新托福考试作文之文章结构

文章开头四法之事例法
• from my point of view, Miss Lee's case is not unusual, it is typical of thousands of young teachers who are quitting their jobs in search of more lucrative work.
cooking considerably • Cooking food is fun only when we could spend less time on it.
段落实现的要求
• development
• Well developed • Using clear explanations, examples and details • Display unity, progression and coherence
• 必须表明观点 • 态度必须坚决的支持立场 • 每段都有主题句 • 通常位于段首 • 主题句必须简洁 • 主题句必须平行,不能相互包含,互为因果
主题句
• 主题句必须平行
• 是否同意建工厂?
• 建工厂会带来污染
• 建工厂会带来噪音 • 建工厂会导致交通问题 • 建工厂会带来环境问题 • 建工厂影响居民的建康
主题句
• 主题句:必须坚决的支持立场◆
• Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In 20 years, people will spend less time on cooking food
• The advances in technology will reduce the time of
文章开头四法之背景法
• from my point of view, foreign students should
choose to live in American homes because they
would have excellent oppotunity to improve his
English quickly and learn about firsthand American customs.
来自百度文库
文章开头四法之事例法
• 事例法 • 事例+各方观点+作者观点和理由
• 事例法的好处：吸引人，显示写作功底
• 事例法的坏处；使用较难
文章开头四法之事例法
• 事例法的来源
1. 媒体的报导（报纸，电视，网络）
段落的实现
• 例证法
• 提出论点—列举事例—重述论点
• 要求：每个理由后面要有例子
段落的实现
• 比较对照法：
举例：住大城市好，还是住小城镇好
段落的实现
• 分项比较：
• 交通方面，人际关系，成功机会
分项比较好处：对比鲜明
段落的实现
• the traffic is more efficient in large cities. for example, i live in Shanghai which provide a variety of transport systems such as taxi, subway and bus.it only takes me one hour to travel from one side of the city to the other. but in small towns, we can take nothing but walking on our feet. walking was considerable part of life when my father lived in his hometown some years ago. therefore, an expanding number of people are rushing to large cities for more convient traffic
• some people believe that overseas students should choose a home stay program, while/on the other hand, others think that there are some disadvantages to this living arrangement.
开头四法之问题法
• But other people argue that a scientist has a duty to make sure that his discovery is used for, not against, society.
开头四法之引语法
• 引语+各方观点+作者观点和理由 • 文章开头通过引用名人名言，箴言谚语，或有 代表性的看法见解来引出文章要展开讨论的一 种观点。
段落的实现
• Firstly, traveling with a group of people is more economical. It is because a group of travelers can get considerable discounts at airlines, hotels, restaurants and even tourist attractions. Take the summer palace in Beijing, for example. The palace, the royal residence of the emperors of the Qing Dynasty, is among the MUSTSEES of the city. The full ticket price is as much as 50 yuan, the equivalent of 8 dollars a person. However, the discounted price could be 50% lower. As a result, travelers can save a considerable sum of money. And the saved money can be used to buy more souvenirs for family and friends.
开头四法之引语法
• One of the great early socialists said that the status of women in a society is a pretty reliable index of the degree of civilization of that society. If it is true, then the present low status of women in management should make us ponder about whether our management is civilized at all.
主体框架
• 2-1（让步论证，重点推荐）
2-1：支持面理由两点充分论述+反对面理由或 支持面缺点一到两点简要论述。
主体框架
例：住在大城市好，还是住在小城镇好？
1. 写明观点，住在大城市好
2. 小城镇好处一，小城镇好处二（在一段）
3. 大城市好处一 4. 大城市好处二 5. 综上所述，大城市好
主体段落模式
• 三步走： • Transitional words+topic sentences +development
主体段落模式
• Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Watching television is bad for children? • secondly, television serves as a useful tool in improving personal relationships. Popular television programs provide topics of conversation for friends. And by watching educational programs with their children, parents can spend more quality time with them.
abroad among a multitude of Chinese students. A
foreign student who plans to become an overseas student must have some definite ideas in mind.
文章开头四法之背景法
开头四法之问题法
问题+各方观点+作者观点和理由
a scientist Should be responsible for his discoveries
开头四法之问题法
Should a scientist be responsible for his discoveries
开头四法之问题法
Opinions vary widely. To some people, the answer is negative. They think that the function of the scientist in society is to supply knowledge and that he needn't concern himself with the uses to which his knowledge or discoveries may be put.
2. 朋友，同学的故事
文章开头四法之事例法
• 青年教师职业能不能维持生计
• The other day, I met Miss Lee, my old classmate, who told me that she had decided to quit her job as a teacher at the end of the school year and to go into a company. She said that she couldn't make a living in her chosen profession and that not even her moonlighting twice a week could put her out of the financial quagmire she was in.
展开方法
• • • • 因果推理 对比推理 例证 引用
段落的实现
•
•
因果法
提出论点—提出原因—分析原因—得出结果
段落的实现
• Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The best way to travel is in a group led by a tour guide.(08/03/02)
文章开头四法之事例法
• some people believe that young teachers can not make their ends meet today, while/on the other hand, others think that they can live a well-off life as long as they work hard enough to earn enough money.
Transitional words
• 表顺序Firstly secondly, thirdly
• 表并列Besides, in addition • 表对比In contrast, in comparison • 表递进More importantly, above all
主题句
• 主题句必须是陈述句
文章结构
开头 主体 结尾
开头法
• • • • • 背景法 事例法 问题法 引语法 都是三步走
文章开头四法之背景法
• 背景法
• 具体:背景+正反观点+作者论点和理由
• 简化：背景+论题+作者观点+作者理由
文章开头四法之背景法
• 留学生是否应选择寄宿家庭
• In recent years there has been a trend of studying