Cylindrical Abdominoperineal Resection - Pilgrims Hospital圆腹会阴联合切除术-朝圣医院
麻醉专业英语词汇
麻醉专业英语词汇麻醉专业词汇Aabate 减轻，减少abatement 减轻abbreviated 缩短的，省略的abdomen 腹部abdominal 腹部的abdominal breathing 腹式呼吸abdominal delivery 剖腹产abdominal hysterectomy procedure 经腹子宫切除手术abdominal respiration 腹式呼吸abdominal section 剖腹术abdominalgia 腹痛abdominoscopy 腹腔镜检查abdominothoracic 胸腹的abdominouterectomy 腹式子宫切除术ablation脱离，部分切除（术）abnormal sensation感觉异常abolition of reflex 反射消失aboulia意识缺失abrosia 禁食abscess 脓肿absent respiration 呼吸音消失，无呼吸音呼吸absolute arrhythmia 绝对心律不齐absolute diet 禁食，绝食absolute temperature 绝对温度absorber 吸收器，过滤器，吸收管，减震器absorbite 活性碳，吸附器absorption吸收abulia 意识缺失abuse 违反操作规程，滥用acanthi 棘突，棘accentuation 增强，亢进access 存取，进口，入口accessory respiratory muscle 辅助呼吸肌accident hemorrhage 意外性出血accident ward 急诊室accidental dural puncture 意外性硬脊膜刺穿accidental extubation意外拔管accommodator 调节器accountant 计算装置accumulation 积蓄accumulator 蓄电池，存储器accuracy 准确度，精度aceology 药疗学acetone bodies 酮体acetylcholine乙酰胆碱acetylcholine esterase 乙酰胆碱酯酶acid 酸，酸的，酸性的acid base equilibrium酸碱平衡acid-base balance 酸碱平衡acid-base equilibrium 酸碱平衡acid-intoxication 酸中毒acidemia酸血症acidosic 酸中毒的acidosis 酸中毒acidotic 酸中毒的acies 边缘，缘acinus renis 肾小球acmesthesia 针刺感觉acography 治疗记录acology 治疗学aconuresis 小便失禁acquired immunodeficiency syndrome（AIDS）获得性免疫缺陷综合症，艾滋病acratia 无力acraturesis 排尿无力acrinia 分泌缺乏acro-agnosis 肢体感缺失acro-anesthesia 四肢麻木acro-asphyxia 肢端缺氧acroaesthesia 感觉过敏，肢痛acrocheir 指尖acrocyanosis 手足发绀acropachy 杵状指acroparalysis 肢体瘫痪acroparesthesia 肢端感觉异常acrostealgia 肢端痛acroteric 末梢的，周围的action of arrest 阻止作用action potential 动作电位action-current 动作电流activate 活化，激活，致活activated state 激活状态actual 实际的，现实的acuesthesia 听觉acupuncture 针刺acupuncture anesthesia 针刺麻醉acupuncture anesthesia apparatus 针麻仪acute 急性的acute abdomen 急腹症acute abscess 急性脓肿acute anemia 急性贫血acutenaculum 持针器acute pain 急性疼痛addition 加，添加additive action 相加作用additive effect 相加作用ademonia 精神紧张，苦闷adenomammectomy 乳腺切除术adenopharyngitis 咽扁桃体炎adenophyma 淋巴结肿adherent 粘连的adhesiectomy 粘连切除术adhesive electrode 贴附电极adiabatic 绝热的adiaemorrhysis 血液循环停止adipose 肥胖的，脂肪的adiposis 肥胖症adiposis universalis 全身肥胖症adiposity 肥胖（症）aditus glottidis inferior 声门下口aditus glottidis superior 声门上口adjection 附加作用adjunction 附加（药物）adjustable oxygen density face mask 可调氧浓度面罩adjustable synchronous respirator 可控同步呼吸机administration 给予，投与，管理adrenalectomy 肾上腺切除术adsorbent 吸附剂adsorption 吸附作用adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 成人型呼吸窘迫综合症advanced life support (ALS) 后期复苏adverse reaction 不良反应aeremia 气栓，气泡栓塞aero-emphysema 肺气肿aeroperitoneum 气腹aeropleura 气胸aerosol therapy 雾化疗法aerosolization 雾化给药aesthema 感觉aesthesia 感觉aesthesis感觉agent 物质，药物，作用因子aging 老化，老龄化aglobulia红细胞减少aglobuliosis 红细胞减少agnogenic 原因不明的agomphiasis 无牙，缺牙，牙动agomphious 无牙的，缺牙的agomphosis无牙，缺牙，牙动agonal breathing 终末频死呼吸agonist 兴奋剂，激动剂air duct 通气道air embolism 空气栓塞air pressure gauge 空气压力表air-bag 气囊air-gun 喷雾器airway 气道，呼吸器airway control 气道保持通畅，气道控制airway obstruction 气道阻塞airway pressure 气道压airway resistance 气道阻力airway stenosis 气道狭窄akromegaly 肢端巨大症alae nasi 鼻翼albedo retinae 视网膜水肿albumen 白蛋白albumin 白蛋白algaesthesis 痛觉alganesthesia 痛觉缺失algesia 痛觉algesic 疼痛的algogenesia 疼痛产生algogenesis 疼痛产生algospasm 痛性痉挛alkalemia 碱血症alkali 碱alkali reserve 碱储备，碱储量alkali-poisoning 碱中毒alkalosis 碱中毒alkalotic碱中毒的allergia 变应性，过敏性，变应反应allergic constitution 过敏体质，变态性体质allergic reaction 变态反应，过敏反应allolalia 言语障碍allomnesia 记忆障碍allophasis 语无伦次allophemy 语无伦次alloplasia 发育异常alveolar 肺泡的alveolar air 肺泡气alveolar gas 肺泡气alveolar gas exchange 肺泡气体交换alveolar hypoventilation 肺泡通气不足alveolar hypoxia 肺泡性缺氧alveolar ventilation 肺泡通气ambulance 急救车ambulatorium 门诊所，诊所aminofilina 氨茶碱aminophylline 氨茶碱amnesia 记忆缺失，遗忘（症）amnestic 遗忘的，引起遗忘的amnionic fluid embolism 羊水栓塞（症）amniotic embolism 羊水栓塞amyasthenia 肌无力amyasthenic 肌无力的anaemia 贫血analgesia 止痛analgesic 镇痛的，止痛药analgesic action 镇痛作用analgesist 麻醉医师analgetic 镇痛药，止痛的anapausis 催眠anapetia 血管扩张anaphylactic shock 过敏性休克anaphylaxis 过敏反应anaplasty 整形术anapnea 窒息解除anapnoea 窒息解除anastomosis 吻合术anatomical dead space 解剖死腔anatomy 解剖（学）ancon 肘anesthecinesia 感觉与运动能力缺失anesthesia 麻醉anesthesia by freezing 冷冻麻醉anesthesia chart 麻醉记录（用纸）anesthesia machine 麻醉机anesthesia record 麻醉记录anesthesia set 麻醉器械包anesthesiologist 麻醉学家anesthesiology 麻醉（科）学anesthesiophore 有麻醉作用的anesthetic action 麻醉作用anesthetic agent 麻醉药anesthetic apparatus 麻醉机anesthetic drug 麻醉药anesthetic equipment leakage 麻醉装置漏气anesthetic machine 麻醉机anesthetic pollution 麻醉药污染anesthetic potency麻醉效能anesthetic toxicity 麻醉药毒性angina epiglottidea 会厌炎angina laryngea 喉炎angina pectoris 心绞痛angio-edema 血管（神经）性水肿angiocardiography 心血管造影术angiocavernoma 海绵状血管瘤angiosclerosis 血管硬化angiospasm 血管痉挛angiospastic anemia 血管痉挛性贫血anonymous cartilage 环状软骨antagonism 拮抗antagonist 拮抗药，对抗肌antanacathartic 止吐药，止吐的antasthmatic 止喘的，止喘药antegrade amnesia 顺行性健忘（症）antemetic 止吐的，止吐剂anti-disturbance 抗干扰antianxiety drugs 抗焦虑药antibody 抗体antidote 解毒药antiemetic 止吐剂antiemetic drug 止吐药antihistamine drug 抗组胺药antihypertensive agent 降压药，抗高血压药物antihypertensive drug 降压药antinarcotic麻醉拮抗药antinauseant 止恶心药，抗恶心的antispasmodic 解痉药antispastic 解痉药anxiety 不安，苦闷anxiety state 焦虑状态anxiolytic 抗不安药，抗不安的anxiolytic agent 抗不安药，抗焦虑药anxiolytics 抗焦虑药aorta abdominalis 腹主动脉apnoea 呼吸暂停，窒息apparatus 装置，器具，器械appreciation 鉴定arachnoid 蛛网膜（的）arachnoid cavity 硬膜下腔araiocardia 心搏徐缓arrhythmia 心律不齐，心律失常，无节律arrhythmia respiratoria呼吸性心律不齐arousal reaction 唤醒反应arrest 停止arrhythmia 心律不齐arteria 动脉arteria axillaris 腋动脉arteria brachialis 肱动脉arteria carotis communis 颈总动脉arteria carotis externa 颈外动脉arteria carotis interna 颈内动脉arteria dorsalis pedis 足背动脉arteria femoralis 股动脉arteria radialis 桡动脉arteria subclavia 锁骨下动脉arteria ulnaris 尺动脉arteria vertebralis 椎动脉arterial catheter 动脉内置（插）管arterial embolism 动脉栓塞（症）arterial pressure transducer 动脉压换能器arterial transfusion 动脉输血（法）arteriopuncture 动脉穿刺arteriosclerosis 动脉硬化arteriospasm 动脉痉挛artificial 人工的artificial abortion 人工流产artificial blood vessel 人造血管artificial breathing 人工呼吸artificial circulation 人工循环artificial respiration 人工呼吸artificial teeth 假牙，义齿artificial ventilation 人工通气aspiration 吸引，误吸aspiration pneumonia 吸入性肺炎aspiration pneumonitis 吸入性局灶性肺炎aspirator 吸引器，吸引装置assist/control-mode ventilation (A/CMV) 辅助/控制通气asthma 支气管过敏，哮喘asthmatic attack 哮喘发作asthmatic crisis 哮喘危象asthmatoid wheeze 哮喘样喘鸣asthmatorthopnea 哮喘性端坐呼吸atrial fibrillation 心房颤动atrial flutter 心房扑动atrionector 窦房结atrioventricular heart-block 房室传导阻滞attack 发作auricular fibrillation心房纤颤auricular flutter 心房扑动autohemotransfusion 自体输血autotransfusion 自身输血awaken test 唤醒试验activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT) 活化部分凝血酶原时间alanine aminotransferase(ALT)丙氨氨基转移酶aspartate aminotransferase(AST) 天门冬酸氨基转移酶alkaline phosphatase(AKP) 碱性磷酸酶albumin白蛋白atrial hypertrophy心房肥大atrial premature beat房性早博atrial flutter心房扑动atrial fibrillation心房颤动anemia贫血auriculo-ventrivular block房室传导阻滞atelectasis肺不张angina心绞痛adult respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) 成人呼吸窘迫综合征anterior-lateral decompression of spinal canal for vertebral fracture and dislocation脊柱骨折脱位椎管侧前方减压术amputation of forearm前臂截肢术arthrodesis of metacarpal joint of thumb拇指腕掌关节融合术arthroplasty of metacarpophalangeal joint掌指关节成形术amputation through thigh大腿截肢术amputation through leg小腿截肢术ankle athroplasty人工踝关节置换arthrodesis of ankle踝关节融合术ankylosis of temporomandibular joint颞下颌关节强直arthroplasty of temporomandibular joint颞下颌关节成形术adenolymphoma腺淋巴瘤adenoid cystic carcinoma腺样囊性癌ameloblastoma造釉细胞瘤aneurysm动脉瘤acquired arteriovenous fistula后天性动静脉瘘accessory auricle副耳alar collapse鼻翼萎缩征acute abdomen急腹症appendicitis阑尾炎anal fistula肛瘘anal fissure肛裂acute pancreatitis急性胰腺炎adhesive intestinal obstruction粘连性肠梗阻appendicectomy阑尾切除术abdominoperineal resection of anus and rectum(Mile's operation) 直肠、肛管经腹会阴联合切除术arterial embolism动脉血栓arteriosclerotic vascular disease动脉硬化性血管病aorta-arteritis大动脉炎aortoiliac and aortofenoral bypass腹主动脉－髂动脉架桥术及腹主动脉－股动脉架桥术aortoiliac endarterectomy腹主动脉及髂内动脉内膜剥脱数Bbackward heart-failure 反向性心力衰竭balanced anesthesia 平衡麻醉basal anesthesia 基础麻醉basal metabolic rate 基础代谢率basal narcosis 基础麻醉basic life support (BLS) 初期复苏，基本生命支持basis anesthesia 基础麻醉bathypnea 深呼吸bigemina 二联律bigeminy 二联律bleeding tendency 出血倾向blepharedema 眼睑水肿blepharoedema 眼睑水肿blepharoptosis 眼睑下垂blind intubation 盲探插管blind nasotracheal intubation 经鼻盲探插管术block 阻滞，阻断block anesthesia 阻滞麻醉blockage 阻滞，阻塞，阻断blocking 阻断blocking agent 阻断剂，阻滞剂，阻抑剂blood donation 供血blood donor 供血者blood fat 血脂blood gas 血气blood gas analyzer 血气分析仪blood group 血型blood preparation 血液制剂blood recipient 受血者blood sample 血样blood sugar 血糖blood supply 血液供给blood transfusion 输血blood transfusion apparatus 输血器blood transfusion reaction 输血反应blood-brain barrier 血脑屏障blood-cerebrospinal barrier 血-脑屏障bloody urine 血尿blood volume 血容量body 体，身体body fluid 体液body height 身高body position 体位body posture 体位body surface aren 体表面积body weight 体重bolus dose 单次剂量brachial plexus block 臂丛阻滞brachial plexus block by axillary route 腋窝法臂丛神经阻滞brachial plexus block by interscalene route 斜角肌间法臂丛神经阻滞brachial plexus block by subclavicular route 经锁骨下路臂丛神经阻滞brachial plexus block by supraclavicular route 锁骨上法臂丛神经阻滞brachial plexus paralysis 臂丛神经麻痹brachiplex臂丛brachycardia 心动过缓breast bone 胸骨breast-pang 心绞痛breath analyzer 呼吸气体分析仪breathing-holding 吸气屏气breath holding test (Sebarese’s test) 屏气试验breathing circle system 呼吸环路系统bronchial catheter with double tubes 双腔支气管导管bronchial spasm 支气管痉挛bronchiospasm 支气管痉挛bronchodilator 支气管扩张药bronchofiberscope 纤维支气管镜bucking 呛咳bundle branch block 束支传导阻滞burn 烧伤blood platelets count(BPC) 血小板计数blood uria nitrogen(BUN) 血清尿素氮blood sugar血糖bundle branch block束支传导阻滞bronchitis支气管炎bronchiectasis支气管扩张bronchial asthma支气管哮喘breath holding test屏气试验Boyd’samputation Boyd 截肢术benign tumor良性肿瘤branchial cleft cyst鳃裂囊肿bacterial liver abscess细菌性肝脓肿bile duct tumor胆管肿瘤bypass operation for intestinal obstruction肠梗阻捷径手术biliary enterostomy胆肠内引流术Buerger discase血栓闭塞性脉管炎bypass with reversed autogenous long saphenous vein自体大隐静脉导致转流术Ccapillary 毛细血管的capillary bed毛细血管床capillary bleeding 毛细血管出血capillary fragility 毛细血管脆性carbon dioxide combining power 二氧化碳结合力carbon dioxide retention 二氧化碳蓄积cardiac arrest 心脏停搏cardiac death 心脏猝死cardiac decompensation 心代偿失调cardiac defibrillator 心脏除颤器cardiac depressant 心脏抑制剂cardiac depression 心脏抑制cardiac dyspnea 心原性呼吸困难cardiac edema 心原性水肿cardiac index (CI) 心脏指数cardiac insufficiency 心功能不全cardiac massage 心脏按摩（压）cardiac output (CO) 心排出量cardiac reserve 心脏储备力cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation (CPCR) 心肺脑复苏cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) 心肺复苏carina 隆突cartilage 软骨cartilago arytaenoidea 勺状软骨cartilago cricoidea 环状软骨cartilago gutturalis勺状软骨cartilago peltata 甲状软骨cauda equina syndrome 马尾综合症caudal anesthesia 骶管麻醉caudal block 骶管阻滞cavum epidurale 硬膜外腔cavum subarachnoidale 蛛网膜下腔cavum subdurale 硬膜下腔cavum thoracis 胸腔central venous pressure （CVP）中心静脉压cerebral edema 脑水肿cerebrospinal fluid（CSF）脑脊液cerebral resuscitation 脑复苏cerebrovascular accident 脑血管意外cervical plexus block 颈神经丛阻滞cervical vertebra 颈椎cervicobrachial pain 颈臂痛chemosis球结膜水肿chill 寒战，受寒choloplania 黄疸chondralgia软骨痛chromaffin cells 嗜铬细胞chronic pain 慢性疼痛classification 分类clavicle锁骨clavicular 锁骨的cleftpalate 腭裂clinical analysis 临床分析clinography 临床记录close system 紧闭装置closed chest cardiac compression 胸外心脏按压CO2 absorbent 二氧化碳吸收剂CO2 acummulation 二氧化碳蓄积collarbone 锁骨colloid 胶体colloid oncotic pressure 胶体渗透压colloid osmotic pressure 胶体渗透压colloid solution 胶体溶液colloidal 胶体的coma position 昏迷状态combination 结合，复合combined anesthesia 复合麻醉competitive 竞争的competitive agent 竞争性药物competitive drug 竞争性药物component transfusion 成分输血congenital 先天的congestive heart failure 充血性心力衰竭conscious intubation 清醒插管术contamination 污染continuous epidural anesthesia 持续硬膜外麻醉continuous intravenous infusion 持续静脉输入continuous positive pressure breathing 持续正压呼吸（法）continuous positive pressure ventilation持续正压通气continuous spinal anesthesia 持续脊髓麻醉controlled hypotension 控制性降压controlled respiration 控制呼吸control-mode ventilation (CMV)控制通气corectasis 瞳孔散大corediastasis 瞳孔散大costal cartilage 肋软骨cough 咳嗽cough reflex 咳嗽反射cranial bone 颅骨craniocerebral 颅脑的crico-esophageal compress 环-食管压迫手法cricoid cartilage 环状软骨cricoid pressure 环状软骨压迫（法）cricothyroid membrane 环甲膜cricothyrotomy 环甲膜切开（术）crisis 危像critical 危重的，临界的critical care medicine 急救医学，危重医学crowing convulsion 喘鸣性喉痉挛cruenturesis 血尿crush syndrome 挤压综合症cumulative 蓄积的creatinine(Cr) 血清肌酐cardiac function心功能coronary heart disease冠心病congenital heart disease先天性心脏病cardiomyopathy心肌病chronic pulmonary heart disease慢性肺源性心脏病cirrhosis of liver肝硬化cerebral hemorrhage脑出血cerebral infarction脑梗塞coma昏迷corrective operation of scoliosis and kyphosis脊柱侧突及后凸畸形矫形术curettage and excision with bone grafting for enchondroma软骨瘤刮除与切除close reduction and internal fixation by compressive screws for femoral neck fracture股骨颈骨折闭合复位加压螺纹钉内固定术Condylar fracture髁突骨折Capillary hemangioma毛细管型血管瘤Cavernous hemangioma海绵状血管瘤Curettage of cyst囊肿刮除术carcinoma of tongue舌癌Carcinoma of check颊癌Carcinoma of gingival牙龈癌Carcinoma of mouth floor口底癌Carcinoma of lip唇癌Carcinoma of maxillary sinus上颌窦癌Combined dissection of craniofacial颅颌联合根治术Combined dissection of tongue , mandible and neck舌颌颈联合根治术Combined dissection of check mandible and neck颊颌颈联合根治术Combined dissection of gingival , mandible and neck龈颌颈联合根治术carcinoma of the nasopharynx鼻咽癌csf rhinorrhoea脑脊液鼻漏cervix cancer子宫颈癌carcinoma of endometrium子宫内膜癌colon twist结肠扭转cancer of colon结肠癌cholecystolithiasis or cholelithiasis胆囊结石choledocholith胆总管结石calculus of intrahepatic duct肝内胆管结石cholecystitis胆囊炎carcinoma of gallbladder胆囊癌cholecystectomy胆囊切除cholangiography胆道造影术cholecystoenterostomy胆囊空肠吻合术cholecystostomy胆囊造口术choledcho-choledochostomy胆总管对端吻合术choledochostomy胆总管造口术cystogastrostomy胃空肠吻合术circumferential hemorrhoidectomy内痔环型切除术congenital blepharophimosis syndrome先天性睑裂狭窄综合征Ddefibrillation 电除颤defibrillator 除颤器deficiency缺乏，不足degree 度，程度dehydrating agent 脱水剂delay 延迟delay reaction 延迟反应，迟发反应delay sensation 延缓感觉delayed 延迟的delayed action 延迟作用delayed recovery 苏醒延迟delirium 谵妄，发狂，妄想depolarizing muscle relaxants 去极化肌松药depression 抑制depth of anesthesia 麻醉深度depth of respiration 呼吸深度dilatation of pupil 瞳孔散大direct vision intubation 明视插管disposable oxygen face mask 一次性吸氧面罩disposal 配置，处置dissociated anesthesia 分离性感觉缺失，分离麻醉dissociation anesthesia分离性感觉缺失，分离麻醉dissociation curve解离曲线distribution 分布，分配distribution coefficient 分配系数dorsal root ganglion 脊神经节dorsal vertebra 胸椎dorsosacral position 截石位double blind test 双盲实验法double channel catheter 双腔导管double lumen endotracheal tube 双腔气管导管double lumen tube 双腔管dragging pain 牵引痛drowsiness困倦，倦睡drowsy 困倦的，倦睡的drug addiction 药瘾drug allergy 药物过敏drug interaction 药物相互作用drug resistance 抗药性drug tolerance 耐药性drug-fast 抗药的，耐药的dry rale 干罗音dual 二重，双相dual block 双相阻滞dual block action 双相阻滞作用dual effect 双相作用duration 延续时间dyspnea 呼吸困难dyspneic respiration 呼吸困难dysuria 排尿困难diabetes糖尿病debridement of tuberculous focus and arthrodesis of hip joint髋关节结核病灶清除和关节融合术debridement of tuberculous focus of greater trochanter of femur股骨大转子部结核病灶清除术dento-maxillofacial deformities牙颌面畸形diskectomy关节盘摘除术direct inguinal hernia直疝duodenal ulcer十二指肠溃疡duct papilloma导管乳头状瘤drainage of the intrahepatic biliaty duct肝胆管引流术drainage of subphrenic abscess膈下脓肿引流术double barrel tranversostomy横结肠双腔造口术disconnection of partal-systemic venous shunt门体静脉断流手术Eedema 浮肿，水肿edematization水肿形成edentulous 无牙的electric blanket for operating table 手术台用电热毯electric defibrillation 电击除颤electroencephalogram （EEG）脑电图electrolyte电解质electrolyte balance 电解质平衡electrolyte disturbance 电解质紊乱electrolyte imbalance 电解质平衡失调electro-mechanical dissociation 电-机械分离emergency intubation 紧急插管emergency operation 急诊手术emotion 情绪，感情empty stomach 空腹emptysis咯血endotracheal anesthesia 气管内麻醉endotracheal intubation 气管内插管endotracheal tube 气管导管end-tidal 呼气末的enlarged tongue 巨舌epidural analgesia 硬膜外镇痛epidural anesthesia 硬膜外麻醉epidural block 硬膜外阻滞epidural catheter 硬膜外导管epidural space 硬膜外腔epiglottic 会厌的epiglottic cartilage 会厌软骨epiglottis 会厌epiglottitis 会厌炎epilepsia 癫痫epilepsia gravior 癫痫大发作epilepsia mitior 癫痫小发作epilepsy癫痫epileptic attack 癫痫发作epinephrine肾上腺素esthesis 感觉exfetation宫外孕exfiltration渗出external chest compression 胸外心脏按压external defibrillator 体外除颤器extra-oral anesthesia 口外麻醉extracorporeal 体外的extracorporeal circulation 体外循环extracorporeal circulation unit 体外循环机extracranial 颅外的extubation 拔管eyelash reflex 睫毛反射eyelid reflex 眼睑反射electrocardiogram心电图emphysema肺气肿extra-intracranial artery anastomosis颅内外动脉吻合elbow arthroplasty肘关节成形术excision of tumor of proximal humerus肱骨近端肿瘤切除术excision of head of radius桡骨小头切除术excision of osteochondroma骨软骨瘤切除术epulis牙龈瘤extenal auditory canal外耳道ectopic pregnancy宫外孕external fistula of the small intestine小肠外瘘excision of the choledochol cyst胆总管囊肿切除术exploratory laparotomy腹探查术excision of the fissure肛裂切除术exteriorization of injuried colon结肠损伤处外置造口术excision of intraductal papilloma乳管内乳头状瘤切除术extensive radical mastectomy for breast cancer乳腺癌扩大根治切除术encircing tighting of the femoral vein股浅静脉环缩术embolectomy by arteriotomy动脉切开取栓术ectropion睑外翻Fface mask 面罩false teeth 假牙，义齿fasting 禁食，饥饿fat embolism 脂肪栓塞feature 特征，容貌fluid balance 体液平衡fluid intake 液体摄取（量）fluid replacement 补液forced attitude 强迫姿势fracture 折断，骨折fish-mouth –shaped osteotomy at supracondylar region of humerus肱骨髁上鱼嘴式截骨术fusion of knee joint膝关节融合术Fracture of the ramus of mandible下颌升支部骨折Fracture of the body of mandible下颌体部骨折Fracture of zygomatic arch颧弓骨折False aneurysm假性动脉瘤Fibromal displasia of bone骨纤维异常增殖症fibrous dysplasia纤维结构不良fallotomy输卵管切除flush ligation and stripping or segmental resection or the long saphenous vein大隐静脉高位结扎，曲张静脉切除术Functional neck dissection功能性颈清Gganglion cervicothoracicum 星状神经节ganglion plexuum sympathicorum 交感丛神经节ganglion stellatum 星状神经节ganglionated cord 交感（神经）节ganglionervous交感神经的ganglionic 神经节的ganglionic blockade 神经节阻滞ganglionic blocking action神经节阻滞作用general anesthesia 全身麻醉general anesthetic全身麻醉剂geriatric anesthesia 老年麻醉，高龄者麻醉glossocatochus压舌器glossocele 巨舌，大舌病glottic edema 声门水肿glottic spasm 声门痉挛gonial angle 下颌角globulin球蛋白genioplasty颏成形术gastric ulcer胃溃疡gastric diverticulum胃息室gastric cancer胃癌Hhaemoglobin 血红蛋白haemorrhagia 出血heart-failure 心力衰竭helcoma 角膜溃疡hemangiectasia 血管扩张hemangiectasis 血管扩张hematocrit 红（血）细胞比积hematoencephalic barrier 血脑屏障hematolytic 溶血的hematoma 血肿hematothorax 血胸hematuria 血尿hemodilution 血液稀释hernia 疝，突出hiccough 打呃，呃逆hiccup打呃，呃逆histamine 组（织）胺Horner’s syndrome 霍纳氏综合症humidifier 加湿器，湿化器humidity 湿度hypalgesia 痛觉迟钝hyperaemia 充血hyperbaric oxygen chamber高压氧舱hyperbasemia 高碱血症hypercapnia 高碳酸血症hypercarbia 高碳酸症hyperglycemia 血糖过多，高血糖hyperisotonic 高渗的hyperkalemia 高钾血症hypersusceptibility 高敏反应hypertension高血压hyperventilation 过度通气hypoadrenocorticism 肾上腺功能低下hypobaric solution低比重溶液hypocalcemia 低钙血症hypocapnia 低碳酸血症hypoglycemia 低血糖hypoglycemic shock 低血糖性休克hypokalemia 低血钾症hypokinemia 心输出量过少hypomicrognathus 下额过小hypomyotonia 肌张力减弱hypotension低血压hypothermia 全身低温hypotonic 低张的，低渗的hypouresis 排尿减少hypoventilation 通气不足hypovolemia （循环）血容量过少，低血容量hypovolemic shock 低血容量性休克hypoxaemia 血氧过少，低氧血症hypoxemia 低氧血症hypoxia 氧过少，低氧，氧不足hemoglobin血红蛋白hematocrit血球压积Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) 人类免疫缺陷病毒heart failure心力衰竭hypertension高血压hepatitis肝炎hepatic encephalopathy肝性脑病hyperthyroidism甲状腺功能亢进hypothyroidism甲状腺功能减退hemiplegia偏瘫hollow needle internal fixation of femoral neck fracture股骨颈骨折空心钉内固定术hernia of the linea alba白线疝hepatocarcinoma肝癌hemigastrectomy半胃切除hernioplasty for indirect inguinal hernia腹股沟斜疝修补术hernioplasty for direct inguinal hernia腹股沟直疝修补术hepatobiliary exploration肝胆管探查术hemangioma血管瘤Iiatrogenic 医源性的iatrogenic disease 医源性疾病ice-bag 冰袋ice-cap 冰帽idiopathetic 自发的，特发的ioiopathic自发的，特发的idiosyncrasy 特异体质ignition 燃，灼热ileus 肠梗阻ilia 髂，髂骨immature 未成熟的immerse 浸（入）immobility 固定immunology 免疫学immunoreaction免疫反应immunosuppressive agent 免疫抑制剂immunosuppressive drug 免疫抑制药inadequate anesthesia 麻醉深度不足incompatibility 不合适性，不相容性，配合禁忌incompensation 代偿不全，失代偿incontinence 失禁incontinence of feces 大便失禁incontinence of urine 尿失禁incoordination共济失调induced anesthesia 诱导麻醉induced hypotension 控制性降压，低血压法induced hypothermia 控制性低温，低体温法induction of anesthesia 全身麻醉诱导indwelling catheter 留置导管inert gas 惰性气体infant circle 婴儿回路infant respirator 婴儿呼吸机infarction 梗塞，梗塞形成infiltration anesthesia 浸润麻醉inflating tube 充气导管inflation 膨胀，充气informed consent 同意书infusion apparatus 输液器infusion pump 输液泵infusion warmer 输液加温器ingredient 成分inguinal 腹股沟的inhalation anesthesia 吸入全身麻醉inhalation anesthesia apparatus 吸入麻醉装置innervation神经支配instinct本能instinctive 本能的institutes 基本原理instrument 器械，仪器intensive care unit (ICU) 重症监测治疗室intermittent 间歇的intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) 间歇指令通气intermittent positive pressure breathing（IPPB）间歇正压呼吸法intermittent positive pressure ventilation（IPPV）间歇正压通气internal 内部的，内的internal cardiac compression 胸内心脏挤压internal clot 血栓internal hemorrhage内出血internal jugular vein 颈内静脉internal secretion内分泌intern 实习医生internist 内科医生interscalene approach 肌间沟入路intersection交叉，交切点interspace间隙interspinal椎间的，棘突间的interspinous 椎间的，棘突间的interstitial fluid 组织间液interstitial pneumonia 间质性肺炎intertransverse横突间的interventricular heart-block 室间传导阻滞interventricular septum （心）室间隔intervertebral cartilages 椎间盘intestinal obstruction 肠梗阻intra-abdominal bleeding 腹内出血intracellular fluid 细胞内液intracranial hemorrhage 颅内出血intracranial hypertension 高颅压，颅内高压intracranial pressure 颅内压intracranial pressure monitor 颅内压监护仪intractable pain 顽固性疼痛intraoperative awareness 术中觉醒，术中知晓intraoperative medication 术中用药intraoperative recall 术中觉醒，术中回忆intraspinal anesthesia 蛛网膜下腔麻醉intrathecal block 椎管内阻滞intratracheal administration 气管内给药intratracheal anesthesia 气管内麻醉intravenous administration静脉内给药intravenous anesthesia 静脉全身麻醉intravenous catheter静脉内置管intubating forceps 插管钳intubation插管intubation forceps 插管钳intubationist插管者invasive 有创的invasive monitoring 有创监测irritant action 刺激作用nternal fixation by trifin nail for femoral neck fracture股骨颈骨折三翼钉内固定术internal fixation of fracture of tuberosity of femur股骨粗隆骨折切开内固定术internal fixation by interlocking intramedullary nail for fractures of femoral shaft股骨干骨折交锁髓内钉内固定术interlocking intramedullary nail fixation for fractures of the tibial shaft胫骨骨折交锁髓内钉内固定术incision and drainage of acute osteomyelitis急性骨髓炎切开引流术incision and drainage of perianal abscess肛周脓肿切开引流术Jjaw 颌骨jaw-lift 托下颌juvenile arrhythmia 窦性心律失常Kketoacidosis 酮症酸中毒kinetocardiogram 心振动图，动态心电图knee arthroscopy 膝关节镜检查knob 结，隆突king-steelquis semipelvectomy半骨盆切除术knee meniscectomy膝关节半月板切除术knee arthroscope operation膝关节镜手术Keratocyst角化囊肿Llabial angles 唇角laminectomy 椎板切除术laparogastrostomy 剖腹胃造口术laparoscope 腹腔镜laparotomy 开腹手术，剖腹手术laryngeal 喉的laryngeal cartilages喉软骨laryngeal edema 喉头水肿laryngeal granuloma 喉肉芽肿laryngeal mask 喉罩laryngeal mask airway 喉罩气道laryngeal reflex 喉头反射laryngeal spasm 喉头痉挛laryngeal spray 喉头喷雾器laryngeal ulcer 喉溃疡laryngectomy 喉切除术laryngendoscope 喉镜laryngoscope 喉镜laryngospasm 喉痉挛larynx 喉lash 睫毛lateral poeition侧卧位lateral recumbent position侧卧位left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI) 左心室排血做功指数level of anesthesia 麻醉平面ligation 结扎light reflex 光反射lingual bone 舌骨lithotomy position 截石位liver transplantation 肝移植load 负荷lobectomy 肺叶切除术local analgesic 局部麻醉（止痛）药local anesthesia局部麻醉（法）local infiltration 局部浸润local infiltration anesthesia 局部浸润麻醉lock out time 锁定时间lower respiratory tract obstruction 下呼吸道阻塞lumbar puncture 腰椎穿刺lumbar puncture needle 腰穿针lumbar spinal anesthesia 腰部脊髓麻醉（法），腰麻lumbar spinal needle 腰穿针lumbar sympathetic ganglion 腰交感神经lumbar sympathetic ganglion block 腰交感神经阻滞lumbar vertebra 腰椎lung capacity 肺活量lung compliance 肺顺应性lung volume 肺容量lung abscess肺脓肿logagnosia失语lengthening of ligament韧带延长术Long face syndrome长面综合征Le Fort I osteotomy of maxilla上颌骨LE FORT I 型截骨术Lymphangioma淋巴管瘤laparoscopic cholecystectomy腹腔镜胆囊切除术Mmacroglossia 巨舌macromandibular deformity 大下颌畸形magnum vertebra 骶椎maintenance维持，保持maintenance dose 维持剂量maintenance of anesthesia 麻醉维持major 主要的，大的major operation 大手术major surgery 大手术malignant hypertension 恶性高血压malignant hyperthermia 恶性高热malnutrition营养不良malpractice 医疗差错，疗法失当malpraxis医疗差错，疗法失当mammectomy乳房切除术management 管理mandibular 下颌的mandibular retraction 下颌后缩症mandibulectomy 下颌骨切除术maneuver手法，操作法manual artificial respiration 手控人工呼吸manual artificial ventilation手控人工通气marrow 髓mask 口罩，面罩massive bleeding 大（量）出血massive hemorrhage 大出血maxilla 上颌骨（复数）maxillae上颌骨（单数）maxillary bone 上颌骨maxillectomy 上颌骨切除术maximum dose 极量maximum permissible doses 最大允许剂量maximum tolerated dose 最大耐量median effective dose（ED50）50％有效量，半数有效量median lethal dose （LD50）50％致死量，半数致死量mediastinal 纵隔的mediastinal emphysema 纵隔气肿mediastinal flutter 纵隔扑动mediastinal shift 纵隔移位mediastinotomy 纵隔切开术mediastinum纵隔medical statistics 医学统计mediscalenus中斜角肌megalothymus 胸腺肥大，巨胸腺meningioma 脑（脊）膜瘤meniscal 半月板的meniscectomy半月板切除术metabolic acidosis 代谢性酸中毒metabolic alkalosis代谢性碱中毒metabolic rate 代谢率metabolism 代谢metabolite 代谢产物metatarsectomy 跖骨切除术microcirculation 微循环micromaxillary deformity 小下颌畸形microthrombosis 小血栓形成microthrombus 小血栓minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) 最低肺泡有效浓度minute output 每分（心）输出量minute ventilation 每分通气量minute volume 每分输出量，每分通气量mitral stenosis二尖瓣狭窄mixed anesthesia 复合麻醉moist rale 湿性罗音moisture 水分，湿度mortality 死亡率mortality statistics 死亡率统计motor center 运动中枢motor end-plate 运动终板motor ganglion 运动神经节motor paralysis 运动麻痹mouth-to-mouth breathing 口对口呼吸muscle relaxants 肌肉松弛药muscle rigidity 肌肉强直muscle tone 肌紧张muscle twitch 肌颤搐。
abdominal 词根词缀
abdominal 词根词缀Abdominal 词根词缀Abdominal 是一个常见的医学术语，它来自于拉丁语的词根abdomin-，意为“腹部”。
在医学领域中，abdominal 通常用来描述与腹部有关的疾病、症状和治疗方法。
除此之外，abdominal 还可以作为词根或词缀，用于构成其他医学术语。
下面是一些常见的以 abdominal 为词根或词缀的医学术语：1. Abdominoplasty：腹部整形手术，也称为“腹部吸脂”。
2. Abdominocentesis：腹腔穿刺术，用于诊断或治疗腹部疾病。
3. Abdominoperineal resection：腹肛切除术，用于治疗直肠癌等疾病。
4. Abdominal aorta：腹主动脉，是人体最大的动脉之一，负责向下半身输送血液。
5. Abdominal cavity：腹腔，是人体内部的一个空腔，包含腹部的各种器官。
6. Abdominal muscles：腹肌，是人体腹部的肌肉组织，负责支撑和运动腹部。
7. Abdominal pain：腹痛，是一种常见的症状，可能与多种疾病有关。
8. Abdominal surgery：腹部手术，是一种常见的治疗腹部疾病的方法。
以上这些医学术语都与腹部有关，其中的 abdominal 就是词根或词缀，用于表示与腹部有关的意思。
在医学领域中，词根和词缀的使用非常普遍，它们可以帮助医生和病人更好地理解和描述疾病、症状和治疗方法。
总之，abdominal 是一个常见的医学术语，它可以作为词根或词缀，用于构成其他医学术语。
在医学领域中，词根和词缀的使用非常重要，它们可以帮助医生和病人更好地理解和描述疾病、症状和治疗方法。
外科常见手术的操作过程和方法
23. 腹腔镜阑尾切除术术前及术后诊断: chronic appendicitis手术方式: 腹腔镜阑尾切除术 laparoscopic appendectomy麻醉方式：general anesthesia术中所见：阑尾无明显肿胀，周围未见脓性积液，回盲部结构解剖清楚，无水肿，阑尾腔内可及多枚粪石。
手术经过；1. 平卧，气插全麻，置下肢气压带，消毒铺巾。
2. 于脐上作弧行小切口，以气腹针穿刺入腹腔，充入二氧化碳气体成15 mmHg气腹。
3. 拔出气腹针，以套管针穿刺腹腔，拔出内芯，插入腹腔镜，检查腹腔表面为见异常。
4. 腹腔镜明视下再作二个套管针穿刺，右侧置抓钳，左侧置各种操作器械。
5. 改头高脚低左侧卧位，用抓钳提起阑尾，钝性解剖阑尾系膜，流离阑尾动脉后上三个钛夹后切断阑尾动脉。
6. 流离阑尾至跟部，距回盲部0.5cm处用loop双道套扎阑尾，切断阑尾。
7. 取出阑尾后腹腔冲洗，检查腹腔内无出血，缝合切口。
8. 手术经过顺利，出血量约5ml，术中血压稳定，麻醉效果满意，病人安返PACU，标本送病检。
24. 结肠癌 Colon cancer术前及术后诊断：结肠癌 Colon cancer手术方式：结肠根治切除术 Radical resection of colonal cancer 麻醉方式：插管全麻术中所见：术中见盆腔、肠系膜、肝脏、胃、腹壁等无转移性结节。
肿块位于结肠肝曲，直径约5cm，质中，已浸润至结肠浆膜层和横结肠系膜，横系膜根部淋巴结肿大。
手术经过：1．平卧位，气插全麻，常规消毒铺巾。
2．取腹部正中切口，长约20cm，逐层进腹。
3．探查腹腔，如术中所见。
拟行右半结肠大部和横结肠大部切除术。
4．在升结肠和盲肠外侧缘剪开后腹膜直达肝曲，剪断肝结肠韧带，再沿横结肠上缘切断右侧的部分大网膜。
5．在横结肠左段中部和升结肠距回盲瓣约10cm处，用止血钳穿过横结肠和小肠系膜的无血管区，各带一纱布条分别结扎，闭锁病变肠段的近远端。
腹腔镜下直肠癌手术图谱
腹腔镜下直肠癌手术图谱直肠癌的疾病特点主要是粘液脓血便和便条变窄甚至梗阻，与前篇乙状结肠癌类似，检查、诊断和治疗也都和左半结肠肿瘤相似，而不相同的地方则是直肠癌因为距离肛门过近，有可能需要切除肛门才能达到根治效果，需要腹壁造口来解决术后排便的问题，所以术式的类型和选择，也更加复杂。
直肠癌的手术治疗发展至今约200 年。
1. 1879 年，奥地利 Carl Gussenbauer 医生首次实施了经腹腔入路切除近端直肠、将远端直肠缝闭后留置原位的手术。
此后，法国医生 Henri Hartmann 将该术式逐渐应用于乙状结肠癌和上段直肠癌手术中。
2. 1908 年，英国医生 Miles 提出了经腹会阴联合切除术（abdominoperineal resection，APR）。
他提出的手术五原则：（1）腹部结肠造瘘；（2）切除直肠，乙结肠及其供应血管；（3）切除直肠系膜；（4）清扫髂总动脉分叉上方的淋巴结；（5）清除提肛肌的扩大会阴部切除。
切除范围应该包括肿瘤本身（以及尽可能宽的会阴切口）、病变的肠管、系膜和肿瘤周围的淋巴结，而且应该实施整块切除。
3. 1948 年，美国的Mayo Clinic 的ClaudeF.Dixon 医生报道了经腹前切除术对中上段直肠癌的治疗结果，Dixon 术实现了中高位直肠癌的保肛要求。
以上三种术式分别以三位伟大的外科医生的名字Hartmann、Miles、Dixon 来命名。
1991 年，美国的 Jacobs 医生完成了首例腹腔镜结直肠手术，而目前直肠癌的腹腔镜手术已经成为了直肠癌手术的主流术式。
根据术前检查（结肠镜及病理，增强 CT 和 MR）判断为可切除的直肠癌，采取腹腔镜探查的手术方式，术前必须完善肛诊，确定能否保留肛门。
全麻成功后，截石位消毒铺单，头低右倾的体位。
首先，建立气腹和切口选择，与左半结肠切除类似。
A 观察孔，B、C 为主操作孔， D、E 为助手使用操作孔，如果保留肛门可选择 F 切口取出标本，体外操作。
“十字”缝合法在腹腔镜APR会阴部切口重建中的应用
- 129 -*基金项目：广西壮族自治区临床重点专科建设项目（桂卫医发[2022]17号）；广西钦州市科学技术局科技攻关课题项目（20202725）①钦州市第一人民医院 广西 钦州 535000通信作者：劳景茂“十字”缝合法在腹腔镜APR会阴部切口重建中的应用*韦小波① 劳景茂① 刘广① 邓伟① 简文红①【摘要】 目的：探讨“十字”缝合法在腹腔镜腹会阴联合切除术（abdominoperineal resection，APR）会阴部切口重建中的应用。
方法：选取2017年1月—2022年12月钦州市第一人民医院胃肠外科收治的60例低位直肠癌患者。
随机将其分为试验组和对照组，各30例。
两组均给予腹腔镜APR，试验组腹腔镜APR 会阴部切口重建应用“十字”缝合法，对照组腹腔镜APR 会阴部切口重建应用常规间断缝合法。
比较两组围手术期指标，术后7 d 切口愈合情况，并发症。
结果：试验组手术时间、住院时间均短于对照组，术中出血量及引流量均少于对照组，正常饮食时间、腹腔引流管拔管时间均早于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。
试验组切口愈合情况优于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。
试验组并发症发生率低于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。
结论：“十字”缝合法用于腹腔镜APR 会阴部切口重建，能够降低切口张力，促进伤口愈合，住院时间短。
【关键词】 “十字”缝合法 腹腔镜 直肠癌腹会阴联合切除术 会阴部切口重建 doi：10.14033/ki.cfmr.2024.02.033 文献标识码 B 文章编号 1674-6805（2024）02-0129-04 Application of "Cross" Suturing Method in Laparoscopic APR Perineal Incision Reconstruction/WEI Xiaobo, LAO Jingmao, LIU Guang, DENG Wei, JIAN Wenhong. //Chinese and Foreign Medical Research, 2024, 22(2): 129-132 [Abstract] Objective: To explore the application of "cross" suturing method in laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection (APR) perineal incision reconstruction. Method: A total of 60 patients with low rectal cancer admitted to the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery of Qinzhou First People's Hospital from January 2017 to December 2022 were selected. They were randomly divided into experimental group and control group, 30 cases in each group. Both groups were given laparoscopic APR, and the experimental group applied "cross" suture method for perineal incision reconstruction in laparoscopic APR, the control group applied conventional interrupted suture method for perineal incision reconstruction in laparoscopic APR. Perioperative indexes, wound healing condition 7 d after operation and complications were compared between the two groups. Result: The operation time and hospital stay of the experimental group were shorter than those of the control group, the intraoperative blood loss volume and drainage volume were less than those of the control group, the normal diet time and the time of abdominal drainage tube extraction were earlier than those of the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P <0.05). The wound healing condition of experimental group was better than that of control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05). The incidence of complication of experimental group was lower than that of control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05). Conclusion: The "cross" suture method for laparoscopic APR perineal incision reconstruction can reduce incision tension, promote wound healing, and shorten hospital stay. [Key words] "Cross" suture method Laparoscopy Abdominoperineal resection for rectal cancer Reconstruction of perineal incision First-author's address: Qinzhou First People's Hospital, Qinzhou 535000, China 直肠癌是临床常见的消化道恶性肿瘤，随着我国人口的增长，人们就业压力的增大，其发病率逐年递增[1-2]。
腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术术中体位的管理
腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术术中体位的管理腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术的体位是采取截石位，各种压疮发生的高危因素相互影响，骶尾部皮肤压疮的发生率就有所增加，巡回护士合理地安排手术体位，术中定期对体位进行评估，可使用防压垫预防患者骼尾部皮肤压疮，提高了手术护理质量。
标签：腹腔镜；直肠癌根治术；体位腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术，是复杂的内镜手术之一，切口小、出血少、创伤小、术后恢复快，减少了并发症的发生。
由于手术时间较长，腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术的体位是采取截石位，压疮多发生于骶尾部，且无肌肉、脂肪织保护，患者臀部根据体位要求需超出手术床背板下缘3～5cm，使手术床边缘对骶尾皮肤产生垂直压力；患者手术时间较长，长时间保持固定的姿势，使患者骶尾部皮肤承受的压力过大，局部皮肤缺血缺氧；手术铺巾时手术巾铺置的不平整，患者头低足高30°，可使骶尾部皮肤与手术床之间产生摩擦力和剪切力；患者会阴部皮肤消毒皮肤持续受到潮湿刺激，导致皮肤更易发生破损和感染。
由于手术过程中患者处于被迫体位及无法缓解局部组织压力，因此手术患者是院内压疮发生的高危人群。
当各种压疮发生的高危因素相互影响时腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术在长时间的截石位手术过程中，骶尾部处于身体重量压迫薄弱支撑点，所以骶尾部皮肤压疮的发生率就有所增加。
加强术中体位管理，预防周围神经损伤。
周围神经损伤主要由神经长时间的受牵连、压迫及缺血所致。
合理安排手术体位，加强管理，是减少周围神经损伤的关键。
巡回护士在摆放体位时，应使患者的肢体处于生理功能位置，长时间保持同一体位，可增加神经损伤及表皮损伤的危险。
若长时间截石位即可增加下肢神经损伤的危险。
在符合手术操作要求及患者安全的前提下，尽量避免髋部过度屈曲、膝关节过度弯曲，可减少损伤坐骨神经的可能。
巡回护士应有高度的责任心，术中要妥善保护膝部，脚架高度和角度一定要调整适当，避免托盘和术者手臂对膝部的压迫，术中调整体位时应检查膝部。
体位或衬垫安置不当、不易造成对腓总神经的损伤长时间的截石位等，有些患者的体质差异也可以增加神经损伤的危险。
直肠相关解剖学基础和直肠癌常用术式
1.直肠的解剖学概念
• 直肠位于盆腔的后部, 全长10~15cm, 于第3骶椎平面与乙状结 肠相接, 穿过盆膈延续为肛管；
• 直肠在矢状面上有两个弯曲即上部凸向后的骶曲<距肛门 7~9cm> 和下部凸向前的会阴曲<距肛门3~5cm>；
• 根据肿瘤下缘到肛缘的距离把直肠分为上段直肠〔upper rectum 10~15cm, 中段直肠〔mid rectum 6~10cm和下段 直肠〔low rectum3~6cm；
腹部手术： 同Miles术,遵循TME原则；
会阴部手术： 变换体位,取俯卧折刀位； 缝合肛门,以肛门为中心,做梭形切口,上至第5骶骨正中部,下至会阴,两侧切口不需过大,距
肛缘皮肤约3cm.后方切至骶尾骨筋膜,切断肛尾韧带,第5骶骨及尾骨显露满意后切除 末节尾骨； 前方自会阴浅横肌后缘向上游离； 两侧沿外括约肌、耻骨直肠肌、提肛肌外表面游离至提肛肌的盆壁起始处,沿骶前间隙剥 离直肠固有系膜达骶尾关节； 直肠前方分离在直肠前列腺间隙或直肠子宫阴道间隙的Denonvilliers筋膜层进行,剥离达 腹膜返折处； 盆底修补同Miles术；
• 而在直肠癌TME手术中,Toldt´s间隙贯穿了手术全程.
左结肠后间隙
左结肠后间隙及周围结构
6.直肠系膜
• 直肠系膜是个外科概念, 指盆腔筋膜脏 层包裹直肠的脂肪、结缔组织及其血管 和淋巴组织等.直肠系膜从直肠的后方 及两侧包绕直肠,对限制肿瘤的扩散有 一定的作用.系膜上部较厚, 内侧有许多 纤维束深入直肠壁; 下部菲薄, 纤维束 细密, 脂肪逐渐减少, 末端有部分系膜 与直肠肌层紧密相贴.矢状切面上直肠 系膜附着缘的最低点约在尾骨尖以上 2cm；
ELAPE术现状
优点： 降低患者术后环周切缘〔CRM阳性率 降低术中穿孔发生率；
肛周皮瓣＼肛门内括约肌修补术治疗先天性肛管上皮缺损＼直肠粘膜部分脱垂及肛门内括约肌部分缺损1例报告
肛周皮瓣＼肛门内括约肌修补术治疗先天性肛管上皮缺损＼直肠粘膜部分脱垂及肛门内括约肌部分缺损1例报告目的研究先天性肛管上皮缺损、直肠粘膜部分脱垂及肛门内括约肌部分缺损的治疗。
方法应用肛周皮瓣、肛门内括约肌修补术治疗先天性肛管上皮缺损、直肠粘膜部分脱垂及肛门内括约肌部分缺损。
结果通过术后常规换药等治疗切口痊愈，自诉可以排便可控制稀便，行8-通道肛门内压力测定提示肛管静息压在正常范围之内，肛门直肠腔内超声检查提示肛门内括约肌完整。
结论应用肛周皮瓣、肛门内括约肌修补术治疗先天性肛管上皮缺損、直肠粘膜部分脱垂及肛门内括约肌部分缺损，治疗效果满意。
标签：先天肛管畸形；皮瓣；肛门内括约肌我院治疗应用肛周皮瓣、肛门内括约肌修补术治疗先天性肛管上皮缺损、直肠粘膜部分脱垂及肛门内括约肌部分缺损患者1例，效果满意，报告如下：1临床资料患者，男，17岁，因”不能控制稀便17年”于2011 年6月5日入院。
患者因先天肛门肛管畸形不能控制稀便，且随年龄增长病情逐渐加重就诊[1]。
查体：体温：36.7℃，脉搏86次/min，呼吸：18次/min，血压：110/70mmHg，营养中等，心肺及腹部未见异常。
专科查体：（截石位）肛周10时位至2时位皮肤缺损，面积约1.5cm×1.5cm，由直肠粘膜覆盖，可见部分直肠粘膜自肛门内脱出，直肠指诊检查，肛门松弛，肛管内10时位至2时位皮肤缺失，由直肠粘膜组织代替，12时位可触及肛门内括约肌自呈条状缺失[2]。
肛镜检查提示：肛管皮肤缺损处由直肠粘膜代替，肛管内10时位至2时位齿状线结构缺失（图1）。
特殊检查：8-通道肛门内压力测定提示：肛管静息压下降，肛门直肠腔内超生提示：12时位肛门内括约肌缺失，缺失范围约1.5cm×1cm。
行手术治疗，步骤：骶麻，取截石位，消毒，铺巾，扩肛。
向肛门周围拟切除粘膜组织下层注射1:20万单位肾上腺素，减少术中出血量，爱丽丝钳钳夹拟切除直肠粘膜组织，自外向肛门内用电刀分离，深度达粘膜下层，在肛门内沿缺损括约肌边缘分离，约至齿状线深度，切除之。
手术名--英语
食道肌切开术Esophageal myomectomy食道憩窒切除术Excision of esophageal diverticulum食道内腔置管术Endoesophageal intubation食道胃底改道术Esophagofundostomy bypass食道胃底吻合术Esophagofundostomy食道胃改道术Esophagogastrostomy bypass抗胃食道逆流术Blesy's mark iv anti-reflex procedure逆行食道扩张术Retrograde esophageal dilatation（esophagectasia，retrograde）食道、胃瘘管缝合术Esophagogastric fistula closure食道切除术Esophagectomy食道切除再造术Esophagectomy&reconstruction食道切开术Esophagotomy食道瘤及囊肿切除术Excision of esophageal cyst&tumor食道再造术——以胃管重建Esophageal reconstruction with gastrictube食道再造术——以大肠重建Esophageal reconstruction with colon食道再造术——以小肠重建Esophagel reconstruction with smallintestine食道裂伤修补术Repair of esophageal laceration一般性食道癌摘除术（含淋巴节清扫）Simple excision of esophageal cancer，with lymphadenectomy复杂性食道癌摘除术（含淋巴节清扫）Complicated excision of esophagealcancer，with lymphadenectomy食道静脉瘤曲张结扎，经胸或经腹Ligation of esophageal varices，transthoracic or transabdominal食道静脉瘤曲张结扎，脾脏切除并近心端胃血管去除－经胸Devascularization procedure——transthoracic食道静脉瘤曲张结扎，脾脏切除并近心端胃血管去除－经腹Devascularization procedure——transabdominal胃食道内管留置（胃贲门癌或食道癌）Esophagogastric stent for esophagus orcardia portion cancer胃切开术－探查性Gastrotomy——exploration胃切开术－异物移除Gastrotomy——removal of foreign body胃切开术－溃疡缝合及止血Gastrotomy——with suture repair of bleedingulcer幽门肌肉切开术（Fredet-Ramstedt型手术）Pyloromyotomy，Fredet-Ramstedt胃溃疡或肿瘤的局部切除Local excision，ulcer or tumor胃全部切除术Gastrectomy，total&angreconstruction胃造瘘术及幽门成形术Gastrostomy&pyloroplasty次全或半胃切除术及胃十二指肠吻合术－无迷走神经切除Subtotal gastrectomy or hemigastrectomy withgastro-duodenostomy without vagotomy次全或半胃切除术及胃空肠吻合术－无迷走神经切除Subtotal gastrectomy or hemigastrectomy withgastrojejunostomy without vagotomy次全或半胃切除术及胃空肠吻合术Roux-en-Y型－无迷走神经切除補英文次全或半胃切除术－伴有迷走神经切除Gastrectomy，subtotal or hemigastrectomy——with vagotomy迷走神经切断术加幽门成形术Vagotomy and pyloroplasty幽门成形术Pyloroplasty胃十二指肠造口吻合术Gastro-duodenostomy胃空肠造口吻合术Gastrojejunostomy胃小肠造口吻合术Gastroenterostomy胃空肠造口吻合术（伴有迷走神经切断术）Gastrojejunostomy with vagotomy胃造口术——暂时性Gastrostomy（plastic tube）十二指肠缝合术（十二指肠溃疡穿孔的缝合）Duodenorrhpahy，suture of perforated ulcer胃缝合术（胃溃疡穿孔及胃部伤口的缝合）Gastrorrhaphy，suture or repair wound，injury perforated ulcer of stomach胃十二指肠造口再修正并或不并迷走神经切除Revision of gastroduodenostomy with or without vagotomy胃切除后因出血而再剖开Re-exploration for postgastrectomy bleeding胃造口闭口Closure of gastrostomy 十二指肠造口术Duodenostomy十二指肠肿瘤切除Excision of duodenum tumor十二指肠憩室切除或内翻Excision or inversion of duodenaldiverticulum十二指肠瘘管闭合Closure of duodenal fistula十二指肠阻塞Duodenal obstruction高度选择性迷走神经切断术Highly selective vagotomy迷走神经切断术Vagotomy胃贲门及食道切除再造术Proximalgastrectomy&esophagectomy&reconstruction胃全部切除术并行脾或部份胰切除Gastrectomy，total，with splenectomy orpartital pancreatectomy全胃切除及淋巴清除及肠胃重建Total gastrectomy，with LN dissection，with reconstruction（any type）95%胃切除及淋巴清除及肠胃重建次全胃切除及淋巴清除及肠胃重建胃空肠造口再修正Revision of gastrojejunostomy残留胃窦切除术Resection of retained antrum，postgastrectomy胃隔间手术-垂直及圈带式胃整型术Gastric partition，vertical banded gastroplasty经十二指肠括约肌成形术Transduodenal sphinteroplasty胃折迭术Plication of stomach胃固定术（胃扭结）Gastropexy for gastric volvulus消化道华达壶腹切开术EPT（endoscopic papillectomy）腹腔镜胃隔间手术Laparoscopic gastric partition肠粘连分离术Enterolysis，freeing adhesion肠粘连分离术－并行肠减压Enterolysis——with bowel decompression肠粘连分离术－并有肠切除及吻合Enterolysis——with resection&anastomosis ofintestine肠外置术（Mikulicz切除）Exteriorization of intestine，Mikulicz resection肠套迭之还原Reduction of intussusception肠套迭还原及肠切除和吻合Reduction of intussusception with bowelresection&anastomosis肠套迭还原及肠造口或结肠造口Reduction of intussusception with enterostomy or colostomy良性肠病灶切除术Excision，Benign bowel lesion迈克氏憩室切除术Meckel's diverticulectomy小肠切除术加吻合术Resection of small bowel，with anastomosis结肠部分切除术加吻合术Colectomy，partial，with anastomosis根治性半结肠切除术加吻合术，升结肠Colectomy，radical hemicolectomy with anastomosis，ascending colon降结肠或乙状结肠切除术加吻合术Left hemicolectomy or sigmoid colectomy降结肠或乙状结肠切除术并行吻合术及淋巴节清扫Left hemicolectomy or sigmoid colectomy with anastomosis with lymph node结肠全切或次全切除术Colectomy，total or subtotal结肠全切除术并行直肠切除术及回肠造口Colectomy，total with proctectomy，with ileostomy 单纯性结肠造口或肠造口矫正Revision of colostomy or enterostomy simple，superficial. 复杂性（进入腹腔）结肠造口或肠造口矫正Revision of colostomy or enterostomycomplicated，deep.肠反逆流合术Antireflex produce in the intestine蹄形小肠或结肠造瘘管关闭Closure of enterostomy or Colostomy（loop or double-barrel）肠造口术（包括结肠、空肠、永久性小肠）Enterostomy（including colostomy、Jujunostomy、permanent enterostomy）小肠瘘管关闭术－小肠与皮肤Closure of intestinal fistula——Enterocutaneous小肠瘘管关闭术－小肠与结肠（或与小肠）Closure of intestinal fistula——entero-colic or entero-entero小肠瘘管关闭术－其它器官或包括合并症Closure of intestinal fistula——fistula ofbowel with other organs or complicated结肠瘘管关闭术－结肠与皮肤Closure of colon fistula——colocutaneous结肠瘘管关闭术－胃与结肠（不包括胃切除）Closure of colon fistula——gastroclic withoutgastrectomy结肠瘘管关闭术－胃与结肠（包括胃切除）Closure of colon fistula——gastroclic withgastrectomy结肠瘘管关闭术－结肠与其它器官或合并症Closure of colon fistula——fistula of colon withother organs or complicated肠吻合术－小肠与小肠（十二指肠）吻合术Anastomosis of bowel——entero-enterostomy orduodeno-enterostomy肠吻合术－回肠与结肠吻合术，有间路法Anastomosis of bowel——Anastomosis of bowel，ileo-colostomy，with bypass肠吻合术－由小肠闭锁或狭窄引起Anastomosis of bowel——for intestinal atresia orstenosis小肠穿孔缝补术Repair of intestinal perforation肠系膜之缝合及修补Suture and repair of mesentery小肠瘜肉切除术Resection of intestinal polyp小肠折瘘术Intestinal plication，Noble type管肠造口或管盲肠造口Tube enterostomy or tube cecostomy肠吻合处切除，吻合重建术Take down of anastomosis，revision of ileo-colostomy and reconstruction回肠尿液引流袋修正术Revision of ileasl conduit经由剖腹术行小肠或结肠造瘘管关闭及吻合Closure of enterostomy or colostomy anastomosis，by laparotomy阑尾脓疡之引流Drainage of appendiceal abscess transabdominal阑尾切除术Appendectomy阑尾瘘管关闭Closure of appendiceal fistula单纯性直肠周围脓疡之切开引流Incision and drainage for perirectal or perianal abscess复杂性直肠周围脓疡之切开引流（包括福尼尔氏肌膜炎坏死）Incision and drainage for Complicated perirectal abscess（ischiorectal，high intersphincteric，deep postanal，supralevator abscess，Fournier's gangrene）直肠活体组织切片Rectal incisional biopsy直肠裂伤或损伤之修补Repair of rectal laceration or injury直肠固定术Thiersh or Delorme，Rectopexy bystitches fixation根治性直肠切除术（含骨盆腔淋巴腺切除术）Radical protectomy with pelvic lymphnode dissectionHartmann氏直肠手术Harmann operation经直肠大肠息肉切除术Transrectal colonic Polypectomy直肠脱出根治手术（经会阴接近及吻合）Rectal procidentia，perineal approach，with resection&anastomosis直肠脱出手术（腹部接近）Rectal procidentia，abdominal approach荐骨与尾骨肿瘤切除，良性Excision，sacrococcygeal tumor，benign直肠上皮绒毛腺肿广泛性切除术或癌症局部切除Extensive excision of sacrococcygealrectal villous adenoma or malignancy直肠狭窄整形术Rectoplasty for stricture or stenosis复原性直肠切除以及直肠、肛门吻合术Restorative proctectomy with colo-analanastomosis复原性大肠直肠切除回肠储存袋以及回肠肛门吻合术Restorative proctocolectomy，pelvic ileal pouchwith ileoanal anastomosis直肠膀胱瘘管切除术Closure fistula，reco-vesical直肠癌腹部会阴联合切除术Combined abdomino perineal resection for rectalcancer乙状结肠及直肠切除后Pull through方法行直肠肛门吻合术Proctosigmoidectomy with pull through colon analanastomosis乙状结肠及直肠切除后Pull through方法行结肠造袋及结肠袋肛门吻合术Proctosigmoidectomy with pull through colon analanastomosis，reconstruction with colonic pouch经尾骨由直肠后部切开行良性病灶切除方法Posterior proctotomy，transacrococcygeal excisionof benign lesion.经尾骨由直肠后部切开行直肠癌切除方法Posterior proctotomy，transacrococcygeal resectionof malignant tumor皮下瘘管切开术或切除术Fistulotomy or fistulectomy，simple，subcutaneous肛门括约肌切开术Sphincterotomy，anal肛门裂缝切除术或溃疡切除术fissurectomy or ulcerectomy，anal隐窝切除术－单一Cryptectomy——single隐窝切除术－多数Cryptectomy——multiple外痔完全切除术Hemorrhoidectomy，external内外痔部份切除术Hemorrhoidectomy，partial，internal&external 肛门乳突切除术－单一Papillectomy anal——single肛门乳突切除术－多数Papillectomy anal——multiple内外痔完全切除术Hemorrhoidectomy，internal&external肛门瘘切除或切开术并痔疮切除Anal fistulectomy or fistulotomy with hemorrhoidectomy外痔血栓切除Thrombectomy，external hemorrhoid肛门狭窄整形术Anoplasty for stricture or imperforate肛门括约肌失禁整形术Sphincteroplasty for anal incontinenceAPR术后Karlex海棉除去术Removal of Karlex sponge s/p APR结肠肛门止血术Check anal or colon bleeding内痔结扎Internal hemorrhoid ligation 肛门重建或整形术以S形蒂状移植Anal reconstruction or anoplasty withS-pedicle graft提肛肌折迭术Levator plication procedure复杂性皮下瘘管切开术或切除术Fistulotomy or fistulectomy，complicated，subcutaneous楔状活体切片（剖腹探查术）Wedge biopsy of liver，laparotomy肝部分切除术Partial hepatectomy肝区域切除术－一区域Segemental hepatectomy——onesegement肝区域切除术－二区域Segemental hepatectomy——twosegements肝区域切除术－三区域Segemental hepatectomy——threesegements肝囊肿或肝脓疡引流或造袋术Drainage or marsupialization of cyst orabscess of liver缝肝术（肝损伤缝合，小于5公分）Hepatorrhaphy，suture of liverwound<5cm缝肝术及总胆管或胆囊之引流术Hepatorrhaphy，with common duct or gallbladderdrainage缝肝术（复杂肝损伤之缝合或大于5公分）Hepatorrhaphy，suture of liver wound，complicatedor>5cm肝动脉结扎Hepatic artery ligation for liver bleeding肝肠吻合Hepato-Enterostomy（Longmire Op.）肝门静脉分流术Portocavo shunt（H-graft）Warren氏分流术Warren's shunt右肝叶切除术Total right lobectomy左肝叶切除术Total left lobectomy扩大右肝叶切除术Extended right lobectomy扩大左肝叶切除术Extended left lobectomy切肝取石术Hepaticotomy or hepaticostomy，Removal ofCalculus肝脏移植Liver（Hepatic）transplantation尸体捐肝摘取Cadaveric liver harvest（donor hepatectomy）活体捐肝摘取Partial hepatectomy for livingrelated liver transplantation胆囊造瘘术Cholecystostomy胆管截石术（经十二指肠）Cholecystolithotomy（transduodenal）胆囊切除术Cholecystectomy胆囊切除术及术中胆管摄影Cholecystectomy and cholangiography腹腔镜胆囊切除术Laparoscopic cholecystectomy总胆管空肠吻合术CholedochojejunostomyROUX-EN-Y总肝管肠吻合术ROUX-EN-Yhepaticojejunostomy胆囊消化管吻合术Cholecystoenterostomy总胆管全切除术Total excision of common bile duct总胆管切开及T形管引流Choledochotomy with T-tube drainage总胆管切开摘石术及T形管引流Choledocholithotomy with T-tube drainage胆管成形术Choledochoplasty胆道组织检查切片术Biopsy of biliary tract总胆管十二指肠吻合术Choledochoduodenostomy肝外胆管成形术Plasty of extrahepatic bile duct肝瘘管缝合术Closure of biliary fistula胰脏脓疡或胰炎引流术Drainage of pancreatic abscess or cyst orpancreatitis胰组织检查切片Pancreas incisional biopsy胰脏肿瘤或囊肿切除或摘除术Excision or enucleation of pancreatictumor or cyst胰脏尾端部分切除术Distal partial pancreatectomy胰脏尾端部分切除术-脾脏保留補英文胰脏体部分切除术Body partial pancreatectomy胰脏体部分切除术-脾脏保留補英文胰瘘切除术Pencreatic fistulectomy胰囊肿至肠胃道之内部直接引流吻合术Anastomosis of pancreatic cyst to GI tractdirect internal drainage胰囊肿至肠胃道之Y型内部吻合术Anastomosis of pancreatic cyst to GI tractdirectinternal drainage（Roux-en-Y）胰脏结石去除术Removal pancreatic calculus胰脏次全切除术Pancreatectomy subtotal胰脏全切除术Total pancreatectomy（95%）Whipple氏胰、十二指肠切除术Pancreatico-duodenectomy，Whipple type，withreconstructionWhipple氏胰、十二指肠切除术幽门保留式Pancreatico-duodenectomy，Whipple type，withreconstruction（pylorus sparing whipple op）胰脏空肠吻合术Pancreatico-Jejunostomy胰囊肿造袋术Marsupialization of pancreatic cyst腹壁脓疡引流术Drainage of abdominal wall abscess腹腔脓疡灌洗腹壁肿瘤切除术－良性Excision of abdominal wall tumor——benign腹壁肿瘤切除术－恶性Excision of abdominal wall tumor——malignant腹壁疝气修补术－并肠切除Repair of ventral hernia——with bowel resection腹壁疝气修补术－无肠切除Repair of ventral hernia——without bowel resection腹壁疝气修补术，嵌顿性，－无肠切除腹壁疝气修补术，复发性－无肠切除鼠蹊疝气修补术－并肠切除Repair of inguinal hernia——with bowel resection 鼠蹊疝气修补术－无肠切除Repair of inguinal hernia——without bowel resection鼠蹊疝气修补术，嵌顿性，－无肠切除鼠蹊疝气修补术，复发性，－无肠切除股疝气修补术－无肠切除腰椎疝气修补术Repair of lumbar hernia腹腔镜疝气修补术Herniorraphy腹腔内脓疡引流术治疗急性穿孔性腹膜炎Drainage of intraabdominal abscess for acute perforation peritonitis膈下脓疡引流术Drainage of subphrenic abscess骨盆腔脓疡引流术－经腹Drainage of pelvic abscess——transabdominal骨盆腔脓疡引流术－经肛门Drainage of pelvic abscess——transanal剖腹探查术Exploratory laparotomy 腹腔良性肿瘤切除术Excision of intraabdominal tumor，benign后腹腔良性肿瘤切除术Excision of retroperitoneal tumor，benign腹腔内异物却除术Removal of intraabdominal foreign body后腹腔剖腹探查术Retroperitoneal exploratory laparotomy腹腔恶性肿瘤切除术Excision of intraabdominal tumor，malignant后腹腔恶性肿瘤切除术并后腹腔淋巴腺摘除术Excision of retroperitoneal tumor，malignant with retroperitoneallymphadenectomy腹腔静脉分流术Peritoneo-Venous shunt脐尿管或瘘管切除术与部分胆囊切除术Excision of Urachal duct or fistula withpartial cholecystectomy腹壁损伤修复术－简单Repair of abdominal wall injury——simple with/without reconstruction腹壁损伤修复术－广泛性Repair of abdominal wall injury——extensive with reconstruction or prosthesis腹壁缝合裂开剜脏术，第二次缝合Suture of abdominal wall for evisceration ofdehiscence for secondary closure。
直肠癌切肛门操作方法
直肠癌切肛门操作方法
直肠癌切肛门操作方法一般分为以下几种：
1. 直肠癌低位切除术（Low Anterior Resection，LAR）：适用于直肠癌位置在距离肛门较远的部位，可以保留部分直肠和括约肌，避免肛门切除术。
手术过程中通过腹部切口进入腹腔，切除直肠的肿瘤部分，并进行直肠与结肠末段之间的吻合。
2. 腹肛联合切除术（Abdominoperineal Resection，APR）：适用于直肠癌位置较低，距离肛门较近的情况。
手术过程中通过腹部切口进入腹腔，切除直肠的肿瘤部分，并切除直肠以下的肛管和括约肌，然后进行腹肛吻合术。
3. 直肠癌术后人工肛门形成术（Colostomy）：适用于无法进行肛门保留的情况，需要通过切除直肠并创建人工肛门来进行排便。
手术过程中直接在腹部前壁或侧壁上切开结肠，将结肠一端引出腹壁，形成一个人工排泄口。
选择具体的操作方法需要根据患者的病情、癌肿的位置、病理类型以及患者的身体状况来决定，医生会根据患者的具体情况制定最适合的手术方案。
同时，手术后的康复和辅助治疗也非常重要，包括化疗、放疗和康复锻炼等。
腹腔镜下腹膜外途径前列腺癌根治术技巧总结
腹腔镜下腹膜外途径前列腺癌根治术技巧总结巫骏川;李建;陈爽【摘要】目的：回顾性总结、探讨腹腔镜下腹膜外途径前列腺癌根治术的手术经验与操作技巧。
方法：整理我院2015年7月至2017年10月收治的行腹腔镜下腹膜外途径前列腺癌根治术治疗的41例患者的临床资料,对其手术情况、术后并发症发生情况以及随访结局进行回顾性分析,分析手术效果与安全性,总结手术技巧。
结果：41例患者手术均顺利完成,无中转开腹者。
患者平均手术时间（238.15±51.44）min,术中出血量（331.28±49.41）m L;术后导尿管留置时间（13.51±3.08）d,术后住院时间（14.99±5.12）d;术后7例患者于尿管拔除后发生尿失禁,2例发生尿道狭窄,1例患者术后病理检查提示前列腺切缘阳性。
术后3个月患者PSA均〈0.10 ng/m L,术后随访（10.14±2.71）个月,随访期间未见肿瘤局部复发及远处转移征象。
结论：腹腔镜下腹膜外途径前列腺癌根治术效果确切,术中精细处理阴茎背深静脉复合体、尽可能多保留尿道等操作技巧,有助于降低并发症、提高术后控尿能力,提升手术安全性。
【期刊名称】《现代仪器与医疗》【年(卷),期】2018(024)004【总页数】3页(P41-42)【关键词】腹腔镜;腹膜外途径;前列腺癌根治术;手术技巧【作者】巫骏川;李建;陈爽【作者单位】泸州市中医医院泌尿外科,四川泸州646000;泸州市中医医院泌尿外科,四川泸州646000;泸州市中医医院泌尿外科,四川泸州646000;【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R697前列腺癌是男性泌尿生殖系统常见肿瘤，近年来其发病率呈上升趋势，据报道，我国前列腺癌占男性恶性肿瘤比例已由1998年的1.45%升至2008年的3.33%[1]。
随着前列腺特异抗原（PSA）筛查的普及，越来越多的局限性前列腺癌可被早期发现，此时行腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术能够在微创的基础上确保治疗效果，但也存在操作难度大、学习曲线长的弊端[2-3]。
(完整版)外科专业英语
酸碱平衡和水电解质紊乱acid-base disorders 酸碱失衡acid-base balance 酸碱平衡acute/chronic acidosis 急性/慢性酸中毒acidemia 酸血症acute/chronic alkalosis 急性/慢性碱中毒alkalemia 碱血症simple acid-base disorder 单纯性酸碱失衡mixed acid-base disorder 混合性酸碱失衡buffer system 缓冲对系统anion gap 阴离子间隙delta gap 阳离子间隙respiratory acidosis 呼酸respiratory alkalosis 呼碱metabolic acidosis 代酸metabolic alkalosis 代碱hypochloremia 低氯血症hyperchloremia 高氯血症hypoxemia 低氧血症hyperoxemia 高氧血症hypocalcemia 低钙血症hypercalcemia 高钙血症hypokalemia 低钾血症hyperkalemia 高钾血症hyponatremia 低钠血症hypernatremia 高钠血症magnesium deficiency 镁缺乏magnesium excess 镁过多hypomagnesemia 低镁血症hypermagnesemia 高镁血症hypophosphatemia 低磷血症hyperphosphatemia 高磷血症hypercapnia 高碳酸血症posthypercapnic metabolic alkalosis 高碳酸血症后碱中毒diabetic ketoacidosis 糖尿病酮症酸中毒uremia 尿毒症lactic acidosis 乳酸酸中毒saline-responsive alkalosis 盐水反应性碱中毒saline-resistant alkalosis 盐水抵抗性碱中毒isotonic dehydration 等渗性缺水hypotonic dehydration 低渗性缺水hypertonic dehydration 高渗性缺水edema 水肿water intoxication 水中毒休克shock 休克hemorrhagic shock 失血性休克traumatic shock 创伤性休克septic shock脓毒性休克shock lung 休克肺shock kidney 休克肾软组织感染furuncle 疖paronychia 甲沟炎erysipelas 丹毒acute phlegmon 急性蜂窝织炎acute lymphangitis 急性淋巴管炎acute lymphadenitis急性淋巴结furunculosis 疖病carbuncle 痈abscess 脓肿acute ulcer急性溃疡chronic ulcer 慢性溃疡fistula cannulas瘘管sinus tract 窦道felon 脓性指头炎外科营养肠外营养parenteral nutrition 或intravenous nutrition肠内营养enteral nutrition 代谢性并发症metabolic complications 胆汁淤积cholestasis 基础能量消耗basal energy expenditure BEE 误吸aspiration 腹泻diarrhea外科手术手术刀scalpel 刀片blade刀柄hilt 手术剪surgical scissors止血钳hemostatic forceps 直血管钳straight clamp弯血管钳Kelly clamp 蚊式止血钳mosquito forceps 有齿止血钳kocher forceps 手术镊forceps组织钳tissue forceps or allis forceps 持针器needle holder缝合针suture needle 拉钩retractor巾钳towel clip 环钳ring forceps不可吸收缝线nonabsorbable suture 丝线silk suture切开incision 剥离dissection止血hemostasis 结扎ligation缝合suture 剪线cutting suture拆线removing suture 引流drainage骨科arthro-关节articulo-关节cranio-颅osteo-骨burso-囊chondro-软骨costo-肋骨myelo-骨髓spondylo-椎骨thoraco-胸的vertebra-椎骨fascio-筋膜teno/tendo/tendino-肌-kinesia 运-porosis 多孔-trophy 发育-malacia 软化1、中轴骨AXIAL BONESbone n.骨rib n.肋vertebrae n.椎骨cervical vertebrae 颈椎thoracic vertebrae 胸椎lumbar vertebrae 腰椎sternum n.胸骨sacrum n.骶骨coccyx 尾骨sternal manubrium 胸骨柄xiphoid process 剑突atlas n.寰椎axis n.枢椎sternal angle 胸骨角thoracic cage 胸廓2、颅SKULLskull n. parietal bone 顶骨frontal bone 额骨occipital bone 枕骨emporal bone 颞骨sphenoid bone 蝶骨ethmoid bone 筛骨mandible n.下颌骨hyoid bone 舌骨vomer n.犁骨maxilla n.上颌骨palatine bone 腭骨nasal bone 鼻骨lacrimal bone 泪骨zygomatic bone 颧骨inferior nasal concha 下鼻甲orbit n.眶coronal suture冠状缝sagital suture 矢状缝lambdoid suture 人字缝cranial fontanelle 颅囟2、附肢骨TARSAL BONES AND EXTREMITAL BONESclavicle n.锁骨scapula n.肩胛humerus n.肱骨radius n.桡骨ulna n.尺骨carpal bone 腕骨metacarpal bone 掌骨phalanges n.指骨，趾骨hip bone 髋骨ilium n.髂骨ischium n.坐骨pubis n.耻骨femur n.股骨patella n.髌骨tibia n.胫骨fibula n.腓骨tarsal bone 跗骨metatarsal bone 跖骨4、关节韧带flexion n.屈extension n. 伸展adduction n.收medial rotation 旋内lateral rotation 旋外pronation n旋前. supination n.旋后circumduction n.环转vertebral column脊柱temporal-mandibular joint 颞下颌关节articulation n.关节ligament n.韧带intervertebral disc 椎间盘shoulder joint 肩关节elbow joint 肘关节radiocarpal joint 桡腕关节pelvis n.骨盆hip joint 髋关节knee joint 膝关节ankle joint 踝关节arthrography n.关节造影compacta n.骨密度epiphysis n.骨骺ossification n.骨化synovial joints 滑膜关节fibrous纤维连结syndesmosis韧带连结cartilaginous joints 软骨连结articular surface (cavity)关节面(腔) suture缝articular disk关节盘articular labrum 关节唇articular capsule关节囊extracapsular ligament 囊外韧带intracapsular ligament 囊内韧带yellow ligament黄韧带fibrous layer (membrane)纤维层，纤维膜synovial layer (membrane) 滑膜层，滑膜ynovial fold (villi)滑膜襞synovial fluid滑液circumduction环转运动vertebral joints椎骨连结ionterspinous ligament棘间韧带intertransverse ligament横突间韧带Intervertebral symphysis椎间联合interverbral discs椎间盘Fibrous rings纤维环Pulpiform nucleus髓核Anterior longitudinal前纵韧带Posterior longitudinal后纵韧带Zygapophysial joint关节突关节Lumbosacral joint 腰骶连结Costovertebral joints肋椎关节Joint of costal head肋头关节Lambdoid suture人字缝Costotransverse joint 肋横突关节Cranial suture 颅缝Sternocostal joints胸肋关节Coronal (sagittal) suture冠矢状缝Synchondroses of cranium颅结合Temporomandibular joint颞下颌关节joints of shoulder girdle上肢带连结coracoacromial ligament喙间韧带Coracoclavicular ligament喙锁韧带Acromioclavicular joint肩锁关节Elbow joint肘关节Sternoclavicular joint胸锁关节Shoulder joint肩关节Humeroulnar joint肱尺关节Joints of hand手关节Humeroradial joint肱桡关节Radiocarpal joint ,wrist joint桡腕关节，腕关节Intercarpal joints腕骨间关节Carpometacarpal joints腕掌关节Carpometacarpal joint of thumb拇指腕掌关节Intermetacarpal joints掌骨间关节Metacarpophalangeal joints掌指关节Interphalangeal joints of hand指骨间关节Joints of pelvic girdle下肢带连结Pubic symphysis耻骨联合Interpubic disc耻骨间盘Obturator membrane闭孔膜Sacroiliac joints骶髂关节Pelvis骨盆Sacrotuberous ligament骶结节韧带Greater (lesser) sciatic foramen坐骨大(小)孔Terminal line界线Greater (lesser) pelvis大小骨盆Superior (posterior) pelvic aperture骨盆上下口Pubic arch耻骨弓Subpubic angle耻骨下角Pelvic cavity骨盆腔Joints of free lower limb自由下肢连结Hip joint髋关节Knee joint膝关节Transverse acetabular lig.髋臼横韧带Ligament of head of femur 股骨头韧带Medial (lateral) meniscus内外侧半月板Transverse ligament of knee膝横韧带Anterior cruciate ligament前交叉韧带Posterior cruciate ligament后交叉韧带Fibular (tibial) collateral ligament 腓(胫)侧副韧带Ligament of patella髌韧带Tibiofibular joint胫腓关节Tibiofibular syndesmosis 胫腓连结Crural interosseous membrane小腿骨间膜Joints of foot足关节ankle joint，踝关节talocrural joint,距小腿关节intertarsal joints跗骨间关节subtalar joint, talocalcaneal joint距下关节距跟关节transverse tarsal joint跗横关节talocalcaneonavicular joint 距跟舟关节tarsometatarsal joint 跗跖关节transverse arch横弓intermetatarsal joints跖骨间关节metatarsophalangeal joint跖趾关节interphalangeal joints of foot跖骨间关节arch of foot, tarsometatarsal arch足弓，跗跖弓medial (lateral) longitudinal arch内(外)侧纵弓其他Arthrosclerosis关节硬化Chondromalacia软骨软化症Degenerated Joint Disease变性关节炎Bone graft 骨移植Clavicle Fracture 锁骨骨折Pelvic Fracture 骨盆骨折Plastic Paris Cast 整形硬石膏Amputation 截肢Matastatic Lesion转移性损害Osteoporosis骨质疏松症Prosthesis Replacement 人工弥补置换术腹部脏器Stomach 胃Liver 肝Small intestine 小肠Colon 结肠（ascending，transverse，descending，sigmoid）Duodenum 十二指肠Jejunum 空肠Ileum 回肠Pancreas 胰Spleen 脾Bile duct 胆管Gallbladder 胆囊Kidney 肾Rectum 直肠Cecum 盲肠large intestine 大肠vermiform appendix阑尾anal canal 肛管辅助检查Abdominocentesis 腹腔穿刺Urinalysis 尿分析Abdominal ultrasonography 腹部超声检查Barium enema 钡灌肠Barium swallow 钡餐Liver biopsy 肝活检Stool culture 粪检Retrograde pyelogram 逆行肾盂造影Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography经内镜逆行性胆胰管造影Blood urea nitrogen 血尿素氮Urine culture and sensitivity 尿培养和敏感试验Urinalysis 尿分析内镜Gastroscopy 胃窥镜Enteroscopy 小肠内镜Colonoscopy 结肠内镜Cystoscopy 膀胱镜ureteroscope 输尿管镜术式Highly selective vagotomy 高选择性迷走神经切断术Gastrojejunostomy 胃空肠吻合术Truncal vagotomy 迷走神经切断术Laparotomy 开腹Enterectomy 肠切除术Appendectomy 阑尾切除术Choledochectomy 胆总管切除术Colectomy 结肠切除术Cholecystectomy 胆囊切除术Colostomy 结肠造瘘Subtotal gastrectomy 胃大部切除术Pancreatoduodenectomy 胰十二指肠切除术Right/left hemicolectomy 右/左半结肠切除术Abdominoperineal resection 腹会阴联合直肠癌切除术Low anterior resection 直肠低位前切除术Hepatectomy 肝切除术Nephrectomy 肾切除术Nephron sparing surgery 保留肾单位手术Ureteroneocystostomy 膀胱输尿管吻合术orchiectomy ; testectomy 睾丸切除术ureterectomy 输尿管切除术cystectomy 膀胱切除术cysto-urethral anastomosis膀胱输尿管吻合术partial or radical nephrectomy 局部/根治性肾切除术PCNL：percutaneous nephrostolithotomy 经皮肾取石术ESWL: extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy 体外冲击波碎石术Surgical exploration 手术探查心胸外valve prosthesis 人工瓣膜bicuspid 二尖瓣tricuspid valve 三尖瓣pulmonary valve肺动脉瓣aortic valve主动脉瓣ventricle 心室atrium pl.atrial 心房interatrial心房间的atrioventricular房室的intrventricular心室间的atrial septum 房间隔ventricuar septum 室间隔angiography 血管造影aortography 主动脉造影pneumotharax ；aerothorax 气胸tension pneumotharax 张力性气胸pleural effussion胸腔积液hydrothorax 胸腔积液puncture 穿刺thoracocentesis 胸腔穿刺术drainage引流closed thoracic drainage 闭式胸腔引流mitral stenosis 二尖瓣狭窄rheumatic valve disease 风湿性瓣膜病aortic stenosis动脉硬化mitral regurgitation 二尖瓣反流valvuloplasty瓣膜成形术aortic stenosis 主动脉瓣狭窄aortic regurgitation 主动脉反流arteriosclerosis动脉粥样硬化intravenous 静脉内的hemorrhage出血hematuria血尿angi/o血管vas/o血管vascul/o血管aort/o主动脉arter/o arteri/o动脉ather/o动脉phleb/o静脉ven/o静脉thromb/o血栓venule微静脉arteriole微动脉angiostenosis血管狭窄ischemia缺血vena cava腔静脉神外大脑：cerebrum 间脑：diencephalon脑桥：brain stem 中脑：midbrain脑桥：pons 延髓：medulla oblongata小脑：cerebellum 回：convolution gyri沟：sulci 胼胝体：corpus callosum 横裂：transvers fissue 额叶：Frontal lobe顶叶：Parietal lobe 颞叶：Temporal lobe枕叶：Occipital lobe蛛网膜：Arachnoid matter 蛛网膜下腔：Subarachnoid space Olfactory N 嗅神经Optic 视神经Oculomotor 动眼神经Trochlear 滑车神经Trigeminal 三叉神经Abducens 外展神经Facial 面神经Vestibulocochlear 前庭蜗神经Glossopharyngeal 舌咽神经Vagus 迷走神经Accessory 副神经Hypoglossal 舌下神经Spinal nerve 脊神经anterior root前根posterior root 后根spinal ganglion脊神经节8对颈神经cervical nerves 12对胸神经thoracic nerves5对腰神经lumbar nerves 5对骶神经sacral nerves1对尾神经coccygeal nerves神经丛：颈丛cervical plexus 臂丛brachial plexus胸神经前支anterior branch of the thoracic nerve腰丛lumbar plexus 骶丛sacral plexus段落翻译----乳腺mastitis 乳腺炎retromammary abscess 乳房后脓肿breast sarcoma 乳房肉瘤breast cancer 乳腺癌inflammatory breast carcinoma 炎性乳腺炎radical mastectomy 乳腺癌根治术extensive radical mastectomy 乳腺癌扩大根治术modified radical mastectomy 乳腺癌改良根治术total mastectomy 全乳房切除术lumpectomy and axillary dissection 保留乳房的乳腺癌切除术胃肠疾病（课件）、骨折（课件）、甲状腺（那一本）还是看课件吧gastro-duodenal disease 胃十二指肠疾病peptic ulcer 消化性溃疡intestinal obstruction 肠梗阻volvulus 肠扭转Colorectal Cancer 结肠直肠癌anal fissure 肛裂Fistula 瘘，瘘管Hemorrhoid 痔疮anorectal abscess 肛门直肠脓肿。
麻醉专业英语词汇
麻醉专业英语词汇麻醉专业词汇Aabate 减轻，减少abatement 减轻abbreviated 缩短的，省略的abdomen 腹部abdominal 腹部的abdominal breathing 腹式呼吸abdominal delivery 剖腹产abdominal hysterectomy procedure 经腹子宫切除手术abdominal respiration 腹式呼吸abdominal section 剖腹术abdominalgia 腹痛abdominoscopy 腹腔镜检查abdominothoracic 胸腹的abdominouterectomy 腹式子宫切除术ablation脱离，部分切除（术）abnormal sensation感觉异常abolition of reflex 反射消失aboulia意识缺失abrosia 禁食abscess 脓肿absent respiration 呼吸音消失，无呼吸音呼吸absolute arrhythmia 绝对心律不齐absolute diet 禁食，绝食absolute temperature 绝对温度absorber 吸收器，过滤器，吸收管，减震器absorbite 活性碳，吸附器absorption吸收abulia 意识缺失abuse 违反操作规程，滥用acanthi 棘突，棘accentuation 增强，亢进access 存取，进口，入口accessory respiratory muscle 辅助呼吸肌accident hemorrhage 意外性出血accident ward 急诊室accidental dural puncture 意外性硬脊膜刺穿accidental extubation意外拔管accommodator 调节器accountant 计算装置accumulation 积蓄accumulator 蓄电池，存储器accuracy 准确度，精度aceology 药疗学acetone bodies 酮体acetylcholine乙酰胆碱acetylcholine esterase 乙酰胆碱酯酶acid 酸，酸的，酸性的acid base equilibrium酸碱平衡acid-base balance 酸碱平衡acid-base equilibrium 酸碱平衡acid-intoxication 酸中毒acidemia酸血症acidosic 酸中毒的acidosis 酸中毒acidotic 酸中毒的acies 边缘，缘acinus renis 肾小球acmesthesia 针刺感觉acography 治疗记录acology 治疗学aconuresis 小便失禁acquired immunodeficiency syndrome（AIDS）获得性免疫缺陷综合症，艾滋病acratia 无力acraturesis 排尿无力acrinia 分泌缺乏acro-agnosis 肢体感缺失acro-anesthesia 四肢麻木acro-asphyxia 肢端缺氧acroaesthesia 感觉过敏，肢痛acrocheir 指尖acrocyanosis 手足发绀acropachy 杵状指acroparalysis 肢体瘫痪acroparesthesia 肢端感觉异常acrostealgia 肢端痛acroteric 末梢的，周围的action of arrest 阻止作用action potential 动作电位action-current 动作电流activate 活化，激活，致活activated state 激活状态actual 实际的，现实的acuesthesia 听觉acupuncture 针刺acupuncture anesthesia 针刺麻醉acupuncture anesthesia apparatus 针麻仪acute 急性的acute abdomen 急腹症acute abscess 急性脓肿acute anemia 急性贫血acutenaculum 持针器acute pain 急性疼痛addition 加，添加additive action 相加作用additive effect 相加作用ademonia 精神紧张，苦闷adenomammectomy 乳腺切除术adenopharyngitis 咽扁桃体炎adenophyma 淋巴结肿adherent 粘连的adhesiectomy 粘连切除术adhesive electrode 贴附电极adiabatic 绝热的adiaemorrhysis 血液循环停止adipose 肥胖的，脂肪的adiposis 肥胖症adiposis universalis 全身肥胖症adiposity 肥胖（症）aditus glottidis inferior 声门下口aditus glottidis superior 声门上口adjection 附加作用adjunction 附加（药物）adjustable oxygen density face mask 可调氧浓度面罩adjustable synchronous respirator 可控同步呼吸机administration 给予，投与，管理adrenalectomy 肾上腺切除术adsorbent 吸附剂adsorption 吸附作用adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 成人型呼吸窘迫综合症advanced life support (ALS) 后期复苏adverse reaction 不良反应aeremia 气栓，气泡栓塞aero-emphysema 肺气肿aeroperitoneum 气腹aeropleura 气胸aerosol therapy 雾化疗法aerosolization 雾化给药aesthema 感觉aesthesia 感觉aesthesis感觉agent 物质，药物，作用因子aging 老化，老龄化aglobulia红细胞减少aglobuliosis 红细胞减少agnogenic 原因不明的agomphiasis 无牙，缺牙，牙动agomphious 无牙的，缺牙的agomphosis无牙，缺牙，牙动agonal breathing 终末频死呼吸agonist 兴奋剂，激动剂air duct 通气道air embolism 空气栓塞air pressure gauge 空气压力表air-bag 气囊air-gun 喷雾器airway 气道，呼吸器airway control 气道保持通畅，气道控制airway obstruction 气道阻塞airway pressure 气道压airway resistance 气道阻力airway stenosis 气道狭窄akromegaly 肢端巨大症alae nasi 鼻翼albedo retinae 视网膜水肿albumen 白蛋白albumin 白蛋白algaesthesis 痛觉alganesthesia 痛觉缺失algesia 痛觉algesic 疼痛的algogenesia 疼痛产生algogenesis 疼痛产生algospasm 痛性痉挛alkalemia 碱血症alkali 碱alkali reserve 碱储备，碱储量alkali-poisoning 碱中毒alkalosis 碱中毒alkalotic碱中毒的allergia 变应性，过敏性，变应反应allergic constitution 过敏体质，变态性体质allergic reaction 变态反应，过敏反应allolalia 言语障碍allomnesia 记忆障碍allophasis 语无伦次allophemy 语无伦次alloplasia 发育异常alveolar 肺泡的alveolar air 肺泡气alveolar gas 肺泡气alveolar gas exchange 肺泡气体交换alveolar hypoventilation 肺泡通气不足alveolar hypoxia 肺泡性缺氧alveolar ventilation 肺泡通气ambulance 急救车ambulatorium 门诊所，诊所aminofilina 氨茶碱aminophylline 氨茶碱amnesia 记忆缺失，遗忘（症）amnestic 遗忘的，引起遗忘的amnionic fluid embolism 羊水栓塞（症）amniotic embolism 羊水栓塞amyasthenia 肌无力amyasthenic 肌无力的anaemia 贫血analgesia 止痛analgesic 镇痛的，止痛药analgesic action 镇痛作用analgesist 麻醉医师analgetic 镇痛药，止痛的anapausis 催眠anapetia 血管扩张anaphylactic shock 过敏性休克anaphylaxis 过敏反应anaplasty 整形术anapnea 窒息解除anapnoea 窒息解除anastomosis 吻合术anatomical dead space 解剖死腔anatomy 解剖（学）ancon 肘anesthecinesia 感觉与运动能力缺失anesthesia 麻醉anesthesia by freezing 冷冻麻醉anesthesia chart 麻醉记录（用纸）anesthesia machine 麻醉机anesthesia record 麻醉记录anesthesia set 麻醉器械包anesthesiologist 麻醉学家anesthesiology 麻醉（科）学anesthesiophore 有麻醉作用的anesthetic action 麻醉作用anesthetic agent 麻醉药anesthetic apparatus 麻醉机anesthetic drug 麻醉药anesthetic equipment leakage 麻醉装置漏气anesthetic machine 麻醉机anesthetic pollution 麻醉药污染anesthetic potency麻醉效能anesthetic toxicity 麻醉药毒性angina epiglottidea 会厌炎angina laryngea 喉炎angina pectoris 心绞痛angio-edema 血管（神经）性水肿angiocardiography 心血管造影术angiocavernoma 海绵状血管瘤angiosclerosis 血管硬化angiospasm 血管痉挛angiospastic anemia 血管痉挛性贫血anonymous cartilage 环状软骨antagonism 拮抗antagonist 拮抗药，对抗肌antanacathartic 止吐药，止吐的antasthmatic 止喘的，止喘药antegrade amnesia 顺行性健忘（症）antemetic 止吐的，止吐剂anti-disturbance 抗干扰antianxiety drugs 抗焦虑药antibody 抗体antidote 解毒药antiemetic 止吐剂antiemetic drug 止吐药antihistamine drug 抗组胺药antihypertensive agent 降压药，抗高血压药物antihypertensive drug 降压药antinarcotic麻醉拮抗药antinauseant 止恶心药，抗恶心的antispasmodic 解痉药antispastic 解痉药anxiety 不安，苦闷anxiety state 焦虑状态anxiolytic 抗不安药，抗不安的anxiolytic agent 抗不安药，抗焦虑药anxiolytics 抗焦虑药aorta abdominalis 腹主动脉apnoea 呼吸暂停，窒息apparatus 装置，器具，器械appreciation 鉴定arachnoid 蛛网膜（的）arachnoid cavity 硬膜下腔araiocardia 心搏徐缓arrhythmia 心律不齐，心律失常，无节律arrhythmia respiratoria呼吸性心律不齐arousal reaction 唤醒反应arrest 停止arrhythmia 心律不齐arteria 动脉arteria axillaris 腋动脉arteria brachialis 肱动脉arteria carotis communis 颈总动脉arteria carotis externa 颈外动脉arteria carotis interna 颈内动脉arteria dorsalis pedis 足背动脉arteria femoralis 股动脉arteria radialis 桡动脉arteria subclavia 锁骨下动脉arteria ulnaris 尺动脉arteria vertebralis 椎动脉arterial catheter 动脉内置（插）管arterial embolism 动脉栓塞（症）arterial pressure transducer 动脉压换能器arterial transfusion 动脉输血（法）arteriopuncture 动脉穿刺arteriosclerosis 动脉硬化arteriospasm 动脉痉挛artificial 人工的artificial abortion 人工流产artificial blood vessel 人造血管artificial breathing 人工呼吸artificial circulation 人工循环artificial respiration 人工呼吸artificial teeth 假牙，义齿artificial ventilation 人工通气aspiration 吸引，误吸aspiration pneumonia 吸入性肺炎aspiration pneumonitis 吸入性局灶性肺炎aspirator 吸引器，吸引装置assist/control-mode ventilation (A/CMV) 辅助/控制通气asthma 支气管过敏，哮喘asthmatic attack 哮喘发作asthmatic crisis 哮喘危象asthmatoid wheeze 哮喘样喘鸣asthmatorthopnea 哮喘性端坐呼吸atrial fibrillation 心房颤动atrial flutter 心房扑动atrionector 窦房结atrioventricular heart-block 房室传导阻滞attack 发作auricular fibrillation心房纤颤auricular flutter 心房扑动autohemotransfusion 自体输血autotransfusion 自身输血awaken test 唤醒试验activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT) 活化部分凝血酶原时间alanine aminotransferase(ALT)丙氨氨基转移酶aspartate aminotransferase(AST) 天门冬酸氨基转移酶alkaline phosphatase(AKP) 碱性磷酸酶albumin白蛋白atrial hypertrophy心房肥大atrial premature beat房性早博atrial flutter心房扑动atrial fibrillation心房颤动anemia贫血auriculo-ventrivular block房室传导阻滞atelectasis肺不张angina心绞痛adult respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) 成人呼吸窘迫综合征anterior-lateral decompression of spinal canal for vertebral fracture and dislocation脊柱骨折脱位椎管侧前方减压术amputation of forearm前臂截肢术arthrodesis of metacarpal joint of thumb拇指腕掌关节融合术arthroplasty of metacarpophalangeal joint掌指关节成形术amputation through thigh大腿截肢术amputation through leg小腿截肢术ankle athroplasty人工踝关节置换arthrodesis of ankle踝关节融合术ankylosis of temporomandibular joint颞下颌关节强直arthroplasty of temporomandibular joint颞下颌关节成形术adenolymphoma腺淋巴瘤adenoid cystic carcinoma腺样囊性癌ameloblastoma造釉细胞瘤aneurysm动脉瘤acquired arteriovenous fistula后天性动静脉瘘accessory auricle副耳alar collapse鼻翼萎缩征acute abdomen急腹症appendicitis阑尾炎anal fistula肛瘘anal fissure肛裂acute pancreatitis急性胰腺炎adhesive intestinal obstruction粘连性肠梗阻appendicectomy阑尾切除术abdominoperineal resection of anus and rectum(Mile's operation) 直肠、肛管经腹会阴联合切除术arterial embolism动脉血栓arteriosclerotic vascular disease动脉硬化性血管病aorta-arteritis大动脉炎aortoiliac and aortofenoral bypass腹主动脉－髂动脉架桥术及腹主动脉－股动脉架桥术aortoiliac endarterectomy腹主动脉及髂内动脉内膜剥脱数Bbackward heart-failure 反向性心力衰竭balanced anesthesia 平衡麻醉basal anesthesia 基础麻醉basal metabolic rate 基础代谢率basal narcosis 基础麻醉basic life support (BLS) 初期复苏，基本生命支持basis anesthesia 基础麻醉bathypnea 深呼吸bigemina 二联律bigeminy 二联律bleeding tendency 出血倾向blepharedema 眼睑水肿blepharoedema 眼睑水肿blepharoptosis 眼睑下垂blind intubation 盲探插管blind nasotracheal intubation 经鼻盲探插管术block 阻滞，阻断block anesthesia 阻滞麻醉blockage 阻滞，阻塞，阻断blocking 阻断blocking agent 阻断剂，阻滞剂，阻抑剂blood donation 供血blood donor 供血者blood fat 血脂blood gas 血气blood gas analyzer 血气分析仪blood group 血型blood preparation 血液制剂blood recipient 受血者blood sample 血样blood sugar 血糖blood supply 血液供给blood transfusion 输血blood transfusion apparatus 输血器blood transfusion reaction 输血反应blood-brain barrier 血脑屏障blood-cerebrospinal barrier 血-脑屏障bloody urine 血尿blood volume 血容量body 体，身体body fluid 体液body height 身高body position 体位body posture 体位body surface aren 体表面积body weight 体重bolus dose 单次剂量brachial plexus block 臂丛阻滞brachial plexus block by axillary route 腋窝法臂丛神经阻滞brachial plexus block by interscalene route 斜角肌间法臂丛神经阻滞brachial plexus block by subclavicular route 经锁骨下路臂丛神经阻滞brachial plexus block by supraclavicular route 锁骨上法臂丛神经阻滞brachial plexus paralysis 臂丛神经麻痹brachiplex臂丛brachycardia 心动过缓breast bone 胸骨breast-pang 心绞痛breath analyzer 呼吸气体分析仪breathing-holding 吸气屏气breath holding test (Sebarese’stest) 屏气试验breathing circle system 呼吸环路系统bronchial catheter with double tubes 双腔支气管导管bronchial spasm 支气管痉挛bronchiospasm 支气管痉挛bronchodilator 支气管扩张药bronchofiberscope 纤维支气管镜bucking 呛咳bundle branch block 束支传导阻滞burn 烧伤blood platelets count(BPC) 血小板计数blood uria nitrogen(BUN) 血清尿素氮blood sugar血糖bundle branch block束支传导阻滞bronchitis支气管炎bronchiectasis支气管扩张bronchial asthma支气管哮喘breath holding test屏气试验Boyd’samputation B o yd 截肢术benign tumor良性肿瘤branchial cleft cyst鳃裂囊肿bacterial liver abscess细菌性肝脓肿bile duct tumor胆管肿瘤bypass operation for intestinal obstruction肠梗阻捷径手术biliary enterostomy胆肠内引流术Buerger discase血栓闭塞性脉管炎bypass with reversed autogenous long saphenous vein自体大隐静脉导致转流术Ccapillary 毛细血管的capillary bed毛细血管床capillary bleeding 毛细血管出血capillary fragility 毛细血管脆性carbon dioxide combining power 二氧化碳结合力carbon dioxide retention 二氧化碳蓄积cardiac arrest 心脏停搏cardiac death 心脏猝死cardiac decompensation 心代偿失调cardiac defibrillator 心脏除颤器cardiac depressant 心脏抑制剂cardiac depression 心脏抑制cardiac dyspnea 心原性呼吸困难cardiac edema 心原性水肿cardiac index (CI) 心脏指数cardiac insufficiency 心功能不全cardiac massage 心脏按摩（压）cardiac output (CO) 心排出量cardiac reserve 心脏储备力cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation (CPCR) 心肺脑复苏cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) 心肺复苏carina 隆突cartilage 软骨cartilago arytaenoidea 勺状软骨cartilago cricoidea 环状软骨cartilago gutturalis勺状软骨cartilago peltata 甲状软骨cauda equina syndrome 马尾综合症caudal anesthesia 骶管麻醉caudal block 骶管阻滞cavum epidurale 硬膜外腔cavum subarachnoidale 蛛网膜下腔cavum subdurale 硬膜下腔cavum thoracis 胸腔central venous pressure （CVP）中心静脉压cerebral edema 脑水肿cerebrospinal fluid（CSF）脑脊液cerebral resuscitation 脑复苏cerebrovascular accident 脑血管意外cervical plexus block 颈神经丛阻滞cervical vertebra 颈椎cervicobrachial pain 颈臂痛chemosis球结膜水肿chill 寒战，受寒choloplania 黄疸chondralgia软骨痛chromaffin cells 嗜铬细胞chronic pain 慢性疼痛classification 分类clavicle锁骨clavicular 锁骨的cleftpalate 腭裂clinical analysis 临床分析clinography 临床记录close system 紧闭装置closed chest cardiac compression 胸外心脏按压CO2 absorbent 二氧化碳吸收剂CO2 acummulation 二氧化碳蓄积collarbone 锁骨colloid 胶体colloid oncotic pressure 胶体渗透压colloid osmotic pressure 胶体渗透压colloid solution 胶体溶液colloidal 胶体的coma position 昏迷状态combination 结合，复合combined anesthesia 复合麻醉competitive 竞争的competitive agent 竞争性药物competitive drug 竞争性药物component transfusion 成分输血congenital 先天的congestive heart failure 充血性心力衰竭conscious intubation 清醒插管术contamination 污染continuous epidural anesthesia 持续硬膜外麻醉continuous intravenous infusion 持续静脉输入continuous positive pressure breathing 持续正压呼吸（法）continuous positive pressure ventilation持续正压通气continuous spinal anesthesia 持续脊髓麻醉controlled hypotension 控制性降压controlled respiration 控制呼吸control-mode ventilation (CMV)控制通气corectasis 瞳孔散大corediastasis 瞳孔散大costal cartilage 肋软骨cough 咳嗽cough reflex 咳嗽反射cranial bone 颅骨craniocerebral 颅脑的crico-esophageal compress 环-食管压迫手法cricoid cartilage 环状软骨cricoid pressure 环状软骨压迫（法）cricothyroid membrane 环甲膜cricothyrotomy 环甲膜切开（术）crisis 危像critical 危重的，临界的critical care medicine 急救医学，危重医学crowing convulsion 喘鸣性喉痉挛cruenturesis 血尿crush syndrome 挤压综合症cumulative 蓄积的creatinine(Cr) 血清肌酐cardiac function心功能coronary heart disease冠心病congenital heart disease先天性心脏病cardiomyopathy心肌病chronic pulmonary heart disease慢性肺源性心脏病cirrhosis of liver肝硬化cerebral hemorrhage脑出血cerebral infarction脑梗塞coma昏迷corrective operation of scoliosis and kyphosis脊柱侧突及后凸畸形矫形术curettage and excision with bonegrafting for enchondroma软骨瘤刮除与切除close reduction and internal fixation by compressive screws for femoral neck fracture股骨颈骨折闭合复位加压螺纹钉内固定术Condylar fracture髁突骨折Capillary hemangioma毛细管型血管瘤Cavernous hemangioma海绵状血管瘤Curettage of cyst囊肿刮除术carcinoma of tongue舌癌Carcinoma of check颊癌Carcinoma of gingival牙龈癌Carcinoma of mouth floor口底癌Carcinoma of lip唇癌Carcinoma of maxillary sinus上颌窦癌Combined dissection of craniofacial 颅颌联合根治术Combined dissection of tongue , mandible and neck舌颌颈联合根治术Combined dissection of check mandible and neck颊颌颈联合根治术Combined dissection of gingival , mandible and neck龈颌颈联合根治术carcinoma of the nasopharynx鼻咽癌csf rhinorrhoea脑脊液鼻漏cervix cancer子宫颈癌carcinoma of endometrium子宫内膜癌colon twist结肠扭转cancer of colon结肠癌cholecystolithiasis or cholelithiasis 胆囊结石choledocholith胆总管结石calculus of intrahepatic duct肝内胆管结石cholecystitis胆囊炎carcinoma of gallbladder胆囊癌cholecystectomy胆囊切除cholangiography胆道造影术cholecystoenterostomy胆囊空肠吻合术cholecystostomy胆囊造口术choledcho-choledochostomy胆总管对端吻合术choledochostomy胆总管造口术cystogastrostomy胃空肠吻合术circumferential hemorrhoidectomy 内痔环型切除术congenital blepharophimosis syndrome先天性睑裂狭窄综合征Ddefibrillation 电除颤defibrillator 除颤器deficiency缺乏，不足degree 度，程度dehydrating agent 脱水剂delay 延迟delay reaction 延迟反应，迟发反应delay sensation 延缓感觉delayed 延迟的delayed action 延迟作用delayed recovery 苏醒延迟delirium 谵妄，发狂，妄想depolarizing muscle relaxants 去极化肌松药depression 抑制depth of anesthesia 麻醉深度depth of respiration 呼吸深度dilatation of pupil 瞳孔散大direct vision intubation 明视插管disposable oxygen face mask 一次性吸氧面罩disposal 配置，处置dissociated anesthesia 分离性感觉缺失，分离麻醉dissociation anesthesia分离性感觉缺失，分离麻醉dissociation curve解离曲线distribution 分布，分配distribution coefficient 分配系数dorsal root ganglion 脊神经节dorsal vertebra 胸椎dorsosacral position 截石位double blind test 双盲实验法double channel catheter 双腔导管double lumen endotracheal tube 双腔气管导管double lumen tube 双腔管dragging pain 牵引痛drowsiness困倦，倦睡drowsy 困倦的，倦睡的drug addiction 药瘾drug allergy 药物过敏drug interaction 药物相互作用drug resistance 抗药性drug tolerance 耐药性drug-fast 抗药的，耐药的dry rale 干罗音dual 二重，双相dual block 双相阻滞dual block action 双相阻滞作用dual effect 双相作用duration 延续时间dyspnea 呼吸困难dyspneic respiration 呼吸困难dysuria 排尿困难diabetes糖尿病debridement of tuberculous focus and arthrodesis of hip joint髋关节结核病灶清除和关节融合术debridement of tuberculous focus of greater trochanter of femur股骨大转子部结核病灶清除术dento-maxillofacial deformities牙颌面畸形diskectomy关节盘摘除术direct inguinal hernia直疝duodenal ulcer十二指肠溃疡duct papilloma导管乳头状瘤drainage of the intrahepatic biliaty duct肝胆管引流术drainage of subphrenic abscess膈下脓肿引流术double barrel tranversostomy横结肠双腔造口术disconnection of partal-systemic venous shunt门体静脉断流手术Eedema 浮肿，水肿edematization水肿形成edentulous 无牙的electric blanket for operating table 手术台用电热毯electric defibrillation 电击除颤electroencephalogram （EEG）脑电图electrolyte电解质electrolyte balance 电解质平衡electrolyte disturbance 电解质紊乱electrolyte imbalance 电解质平衡失调electro-mechanical dissociation 电-机械分离emergency intubation 紧急插管emergency operation 急诊手术emotion 情绪，感情empty stomach 空腹emptysis咯血endotracheal anesthesia 气管内麻醉endotracheal intubation 气管内插管endotracheal tube 气管导管end-tidal 呼气末的enlarged tongue 巨舌epidural analgesia 硬膜外镇痛epidural anesthesia 硬膜外麻醉epidural block 硬膜外阻滞epidural catheter 硬膜外导管epidural space 硬膜外腔epiglottic 会厌的epiglottic cartilage 会厌软骨epiglottis 会厌epiglottitis 会厌炎epilepsia 癫痫epilepsia gravior 癫痫大发作epilepsia mitior 癫痫小发作epilepsy癫痫epileptic attack 癫痫发作epinephrine肾上腺素esthesis 感觉exfetation宫外孕exfiltration渗出external chest compression 胸外心脏按压external defibrillator 体外除颤器extra-oral anesthesia 口外麻醉extracorporeal 体外的extracorporeal circulation 体外循环extracorporeal circulation unit 体外循环机extracranial 颅外的extubation 拔管eyelash reflex 睫毛反射eyelid reflex 眼睑反射electrocardiogram心电图emphysema肺气肿extra-intracranial artery anastomosis 颅内外动脉吻合elbow arthroplasty肘关节成形术excision of tumor of proximal humerus肱骨近端肿瘤切除术excision of head of radius桡骨小头切除术excision of osteochondroma骨软骨瘤切除术epulis牙龈瘤extenal auditory canal外耳道ectopic pregnancy宫外孕external fistula of the small intestine 小肠外瘘excision of the choledochol cyst胆总管囊肿切除术exploratory laparotomy腹探查术excision of the fissure肛裂切除术exteriorization of injuried colon结肠损伤处外置造口术excision of intraductal papilloma乳管内乳头状瘤切除术extensive radical mastectomy for breast cancer乳腺癌扩大根治切除术encircing tighting of the femoral vein 股浅静脉环缩术embolectomy by arteriotomy动脉切开取栓术ectropion睑外翻Fface mask 面罩false teeth 假牙，义齿fasting 禁食，饥饿fat embolism 脂肪栓塞feature 特征，容貌fluid balance 体液平衡fluid intake 液体摄取（量）fluid replacement 补液forced attitude 强迫姿势fracture 折断，骨折fish-mouth –shaped osteotomy at supracondylar region of humerus肱骨髁上鱼嘴式截骨术fusion of knee joint膝关节融合术Fracture of the ramus of mandible下颌升支部骨折Fracture of the body of mandible下颌体部骨折Fracture of zygomatic arch颧弓骨折False aneurysm假性动脉瘤Fibromal displasia of bone骨纤维异常增殖症fibrous dysplasia纤维结构不良fallotomy输卵管切除flush ligation and stripping or segmental resection or the long saphenous vein大隐静脉高位结扎，曲张静脉切除术Functional neck dissection功能性颈清Gganglion cervicothoracicum 星状神经节ganglion plexuum sympathicorum 交感丛神经节ganglion stellatum 星状神经节ganglionated cord 交感（神经）节ganglionervous交感神经的ganglionic 神经节的ganglionic blockade 神经节阻滞ganglionic blocking action神经节阻滞作用general anesthesia 全身麻醉general anesthetic全身麻醉剂geriatric anesthesia 老年麻醉，高龄者麻醉glossocatochus压舌器glossocele 巨舌，大舌病glottic edema 声门水肿glottic spasm 声门痉挛gonial angle 下颌角globulin球蛋白genioplasty颏成形术gastric ulcer胃溃疡gastric diverticulum胃息室gastric cancer胃癌Hhaemoglobin 血红蛋白haemorrhagia 出血heart-failure 心力衰竭helcoma 角膜溃疡hemangiectasia 血管扩张hemangiectasis 血管扩张hematocrit 红（血）细胞比积hematoencephalic barrier 血脑屏障hematolytic 溶血的hematoma 血肿hematothorax 血胸hematuria 血尿hemodilution 血液稀释hernia 疝，突出hiccough 打呃，呃逆hiccup打呃，呃逆histamine 组（织）胺Horner’s syndrome 霍纳氏综合症humidifier 加湿器，湿化器humidity 湿度hypalgesia 痛觉迟钝hyperaemia 充血hyperbaric oxygen chamber高压氧舱hyperbasemia 高碱血症hypercapnia 高碳酸血症hypercarbia 高碳酸症hyperglycemia 血糖过多，高血糖hyperisotonic 高渗的hyperkalemia 高钾血症hypersusceptibility 高敏反应hypertension高血压hyperventilation 过度通气hypoadrenocorticism 肾上腺功能低下hypobaric solution低比重溶液hypocalcemia 低钙血症hypocapnia 低碳酸血症hypoglycemia 低血糖hypoglycemic shock 低血糖性休克hypokalemia 低血钾症hypokinemia 心输出量过少hypomicrognathus 下额过小hypomyotonia 肌张力减弱hypotension低血压hypothermia 全身低温hypotonic 低张的，低渗的hypouresis 排尿减少hypoventilation 通气不足hypovolemia （循环）血容量过少，低血容量hypovolemic shock 低血容量性休克hypoxaemia 血氧过少，低氧血症hypoxemia 低氧血症hypoxia 氧过少，低氧，氧不足hemoglobin血红蛋白hematocrit血球压积Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) 人类免疫缺陷病毒heart failure心力衰竭hypertension高血压hepatitis肝炎hepatic encephalopathy肝性脑病hyperthyroidism甲状腺功能亢进hypothyroidism甲状腺功能减退hemiplegia偏瘫hollow needle internal fixation of femoral neck fracture股骨颈骨折空心钉内固定术hernia of the linea alba白线疝hepatocarcinoma肝癌hemigastrectomy半胃切除hernioplasty for indirect inguinal hernia腹股沟斜疝修补术hernioplasty for direct inguinal hernia腹股沟直疝修补术hepatobiliary exploration肝胆管探查术hemangioma血管瘤Iiatrogenic 医源性的iatrogenic disease 医源性疾病ice-bag 冰袋ice-cap 冰帽idiopathetic 自发的，特发的ioiopathic自发的，特发的idiosyncrasy 特异体质ignition 燃，灼热ileus 肠梗阻ilia 髂，髂骨immature 未成熟的immerse 浸（入）immobility 固定immunology 免疫学immunoreaction免疫反应immunosuppressive agent 免疫抑制剂immunosuppressive drug 免疫抑制药inadequate anesthesia 麻醉深度不足incompatibility 不合适性，不相容性，配合禁忌incompensation 代偿不全，失代偿incontinence 失禁incontinence of feces 大便失禁incontinence of urine 尿失禁incoordination共济失调induced anesthesia 诱导麻醉induced hypotension 控制性降压，低血压法induced hypothermia 控制性低温，低体温法induction of anesthesia 全身麻醉诱导indwelling catheter 留置导管inert gas 惰性气体infant circle 婴儿回路infant respirator 婴儿呼吸机infarction 梗塞，梗塞形成infiltration anesthesia 浸润麻醉inflating tube 充气导管inflation 膨胀，充气informed consent 同意书infusion apparatus 输液器infusion pump 输液泵infusion warmer 输液加温器ingredient 成分inguinal 腹股沟的inhalation anesthesia 吸入全身麻醉inhalation anesthesia apparatus 吸入麻醉装置innervation神经支配instinct本能instinctive 本能的institutes 基本原理instrument 器械，仪器intensive care unit (ICU) 重症监测治疗室intermittent 间歇的intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) 间歇指令通气intermittent positive pressure breathing（IPPB）间歇正压呼吸法intermittent positive pressure ventilation（IPPV）间歇正压通气internal 内部的，内的internal cardiac compression 胸内心脏挤压internal clot 血栓internal hemorrhage内出血internal jugular vein 颈内静脉internal secretion内分泌intern 实习医生internist 内科医生interscalene approach 肌间沟入路intersection交叉，交切点interspace间隙interspinal椎间的，棘突间的interspinous 椎间的，棘突间的interstitial fluid 组织间液interstitial pneumonia 间质性肺炎intertransverse横突间的interventricular heart-block 室间传导阻滞interventricular septum （心）室间隔intervertebral cartilages 椎间盘intestinal obstruction 肠梗阻intra-abdominal bleeding 腹内出血intracellular fluid 细胞内液intracranial hemorrhage 颅内出血intracranial hypertension 高颅压，颅内高压intracranial pressure 颅内压intracranial pressure monitor 颅内压监护仪intractable pain 顽固性疼痛intraoperative awareness 术中觉醒，术中知晓intraoperative medication 术中用药intraoperative recall 术中觉醒，术中回忆intraspinal anesthesia 蛛网膜下腔麻醉intrathecal block 椎管内阻滞intratracheal administration 气管内给药intratracheal anesthesia 气管内麻醉intravenous administration静脉内给药intravenous anesthesia 静脉全身麻醉intravenous catheter静脉内置管intubating forceps 插管钳intubation插管intubation forceps 插管钳intubationist插管者invasive 有创的invasive monitoring 有创监测irritant action 刺激作用nternal fixation by trifin nail for femoral neck fracture股骨颈骨折三翼钉内固定术internal fixation of fracture of tuberosity of femur股骨粗隆骨折切开内固定术internal fixation by interlocking intramedullary nail for fractures of femoral shaft股骨干骨折交锁髓内钉内固定术interlocking intramedullary nail fixation for fractures of the tibial shaft胫骨骨折交锁髓内钉内固定术incision and drainage of acute osteomyelitis急性骨髓炎切开引流术incision and drainage of perianal abscess肛周脓肿切开引流术Jjaw 颌骨jaw-lift 托下颌juvenile arrhythmia 窦性心律失常Kketoacidosis 酮症酸中毒kinetocardiogram 心振动图，动态心电图knee arthroscopy 膝关节镜检查knob 结，隆突king-steelquis semipelvectomy半骨盆切除术knee meniscectomy膝关节半月板切除术knee arthroscope operation膝关节镜手术Keratocyst角化囊肿Llabial angles 唇角laminectomy 椎板切除术laparogastrostomy 剖腹胃造口术laparoscope 腹腔镜laparotomy 开腹手术，剖腹手术laryngeal 喉的laryngeal cartilages喉软骨laryngeal edema 喉头水肿laryngeal granuloma 喉肉芽肿laryngeal mask 喉罩laryngeal mask airway 喉罩气道laryngeal reflex 喉头反射laryngeal spasm 喉头痉挛laryngeal spray 喉头喷雾器laryngeal ulcer 喉溃疡laryngectomy 喉切除术laryngendoscope 喉镜laryngoscope 喉镜laryngospasm 喉痉挛larynx 喉lash 睫毛lateral poeition侧卧位lateral recumbent position侧卧位left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI) 左心室排血做功指数level of anesthesia 麻醉平面ligation 结扎light reflex 光反射lingual bone 舌骨lithotomy position 截石位liver transplantation 肝移植load 负荷lobectomy 肺叶切除术local analgesic 局部麻醉（止痛）药local anesthesia局部麻醉（法）local infiltration 局部浸润local infiltration anesthesia 局部浸润麻醉lock out time 锁定时间lower respiratory tract obstruction 下呼吸道阻塞lumbar puncture 腰椎穿刺lumbar puncture needle 腰穿针lumbar spinal anesthesia 腰部脊髓麻醉（法），腰麻lumbar spinal needle 腰穿针lumbar sympathetic ganglion 腰交感神经lumbar sympathetic ganglion block 腰交感神经阻滞lumbar vertebra 腰椎lung capacity 肺活量lung compliance 肺顺应性lung volume 肺容量lung abscess肺脓肿logagnosia失语lengthening of ligament韧带延长术Long face syndrome长面综合征Le Fort I osteotomy of maxilla上颌骨LE FORT I 型截骨术Lymphangioma淋巴管瘤laparoscopic cholecystectomy腹腔镜胆囊切除术Mmacroglossia 巨舌macromandibular deformity 大下颌畸形magnum vertebra 骶椎maintenance维持，保持maintenance dose 维持剂量maintenance of anesthesia 麻醉维持major 主要的，大的major operation 大手术major surgery 大手术malignant hypertension 恶性高血压malignant hyperthermia 恶性高热malnutrition营养不良malpractice 医疗差错，疗法失当malpraxis医疗差错，疗法失当mammectomy乳房切除术management 管理mandibular 下颌的mandibular retraction 下颌后缩症mandibulectomy 下颌骨切除术maneuver手法，操作法manual artificial respiration 手控人工呼吸manual artificial ventilation手控人工通气marrow 髓mask 口罩，面罩massive bleeding 大（量）出血massive hemorrhage 大出血maxilla 上颌骨（复数）maxillae上颌骨（单数）maxillary bone 上颌骨maxillectomy 上颌骨切除术maximum dose 极量maximum permissible doses 最大允许剂量maximum tolerated dose 最大耐量median effective dose（ED50）50％有效量，半数有效量median lethal dose （LD50）50％致死量，半数致死量mediastinal 纵隔的mediastinal emphysema 纵隔气肿mediastinal flutter 纵隔扑动mediastinal shift 纵隔移位mediastinotomy 纵隔切开术mediastinum纵隔medical statistics 医学统计mediscalenus中斜角肌megalothymus 胸腺肥大，巨胸腺meningioma 脑（脊）膜瘤meniscal 半月板的meniscectomy半月板切除术metabolic acidosis 代谢性酸中毒metabolic alkalosis代谢性碱中毒metabolic rate 代谢率metabolism 代谢metabolite 代谢产物metatarsectomy 跖骨切除术microcirculation 微循环micromaxillary deformity 小下颌畸形microthrombosis 小血栓形成microthrombus 小血栓minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) 最低肺泡有效浓度minute output 每分（心）输出量minute ventilation 每分通气量minute volume 每分输出量，每分通气量mitral stenosis二尖瓣狭窄mixed anesthesia 复合麻醉moist rale 湿性罗音moisture 水分，湿度mortality 死亡率mortality statistics 死亡率统计motor center 运动中枢motor end-plate 运动终板motor ganglion 运动神经节motor paralysis 运动麻痹mouth-to-mouth breathing 口对口呼吸muscle relaxants 肌肉松弛药muscle rigidity 肌肉强直muscle tone 肌紧张muscle twitch 肌颤搐muscular relaxation 肌肉松弛muscular rigidity 肌肉强直muscular tension 肌紧张，肌张力muscular tremor 肌震颤musculospiralis 桡神经myasthenia 肌无力myasthenic肌无力的mydriasis 瞳孔散大myocardial ischemia心肌缺血mixed ventilation function disturbance混合性通气功能障碍mediastinal tumor纵隔肿瘤myocardial infarction心肌梗死myasthenia肌无力maxillary deficiency上颌骨发育不足maxillary excess上颌发育过度mandibular deficiency下颌骨发育不足mandibular excess下颌骨发育过度microsomia小颌畸形mandibular fracture下颌骨骨折maxillofacial multifrature颌面部多发性骨折mucoepidermoid carcinoma黏液表皮样癌meningocele脑脊膜膨出microtia小耳征microlaryngoscopy显微喉镜检查术myomectomy子宫肌瘤挖除术myoma of uterus子宫肌瘤modified tadical mastectomy for breast cancer改良乳腺癌根治术Nnasopharyngeal airway 鼻咽气道nasotracheal intubation 经鼻插管术nasotracheal tube 经鼻气管内插管nephrectomize 肾切除nephrectomy肾切除术nerve block 神经阻滞nerve blocking anesthesia 神经阻滞麻醉nerve root 神经根neuroleptanesthesia 神经安定镇痛麻醉nondepolarizing muscle relaxant 非去极化肌松药nondepolarizing muscular relaxant 非去极化肌松药neurilemmoma神经鞘瘤neurofibroma神经纤维瘤nasal polyps鼻息肉nasolacrimal duct鼻泪管Oobstetric anesthesic 产科麻醉obstetrician 产科医师oculentum 眼膏。
麻醉专业英语词汇麻醉专业词汇1
麻醉专业英语词汇麻醉专业词汇Aabate 减轻，减少abatement 减轻abbreviated 缩短的，省略的abdomen 腹部abdominal 腹部的abdominal breathing 腹式呼吸abdominal delivery 剖腹产abdominal hysterectomy procedure 经腹子宫切除手术abdominal respiration 腹式呼吸abdominal section 剖腹术abdominalgia 腹痛abdominoscopy 腹腔镜检查abdominothoracic 胸腹的abdominouterectomy 腹式子宫切除术ablation脱离，部分切除（术）abnormal sensation感觉异常abolition of reflex 反射消失aboulia意识缺失abrosia 禁食abscess 脓肿absent respiration 呼吸音消失，无呼吸音呼吸absolute arrhythmia 绝对心律不齐absolute diet 禁食，绝食absolute temperature 绝对温度absorber 吸收器，过滤器，吸收管，减震器absorbite 活性碳，吸附器absorption吸收abulia 意识缺失abuse 违反操作规程，滥用acanthi 棘突，棘accentuation 增强，亢进access 存取，进口，入口accessory respiratory muscle 辅助呼吸肌accident hemorrhage 意外性出血accident ward 急诊室accidental dural puncture 意外性硬脊膜刺穿accidental extubation意外拔管accommodator 调节器accountant 计算装置accumulation 积蓄accumulator 蓄电池，存储器accuracy 准确度，精度aceology 药疗学acetone bodies 酮体acetylcholine乙酰胆碱acetylcholine esterase 乙酰胆碱酯酶acid 酸，酸的，酸性的acid base equilibrium酸碱平衡acid-base balance 酸碱平衡acid-base equilibrium 酸碱平衡acid-intoxication 酸中毒acidemia酸血症acidosic 酸中毒的acidosis 酸中毒acidotic 酸中毒的acies 边缘，缘acinus renis 肾小球acmesthesia 针刺感觉acography 治疗记录acology 治疗学aconuresis 小便失禁acquired immunodeficiency syndrome（AIDS）获得性免疫缺陷综合症，艾滋病acratia 无力acraturesis 排尿无力acrinia 分泌缺乏acro-agnosis 肢体感缺失acro-anesthesia 四肢麻木acro-asphyxia 肢端缺氧acroaesthesia 感觉过敏，肢痛acrocheir 指尖acrocyanosis 手足发绀acropachy 杵状指acroparalysis 肢体瘫痪acroparesthesia 肢端感觉异常acrostealgia 肢端痛acroteric 末梢的，周围的action of arrest 阻止作用action potential 动作电位action-current 动作电流activate 活化，激活，致活activated state 激活状态actual 实际的，现实的acuesthesia 听觉acupuncture 针刺acupuncture anesthesia 针刺麻醉acupuncture anesthesia apparatus 针麻仪acute 急性的acute abdomen 急腹症acute abscess 急性脓肿acute anemia 急性贫血acutenaculum 持针器acute pain 急性疼痛addition 加，添加additive action 相加作用additive effect 相加作用ademonia 精神紧张，苦闷adenomammectomy 乳腺切除术adenopharyngitis 咽扁桃体炎adenophyma 淋巴结肿adherent 粘连的adhesiectomy 粘连切除术adhesive electrode 贴附电极adiabatic 绝热的adiaemorrhysis 血液循环停止adipose 肥胖的，脂肪的adiposis 肥胖症adiposis universalis 全身肥胖症adiposity 肥胖（症）aditus glottidis inferior 声门下口aditus glottidis superior 声门上口adjection 附加作用adjunction 附加（药物）adjustable oxygen density face mask 可调氧浓度面罩adjustable synchronous respirator 可控同步呼吸机administration 给予，投与，管理adrenalectomy 肾上腺切除术adsorbent 吸附剂adsorption 吸附作用adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 成人型呼吸窘迫综合症advanced life support (ALS) 后期复苏adverse reaction 不良反应aeremia 气栓，气泡栓塞aero-emphysema 肺气肿aeroperitoneum 气腹aeropleura 气胸aerosol therapy 雾化疗法aerosolization 雾化给药aesthema 感觉aesthesia 感觉aesthesis感觉agent 物质，药物，作用因子aging 老化，老龄化aglobulia红细胞减少aglobuliosis 红细胞减少agnogenic 原因不明的agomphiasis 无牙，缺牙，牙动agomphious 无牙的，缺牙的agomphosis无牙，缺牙，牙动agonal breathing 终末频死呼吸agonist 兴奋剂，激动剂air duct 通气道air embolism 空气栓塞air pressure gauge 空气压力表air-bag 气囊air-gun 喷雾器airway 气道，呼吸器airway control 气道保持通畅，气道控制airway obstruction 气道阻塞airway pressure 气道压airway resistance 气道阻力airway stenosis 气道狭窄akromegaly 肢端巨大症alae nasi 鼻翼albedo retinae 视网膜水肿albumen 白蛋白albumin 白蛋白algaesthesis 痛觉alganesthesia 痛觉缺失algesia 痛觉algesic 疼痛的algogenesia 疼痛产生algogenesis 疼痛产生algospasm 痛性痉挛alkalemia 碱血症alkali 碱alkali reserve 碱储备，碱储量alkali-poisoning 碱中毒alkalosis 碱中毒alkalotic碱中毒的allergia 变应性，过敏性，变应反应allergic constitution 过敏体质，变态性体质allergic reaction 变态反应，过敏反应allolalia 言语障碍allomnesia 记忆障碍allophasis 语无伦次allophemy 语无伦次alloplasia 发育异常alveolar 肺泡的alveolar air 肺泡气alveolar gas 肺泡气alveolar gas exchange 肺泡气体交换alveolar hypoventilation 肺泡通气不足alveolar hypoxia 肺泡性缺氧alveolar ventilation 肺泡通气ambulance 急救车ambulatorium 门诊所，诊所aminofilina 氨茶碱aminophylline 氨茶碱amnesia 记忆缺失，遗忘（症）amnestic 遗忘的，引起遗忘的amnionic fluid embolism 羊水栓塞（症）amniotic embolism 羊水栓塞amyasthenia 肌无力amyasthenic 肌无力的anaemia 贫血analgesia 止痛analgesic 镇痛的，止痛药analgesic action 镇痛作用analgesist 麻醉医师analgetic 镇痛药，止痛的anapausis 催眠anapetia 血管扩张anaphylactic shock 过敏性休克anaphylaxis 过敏反应anaplasty 整形术anapnea 窒息解除anapnoea 窒息解除anastomosis 吻合术anatomical dead space 解剖死腔anatomy 解剖（学）ancon 肘anesthecinesia 感觉与运动能力缺失anesthesia 麻醉anesthesia by freezing 冷冻麻醉anesthesia chart 麻醉记录（用纸）anesthesia machine 麻醉机anesthesia record 麻醉记录anesthesia set 麻醉器械包anesthesiologist 麻醉学家anesthesiology 麻醉（科）学anesthesiophore 有麻醉作用的anesthetic action 麻醉作用anesthetic agent 麻醉药anesthetic apparatus 麻醉机anesthetic drug 麻醉药anesthetic equipment leakage 麻醉装置漏气anesthetic machine 麻醉机anesthetic pollution 麻醉药污染anesthetic potency麻醉效能anesthetic toxicity 麻醉药毒性angina epiglottidea 会厌炎angina laryngea 喉炎angina pectoris 心绞痛angio-edema 血管（神经）性水肿angiocardiography 心血管造影术angiocavernoma 海绵状血管瘤angiosclerosis 血管硬化angiospasm 血管痉挛angiospastic anemia 血管痉挛性贫血anonymous cartilage 环状软骨antagonism 拮抗antagonist 拮抗药，对抗肌antanacathartic 止吐药，止吐的antasthmatic 止喘的，止喘药antegrade amnesia 顺行性健忘（症）antemetic 止吐的，止吐剂anti-disturbance 抗干扰antianxiety drugs 抗焦虑药antibody 抗体antidote 解毒药antiemetic 止吐剂antiemetic drug 止吐药antihistamine drug 抗组胺药antihypertensive agent 降压药，抗高血压药物antihypertensive drug 降压药antinarcotic麻醉拮抗药antinauseant 止恶心药，抗恶心的antispasmodic 解痉药antispastic 解痉药anxiety 不安，苦闷anxiety state 焦虑状态anxiolytic 抗不安药，抗不安的anxiolytic agent 抗不安药，抗焦虑药anxiolytics 抗焦虑药aorta abdominalis 腹主动脉apnoea 呼吸暂停，窒息apparatus 装置，器具，器械appreciation 鉴定arachnoid 蛛网膜（的）arachnoid cavity 硬膜下腔araiocardia 心搏徐缓arrhythmia 心律不齐，心律失常，无节律arrhythmia respiratoria呼吸性心律不齐arousal reaction 唤醒反应arrest 停止arrhythmia 心律不齐arteria 动脉arteria axillaris 腋动脉arteria brachialis 肱动脉arteria carotis communis 颈总动脉arteria carotis externa 颈外动脉arteria carotis interna 颈内动脉arteria dorsalis pedis 足背动脉arteria femoralis 股动脉arteria radialis 桡动脉arteria subclavia 锁骨下动脉arteria ulnaris 尺动脉arteria vertebralis 椎动脉arterial catheter 动脉内置（插）管arterial embolism 动脉栓塞（症）arterial pressure transducer 动脉压换能器arterial transfusion 动脉输血（法）arteriopuncture 动脉穿刺arteriosclerosis 动脉硬化arteriospasm 动脉痉挛artificial 人工的artificial abortion 人工流产artificial blood vessel 人造血管artificial breathing 人工呼吸artificial circulation 人工循环artificial respiration 人工呼吸artificial teeth 假牙，义齿artificial ventilation 人工通气aspiration 吸引，误吸aspiration pneumonia 吸入性肺炎aspiration pneumonitis 吸入性局灶性肺炎aspirator 吸引器，吸引装置assist/control-mode ventilation (A/CMV) 辅助/控制通气asthma 支气管过敏，哮喘asthmatic attack 哮喘发作asthmatic crisis 哮喘危象asthmatoid wheeze 哮喘样喘鸣asthmatorthopnea 哮喘性端坐呼吸atrial fibrillation 心房颤动atrial flutter 心房扑动atrionector 窦房结atrioventricular heart-block 房室传导阻滞attack 发作auricular fibrillation心房纤颤auricular flutter 心房扑动autohemotransfusion 自体输血autotransfusion 自身输血awaken test 唤醒试验activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT) 活化部分凝血酶原时间alanine aminotransferase(ALT)丙氨氨基转移酶aspartate aminotransferase(AST) 天门冬酸氨基转移酶alkaline phosphatase(AKP) 碱性磷酸酶albumin白蛋白atrial hypertrophy心房肥大atrial premature beat房性早博atrial flutter心房扑动atrial fibrillation心房颤动anemia贫血auriculo-ventrivular block房室传导阻滞atelectasis肺不张angina心绞痛adult respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) 成人呼吸窘迫综合征anterior-lateral decompression of spinal canal for vertebral fracture and dislocation脊柱骨折前方减压术amputation of forearm前臂截肢术arthrodesis of metacarpal joint of thumb拇指腕掌关节融合术arthroplasty of metacarpophalangeal joint掌指关节成形术amputation through thigh大腿截肢术amputation through leg小腿截肢术ankle athroplasty人工踝关节置换arthrodesis of ankle踝关节融合术ankylosis of temporomandibular joint颞下颌关节强直arthroplasty of temporomandibular joint颞下颌关节成形术adenolymphoma腺淋巴瘤adenoid cystic carcinoma腺样囊性癌ameloblastoma造釉细胞瘤aneurysm动脉瘤acquired arteriovenous fistula后天性动静脉瘘accessory auricle副耳alar collapse鼻翼萎缩征acute abdomen急腹症appendicitis阑尾炎anal fistula肛瘘anal fissure肛裂acute pancreatitis急性胰腺炎adhesive intestinal obstruction粘连性肠梗阻appendicectomy阑尾切除术abdominoperineal resection of anus and rectum(Mile's operation) 直肠、肛管经腹会阴联合切除术arterial embolism动脉血栓arteriosclerotic vascular disease动脉硬化性血管病aorta-arteritis大动脉炎aortoiliac and aortofenoral bypass腹主动脉－髂动脉架桥术及腹主动脉－股动脉架桥术aortoiliac endarterectomy腹主动脉及髂内动脉内膜剥脱数Bbackward heart-failure 反向性心力衰竭balanced anesthesia 平衡麻醉basal anesthesia 基础麻醉basal metabolic rate 基础代谢率basal narcosis 基础麻醉basic life support (BLS) 初期复苏，基本生命支持basis anesthesia 基础麻醉bathypnea 深呼吸bigemina 二联律bigeminy 二联律bleeding tendency 出血倾向blepharedema 眼睑水肿blepharoedema 眼睑水肿blepharoptosis 眼睑下垂blind intubation 盲探插管blind nasotracheal intubation 经鼻盲探插管术block 阻滞，阻断block anesthesia 阻滞麻醉blockage 阻滞，阻塞，阻断blocking 阻断blocking agent 阻断剂，阻滞剂，阻抑剂blood donation 供血blood donor 供血者blood fat 血脂blood gas 血气blood gas analyzer 血气分析仪blood group 血型blood preparation 血液制剂blood recipient 受血者blood sample 血样blood sugar 血糖blood supply 血液供给blood transfusion 输血blood transfusion apparatus 输血器blood transfusion reaction 输血反应blood-brain barrier 血脑屏障blood-cerebrospinal barrier 血-脑屏障bloody urine 血尿blood volume 血容量body 体，身体body fluid 体液body height 身高body position 体位body posture 体位body surface aren 体表面积body weight 体重bolus dose 单次剂量brachial plexus block 臂丛阻滞brachial plexus block by axillary route 腋窝法臂丛神经阻滞brachial plexus block by interscalene route 斜角肌间法臂丛神经阻滞brachial plexus block by subclavicular route 经锁骨下路臂丛神经阻滞brachial plexus block by supraclavicular route 锁骨上法臂丛神经阻滞brachial plexus paralysis 臂丛神经麻痹brachiplex臂丛brachycardia 心动过缓breast bone 胸骨breast-pang 心绞痛breath analyzer 呼吸气体分析仪breathing-holding 吸气屏气breath holding test (Sebarese’s test) 屏气试验breathing circle system 呼吸环路系统bronchial catheter with double tubes 双腔支气管导管bronchial spasm 支气管痉挛bronchiospasm 支气管痉挛bronchodilator 支气管扩张药bronchofiberscope 纤维支气管镜bucking 呛咳bundle branch block 束支传导阻滞burn 烧伤blood platelets count(BPC) 血小板计数blood uria nitrogen(BUN) 血清尿素氮blood sugar血糖bundle branch block束支传导阻滞bronchitis支气管炎bronchiectasis支气管扩张bronchial asthma支气管哮喘breath holding test屏气试验Boyd’samputation Boyd 截肢术benign tumor良性肿瘤branchial cleft cyst鳃裂囊肿bacterial liver abscess细菌性肝脓肿bile duct tumor胆管肿瘤bypass operation for intestinal obstruction肠梗阻捷径手术biliary enterostomy胆肠内引流术Buerger discase血栓闭塞性脉管炎bypass with reversed autogenous long saphenous vein自体大隐静脉导致转流术Ccapillary 毛细血管的capillary bed毛细血管床capillary bleeding 毛细血管出血capillary fragility 毛细血管脆性carbon dioxide combining power 二氧化碳结合力carbon dioxide retention 二氧化碳蓄积cardiac arrest 心脏停搏cardiac death 心脏猝死cardiac decompensation 心代偿失调cardiac defibrillator 心脏除颤器cardiac depressant 心脏抑制剂cardiac depression 心脏抑制cardiac dyspnea 心原性呼吸困难cardiac edema 心原性水肿cardiac index (CI) 心脏指数cardiac insufficiency 心功能不全cardiac massage 心脏按摩（压）cardiac output (CO) 心排出量cardiac reserve 心脏储备力cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation (CPCR) 心肺脑复苏cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) 心肺复苏carina 隆突cartilage 软骨cartilago arytaenoidea 勺状软骨cartilago cricoidea 环状软骨cartilago gutturalis勺状软骨cartilago peltata 甲状软骨cauda equina syndrome 马尾综合症caudal anesthesia 骶管麻醉caudal block 骶管阻滞cavum epidurale 硬膜外腔cavum subarachnoidale 蛛网膜下腔cavum subdurale 硬膜下腔cavum thoracis 胸腔central venous pressure （CVP）中心静脉压cerebral edema 脑水肿cerebrospinal fluid（CSF）脑脊液cerebral resuscitation 脑复苏cerebrovascular accident 脑血管意外cervical plexus block 颈神经丛阻滞cervical vertebra 颈椎cervicobrachial pain 颈臂痛chemosis球结膜水肿chill 寒战，受寒choloplania 黄疸chondralgia软骨痛chromaffin cells 嗜铬细胞chronic pain 慢性疼痛classification 分类clavicle锁骨clavicular 锁骨的cleftpalate 腭裂clinical analysis 临床分析clinography 临床记录close system 紧闭装置closed chest cardiac compression 胸外心脏按压CO2 absorbent 二氧化碳吸收剂CO2 acummulation 二氧化碳蓄积collarbone 锁骨colloid 胶体colloid oncotic pressure 胶体渗透压colloid osmotic pressure 胶体渗透压colloid solution 胶体溶液colloidal 胶体的coma position 昏迷状态combination 结合，复合combined anesthesia 复合麻醉competitive 竞争的competitive agent 竞争性药物competitive drug 竞争性药物component transfusion 成分输血congenital 先天的congestive heart failure 充血性心力衰竭conscious intubation 清醒插管术contamination 污染continuous epidural anesthesia 持续硬膜外麻醉continuous intravenous infusion 持续静脉输入continuous positive pressure breathing 持续正压呼吸（法）continuous positive pressure ventilation持续正压通气continuous spinal anesthesia 持续脊髓麻醉controlled hypotension 控制性降压controlled respiration 控制呼吸control-mode ventilation (CMV)控制通气corectasis 瞳孔散大corediastasis 瞳孔散大costal cartilage 肋软骨cough 咳嗽cough reflex 咳嗽反射cranial bone 颅骨craniocerebral 颅脑的crico-esophageal compress 环-食管压迫手法cricoid cartilage 环状软骨cricoid pressure 环状软骨压迫（法）cricothyroid membrane 环甲膜cricothyrotomy 环甲膜切开（术）crisis 危像critical 危重的，临界的critical care medicine 急救医学，危重医学crowing convulsion 喘鸣性喉痉挛cruenturesis 血尿crush syndrome 挤压综合症cumulative 蓄积的creatinine(Cr) 血清肌酐cardiac function心功能coronary heart disease冠心病congenital heart disease先天性心脏病cardiomyopathy心肌病chronic pulmonary heart disease慢性肺源性心脏病cirrhosis of liver肝硬化cerebral hemorrhage脑出血cerebral infarction脑梗塞coma昏迷corrective operation of scoliosis and kyphosis脊柱侧突及后凸畸形矫形术curettage and excision with bone grafting for enchondroma软骨瘤刮除与切除close reduction and internal fixation by compressive screws for femoral neck fracture股骨颈骨加压螺纹钉内固定术Condylar fracture髁突骨折Capillary hemangioma毛细管型血管瘤Cavernous hemangioma海绵状血管瘤Curettage of cyst囊肿刮除术carcinoma of tongue舌癌Carcinoma of check颊癌Carcinoma of gingival牙龈癌Carcinoma of mouth floor口底癌Carcinoma of lip唇癌Carcinoma of maxillary sinus上颌窦癌Combined dissection of craniofacial颅颌联合根治术Combined dissection of tongue , mandible and neck舌颌颈联合根治术Combined dissection of check mandible and neck颊颌颈联合根治术Combined dissection of gingival , mandible and neck龈颌颈联合根治术carcinoma of the nasopharynx鼻咽癌csf rhinorrhoea脑脊液鼻漏cervix cancer子宫颈癌carcinoma of endometrium子宫内膜癌colon twist结肠扭转cancer of colon结肠癌cholecystolithiasis or cholelithiasis胆囊结石choledocholith胆总管结石calculus of intrahepatic duct肝内胆管结石cholecystitis胆囊炎carcinoma of gallbladder胆囊癌cholecystectomy胆囊切除cholangiography胆道造影术cholecystoenterostomy胆囊空肠吻合术cholecystostomy胆囊造口术choledcho-choledochostomy胆总管对端吻合术choledochostomy胆总管造口术cystogastrostomy胃空肠吻合术circumferential hemorrhoidectomy内痔环型切除术congenital blepharophimosis syndrome先天性睑裂狭窄综合征Ddefibrillation 电除颤defibrillator 除颤器deficiency缺乏，不足degree 度，程度dehydrating agent 脱水剂delay 延迟delay reaction 延迟反应，迟发反应delay sensation 延缓感觉delayed 延迟的delayed action 延迟作用delayed recovery 苏醒延迟delirium 谵妄，发狂，妄想depolarizing muscle relaxants 去极化肌松药depression 抑制depth of anesthesia 麻醉深度depth of respiration 呼吸深度dilatation of pupil 瞳孔散大direct vision intubation 明视插管disposable oxygen face mask 一次性吸氧面罩disposal 配置，处置dissociated anesthesia 分离性感觉缺失，分离麻醉dissociation anesthesia分离性感觉缺失，分离麻醉dissociation curve解离曲线distribution 分布，分配distribution coefficient 分配系数dorsal root ganglion 脊神经节dorsal vertebra 胸椎dorsosacral position 截石位double blind test 双盲实验法double channel catheter 双腔导管double lumen endotracheal tube 双腔气管导管double lumen tube 双腔管dragging pain 牵引痛drowsiness困倦，倦睡drowsy 困倦的，倦睡的drug addiction 药瘾drug allergy 药物过敏drug interaction 药物相互作用drug resistance 抗药性drug tolerance 耐药性drug-fast 抗药的，耐药的dry rale 干罗音dual 二重，双相dual block 双相阻滞dual block action 双相阻滞作用dual effect 双相作用duration 延续时间dyspnea 呼吸困难dyspneic respiration 呼吸困难dysuria 排尿困难diabetes糖尿病debridement of tuberculous focus and arthrodesis of hip joint髋关节结核病灶清除和关节融合术debridement of tuberculous focus of greater trochanter of femur股骨大转子部结核病灶清除术dento-maxillofacial deformities牙颌面畸形diskectomy关节盘摘除术direct inguinal hernia直疝duodenal ulcer十二指肠溃疡duct papilloma导管乳头状瘤drainage of the intrahepatic biliaty duct肝胆管引流术drainage of subphrenic abscess膈下脓肿引流术double barrel tranversostomy横结肠双腔造口术disconnection of partal-systemic venous shunt门体静脉断流手术Eedema 浮肿，水肿edematization水肿形成edentulous 无牙的electric blanket for operating table 手术台用电热毯electric defibrillation 电击除颤electroencephalogram （EEG）脑电图electrolyte电解质electrolyte balance 电解质平衡electrolyte disturbance 电解质紊乱electrolyte imbalance 电解质平衡失调electro-mechanical dissociation 电-机械分离emergency intubation 紧急插管emergency operation 急诊手术emotion 情绪，感情empty stomach 空腹emptysis咯血endotracheal anesthesia 气管内麻醉endotracheal intubation 气管内插管endotracheal tube 气管导管end-tidal 呼气末的enlarged tongue 巨舌epidural analgesia 硬膜外镇痛epidural anesthesia 硬膜外麻醉epidural block 硬膜外阻滞epidural catheter 硬膜外导管epidural space 硬膜外腔epiglottic 会厌的epiglottic cartilage 会厌软骨epiglottis 会厌epiglottitis 会厌炎epilepsia 癫痫epilepsia gravior 癫痫大发作epilepsia mitior 癫痫小发作epilepsy癫痫epileptic attack 癫痫发作epinephrine肾上腺素esthesis 感觉exfetation宫外孕exfiltration渗出external chest compression 胸外心脏按压external defibrillator 体外除颤器extra-oral anesthesia 口外麻醉extracorporeal 体外的extracorporeal circulation 体外循环extracorporeal circulation unit 体外循环机extracranial 颅外的extubation 拔管eyelash reflex 睫毛反射eyelid reflex 眼睑反射electrocardiogram心电图emphysema肺气肿extra-intracranial artery anastomosis颅内外动脉吻合elbow arthroplasty肘关节成形术excision of tumor of proximal humerus肱骨近端肿瘤切除术excision of head of radius桡骨小头切除术excision of osteochondroma骨软骨瘤切除术epulis牙龈瘤extenal auditory canal外耳道ectopic pregnancy宫外孕external fistula of the small intestine小肠外瘘excision of the choledochol cyst胆总管囊肿切除术exploratory laparotomy腹探查术excision of the fissure肛裂切除术exteriorization of injuried colon结肠损伤处外置造口术excision of intraductal papilloma乳管内乳头状瘤切除术extensive radical mastectomy for breast cancer乳腺癌扩大根治切除术encircing tighting of the femoral vein股浅静脉环缩术embolectomy by arteriotomy动脉切开取栓术ectropion睑外翻Fface mask 面罩false teeth 假牙，义齿fasting 禁食，饥饿fat embolism 脂肪栓塞feature 特征，容貌fluid balance 体液平衡fluid intake 液体摄取（量）fluid replacement 补液forced attitude 强迫姿势fracture 折断，骨折fish-mouth –shaped osteotomy at supracondylar region of humerus肱骨髁上鱼嘴式截骨术fusion of knee joint膝关节融合术Fracture of the ramus of mandible下颌升支部骨折Fracture of the body of mandible下颌体部骨折Fracture of zygomatic arch颧弓骨折False aneurysm假性动脉瘤Fibromal displasia of bone骨纤维异常增殖症fibrous dysplasia纤维结构不良fallotomy输卵管切除flush ligation and stripping or segmental resection or the long saphenous vein大隐静脉高位结脉切除术Functional neck dissection功能性颈清Gganglion cervicothoracicum 星状神经节ganglion plexuum sympathicorum 交感丛神经节ganglion stellatum 星状神经节ganglionated cord 交感（神经）节ganglionervous交感神经的ganglionic 神经节的ganglionic blockade 神经节阻滞ganglionic blocking action神经节阻滞作用general anesthesia 全身麻醉general anesthetic全身麻醉剂geriatric anesthesia 老年麻醉，高龄者麻醉glossocatochus压舌器glossocele 巨舌，大舌病glottic edema 声门水肿glottic spasm 声门痉挛gonial angle 下颌角globulin球蛋白genioplasty颏成形术gastric ulcer胃溃疡gastric diverticulum胃息室gastric cancer胃癌Hhaemoglobin 血红蛋白haemorrhagia 出血heart-failure 心力衰竭helcoma 角膜溃疡hemangiectasia 血管扩张hemangiectasis 血管扩张hematocrit 红（血）细胞比积hematoencephalic barrier 血脑屏障hematolytic 溶血的hematoma 血肿hematothorax 血胸hematuria 血尿hemodilution 血液稀释hernia 疝，突出hiccough 打呃，呃逆hiccup打呃，呃逆histamine 组（织）胺Horner’s syndrome 霍纳氏综合症humidifier 加湿器，湿化器humidity 湿度hypalgesia 痛觉迟钝hyperaemia 充血hyperbaric oxygen chamber高压氧舱hyperbasemia 高碱血症hypercapnia 高碳酸血症hypercarbia 高碳酸症hyperglycemia 血糖过多，高血糖hyperisotonic 高渗的hyperkalemia 高钾血症hypersusceptibility 高敏反应hypertension高血压hyperventilation 过度通气hypoadrenocorticism 肾上腺功能低下hypobaric solution低比重溶液hypocalcemia 低钙血症hypocapnia 低碳酸血症hypoglycemia 低血糖hypoglycemic shock 低血糖性休克hypokalemia 低血钾症hypokinemia 心输出量过少hypomicrognathus 下额过小hypomyotonia 肌张力减弱hypotension低血压hypothermia 全身低温hypotonic 低张的，低渗的hypouresis 排尿减少hypoventilation 通气不足hypovolemia （循环）血容量过少，低血容量hypovolemic shock 低血容量性休克hypoxaemia 血氧过少，低氧血症hypoxemia 低氧血症hypoxia 氧过少，低氧，氧不足hemoglobin血红蛋白hematocrit血球压积Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) 人类免疫缺陷病毒heart failure心力衰竭hypertension高血压hepatitis肝炎hepatic encephalopathy肝性脑病hyperthyroidism甲状腺功能亢进hypothyroidism甲状腺功能减退hemiplegia偏瘫hollow needle internal fixation of femoral neck fracture股骨颈骨折空心钉内固定术hernia of the linea alba白线疝hepatocarcinoma肝癌hemigastrectomy半胃切除hernioplasty for indirect inguinal hernia腹股沟斜疝修补术hernioplasty for direct inguinal hernia腹股沟直疝修补术hepatobiliary exploration肝胆管探查术hemangioma血管瘤Iiatrogenic 医源性的iatrogenic disease 医源性疾病ice-bag 冰袋ice-cap 冰帽idiopathetic 自发的，特发的ioiopathic自发的，特发的idiosyncrasy 特异体质ignition 燃，灼热ileus 肠梗阻ilia 髂，髂骨immature 未成熟的immerse 浸（入）immobility 固定immunology 免疫学immunoreaction免疫反应immunosuppressive agent 免疫抑制剂immunosuppressive drug 免疫抑制药inadequate anesthesia 麻醉深度不足incompatibility 不合适性，不相容性，配合禁忌incompensation 代偿不全，失代偿incontinence 失禁incontinence of feces 大便失禁incontinence of urine 尿失禁incoordination共济失调induced anesthesia 诱导麻醉induced hypotension 控制性降压，低血压法induced hypothermia 控制性低温，低体温法induction of anesthesia 全身麻醉诱导indwelling catheter 留置导管inert gas 惰性气体infant circle 婴儿回路infant respirator 婴儿呼吸机infarction 梗塞，梗塞形成infiltration anesthesia 浸润麻醉inflating tube 充气导管inflation 膨胀，充气informed consent 同意书infusion apparatus 输液器infusion pump 输液泵infusion warmer 输液加温器ingredient 成分inguinal 腹股沟的inhalation anesthesia 吸入全身麻醉inhalation anesthesia apparatus 吸入麻醉装置innervation神经支配instinct本能instinctive 本能的institutes 基本原理instrument 器械，仪器intensive care unit (ICU) 重症监测治疗室intermittent 间歇的intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) 间歇指令通气intermittent positive pressure breathing（IPPB）间歇正压呼吸法intermittent positive pressure ventilation（IPPV）间歇正压通气internal 内部的，内的internal cardiac compression 胸内心脏挤压internal clot 血栓internal hemorrhage内出血internal jugular vein 颈内静脉internal secretion内分泌intern 实习医生internist 内科医生interscalene approach 肌间沟入路intersection交*，交切点interspace间隙interspinal椎间的，棘突间的interspinous 椎间的，棘突间的interstitial fluid 组织间液interstitial pneumonia 间质性肺炎intertransverse横突间的interventricular heart-block 室间传导阻滞interventricular septum （心）室间隔intervertebral cartilages 椎间盘intestinal obstruction 肠梗阻intra-abdominal bleeding 腹内出血intracellular fluid 细胞内液intracranial hemorrhage 颅内出血intracranial hypertension 高颅压，颅内高压intracranial pressure 颅内压intracranial pressure monitor 颅内压监护仪intractable pain 顽固性疼痛intraoperative awareness 术中觉醒，术中知晓intraoperative medication 术中用药intraoperative recall 术中觉醒，术中回忆intraspinal anesthesia 蛛网膜下腔麻醉intrathecal block 椎管内阻滞intratracheal administration 气管内给药intratracheal anesthesia 气管内麻醉intravenous administration静脉内给药intravenous anesthesia 静脉全身麻醉intravenous catheter静脉内置管intubating forceps 插管钳intubation插管intubation forceps 插管钳intubationist插管者invasive 有创的invasive monitoring 有创监测irritant action 刺激作用nternal fixation by trifin nail for femoral neck fracture股骨颈骨折三翼钉内固定术internal fixation of fracture of tuberosity of femur股骨粗隆骨折切开内固定术internal fixation by interlocking intramedullary nail for fractures of femoral shaft股骨干骨钉内固定术interlocking intramedullary nail fixation for fractures of the tibial shaft胫骨骨折交锁髓内钉incision and drainage of acute osteomyelitis急性骨髓炎切开引流术incision and drainage of perianal abscess肛周脓肿切开引流术Jjaw 颌骨jaw-lift 托下颌juvenile arrhythmia 窦性心律失常Kketoacidosis 酮症酸中毒kinetocardiogram 心振动图，动态心电图knee arthroscopy 膝关节镜检查knob 结，隆突king-steelquis semipelvectomy半骨盆切除术knee meniscectomy膝关节半月板切除术knee arthroscope operation膝关节镜手术Keratocyst角化囊肿Llabial angles 唇角laminectomy 椎板切除术laparogastrostomy 剖腹胃造口术laparoscope 腹腔镜laparotomy 开腹手术，剖腹手术laryngeal 喉的laryngeal cartilages喉软骨laryngeal edema 喉头水肿laryngeal granuloma 喉肉芽肿laryngeal mask 喉罩laryngeal mask airway 喉罩气道laryngeal reflex 喉头反射laryngeal spasm 喉头痉挛laryngeal spray 喉头喷雾器laryngeal ulcer 喉溃疡laryngectomy 喉切除术laryngendoscope 喉镜laryngoscope 喉镜laryngospasm 喉痉挛larynx 喉lash 睫毛lateral poeition侧卧位lateral recumbent position侧卧位left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI) 左心室排血做功指数level of anesthesia 麻醉平面ligation 结扎light reflex 光反射lingual bone 舌骨lithotomy position 截石位liver transplantation 肝移植load 负荷lobectomy 肺叶切除术local analgesic 局部麻醉（止痛）药local anesthesia局部麻醉（法）local infiltration 局部浸润local infiltration anesthesia 局部浸润麻醉lock out time 锁定时间lower respiratory tract obstruction 下呼吸道阻塞lumbar puncture 腰椎穿刺lumbar puncture needle 腰穿针lumbar spinal anesthesia 腰部脊髓麻醉（法），腰麻lumbar spinal needle 腰穿针lumbar sympathetic ganglion 腰交感神经lumbar sympathetic ganglion block 腰交感神经阻滞lumbar vertebra 腰椎lung capacity 肺活量lung compliance 肺顺应性lung volume 肺容量lung abscess肺脓肿logagnosia失语lengthening of ligament韧带延长术Long face syndrome长面综合征Le Fort I osteotomy of maxilla上颌骨LE FORT I 型截骨术Lymphangioma淋巴管瘤laparoscopic cholecystectomy腹腔镜胆囊切除术Mmacroglossia 巨舌macromandibular deformity 大下颌畸形magnum vertebra 骶椎maintenance维持，保持maintenance dose 维持剂量maintenance of anesthesia 麻醉维持major 主要的，大的major operation 大手术major surgery 大手术malignant hypertension 恶性高血压malignant hyperthermia 恶性高热malnutrition营养不良malpractice 医疗差错，疗法失当malpraxis医疗差错，疗法失当mammectomy乳房切除术management 管理mandibular 下颌的mandibular retraction 下颌后缩症mandibulectomy 下颌骨切除术maneuver手法，操作法manual artificial respiration 手控人工呼吸manual artificial ventilation手控人工通气marrow 髓mask 口罩，面罩massive bleeding 大（量）出血massive hemorrhage 大出血maxilla 上颌骨（复数）maxillae上颌骨（单数）maxillary bone 上颌骨maxillectomy 上颌骨切除术maximum dose 极量maximum permissible doses 最大允许剂量maximum tolerated dose 最大耐量median effective dose（ED50）50％有效量，半数有效量median lethal dose （LD50）50％致死量，半数致死量mediastinal 纵隔的mediastinal emphysema 纵隔气肿mediastinal flutter 纵隔扑动mediastinal shift 纵隔移位mediastinotomy 纵隔切开术mediastinum纵隔medical statistics 医学统计mediscalenus中斜角肌megalothymus 胸腺肥大，巨胸腺meningioma 脑（脊）膜瘤meniscal 半月板的meniscectomy半月板切除术metabolic acidosis 代谢性酸中毒metabolic alkalosis代谢性碱中毒metabolic rate 代谢率metabolism 代谢metabolite 代谢产物metatarsectomy 跖骨切除术microcirculation 微循环micromaxillary deformity 小下颌畸形microthrombosis 小血栓形成microthrombus 小血栓minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) 最低肺泡有效浓度minute output 每分（心）输出量minute ventilation 每分通气量minute volume 每分输出量，每分通气量mitral stenosis二尖瓣狭窄mixed anesthesia 复合麻醉moist rale 湿性罗音moisture 水分，湿度。
改良式截石位在妇科腔镜手术体位摆放中的应用效果
改良式截石位在妇科腔镜手术体位摆放中的应用效果谭志好【摘要】目的研究改良式截石位在妇科腔镜手术体位摆放中的应用效果.方法2016年1 ～ 12月总腔镜手术404例,纳入观察组,所有患者均采用改良式截石位.于2015年1～ 12月妇科总腔镜手术515例,纳入对照组,所有患者手术均取截石位,评价两组患者舒适度、满意度评价及体位摆放用时.结果观察组患者术中体位摆放花费时间平均为(2.05±0.31)min,对照组体位摆放花费时间平均为(4.03±0.56) min,观察组体位摆放花费时间优于对照组(t=-63.806,P=0.000).观察组患者Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级例数所占百分比高于对照组(x2=4.670,P=0.031)、(x2=5.409,P=0.020),Ⅲ、Ⅳ级例数所占百分比均低于对照组(x2=5.011,P=0.025)、(x42=12.652,P=0.000).观察组患者满意度为393例(97.28％),优于对照组424例(82.33％)(x2=12.206,P=0.000).结论改良式截石位在妇科腔镜手术中应用优势为摆位时间短、体位舒适度高、患者满意度高.【期刊名称】《中国医药科学》【年(卷),期】2017(007)022【总页数】3页(P63-65)【关键词】截石位;妇科;腔镜手术;体位【作者】谭志好【作者单位】广东省阳江市阳东区人民医院,广东阳江529500【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R472.3膀胱截石位是多种类型的妇科手术常用体位,选择安全合理的体位是保证手术顺利进行的基础,传统截石位,术中多呈头高脚低状态,可扩大手术视野、方便医生操作、利于举宫,且依重力作用将盆腔脏器推向腹部,但此种体位可能增加患者术中不舒适感、可能导致腓总神经损伤,根据手术用时不同长时间维持截石位,可能增加下肢静脉血栓的可能性[1-2].为了改善传统截石位患者不适感,研究选择2016年1～12月所有妇科腔镜手术患者,均采用改良式截石位,与2015年度传统截石位妇科腔镜手术患者进行比较,观察两年度患者术后舒适度评分,现报道如下.2016年1～12月收治妇科腔镜手术患者404例,纳入观察组,年龄22～72岁,平均(47.1±9.2)岁,其中妇科宫腔镜手术257例,腹腔镜手术147例,所有患者均采用改良式截石位.于2015年1～12月妇科腔镜手术患者515例,纳入对照组,年龄24～73岁,平均(47.5±9.0)岁,其中宫腔镜手术292例,腹腔镜手术223例,所有患者手术均取截石位.两组患者一般资料结果比较,差异无统计学意义(Pgt;0.05),具有可比性.入组标准:研究取得患者本人同意;签署手术知情同意书;排除标准:需排除合并心血管疾病患者;排除认知功能异常患者;排除合并精神障碍患者;排除凝血功能异常患者;排除妊娠;排除合并高血压等患者;排除存在下肢关节病患者[3].观察组所有患者均采用改良式截石位,护士在术前准备好相关用物,包括手术床、腿架1对,固定器1对、提前准备棉垫,大小:55cmX55cmX5cm、L形肩托1对.术前护士为患者解释术中体位安置意义,取得患者理解,告知手术基本流程,术前了解患者双侧下肢血液循环表现,询问患者是否存在关节疾病及神经痛表现[4].术日护送患者进入手术室,指导其取仰卧位,保持臀部与手术床背板保持平齐,使用布单将患者双侧上肢固定与身体两侧,将腿架安装后调整腿架角度与长度,调整至水平位,调整长度以患者大腿2/3长度为宜[5-6].护士协助麻醉师完成气管插管、固定后,在腿架上铺上棉垫,将患者左侧小腿部放置在腿架上,做好约束工作,保持小腿与大腿、躯干在同一水平面,右侧腿部放置方法同左腿.安置双腿后将腿板下拉,向左右两侧分开,保证手术视野,方便操作.在患者肩部放置肩托,保持肩部平齐,术中建立气腹后,取头低脚高位,手术结束,恢复水平位,依次将患者双腿恢复水平位.对照组取传统截石位,麻醉后医护人员协助取将患者腿部放置在腿架上,调整角度[7].采用舒适度评价表,于术后24h后为患者测评,由患者本人填写,护士当场回收表格计分,Ⅰ级:患者主诉无不适表现;Ⅱ级:主诉存在酸痛感,偶发麻木,在承受范围;Ⅲ级:出现中度不适表现,酸痛感、麻木感明显;Ⅳ级:重度不适[8-9].采用满意度调查表,观察指标为非常满意(gt;90分)、一般(80～89分)、不满意(lt;80分),满意度=(非常满意+一般)/总例数X100%[10].采用SPSS18.0统计软件,计量资料以()表示,采用t检验,计数资料用百分比表示,采用χ2检验,Plt;0.05为差异有统计学意义.观察组患者术中体位摆放花费时间平均为(2.05±0.31)min,对照组体位摆放花费时间平均为(4.03±0.56)min,观察组体位摆放花费时间优于对照组,(t=-63.806,P=0.000).观察组患者舒适度Ⅰ级为101例(25.00%)、Ⅱ级224例(55.45%);均高于对照组67例(13.01%)、201例(39.03%)(Plt;0.05),Ⅲ、Ⅳ级例数所占百分比均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(Plt;0.05).见表1.观察组患者满意度为393例(97.28%),优于对照组424例(82.33%),差异有统计学意义(Plt;0.05).见表2.随着腔镜技术不断发展,逐渐被医护人员及患者接受,体位摆放是术中护理重要部分,因妇科手术特殊性,术中多选择截石位满足手术需求,但被迫体位对机体舒适度造成影响,且传统截石位需保持髋关节和膝关节屈曲状态,术中手术视野暴露受限,对医生操作造成一定影响,而术中取合适体位是保证手术顺利实施的必要前提[11].研究结果提示观察组患者Ⅰ、Ⅱ级舒适度例数所占百分比高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(Plt;0.05),Ⅲ、Ⅳ级舒适度例数所占百分比均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(Plt;0.05).分析舒适度与体位关系密切,传统截石位是将患者腿部腘窝放置于腿架支撑处,小腿处于下垂悬挂状态,无支撑物,随着手术时间的延长,腘窝处血管及神经均可能受到影响[12].此外术中患者处于麻醉状态,肌肉呈松弛表现,患者存在感觉障碍,术中医生动作力度挤压等,均可能增加并发症风险.研究中观察组取改良式截石位,将患者小腿腓肠肌放置在腿架上,保持一定夹角,保证小腿中段与腿板接触面积增加,接近水平位,增加受力面积,减轻组织压力,提高患者舒适度[13].研究结果表明观察组患者对体位应用满意度较高,分析原因可能与改良式截石位应用后,可保持患者大腿、小腿、躯干处于同一水平位,提高机体舒适度,减轻患者心脏负担,避免发生血液循环障碍,减少下肢静脉血栓风险发生可能性,减轻心脏负荷.术后依次将小腿放下,保持水平位,避免发生循环血量骤减情况发生,减轻对腿部神经损伤[14].且改良式截石位要点为将小腿保持接近水平位,减轻腘窝处压力,使用棉垫保护组织,在患者肩部下方垫软枕,保护肩颈皮肤,降低重力作用,提高患者满意度.此外,研究结果提示观察组患者体位摆放用时低于对照组,分析原因可能与改良式膀胱截石位是在患者未麻醉状态摆放体位,此阶段患者有自主意识,可配合调整体位,治疗依从性较好,体位摆放用时较短;而传统截石位在患者麻醉后摆放体位,此阶段患者无自主活动能力,摆放体位时需多人协作完成,增加人力,且用时较长[15].综上所述,改良式截石位在妇科腔镜手术中应用优势为摆位时间短、体位舒适度高、患者满意度高.【相关文献】[1] 刘蔚,彭顺平,张莉,等.改良头低臀高截石位对妇科宫腹腔镜联合手术的影响[J].徐州医学院学报,2014,34(8):541-542.[2] 马黎红.两种截石位的摆放在妇科腔镜手术中的应用[J].全科护理,2017,15(1):2090-2092.[3] 张继红,白艳红,王英杰,等.探讨改良式截石位在妇科腔镜手术体位摆放中的应用[J].中国卫生标准管理,2017,8(15):139-140.[4] 陈美燕,周学美,邓雅凤,等.不同截石位对妇科腹腔镜手术的影响[J].国际医药卫生导报,2017,23(13):2107-2109.[5] Keller DS,Lawrence JK,Delaney CP, et al.Prone jackknife position is not necessary to achieve a cylindrical abdominoperineal resection: Demonstration of the lithotomy position[J].Diseases of the Colon and Rectum,2014,57(2):251-251.[6] 夏丽霞,陈红,赵体玉,等.弹力绷带预防腔镜膀胱截石位手术患者下肢深静脉血栓[J].护理学杂志,2015,30(10):50-51.[7] 凌丽娟.直膝截石位预防腔镜膀胱截石位手术患者下肢深静脉血栓形成的效果分析[J].中国医药科学,2016,6(4):114-117.[8] 黄素珍,陈丽华,林翠勤,等.截石位改变速度在妇科腹腔镜手术患者中的应用[J].实用临床医药杂志,2017,21(6):142-144.[9] 彭顺平,张莉,王霞等.不同角度的头低臀高截石位对妇科宫腹腔镜手术患者的影响[J].护理实践与研究,2016,13(8):83-85.[10] Al-Dessoukey,A.A.,Moussa,A.S.,Abdelbary,A.M, et al.Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the oblique supine lithotomy position and prone position: A comparative study[J].Journal of endourology,2014,28(9):1058-1063.[11] 李思,詹美莺,谢美文,等.妇科腹腔镜截石位手术发生压疮的相关因素及护理[J].中外医学研究,2016,14(29):90-91.[12] 冯星梅,罗建英,王琳,等.妇科腹腔镜手术体位并发症的预防与护理进展[J].上海护理,2016,16(1):61-64.[13] 陈鸥.妇科腹腔镜手术体位并发症的防治研究进展[J].山西医药杂志,2016,45(3):270-272.[14] 黄莉,史娅平.体位和活动指导对妇科腹腔镜术后患者胃肠功能恢复的影响[J].昆明医科大学学报,2017,38(1):145-148.[15] Kramp KH,VanDet MJ,Totte ER, et al.Ergonomic assessment of the French and American position for laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the MIS suite[J].Surgical Endoscopy,2014,28(5):1571-1578.。
手术名称翻译全集之三
手术（operation/procedure）名称翻译全集之三虾蟆肿切开术Incision of ranula虾蟆肿切除术Excision of ranula舌部份／楔状切除术Partial/wedge glossectomy舌修补术Repair of tongue injury or wound颚扁桃摘出术Resection of Platine tonsil舌扁桃切除术咽扁桃切除术Adenoid tonsillectomy冷冻扁桃腺手术Cryotherapy for tonsillar深颈部切开引流术Deep neck incision & drainage下颔腺切除术Ablation of submaxillary gland口腔黏膜切片Biopsy of oral mucosa口腔或口咽肿瘤切除，并颈淋巴腺根除术Oral tumor or oropharynx excision with radical neck dissection舌癌摘出术，包括淋巴节切除及颈部清除术Tongue cancer excision with lymphadenectomy & radical neck dissection舌骨上区清除术Suprahyoid dissection耳下腺肿瘤切除术Excision of parotid tumor舌半切除术Hemiglossectomy舌全切除术Total glossectomy内上颔动脉结扎Ligation of internal maxillary artery腮腺切除术，全叶摘除Parotidectomy，total lobectomy 腮腺切除术，切除Parotidectomy，excision口腔底部整体切除术Commando op.口腔复合性切除术Composite resection for oral cancer 食道肌切开术Esophageal myomectomy食道憩窒切除术Excision of esophageal diverticulumEndoesophageal intubation食道胃底改道术Esophagofundostomy bypass食道胃底吻合术Esophagofundostomy食道胃改道术Esophagogastrostomy bypass抗胃食道逆流术Blesy's mark iv anti-reflex procedure逆行食道扩张术Retrograde esophageal dilatation （esophagectasia，retrograde）Esophagogastric fistula closure食道切除术Esophagectomy食道切除再造术Esophagectomy & reconstruction食道切开术Esophagotomy食道瘤及囊肿切除术Excision of esophageal cyst & tumor食道再造术——以胃管重建Esophageal reconstruction with gastric tube 食道再造术——以大肠重建Esophageal reconstruction with colon食道再造术——以小肠重建Esophagel reconstruction with small intestine食道裂伤修补术Repair of esophageal laceration一般性食道癌摘除术（含淋巴节清扫）Simple excision of esophageal cancer，with lymphadenectomy复杂性食道癌摘除术（含淋巴节清扫）Complicated excision of esophageal cancer，with lymphadenectomy食道静脉瘤曲张结扎，经胸或经腹Ligation of esophageal varices，transthoracic or transabdominal食道静脉瘤曲张结扎，脾脏切除并近心端胃血管去除－经胸Devascularization procedure—— transthoracic食道静脉瘤曲张结扎，脾脏切除并近心端胃血管去除－经腹Devascularization procedure——transabdominal胃食道内管留置（胃贲门癌或食道癌）Esophagogastric stent for esophagus or cardia portion cancer胃切开术－探查性Gastrotomy—— exploration胃切开术－异物移除Gastrotomy——removal of foreign body胃切开术－溃疡缝合及止血幽门肌肉切开术（Fredet-Ramstedt型手术）Pyloromyotomy，Fredet-Ramstedt胃溃疡或肿瘤的局部切除Local excision，ulcer or tumor胃全部切除术Gastrectomy，total & angreconstruction胃造瘘术及幽门成形术Gastrostomy & pyloroplasty次全或半胃切除术及胃十二指肠吻合术－无迷走神经切除Subtotal gastrectomy or hemigastrectomy with gastro-duodenostomy without vagotomy次全或半胃切除术及胃空肠吻合术－无迷走神经切除gastrojejunostomy without vagotomy次全或半胃切除术及胃空肠吻合术Roux-en-Y 型－无迷走神经切除補英文次全或半胃切除术－伴有迷走神经切除Gastrectomy，subtotal or hemigastrectomy ——with vagotomy迷走神经切断术加幽门成形术Vagotomy and pyloroplasty幽门成形术Pyloroplasty胃十二指肠造口吻合术Gastro-duodenostomy胃空肠造口吻合术Gastrojejunostomy胃小肠造口吻合术Gastroenterostomy胃空肠造口吻合术（伴有迷走神经切断术）Gastrojejunostomy with vagotomy胃造口术——暂时性Gastrostomy （plastic tube）十二指肠缝合术（十二指肠溃疡穿孔的缝合）Duodenorrhpahy，suture of perforated ulcer胃缝合术（胃溃疡穿孔及胃部伤口的缝合）Gastrorrhaphy，suture or repair wound，injury perforated ulcer of stomach胃十二指肠造口再修正并或不并迷走神经切除Revision of gastroduodenostomy with or without vagotomy 胃切除后因出血而再剖开Re-exploration for postgastrectomy bleeding胃造口闭口Closure of gastrostomy十二指肠造口术Duodenostomy十二指肠肿瘤切除Excision of duodenum tumor十二指肠憩室切除或内翻Excision or inversion of duodenal diverticulum十二指肠瘘管闭合十二指肠阻塞Duodenal obstruction高度选择性迷走神经切断术Highly selective vagotomy迷走神经切断术Vagotomy胃贲门及食道切除再造术Proximal gastrectomy & esophagectomy & reconstruction胃全部切除术并行脾或部份胰切除Gastrectomy，total，with splenectomy or partital pancreatectomy全胃切除及淋巴清除及肠胃重建（any type）95% 胃切除及淋巴清除及肠胃重建次全胃切除及淋巴清除及肠胃重建胃空肠造口再修正Revision of gastrojejunostomy残留胃窦切除术Resection of retained antrum，postgastrectomy 胃隔间手术-垂直及圈带式胃整型术Gastric partition，vertical banded gastroplasty经十二指肠括约肌成形术Transduodenal sphinteroplasty胃折迭术胃固定术（胃扭结）Gastropexy for gastric volvulus消化道华达壶腹切开术EPT （endoscopic papillectomy）腹腔镜胃隔间手术Laparoscopic gastric partition肠粘连分离术Enterolysis，freeing adhesion肠粘连分离术－并行肠减压Enterolysis——with bowel decompression肠粘连分离术－并有肠切除及吻合Enterolysis——with resection & anastomosis of intestine肠外置术（Mikulicz切除）Exteriorization of intestine，Mikulicz resection肠套迭之还原Reduction of intussusception肠套迭还原及肠切除和吻合Reduction of intussusception with bowel resection & anastomosis肠套迭还原及肠造口或结肠造口Reduction of intussusception with enterostomy or colostomy 良性肠病灶切除术Excision，Benign bowel lesion迈克氏憩室切除术Meckel's diverticulectomy小肠切除术加吻合术Resection of small bowel，with anastomosis结肠部分切除术加吻合术Colectomy，partial，with anastomosis根治性半结肠切除术加吻合术，升结肠Colectomy，radical hemicolectomy with anastomosis，ascending colon降结肠或乙状结肠切除术加吻合术Left hemicolectomy or sigmoid colectomy降结肠或乙状结肠切除术并行吻合术及淋巴节清扫Left hemicolectomy or sigmoid colectomy with anastomosis with lymph node结肠全切或次全切除术结肠全切除术并行直肠切除术及回肠造口Colectomy，total with proctectomy，with ileostomy单纯性结肠造口或肠造口矫正Revision of colostomy or enterostomy simple ，superficial.复杂性（进入腹腔）结肠造口或肠造口矫正Revision of colostomy or enterostomy complicated，deep.肠反逆流合术Antireflex produce in the intestine蹄形小肠或结肠造瘘管关闭Closure of enterostomy or Colostomy （loop or double-barrel ）肠造口术（包括结肠、空肠、永久性小肠）enterostomy）小肠瘘管关闭术－小肠与皮肤Closure of intestinal fistula—— Enterocutaneous小肠瘘管关闭术－小肠与结肠（或与小肠）Closure of intestinal fistula—— entero-colic or entero-entero 小肠瘘管关闭术－其它器官或包括合并症Closure of intestinal fistula——fistula of bowel with other organs or complicated结肠瘘管关闭术－结肠与皮肤Closure of colon fistula——colocutaneous结肠瘘管关闭术－胃与结肠（不包括胃切除）Closure of colon fistula——gastroclic without gastrectomy结肠瘘管关闭术－胃与结肠（包括胃切除）Closure of colon fistula——gastroclic with gastrectomy结肠瘘管关闭术－结肠与其它器官或合并症Closure of colon fistula——fistula of colon with other organs or complicated肠吻合术－小肠与小肠（十二指肠）吻合术Anastomosis of bowel——entero-enterostomy or duodeno-enterostomy肠吻合术－回肠与结肠吻合术，有间路法Anastomosis of bowel——Anastomosis of bowel，ileo-colostomy，with bypass肠吻合术－由小肠闭锁或狭窄引起Anastomosis of bowel——for intestinal atresia or stenosis小肠穿孔缝补术Repair of intestinal perforation肠系膜之缝合及修补Suture and repair of mesentery小肠瘜肉切除术Resection of intestinal polyp小肠折瘘术Intestinal plication，Noble type管肠造口或管盲肠造口Tube enterostomy or tube cecostomy肠吻合处切除，吻合重建术Take down of anastomosis，revision of ileo-colostomy and reconstruction回肠尿液引流袋修正术Revision of ileasl conduit经由剖腹术行小肠或结肠造瘘管关闭及吻合Closure of enterostomy or colostomy anastomosis ，by laparotomy阑尾脓疡之引流Drainage of appendiceal abscess transabdominal阑尾切除术Appendectomy阑尾瘘管关闭Closure of appendiceal fistula单纯性直肠周围脓疡之切开引流Incision and drainage for perirectal or perianal abscess复杂性直肠周围脓疡之切开引流（包括福尼尔氏肌膜炎坏死）（ischiorectal，high intersphincteric，deep postanal，supralevator abscess ，Fournier's gangrene）直肠活体组织切片Rectal incisional biopsy直肠裂伤或损伤之修补Repair of rectal laceration or injury直肠固定术Thiersh or Delorme，Rectopexy by stitches fixation根治性直肠切除术（含骨盆腔淋巴腺切除术）Radical protectomy with pelvic lymph node dissectionHartmann 氏直肠手术Harmann operation经直肠大肠息肉切除术Transrectal colonic Polypectomy直肠脱出根治手术（经会阴接近及吻合）Rectal procidentia，perineal approach ，with resection& anastomosis直肠脱出手术（腹部接近）Rectal procidentia，abdominal approach荐骨与尾骨肿瘤切除，良性Excision，sacrococcygeal tumor，benign直肠上皮绒毛腺肿广泛性切除术或癌症局部切除Extensive excision of sacrococcygeal rectal villous adenoma or malignancy直肠狭窄整形术Rectoplasty for stricture or stenosisRestorative proctectomy with colo-anal anastomosis复原性大肠直肠切除回肠储存袋以及回肠肛门吻合术Restorative proctocolectomy，pelvic ileal pouch with ileoanal anastomosis直肠膀胱瘘管切除术Closure fistula，reco-vesical直肠癌腹部会阴联合切除术Combined abdomino perineal resection for rectal cancer乙状结肠及直肠切除后Pull through 方法行直肠肛门吻合术Proctosigmoidectomy with pull through colon anal anastomosis乙状结肠及直肠切除后Pull through 方法行结肠造袋及结肠袋肛门吻合术Proctosigmoidectomy with pull through colon anal anastomosis，reconstruction with colonic pouch经尾骨由直肠后部切开行良性病灶切除方法Posterior proctotomy，transacrococcygeal excision of benign lesion.经尾骨由直肠后部切开行直肠癌切除方法Posterior proctotomy，transacrococcygeal resection of malignant tumor皮下瘘管切开术或切除术Fistulotomy or fistulectomy，simple，subcutaneous肛门括约肌切开术Sphincterotomy ，anal肛门裂缝切除术或溃疡切除术fissurectomy or ulcerectomy，anal隐窝切除术－单一Cryptectomy—— single隐窝切除术－多数Cryptectomy—— multiple外痔完全切除术Hemorrhoidectomy，external内外痔部份切除术Hemorrhoidectomy，partial，internal & external 肛门乳突切除术－单一Papillectomy anal——single肛门乳突切除术－多数Papillectomy anal——multipleHemorrhoidectomy，internal & external肛门瘘切除或切开术并痔疮切除Anal fistulectomy or fistulotomy with hemorrhoidectomy 外痔血栓切除Thrombectomy，external hemorrhoid肛门狭窄整形术Anoplasty for stricture or imperforate肛门括约肌失禁整形术Sphincteroplasty for anal incontinenceAPR术后Karlex海棉除去术Removal of Karlex sponge s/p APR结肠肛门止血术Check anal or colon bleeding内痔结扎Internal hemorrhoid ligation肛门重建或整形术以S形蒂状移植Anal reconstruction or anoplasty with S-pedicle graft提肛肌折迭术Levator plication procedure复杂性皮下瘘管切开术或切除术Fistulotomy or fistulectomy，complicated，subcutaneous 楔状活体切片（剖腹探查术）Wedge biopsy of liver，laparotomy肝部分切除术肝区域切除术－一区域Segemental hepatectomy ——one segement肝区域切除术－二区域Segemental hepatectomy —— two segements肝区域切除术－三区域Segemental hepatectomy—— three segements肝囊肿或肝脓疡引流或造袋术Drainage or marsupialization of cyst or abscess of liver缝肝术（肝损伤缝合，小于5公分）Hepatorrhaphy，suture of liver wound < 5cm缝肝术及总胆管或胆囊之引流术Hepatorrhaphy，with common duct or gallbladder drainage缝肝术（复杂肝损伤之缝合或大于5公分）Hepatorrhaphy，suture of liver wound，complicated or >5cm 肝动脉结扎Hepatic artery ligation for liver bleeding肝肠吻合Hepato-Enterostomy （Longmire Op.）肝门静脉分流术Portocavo shunt （H-graft）Warren氏分流术Warren's shunt右肝叶切除术Total right lobectomyTotal left lobectomy扩大右肝叶切除术Extended right lobectomy扩大左肝叶切除术Extended left lobectomy切肝取石术Hepaticotomy or hepaticostomy，Removal of Calculus 肝脏移植Liver（Hepatic）transplantation尸体捐肝摘取Cadaveric liver harvest（donor hepatectomy）活体捐肝摘取Partial hepatectomy for livingrelated liver transplantation 胆囊造瘘术Cholecystostomy胆管截石术（经十二指肠）Cholecystolithotomy （transduodenal）胆囊切除术Cholecystectomy胆囊切除术及术中胆管摄影Cholecystectomy and cholangiography腹腔镜胆囊切除术Laparoscopic cholecystectomy总胆管空肠吻合术ROUX-EN-Y 总肝管肠吻合术ROUX-EN-Yhepaticojejunostomy胆囊消化管吻合术Cholecystoenterostomy总胆管全切除术Total excision of common bile duct总胆管切开及T形管引流Choledochotomy with T-tube drainage总胆管切开摘石术及T形管引流Choledocholithotomy with T-tube drainage 胆管成形术Choledochoplasty胆道组织检查切片术Biopsy of biliary tract总胆管十二指肠吻合术Choledochoduodenostomy肝外胆管成形术Plasty of extrahepatic bile duct肝瘘管缝合术Closure of biliary fistula胰脏脓疡或胰炎引流术Drainage of pancreatic abscess or cyst or pancreatitis 胰组织检查切片Pancreas incisional biopsyExcision or enucleation of pancreatic tumor or cyst 胰脏尾端部分切除术Distal partial pancreatectomy胰脏尾端部分切除术-脾脏保留補英文胰脏体部分切除术Body partial pancreatectomy胰脏体部分切除术-脾脏保留補英文胰瘘切除术Pencreatic fistulectomy胰囊肿至肠胃道之内部直接引流吻合术Anastomosis of pancreatic cyst to GI tract direct internal drainage胰囊肿至肠胃道之Y型内部吻合术Anastomosis of pancreatic cyst to GI tract directinternal drainage （Roux-en-Y）胰脏结石去除术Removal pancreatic calculus胰脏次全切除术Pancreatectomy subtotal胰脏全切除术Total pancreatectomy （95%）Whipple 氏胰、十二指肠切除术Pancreatico-duodenectomy，Whipple type，with reconstructionWhipple 氏胰、十二指肠切除术幽门保留式Pancreatico-duodenectomy，Whipple type，with reconstruction （pylorus sparing whipple op）胰脏空肠吻合术Pancreatico-Jejunostomy胰囊肿造袋术Marsupialization of pancreatic cyst腹壁脓疡引流术Drainage of abdominal wall abscess腹腔脓疡灌洗腹壁肿瘤切除术－良性Excision of abdominal wall tumor——benign腹壁肿瘤切除术－恶性Excision of abdominal wall tumor——malignant腹壁疝气修补术－并肠切除Repair of ventral hernia ——with bowel resection腹壁疝气修补术－无肠切除Repair of ventral hernia ——without bowel resection 腹壁疝气修补术，嵌顿性，－无肠切除腹壁疝气修补术，复发性－无肠切除鼠蹊疝气修补术－并肠切除Repair of inguinal hernia ——with bowel resection鼠蹊疝气修补术－无肠切除Repair of inguinal hernia ——without bowel resection 鼠蹊疝气修补术，嵌顿性，－无肠切除股疝气修补术－无肠切除腰椎疝气修补术Repair of lumbar hernia腹腔镜疝气修补术Herniorraphy腹腔内脓疡引流术治疗急性穿孔性腹膜炎Drainage of intraabdominal abscess for acute perforation peritonitis膈下脓疡引流术Drainage of subphrenic abscess骨盆腔脓疡引流术－经腹Drainage of pelvic abscess —— transabdominalDrainage of pelvic abscess —— transanal剖腹探查术Exploratory laparotomy腹腔良性肿瘤切除术Excision of intraabdominal tumor，benign 后腹腔良性肿瘤切除术Excision of retroperitoneal tumor，benign 腹腔内异物却除术Removal of intraabdominal foreign body后腹腔剖腹探查术Retroperitoneal exploratory laparotomy腹腔恶性肿瘤切除术Excision of intraabdominal tumor，malignant后腹腔恶性肿瘤切除术并后腹腔淋巴腺摘除术Excision of retroperitoneal tumor，malignant with retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy腹腔静脉分流术Peritoneo-Venous shunt脐尿管或瘘管切除术与部分胆囊切除术Excision of Urachal duct or fistula with partial cholecystectomy腹壁损伤修复术－简单Repair of abdominal wall injury——simple with/without reconstruction腹壁损伤修复术－广泛性Repair of abdominal wall injury——extensive with reconstruction or prosthesis腹壁缝合裂开剜脏术，第二次缝合Suture of abdominal wall for evisceration of dehiscence for secondary closure骨盆腔恶性肿瘤消灭术Debulking operation for pelvic cancer。
新辅助治疗联合盆腔脏器切除术治疗复发直肠癌
【摘要】目的探讨新辅助治疗联合盆腔脏器切除术对复发直肠癌的临床治疗价值。
方法对35例复发直肠癌患者，采用新辅助治疗方案。
常规分次放疗，放疗总剂量(dt)46 gy，每周5 次，每次2 gy。
全身化疗2个疗程，每次予以奥沙利铂130 mg/m2，第1天静脉点滴；甲酰四氢叶酸钙(cf)200 mg/m2，第1～3天静脉点滴；氟脲嘧啶(5 fu)500 mg/m2，第1～3天静脉点滴。
治疗结束后4～6周进行盆腔脏器切除手术。
结果经新辅助治疗后，病理完全缓解6例，肿瘤平均缩小38.4%，65.7%的病例t期下降。
全组无手术死亡，r0切除率为88.5%，手术并发症发生率为13.3%。
本组总的3年生存率为82.8%；5年生存率为48.5%；其中获得r0切除的患者，3年生存率为90.3%，5年生存率为54.6%。
结论新辅助治疗联合盆腔脏器切除术是治疗复发直肠癌的有效方法。
通过降低肿瘤病期，提高手术切除率，从而提高患者生存率。
【关键词】直肠肿瘤复发新辅助治疗盆腔脏器切除术局部复发直肠癌(locally recurrent rectal cancer,lrrc)常表现为局部浸润和侵犯邻近脏器结构。
绝大多数患者发现时并未发生远处转移，且术后证实60%无局部淋巴结转移［1-2］。
这提示若能将肿瘤及浸润脏器联合切除， lrrc患者将再次获得生存希研究中心望。
但就诊病例均属晚期，想进一步提高根治切除率是非常艰难的。
如能通过手术前的辅助治疗降低病期，则是提高手术疗效的希望所在。
为此，我们从1999年1月至2002年1月对35例复发性直肠癌患者实施新辅助治疗联合盆腔脏器切除术，取得了较满意的疗效。
1 资料和方法1.1 临床资料本组复发直肠癌患者35例，其中男21例，女14例，年龄28～74岁(平均52.1岁)。
首次手术与再次手术的间隔时间为6～78个月，平均31.5个月，2年内复发者为20例(57.1%)。
首次手术的情况为：(1)手术方式：dixon 18例，miles 11例，改良bacon 2例，hartmann 2例，局部切除1例，后盆腔切除1例；(2)dukes分期：a期4例，b期21例，c期10例；(3)肿瘤病理类型：管状腺癌19例，乳头状腺癌4例，印戒细胞癌1例，黏液腺癌9例，乳头状管状腺癌及黏液腺癌混合型者1例，盆底间质肉瘤1例。
经骶尾部入路手术治疗直肠癌APR术后盆腔复发现状
经骶尾部入路手术治疗直肠癌APR术后盆腔复发现状直肠癌根治术后复发是导致直肠癌病人死亡的重要原因之一。
APR(abdominoperineal resection, 腹会阴联合直肠癌根治术)术后复发主要以盆腔局部复发为主，复发肿瘤可侵犯盆腔内软组织、盆腔脏器、盆壁等，以往认为肿瘤浸犯骶尾骨手术切除难度大，风险高，主张保守治疗或减瘤手术，近年来应用联合骶骨切除手术治疗复发性直肠癌取得了良好疗效，本文就经骶尾部入路手术治疗直肠癌APR术后盆腔复发的概念、术前准备、手术方法、手术指征、出血控制及疗效等作一综述。
标签：直肠癌复发；骶骨切除；直肠癌盆腔复发；腹会阴联合直肠癌根治术直肠癌根治术后复发是导致直肠癌病人死亡的重要原因之一。
文献报道，直肠癌根治术后局部复发率达2.6%-32.0%[1,2]。
Pilipshen等[3]调查的412例直肠癌术后病人中有182例复发，其中盆腔复发者105例。
类似的，Gilbertende报道直肠癌根治术后约1/3将复发。
APR术后复发主要以盆腔局部复发为主，复发肿瘤可侵犯盆腔内软组织、盆腔脏器、盆壁等。
目前直肠癌术后盆腔复发治疗方法尚有争议，再手术是提高直肠癌术后盆腔复发病人生存率和生存质量的重要方法[4]。
国外研究[5]顯示，经骶尾骨入路途径手术治疗直肠癌术后盆腔复发有良好疗效。
在国内，尚未见关于此方法用于治疗直肠癌术后盆腔复发的系统报道。
本人就该手术作一综述。
1 概念及定义APR术后盆腔复发是指APR术后患者肿瘤盆腔局部复发，临床表现主要以会阴部疼痛、腰背部疼痛、盆腔疼痛及会阴部肿块为主，CT、MRI对诊断及分期有重要作用。
腹骶联合切除术是由Wanebo于1981年创立并应用于临床，治疗直肠癌术后盆腔复发。
其概念是指采用双体位，分腹部操作和经骶尾部入路操作两阶段，是经腹部联合骶尾骨切除的一种手术方式，而对于APR术后盆腔局部复发患者，单纯经骶尾部入路手术即可。
该术式可充分暴露手术视野，切除病灶更方便、更彻底，切除率增加，副损伤明显减少。
手术(operation_procedure)名称翻译全集之三
手术（operation/procedure）名称翻译全集之三虾蟆肿切开术Incision of ranula虾蟆肿切除术Excision of ranula舌部份／楔状切除术Partial/wedge glossectomy舌修补术Repair of tongue injury or wound颚扁桃摘出术Resection of Platine tonsil舌扁桃切除术Lingual tonsillectomy咽扁桃切除术Adenoid tonsillectomy冷冻扁桃腺手术Cryotherapy for tonsillar深颈部切开引流术Deep neck incision & drainage下颔腺切除术Ablation of submaxillary gland口腔黏膜切片Biopsy of oral mucosa口腔或口咽肿瘤切除，并颈淋巴腺根除术Oral tumor or oropharynx excision with radical neck dissection舌癌摘出术，包括淋巴节切除及颈部清除术Tongue cancer excision with lymphadenectomy & radical neck dissection 舌骨上区清除术Suprahyoid dissection耳下腺肿瘤切除术Excision of parotid tumor舌半切除术Hemiglossectomy舌全切除术Total glossectomy内上颔动脉结扎Ligation of internal maxillary artery腮腺切除术，全叶摘除Parotidectomy，total lobectomy腮腺切除术，切除Parotidectomy，excision口腔底部整体切除术Commando op.口腔复合性切除术Composite resection for oral cancer食道肌切开术Esophageal myomectomy食道憩窒切除术Excision of esophageal diverticulum食道内腔置管术Endoesophageal intubation食道胃底改道术Esophagofundostomy bypass食道胃底吻合术Esophagofundostomy食道胃改道术Esophagogastrostomy bypass抗胃食道逆流术Blesy's mark iv anti-reflex procedure逆行食道扩张术Retrograde esophageal dilatation （esophagectasia，retrograde）食道、胃瘘管缝合术Esophagogastric fistula closure食道切除术Esophagectomy食道切除再造术Esophagectomy & reconstruction食道切开术Esophagotomy食道瘤及囊肿切除术Excision of esophageal cyst & tumor食道再造术——以胃管重建Esophageal reconstruction with gastric tube食道再造术——以大肠重建Esophageal reconstruction with colon食道再造术——以小肠重建Esophagel reconstruction with small intestine食道裂伤修补术Repair of esophageal laceration一般性食道癌摘除术（含淋巴节清扫）Simple excision of esophageal cancer，with lymphadenectomy复杂性食道癌摘除术（含淋巴节清扫）Complicated excision of esophageal cancer，with lymphadenectomy 食道静脉瘤曲张结扎，经胸或经腹Ligation of esophageal varices，transthoracic or transabdominal食道静脉瘤曲张结扎，脾脏切除并近心端胃血管去除－经胸Devascularization procedure——transthoracic食道静脉瘤曲张结扎，脾脏切除并近心端胃血管去除－经腹Devascularization procedure——transabdominal胃食道内管留置（胃贲门癌或食道癌）Esophagogastric stent for esophagus or cardia portion cancer胃切开术－探查性Gastrotomy——exploration胃切开术－异物移除Gastrotomy——removal of foreign body胃切开术－溃疡缝合及止血Gastrotomy——with suture repair of bleeding ulcer幽门肌肉切开术（Fredet-Ramstedt型手术）Pyloromyotomy，Fredet-Ramstedt胃溃疡或肿瘤的局部切除Local excision，ulcer or tumor胃全部切除术Gastrectomy，total & angreconstruction胃造瘘术及幽门成形术Gastrostomy & pyloroplasty次全或半胃切除术及胃十二指肠吻合术－无迷走神经切除Subtotal gastrectomy or hemigastrectomy with gastro-duodenostomy without vagotomy 次全或半胃切除术及胃空肠吻合术－无迷走神经切除Subtotal gastrectomy or hemigastrectomy with gastrojejunostomy without vagotomy次全或半胃切除术及胃空肠吻合术Roux-en-Y型－无迷走神经切除補英文次全或半胃切除术－伴有迷走神经切除Gastrectomy，subtotal or hemigastrectomy ——with vagotomy迷走神经切断术加幽门成形术V agotomy and pyloroplasty幽门成形术Pyloroplasty胃十二指肠造口吻合术Gastro-duodenostomy胃空肠造口吻合术Gastrojejunostomy胃小肠造口吻合术Gastroenterostomy胃空肠造口吻合术（伴有迷走神经切断术）Gastrojejunostomy with vagotomy胃造口术——暂时性Gastrostomy （plastic tube）十二指肠缝合术（十二指肠溃疡穿孔的缝合）Duodenorrhpahy，suture of perforated ulcer胃缝合术（胃溃疡穿孔及胃部伤口的缝合）Gastrorrhaphy，suture or repair wound，injury perforated ulcer of stomach 胃十二指肠造口再修正并或不并迷走神经切除Revision of gastroduodenostomy with or without vagotomy 胃切除后因出血而再剖开Re-exploration for postgastrectomy bleeding胃造口闭口Closure of gastrostomy十二指肠造口术Duodenostomy十二指肠肿瘤切除Excision of duodenum tumor十二指肠憩室切除或内翻Excision or inversion of duodenal diverticulum十二指肠瘘管闭合Closure of duodenal fistula十二指肠阻塞Duodenal obstruction高度选择性迷走神经切断术Highly selective vagotomy迷走神经切断术V agotomy胃贲门及食道切除再造术Proximal gastrectomy & esophagectomy & reconstruction 胃全部切除术并行脾或部份胰切除Gastrectomy，total，with splenectomy or partital pancreatectomy全胃切除及淋巴清除及肠胃重建Total gastrectomy，with LN dissection，with reconstruction （any type）95% 胃切除及淋巴清除及肠胃重建次全胃切除及淋巴清除及肠胃重建胃空肠造口再修正Revision of gastrojejunostomy残留胃窦切除术Resection of retained antrum，postgastrectomy胃隔间手术-垂直及圈带式胃整型术Gastric partition，vertical banded gastroplasty经十二指肠括约肌成形术Transduodenal sphinteroplasty胃折迭术Plication of stomach胃固定术（胃扭结）Gastropexy for gastric volvulus消化道华达壶腹切开术EPT （endoscopic papillectomy）腹腔镜胃隔间手术Laparoscopic gastric partition肠粘连分离术Enterolysis，freeing adhesion肠粘连分离术－并行肠减压Enterolysis——with bowel decompression肠粘连分离术－并有肠切除及吻合Enterolysis——with resection & anastomosis of intestine肠外置术（Mikulicz切除）Exteriorization of intestine，Mikulicz resection肠套迭之还原Reduction of intussusception肠套迭还原及肠切除和吻合Reduction of intussusception with bowel resection & anastomosis 肠套迭还原及肠造口或结肠造口Reduction of intussusception with enterostomy or colostomy良性肠病灶切除术Excision，Benign bowel lesion迈克氏憩室切除术Meckel's diverticulectomy小肠切除术加吻合术Resection of small bowel，with anastomosis结肠部分切除术加吻合术Colectomy，partial，with anastomosis根治性半结肠切除术加吻合术，升结肠Colectomy，radical hemicolectomy with anastomosis，ascending colon降结肠或乙状结肠切除术加吻合术Left hemicolectomy or sigmoid colectomy降结肠或乙状结肠切除术并行吻合术及淋巴节清扫Left hemicolectomy or sigmoid colectomy with anastomosis with lymph node结肠全切或次全切除术Colectomy，total or subtotal结肠全切除术并行直肠切除术及回肠造口Colectomy，total with proctectomy，with ileostomy单纯性结肠造口或肠造口矫正Revision of colostomy or enterostomy simple ，superficial.复杂性（进入腹腔）结肠造口或肠造口矫正Revision of colostomy or enterostomy complicated，deep.肠反逆流合术Antireflex produce in the intestine蹄形小肠或结肠造瘘管关闭Closure of enterostomy or Colostomy （loop or double-barrel ）肠造口术（包括结肠、空肠、永久性小肠）Enterostomy （including colostomy 、Jujunostomy、permanent enterostomy）小肠瘘管关闭术－小肠与皮肤Closure of intestinal fistula——Enterocutaneous小肠瘘管关闭术－小肠与结肠（或与小肠）Closure of intestinal fistula——entero-colic or entero-entero小肠瘘管关闭术－其它器官或包括合并症Closure of intestinal fistula——fistula of bowel with other organs or complicated 结肠瘘管关闭术－结肠与皮肤Closure of colon fistula——colocutaneous结肠瘘管关闭术－胃与结肠（不包括胃切除）Closure of colon fistula——gastroclic without gastrectomy结肠瘘管关闭术－胃与结肠（包括胃切除）Closure of colon fistula——gastroclic with gastrectomy结肠瘘管关闭术－结肠与其它器官或合并症Closure of colon fistula——fistula of colon with other organs or complicated肠吻合术－小肠与小肠（十二指肠）吻合术Anastomosis of bowel——entero-enterostomy or duodeno-enterostomy肠吻合术－回肠与结肠吻合术，有间路法Anastomosis of bowel——Anastomosis of bowel，ileo-colostomy，with bypass 肠吻合术－由小肠闭锁或狭窄引起Anastomosis of bowel——for intestinal atresia or stenosis小肠穿孔缝补术Repair of intestinal perforation肠系膜之缝合及修补Suture and repair of mesentery小肠瘜肉切除术Resection of intestinal polyp小肠折瘘术Intestinal plication，Noble type管肠造口或管盲肠造口Tube enterostomy or tube cecostomy肠吻合处切除，吻合重建术Take down of anastomosis，revision of ileo-colostomy and reconstruction回肠尿液引流袋修正术Revision of ileasl conduit经由剖腹术行小肠或结肠造瘘管关闭及吻合Closure of enterostomy or colostomy anastomosis ，by laparotomy阑尾脓疡之引流Drainage of appendiceal abscess transabdominal阑尾切除术Appendectomy阑尾瘘管关闭Closure of appendiceal fistula单纯性直肠周围脓疡之切开引流Incision and drainage for perirectal or perianal abscess复杂性直肠周围脓疡之切开引流（包括福尼尔氏肌膜炎坏死）Incision and drainage for Complicated perirectal abscess（ischiorectal，high intersphincteric，deep postanal，supralevator abscess ，Fournier's gangrene）直肠活体组织切片Rectal incisional biopsy直肠裂伤或损伤之修补Repair of rectal laceration or injury直肠固定术Thiersh or Delorme，Rectopexy by stitches fixation根治性直肠切除术（含骨盆腔淋巴腺切除术）Radical protectomy with pelvic lymph node dissectionHartmann 氏直肠手术Harmann operation经直肠大肠息肉切除术Transrectal colonic Polypectomy直肠脱出根治手术（经会阴接近及吻合）Rectal procidentia，perineal approach ，with resection& anastomosis 直肠脱出手术（腹部接近）Rectal procidentia，abdominal approach荐骨与尾骨肿瘤切除，良性Excision，sacrococcygeal tumor，benign直肠上皮绒毛腺肿广泛性切除术或癌症局部切除Extensive excision of sacrococcygeal rectal villous adenoma or malignancy 直肠狭窄整形术Rectoplasty for stricture or stenosis复原性直肠切除以及直肠、肛门吻合术Restorative proctectomy with colo-anal anastomosis复原性大肠直肠切除回肠储存袋以及回肠肛门吻合术Restorative proctocolectomy，pelvic ileal pouch with ileoanal anastomosis直肠膀胱瘘管切除术Closure fistula，reco-vesical直肠癌腹部会阴联合切除术Combined abdomino perineal resection for rectal cancer乙状结肠及直肠切除后Pull through 方法行直肠肛门吻合术Proctosigmoidectomy with pull through colon anal anastomosis乙状结肠及直肠切除后Pull through 方法行结肠造袋及结肠袋肛门吻合术Proctosigmoidectomy with pull through colon anal anastomosis，reconstruction with colonic pouch经尾骨由直肠后部切开行良性病灶切除方法Posterior proctotomy，transacrococcygeal excision of benign lesion.经尾骨由直肠后部切开行直肠癌切除方法Posterior proctotomy，transacrococcygeal resection of malignant tumor皮下瘘管切开术或切除术Fistulotomy or fistulectomy，simple，subcutaneous肛门括约肌切开术Sphincterotomy ，anal肛门裂缝切除术或溃疡切除术fissurectomy or ulcerectomy，anal隐窝切除术－单一Cryptectomy——single隐窝切除术－多数Cryptectomy——multiple外痔完全切除术Hemorrhoidectomy，external内外痔部份切除术Hemorrhoidectomy，partial，internal & external肛门乳突切除术－单一Papillectomy anal——single肛门乳突切除术－多数Papillectomy anal——multiple内外痔完全切除术Hemorrhoidectomy，internal & external肛门瘘切除或切开术并痔疮切除Anal fistulectomy or fistulotomy with hemorrhoidectomy 外痔血栓切除Thrombectomy，external hemorrhoid肛门狭窄整形术Anoplasty for stricture or imperforate肛门括约肌失禁整形术Sphincteroplasty for anal incontinenceAPR术后Karlex海棉除去术Removal of Karlex sponge s/p APR结肠肛门止血术Check anal or colon bleeding内痔结扎Internal hemorrhoid ligation肛门重建或整形术以S形蒂状移植Anal reconstruction or anoplasty with S-pedicle graft提肛肌折迭术Levator plication procedure复杂性皮下瘘管切开术或切除术Fistulotomy or fistulectomy，complicated，subcutaneous 楔状活体切片（剖腹探查术）Wedge biopsy of liver，laparotomy肝部分切除术Partial hepatectomy肝区域切除术－一区域Segemental hepatectomy ——one segement肝区域切除术－二区域Segemental hepatectomy ——two segements肝区域切除术－三区域Segemental hepatectomy——three segements肝囊肿或肝脓疡引流或造袋术Drainage or marsupialization of cyst or abscess of liver缝肝术（肝损伤缝合，小于5公分）Hepatorrhaphy，suture of liver wound < 5cm缝肝术及总胆管或胆囊之引流术Hepatorrhaphy，with common duct or gallbladder drainage 缝肝术（复杂肝损伤之缝合或大于5公分）Hepatorrhaphy，suture of liver wound，complicated or >5cm 肝动脉结扎Hepatic artery ligation for liver bleeding肝肠吻合Hepato-Enterostomy （Longmire Op.）肝门静脉分流术Portocavo shunt （H-graft）Warren氏分流术Warren's shunt右肝叶切除术Total right lobectomy左肝叶切除术Total left lobectomy扩大右肝叶切除术Extended right lobectomy扩大左肝叶切除术Extended left lobectomy切肝取石术Hepaticotomy or hepaticostomy，Removal of Calculus 肝脏移植Liver（Hepatic）transplantation尸体捐肝摘取Cadaveric liver harvest（donor hepatectomy）活体捐肝摘取Partial hepatectomy for livingrelated liver transplantation 胆囊造瘘术Cholecystostomy胆管截石术（经十二指肠）Cholecystolithotomy （transduodenal）胆囊切除术Cholecystectomy胆囊切除术及术中胆管摄影Cholecystectomy and cholangiography腹腔镜胆囊切除术Laparoscopic cholecystectomy总胆管空肠吻合术CholedochojejunostomyROUX-EN-Y总肝管肠吻合术ROUX-EN-Yhepaticojejunostomy胆囊消化管吻合术Cholecystoenterostomy总胆管全切除术Total excision of common bile duct总胆管切开及T形管引流Choledochotomy with T-tube drainage总胆管切开摘石术及T形管引流Choledocholithotomy with T-tube drainage胆管成形术Choledochoplasty胆道组织检查切片术Biopsy of biliary tract总胆管十二指肠吻合术Choledochoduodenostomy肝外胆管成形术Plasty of extrahepatic bile duct肝瘘管缝合术Closure of biliary fistula胰脏脓疡或胰炎引流术Drainage of pancreatic abscess or cyst or pancreatitis胰组织检查切片Pancreas incisional biopsy胰脏肿瘤或囊肿切除或摘除术Excision or enucleation of pancreatic tumor or cyst胰脏尾端部分切除术Distal partial pancreatectomy胰脏尾端部分切除术-脾脏保留補英文胰脏体部分切除术Body partial pancreatectomy胰脏体部分切除术-脾脏保留補英文胰瘘切除术Pencreatic fistulectomy胰囊肿至肠胃道之内部直接引流吻合术Anastomosis of pancreatic cyst to GI tract direct internal drainage胰囊肿至肠胃道之Y型内部吻合术Anastomosis of pancreatic cyst to GI tract directinternal drainage （Roux-en-Y）胰脏结石去除术Removal pancreatic calculus胰脏次全切除术Pancreatectomy subtotal胰脏全切除术Total pancreatectomy （95%）Whipple 氏胰、十二指肠切除术Pancreatico-duodenectomy，Whipple type，with reconstructionWhipple 氏胰、十二指肠切除术幽门保留式Pancreatico-duodenectomy，Whipple type，with reconstruction （pylorus sparing whipple op）胰脏空肠吻合术Pancreatico-Jejunostomy胰囊肿造袋术Marsupialization of pancreatic cyst腹壁脓疡引流术Drainage of abdominal wall abscess腹腔脓疡灌洗腹壁肿瘤切除术－良性Excision of abdominal wall tumor——benign腹壁肿瘤切除术－恶性Excision of abdominal wall tumor——malignant腹壁疝气修补术－并肠切除Repair of ventral hernia ——with bowel resection腹壁疝气修补术－无肠切除Repair of ventral hernia ——without bowel resection腹壁疝气修补术，嵌顿性，－无肠切除腹壁疝气修补术，复发性－无肠切除鼠蹊疝气修补术－并肠切除Repair of inguinal hernia ——with bowel resection鼠蹊疝气修补术－无肠切除Repair of inguinal hernia ——without bowel resection鼠蹊疝气修补术，嵌顿性，－无肠切除鼠蹊疝气修补术，复发性，－无肠切除股疝气修补术－无肠切除腰椎疝气修补术Repair of lumbar hernia腹腔镜疝气修补术Herniorraphy腹腔内脓疡引流术治疗急性穿孔性腹膜炎Drainage of intraabdominal abscess for acute perforation peritonitis 膈下脓疡引流术Drainage of subphrenic abscess骨盆腔脓疡引流术－经腹Drainage of pelvic abscess ——transabdominal骨盆腔脓疡引流术－经肛门Drainage of pelvic abscess ——transanal剖腹探查术Exploratory laparotomy腹腔良性肿瘤切除术Excision of intraabdominal tumor，benign后腹腔良性肿瘤切除术Excision of retroperitoneal tumor，benign腹腔内异物却除术Removal of intraabdominal foreign body后腹腔剖腹探查术Retroperitoneal exploratory laparotomy腹腔恶性肿瘤切除术Excision of intraabdominal tumor，malignant后腹腔恶性肿瘤切除术并后腹腔淋巴腺摘除术Excision of retroperitoneal tumor，malignant with retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy 腹腔静脉分流术Peritoneo-V enous shunt脐尿管或瘘管切除术与部分胆囊切除术Excision of Urachal duct or fistula with partial cholecystectomy腹壁损伤修复术－简单Repair of abdominal wall injury——simple with/without reconstruction腹壁损伤修复术－广泛性Repair of abdominal wall injury——extensive with reconstruction or prosthesis腹壁缝合裂开剜脏术，第二次缝合Suture of abdominal wall for evisceration of dehiscence for secondary closure骨盆腔恶性肿瘤消灭术Debulking operation for pelvic cancer。
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◦ Increased soft tissue thickening posterior to superficial perianal area
◦ Number of mesorectal lymph nodes seen ◦ Does not extend above internal sphincter ◦ T4N1M0 Rectal Adenocarcinoma
and occasional PR bleeding EUA Deep posterior anal fissure surrounded by
area of induration and thickening
◦ Biopsies-chronically inflamed and fibrotic squamocolumnar anal mucosa
CylindricDarlRichard Downey Abdominoperineal Resection
Background
HS, 61 yr old male No significant medical history 18 month hx of perianal pain, pruritus ani
Abdominoperineal Resection
First described by Ernest Miles in 1908 By the 1920s, recurrence rates were down to
30%-gold standard at that time Several modifications were proposed to
Cylindrical APR
They facilitate closure of the perineal defect with healthy and well-vascularized tissue without placing the tissue under undue tension
Total Mesorectal Excision
The TME concept is based on the locoregional recurrence preference of rectal carcinoma
Therefore adequate en bloc clearance of the rectal mesentry, including its blood supply and lymphatic drainage, would minimize possible disease relapse
◦ Consistent with fissure in ano
Background
Symptoms unresponsive to topical Rx o/e Large posterior fissure and associated
skin tag, BRBPR Crohn’s Disease suspected Scheduled for EUA Rectum in urgently and
TME is now considered the Gold Standard adjunctive therapy for colorectal cancer
APR
Improved surgical techniques (eg total mesorectal excision and autonomic nerve preservation) have shown a corresponding decrease in local recurrence rates and increase in overall survival of patients with rectal cancer
nodes and external iliac nodes
EUA Tumour at 3cm, bulky, friable perianal skin Scheduled for APR and VRAM flap
reconstruction
Surgery
APR
◦ Lower midline laparotomy ◦ Left colon and rectum mobilised ◦ Total mesorectum excision ◦ Sigmoid colon dived and proximal end brought out
Incisions are made in the abdomen and perineum
Remaining sigmoid colon brought out as a colostomy
Abdominoperineal Resection (APR)
Abdominoperineal Resection (APR)
In an attempt to improve healing, several techniques for perineal closure have been described
◦ Epiploplasty ◦ Gracilis Flap ◦ Vertical Myocutaneus Flap ◦ Gluteus Maximus Flap
promote locoregional control and survival, with little success Better suture material and devices enabling low anastomoses heralded a shift toward sphincter-saving approaches with respect to cancer of the rectum Anterior resection replaced APR as the mainstay of therapy in the 1950s
The vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous (VRAM) flap is also useful in creating a neovagina after posterior colpectomy
There is a lack of information in the literature concerning the efficacy of VRAM flap reconstruction after APR
Annals of Surgery, Oct 09
Lefevre et at evaluated the results of a VRAM flap after APR for anal cancer
95 patients underwent APR, including 43 patients who subsequently received a VRAM flap
Reconstruction perineal defect with right VRAM Flap
◦ VRAM raised through lateral incision ◦ Ant rectus sheath opened and muscle dissected
from post rectus sheath ◦ Inferior deep epigastric artery pedicle preserved ◦ Deepithelialisation of skin over muscle ◦ Muscle mobilised to cover defect ◦ Abdominal closure with prolene mesh, sutures ◦ Perineum closure with sutures
Indicated for rectal cancer in the lower third of rectum
APRs involves removal of the anus, the rectum, part of the sigmoid colon and ther associated lymph nodes
However local recurrence and survival after an APR have not improved to the same degree as that seen after an anterior resection
This difference has been attributed to relative smaller tissue volumes around the tumour and higher rates of cancer at circumferential
Cylindrical APR
As tumour-free lateral margins have been demonstrated to be an important prognostic factor for local recurrence and survival, an extensive resection is frequently required
as colostomy ◦ Wide perineal resection performed ◦ Rectum delived through anus and resected in full ◦ Haemostasis achieved
Perineal defect
phbiopsy
Resected specimen
Immunohistochemistry
Colorectal cancer surgery
Right Hemicolectomy
Left Hemicolectomy