, the central districts are becoming the major zones of service industry (Li 2007). This paper conducts an apprasial based on analysis of the service industry competitiveness in some central districts of Hangzhou, in order to search for an effective strategy to improve the service industry development in cities.2 The Literature of the Competitiveness of Service IndustryMost academic researches towards the service industry competitiveness are based on their competitive ability in regions. Thereby, the service industry competitiveness can be simply defined as ‘the ability and capability of service industry to obtain and utilize resources in the competition’. Researchers in the world are more concentrate on the competitive analysis of a particular service industry, e.g. the commercial service industry (Rubalcaba and Gago 2001), the insurance industry (Hardwick and Dou 1998), and knowledge-intensive service (Windrum and Tomlinson 1999). However in China, emphasis is put on a particular region rather than a particular industry, e.g. 31 main provinces in China (Wu 2003), 6 high-developed provinces in China (Diao and Zhuang 2004), 16 major provinces in China (Su and Zhang 2005). Due to the big amount of factors influencing serviceindustry competitiveness and their complexities, most Chinese scholars hold the proposition to establish a multi-layer integrated appraisal index system such as ‘General Objective-Guideline-Sub guideline-Index’. They make reference to the structure of regional competitiveness appraisal system, use quantities parameters as capability of regional economic development, scale of service industry, expanding speed, productive efficiency, science and technology capability and so on, use analytical methods like main element analysis, factor analysis and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) appraisal, conduct measurement to the competitiveness of service industry in several provinces.On the whole, studies on the service industry competitiveness in China mainly target to provinces and cities, while using the integrated data in the scale of provinces and cities. Thus, relevant data about economic in suburbs, especially in rural areas, can not be derived. In fact, the service industry nowadays mainly develops in central districts. Data in these areas can effectively reflect the competition circumstances of service industry in the core region of a city. On the other hand, along with the trend of aggregation development in modern society, even those several central districts in the same city will have different emphasizes on the service industry development. Therefore, only by analyzing favorable and unfavorable factors affected the competitiveness of service industry in each central district and conducting research separately, can the development of the whole city’s service industry be improved effectively.3 The Current Situation of Service Industry in HangzhouHangzhou plays the role of central city in the Yangtze River delta and one of the three biggest integrated transportation hinges. In recent years, aiming to be ‘a modern service industry centre in Yangtze River delta’ and to construct a modern industry system, Hangzhou made use of the ‘Reversed Transmission’ in the global financial crisis, speeded the upgrading of industry structure, improved the quality of service industry and encouraged service enterprises to grow up. Significant development in the service industry is obtained. In 2009, the service industry in Hangzhou gained value about 247.352 billion Yuan with the increasing rate about 13.9%, accounted for 48.51% in GDP. Apparently, the service industry has become a major engine in the economic development of Hangzhou. From the internal structure of the service industry, Hangzhou makes division of ten fields in the development strategy direction, including culture & innovation, tourism, information service, financial service, commercial service, modern logistic, agency service, real estate, community service and technological service. Among them, the amount of culture & innovation, commercial service and financial service industry occupies more than 15% in the overall service industry, while real estate, information service, tourism and modern logistic accounting for nearly 10%. It can be seen from the data above that the industry structure of service industry in Hangzhou is already optimized to some extent, while some superior industries have relatively high adding-value.However, many problems are confronted by Hangzhou in the service industry development. For instance, the total amount of service industries and the structure modernization degree are far more behind of cities like Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhouand Shenzhen. What’s more, in the scale of Yangtze River delta, Hangzhou falls behind cities of Suzhou in the total amounts of service industries and Nanjing in the proportion occupied in GDP. To Hangzhou, there are still many aspects needed to improve in order to sustain the rapid development of service industry, especially in the central districts. Every central district should be regarded as a basic development unit. Thus, different feasible strategies can be adopted aiming to the advantages and disadvantages of service industry development in each district.4 Competitiveness Appraisal in Each Central DistrictA. The Index SystemThe competitiveness of regional service industry is a function involving several influence factors. Based on former studies, the paper gives a integrated consideration to the comprehensiveness, scientificalness and acquirability, establishes an appraisal index system to the service industry competitiveness, comprising 4 first order indexes of Economic Development Foundation, Development Level, Growing Ability and Technological Capability, with 12 second order indexes under them (Table 1).B. The Appraisal Process and Outcome AnalysisConcerning to eliminate possible relativity between indexes, this paper adopts the factor analysis method to measure the service industry competitiveness. Based on relevant data of each central district in 2009, the paper selects 7 central districts within the Zhejiang Province and 9 central districts in other provinces, which all have fast-developed service industry. These districts are used as samples in the horizontal comparison to find out the service industry competitiveness situation and the advantages and disadvantages of each central district of Hangzhou.。