英文PPT课件
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英文版绿色环保ppt课件
The Yellow River is under the double pressure of pollution and disconnection. 66.7% of the rivers monitored were of class Ⅳ water quality. The main pollution indexes are ammonia nitrogen, volatile phenol, permanganate index and biochemical oxygen demand.
summarize
1. Pollution status
According to the Bulletin of China's Environmental conditions, air quality in cities in China was still in a relatively heavy level of pollution in 1997, while cities in the north were heavier than those in the south (see figure 3-1). The annual average concentration of sulfur dioxide is in the range of 3 ~ 248 μ g / m ~ (-3), and the national annual average is 66 μ g / m ~ (-3). More than half of the cities in the north and the top 1/3 cities in the south have an annual average of more than 60 micrograms per meter. The annual average of north city is 72 μ g / m ~ (-3) and that of southern city is 60 μ g / m ~ (3). The pollution of sulfur dioxide in cities of southwest high sulfur coal region represented by Yibin, Guiyang and Chongqing, and the cities of Shanxi, Shandong, Hebei, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Henan and Shaanxi provinces with large energy consumption in the north are more serious.
summarize
1. Pollution status
According to the Bulletin of China's Environmental conditions, air quality in cities in China was still in a relatively heavy level of pollution in 1997, while cities in the north were heavier than those in the south (see figure 3-1). The annual average concentration of sulfur dioxide is in the range of 3 ~ 248 μ g / m ~ (-3), and the national annual average is 66 μ g / m ~ (-3). More than half of the cities in the north and the top 1/3 cities in the south have an annual average of more than 60 micrograms per meter. The annual average of north city is 72 μ g / m ~ (-3) and that of southern city is 60 μ g / m ~ (3). The pollution of sulfur dioxide in cities of southwest high sulfur coal region represented by Yibin, Guiyang and Chongqing, and the cities of Shanxi, Shandong, Hebei, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Henan and Shaanxi provinces with large energy consumption in the north are more serious.
26个英文字母学习ppt完整版课件
我是H h大H像梯子往上
爬 小h椅子侧着放
字 母 健 康 操
为了规范事业单位聘用关系,建立和 完善适 应社会 主义市 场经济 体制的 事业单 位工作 人员聘 用制度 ,保障 用人单 位和职 工的合 法权益
为了规范事业单位聘用关系,建立和 完善适 应社会 主义市 场经济 体制的 事业单 位工作 人员聘 用制度 ,保障 用人单 位和职 工的合 法权益
我是J j
大J墙上小挂钩 小j子弹射上天
字 母 健 康 操
为了规范事业单位聘用关系,建立和 完善适 应社会 主义市 场经济 体制的 事业单 位工作 人员聘 用制度 ,保障 用人单 位和职 工的合 法权益
为了规范事业单位聘用关系,建立和 完善适 应社会 主义市 场经济 体制的 事业单 位工作 人员聘 用制度 ,保障 用人单 位和职 工的合 法权益
• [A](4个) A a • [E](8个) E e
Gg • [ I ](2个) I i • [U](3个) U u • /e/ (7个) F f
Ss • 独立大队: O o
我是Y y
大Y弹弓没皮筋 小y比v多尾巴
字 母 健 康 操
为了规范事业单位聘用关系,建立和 完善适 应社会 主义市 场经济 体制的 事业单 位工作 人员聘 用制度 ,保障 用人单 位和职 工的合 法权益
为了规范事业单位聘用关系,建立和 完善适 应社会 主义市 场经济 体制的 事业单 位工作 人员聘 用制度 ,保障 用人单 位和职 工的合 法权益
我是I i
大I像把小哑铃 小i就像魔术棒
字 母 健 康 操
为了规范事业单位聘用关系,建立和 完善适 应社会 主义市 场经济 体制的 事业单 位工作 人员聘 用制度 ,保障 用人单 位和职 工的合 法权益
初中英语说课全英文ppt课件ppt课件
Regular tests, home work, and participation grades to monitor students' progress
02
Course Content
Course Structure
Welcome Page Course objectives and introduction
Vocabulary focus
Free time activities, travel and accommodation
Course Structure
Unit 6
Farewell and review
Grammar focus
Subjunctive and reported speech
Vocabulary focus
Language Fuovered include introducing yourself and others, describing daily routines, describing school life, ordering food in a restaurant, using public transport, describing hobbies and interests, making arrangements for meetings and travel, and expressing farewells
covers a range of topics to engage students in real life
situations and stimulate their interest in learning English
Multimedia Material
人教版初中英语说课(全英文) PPT课件 图文
Step 1. Warm up
Greet the students Ask and answer What do you(does he/she)do? What do you(does he/she) want to be? Why?
Step 2. Presentation Lead out the new phrases and target languages. ( Show some pictures on the screen).
Six Parts
Status and Function(单元地位与功能) This unit is mainly about describing people’s activities. Let the students talk about what people are doing now. The content of this unit is closely related to students’ daily life, so it’s easy to encourage them to communicate with others by using what they have learned in this class.
I'm watching TV.
1 The analysis of the teaching material (教材分析) 2.Teaching Aims (教学目标) 3.Teaching key points and difficult points(重难点) 4. The analysis of the students(学情分析) 5.Teaching methods(教法) 6.Teaching procedures(教学过程) 7.Blackboard designing(板书设计)
Greet the students Ask and answer What do you(does he/she)do? What do you(does he/she) want to be? Why?
Step 2. Presentation Lead out the new phrases and target languages. ( Show some pictures on the screen).
Six Parts
Status and Function(单元地位与功能) This unit is mainly about describing people’s activities. Let the students talk about what people are doing now. The content of this unit is closely related to students’ daily life, so it’s easy to encourage them to communicate with others by using what they have learned in this class.
I'm watching TV.
1 The analysis of the teaching material (教材分析) 2.Teaching Aims (教学目标) 3.Teaching key points and difficult points(重难点) 4. The analysis of the students(学情分析) 5.Teaching methods(教法) 6.Teaching procedures(教学过程) 7.Blackboard designing(板书设计)
英文版课件PPT
03
Different types of courseware: There are different types of courseware depending on the intended use and the educational level for which it is designed Some common types include interactive courseware, simulation courseware, online courseware, blended courseware, and mobile courseware
Set learning goals
It's important for students to set specific learning goals for each unit and track their progress regularly
Practice outside of class
Students must have a basic knowledge of the English language and be able to participate in class activities and assignments
Why should you take this course?
01
the
What is this course about?
Course objectives
This course aims to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of English language and culture, as well as practical language skills that can be applied in real world situations
全英文ppt课件
Propose preparation before speaking helps build confidence It involves families alone with the topic, researching the audience, and reheating the speech A well prepared speaker is more confident because they know they are ready for the task
Using color effectively
Use color to highlight important information and draw attention to key points
Avoiding cutter
Avoid adding too many visual aids to your slides or handles, as they can cutter the presentation and make it hard for the audience to focus
The speaker should focus on delivering their message, rather than worrying about their appearance or the reaction of the audience Focusing on the content of the speech helps the speaker to be more confident and authentic
Business Presentations
Understanding the audience
完美英语课件(大自然).ppt
青蛙工作室
Our natural resources will last longer if we learn to recycie them.
别让傲慢和偏见疏远了我 们的距离!
如果 我们学会 再利用的 话,自然 资源就能 持续更久。
青蛙工作室
Gtion will not rise so quickly if people use modern methods of birth control.
重点词汇 ultimately 词义: 词义:最后;最终 联想 :Final Fantasy 最终幻想(FF-10 素敌) 用法例句:ultimately the President makes all decisions. 最后,总统作出全部决定。
思念使感情更加珍贵。
青蛙工作室
重点词汇 collapse 词义: 词义:崩溃, 瓦解,(价格等)暴跌; (计划等)失 败 坍塌到; 联想 :collapse to坍塌到;折叠到 坍塌到 用法例句:Economic collapse is a rare circumstance. 经济崩溃是不太可能发生的事。 经济崩溃是不太可能发生的事
好心情并不需要太多的理 由!
青蛙工作室
重点词汇 contradictory 词义 :adj.矛盾的, 同...相反的 联想 :contradistinction 对比的不同 用法例句:seemingly contradictory but 用法例句 nonetheless possibly true. 看起来矛盾但可能真实的
UK Scotland
英国 苏格兰
改变世界,我们可以做的还 很多! 青蛙工作室
Protection of the Environment Once man did not have to think about the protection of his environment. There were few people on the earth, and natural resources seemed to be unlimited.
Our natural resources will last longer if we learn to recycie them.
别让傲慢和偏见疏远了我 们的距离!
如果 我们学会 再利用的 话,自然 资源就能 持续更久。
青蛙工作室
Gtion will not rise so quickly if people use modern methods of birth control.
重点词汇 ultimately 词义: 词义:最后;最终 联想 :Final Fantasy 最终幻想(FF-10 素敌) 用法例句:ultimately the President makes all decisions. 最后,总统作出全部决定。
思念使感情更加珍贵。
青蛙工作室
重点词汇 collapse 词义: 词义:崩溃, 瓦解,(价格等)暴跌; (计划等)失 败 坍塌到; 联想 :collapse to坍塌到;折叠到 坍塌到 用法例句:Economic collapse is a rare circumstance. 经济崩溃是不太可能发生的事。 经济崩溃是不太可能发生的事
好心情并不需要太多的理 由!
青蛙工作室
重点词汇 contradictory 词义 :adj.矛盾的, 同...相反的 联想 :contradistinction 对比的不同 用法例句:seemingly contradictory but 用法例句 nonetheless possibly true. 看起来矛盾但可能真实的
UK Scotland
英国 苏格兰
改变世界,我们可以做的还 很多! 青蛙工作室
Protection of the Environment Once man did not have to think about the protection of his environment. There were few people on the earth, and natural resources seemed to be unlimited.
26个字母ppt课件完整版
字母与动作联想
3
为每个字母设计一个相应的动作或手势,通过动 作的表达来加深记忆,例如"E"可以表示为"张开 双臂像大鹰展翅"。
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歌曲、游戏等趣味记忆方式
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字母歌曲
01
选用旋律简单、节奏明快的歌曲,将26个字母编排成歌词,通
过唱歌的方式帮助记忆。
字母游戏
02
设计各种与字母相关的游戏,如字母拼图、字母捉迷藏、字母
字母剪纸
教孩子使用剪刀和纸张剪出字母的形状,不仅可以锻炼孩子的动手能 力,还能让孩子在剪纸的过程中熟悉和记忆字母的形状。
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04 听说读写综合能 力培养
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听力训练策略部署
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精选听力材料
选择适合学生年龄和水平的听力材料,如儿歌、故事、对话等。
创设听力情境
01
02
03
阅读
字母是构成单词的基础, 掌握字母的发音和拼写规 则有助于阅读和理解文本 。
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写作
通过字母的组合和排列, 可以表达丰富的思想和情 感,进行有效的书面交流 。
语言学习
学习一门新语言时,字母 是入门的基础,掌握字母 的发音和书写有助于后续 的语言学习。
5
学习字母的重要性
提高语言能力
25
06 总结回顾与展望 未来
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关键知识点总结梳理
01
02
03
04
26个字母的读音和大小写形 式
字母在单词中的发音规律
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字母组合的常见发音
英文ppt课件
Letters and emails
01
Property Etiquette
02
Use appropriate language and tone, depending on the recipient and purpose
Academic norms and writing skills
Introduce the norms and writing skills of academic papers, such as literature citation, paper structure, etc., to help students master the reading and writing methods of academic papers.
04
Use appropriate and descriptive words to enhance the essay's impact
Letters and emails
Salutation and Closing
Begin with a formal or information sale, depending on the recipient
05
04
Unit 4
Cultural Understanding and Interpersonal Communication
Course Requirements
Basic knowledge of the English language
Willingness to particle activity in class discussions and activities
Non fiction
介绍中国英文版PPT课件 共24页
The southernmost China's territory in the south China sea has reef of the nansha islands (4 ° N) nearby.
The most eastern end of China's territory in the center line of the river's main channel of heilongjiang province of heilongjiang and wusuli river crossings (135 ° E)
Position
Chinese territory across more than 60 degrees longitude, across five time zones, is about 5200 km in distance.
China's northernmost territory on the north of heilongjiang province at mohe heilongjiang main channel center line (53 ° N)
The most western end China's territory in the pamirs in xinjiang (73 ° E).
Chinese Culture Introduction
Chinese culture is the up and down five thousand years civilization evolution and become, is thousands of years the crystallization of the wisdom of the Chinese nation, famous in overseas, it is our pride.
The most eastern end of China's territory in the center line of the river's main channel of heilongjiang province of heilongjiang and wusuli river crossings (135 ° E)
Position
Chinese territory across more than 60 degrees longitude, across five time zones, is about 5200 km in distance.
China's northernmost territory on the north of heilongjiang province at mohe heilongjiang main channel center line (53 ° N)
The most western end China's territory in the pamirs in xinjiang (73 ° E).
Chinese Culture Introduction
Chinese culture is the up and down five thousand years civilization evolution and become, is thousands of years the crystallization of the wisdom of the Chinese nation, famous in overseas, it is our pride.
英文介绍ppt课件ppt课件
Pronunciation elements include sounds, introduction, stress, and rhythm These elements work together to create the unique sound of each language
Difficiencies in promotion training
Difficiencies may include mastering the correct promotion of individual sounds, distinguishing between similar sounds, and adapting promotion to different contexts and accounts
Understanding and adapting to different cultural communication norms when engaging in English conversations
The ability to effectively communicate and resolve issues in English, demonstrating practical language skills
Ways of vocabulary learning
In addition to rote memorization, learners can also learn vocabulary through context, settlements, and word formation
Differences in vocabulary learning
English Reading and Writing Skills
Difficiencies in promotion training
Difficiencies may include mastering the correct promotion of individual sounds, distinguishing between similar sounds, and adapting promotion to different contexts and accounts
Understanding and adapting to different cultural communication norms when engaging in English conversations
The ability to effectively communicate and resolve issues in English, demonstrating practical language skills
Ways of vocabulary learning
In addition to rote memorization, learners can also learn vocabulary through context, settlements, and word formation
Differences in vocabulary learning
English Reading and Writing Skills
英语第一册第三版Unit5ppt课件
Sam Stern Sam Stern is a star cook and cookbook writer.* But he’s a student, too! His recipes are fast, easy and healthy. He often takes cakes into school for his classmates. Sam has a new recipe each week. He hates writing about the recipes, so he and his mum cook together. Then she writes the recipes down. Cooking is a problem in Sam’s house because there are seven people in his family—his parents, his brother and his three sisters, and they are all different! One sister does not eat meat but his brother loves meat and his dad doesn’t eat chocolate or cheese. Sam is very busy. He writes a blog on his website and a weekly article in a children’s newspaper. In the blog, he talks about his life and recipes. He wants teenagers to cook healthy
STRUCTURE & GRAMMAR
保护环境的PPT英文版PPT课件
Governments collaborate internationally to share resources, knowledge, and technologies to address environmental challenges.
05
The Future and Our Role
Objectives of the Presentation
01
To introduce the audience to the concept of environmental protection.
02
To highlight the importance of environmental protection and its impact on society and the economy.
03
To provide information on sustainable development and practical ways to protect the environment.
02
The Environment and Human
Interference
The Ecosystem
Details
Methods for reducing waste include using sustainable packaging materials, such as paper or cardboard; using recyclable items, such as glass or aluminum; and composting organic waste.
Details
Protecting Habitats
05
The Future and Our Role
Objectives of the Presentation
01
To introduce the audience to the concept of environmental protection.
02
To highlight the importance of environmental protection and its impact on society and the economy.
03
To provide information on sustainable development and practical ways to protect the environment.
02
The Environment and Human
Interference
The Ecosystem
Details
Methods for reducing waste include using sustainable packaging materials, such as paper or cardboard; using recyclable items, such as glass or aluminum; and composting organic waste.
Details
Protecting Habitats
课件ppt英文
Article Analysis
Topic understanding
Inference skills
Ensuring students understand the topic or subject matter of the article they are reading
Helping students make logical inferences based on the information provided in the article
Grammar parsing
Understanding sentence structure
Learn the basic grammar rules of English, such as sentence structure, tense, voice, subject verb agreement, as well as the usage of various clauses and subjunctive moods.
Writing Practice
01
Composition Assignments
Completing written assignments that require the application of
writing skills, such as essays or reports
02
Peer Review
Critical thinking
Encouraging students to analyze the article's content, formulaic opinions, and evaluate the author's arguments
英语入门基础知识ppt课件ppt
英语学习网站
例如,多邻国、有道词典等,提供丰富的英语学习资源和在线 课程。
英语学习书籍
例如,《新概念英语》、《大学英语四六级考试大纲》等,涵 盖了英语学习的各个方面。
英语学习软件
例如,百词斩、扇贝单词等,提供个性化的英语学习计划和练 习。
THANKS
感谢观看
多听英语材料可以培养英 语语感,提高对英语的理 解能力。
英语口语技巧
模仿发音
模仿英语母语者的发音可 以提高自己的口语,可以 通过跟读、模仿电影、广 播等途径进行练习。
多说多练
口语需要多说多练,可以 通过参加英语角、与外国 人交流等方式进行口语练 习。
注意语法和词汇
口语表达需要正确的语法 和词汇,因此需要注重语 法和词汇的学习。
英语听力与口语练习
听英文歌曲
英文歌曲是一种很好的听力练 习材料,可以帮助你熟悉英语
发音和语调。
看英文电影
英文电影是一种很好的口语练习 材料,可以帮助你了解英语口语 表达方式和语速。
参加英语角
英语角是一个很好的社交场所,可 以与英语母语者和学习者交流,练 习口语和听力。
03
英语阅读与写作
英语阅读技巧
的运用。
填空题
02
给出不完整的句子,让学生填写合适的单词,以检验学生对英
语词汇和语法的掌握程度。
翻译题
03
给出中文句子,让学生翻译成英文,以检验学生对英语词汇和
语法的综合运用能力。
05
英语考试与评估
英语考试类型与内容
总结词:了解熟悉
详细描述:介绍英语考试的常见类型,如托福、雅思、大学英语四六级等,以及 各类型考试的主要内容和特点。
05
掌握时态和语态可以帮助我们
英语ppt课件完整
详细描述
通过阅读、听力等途径,不断积累英语词汇,提高词汇 量,增强英语表达能力。
详细描述
介绍有效的词汇记忆方法,如联想记忆、语境记忆等, 帮助学生快速记忆单词。
语法解析
总结词
掌握基本语法规则
详细描述
学习英语的基本语法规则,如时态 、语态、主谓一致等,了解句子结 构。
总结词
深入解析复杂语法结构
详细描述
阅读反馈和评估
提供阅读反馈和评估,帮助学 生了解自己的阅读水平和需要
改进的地方。
05
英语写作技巧
写作基础
总结词
掌握基础语法和词汇
详细描述
学习英语的基础语法规则和 常用词汇,能够正确地表达 意思,避免常见的语法和拼
写错误。
总结词
培养英语语感
详细描述
通过大量的阅读和听力练习,培养英语语 感,提高对英语语言的理解和运用能力。
商务演讲与报告
讲解如何准备和发表商 务演讲,以及如何撰写 商务报告,提高演讲和
报告的质量。
生活英语应用
生活英语概述
介绍生活英语的定义、特点和应用范围,以 及其在日常生活中的重要性。
旅游英语表达
介绍旅游中常用的表达方式和技巧,如何与 旅游服务人员有效沟通。
日常会话交流
讲解如何用英语进行日常会话交流,包括问 候、介绍、道别等场景。
。
04
推断技巧
根据文章中的线索和背景知识 ,推断出作者未明确表达的含
义或意图。
文章解析
01
02
03
04
主题和主旨
确定文章的主题和主旨,以及 作者的观点和态度。
结构和组织
分析文章的结构和组织,了解 作者如何安排段落和布局。
通过阅读、听力等途径,不断积累英语词汇,提高词汇 量,增强英语表达能力。
详细描述
介绍有效的词汇记忆方法,如联想记忆、语境记忆等, 帮助学生快速记忆单词。
语法解析
总结词
掌握基本语法规则
详细描述
学习英语的基本语法规则,如时态 、语态、主谓一致等,了解句子结 构。
总结词
深入解析复杂语法结构
详细描述
阅读反馈和评估
提供阅读反馈和评估,帮助学 生了解自己的阅读水平和需要
改进的地方。
05
英语写作技巧
写作基础
总结词
掌握基础语法和词汇
详细描述
学习英语的基础语法规则和 常用词汇,能够正确地表达 意思,避免常见的语法和拼
写错误。
总结词
培养英语语感
详细描述
通过大量的阅读和听力练习,培养英语语 感,提高对英语语言的理解和运用能力。
商务演讲与报告
讲解如何准备和发表商 务演讲,以及如何撰写 商务报告,提高演讲和
报告的质量。
生活英语应用
生活英语概述
介绍生活英语的定义、特点和应用范围,以 及其在日常生活中的重要性。
旅游英语表达
介绍旅游中常用的表达方式和技巧,如何与 旅游服务人员有效沟通。
日常会话交流
讲解如何用英语进行日常会话交流,包括问 候、介绍、道别等场景。
。
04
推断技巧
根据文章中的线索和背景知识 ,推断出作者未明确表达的含
义或意图。
文章解析
01
02
03
04
主题和主旨
确定文章的主题和主旨,以及 作者的观点和态度。
结构和组织
分析文章的结构和组织,了解 作者如何安排段落和布局。
英文英语说课ppt课件
Reading and writing teaching is a very important part of English teaching, which involves cultivating students' reading and writing abilities.
CHAPTER
Grammar teaching is a very important part of English teaching, which involves teaching language rules and structures.
In grammar teaching, teachers usually explain grammar rules and provide sufficient practice to help students master these rules. In addition, teachers will also teach students how to analyze sentence structures to improve their reading and writing abilities.
English Lecture PowerPoint CoursewareΒιβλιοθήκη CATALOGUE目录
Course IntroductionTeaching contentTeaching strategiesCourse implementationCourse effectiveness
CHAPTER
01
02
03
04
In depth explanations of grammar, vocabulary, reading, and writing skills
26个英语字母ppt课件
45
元音字母与辅音字母
• 元音字母:指语言里起发声作用的字 母,跟汉语拼音里的韵母作用一样 。
• 在26个英语字母里,元音字母有A ,E , I ,O ,U
• 辅音字母:除元音字母外的所有字 母。
46
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQR
[ei] A H J K [ i:] B C D E G P [e] F L M N X [ ai ] I Y [ju:] Q O /әu / / ɑ: / R
43
⑨小写字母a,d,g,q的起笔都在第二线上,中间部分 是椭圆形。注意起笔处要合拢。 ⑩小写字母a,d,h,i,k,l,m,n,t,u等字母的收 笔是一个上挑的小圆钩,如 注意不能写成锐角,如:
更不能写成汉字的竖弯钩,如 :
44
g,j,y的下延弯度要适当,如: ,不能太长,如:
也不能太钩,如: (11)字母与字母不论是否连写,间隔要均匀、适当, 不要凑得过紧,也不要离得太远。 (12)单词之间必须有适当的距离,一般说,以空出小 写字母a的宽度为宜。
• 难点:默写字母和拼读单词。区分元音 字母和辅音字母。
3
教学设计
• 26个英语字母的教学主要分三个课时完 成。先通过字母歌唤起学生学字母的兴 趣。然后逐步教每个字母的读法,字母 在四线三格中的正确位置以及正确的书 写笔顺。在教学的过程中涉及小组比赛 读字母,关于学生对字母反应能力的游 戏。以及一些练习题让学生快速正确的 掌握字母。
21
Ll
L的大写右半框,合并7字一扇窗。 开窗睁眼看世界,却见l小瘦又长。
/el/
22
Mm
大写的M像峡谷,两座山峰相对峙。 小写m的像梳子,总共只有三个齿.
/em/
23
元音字母与辅音字母
• 元音字母:指语言里起发声作用的字 母,跟汉语拼音里的韵母作用一样 。
• 在26个英语字母里,元音字母有A ,E , I ,O ,U
• 辅音字母:除元音字母外的所有字 母。
46
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQR
[ei] A H J K [ i:] B C D E G P [e] F L M N X [ ai ] I Y [ju:] Q O /әu / / ɑ: / R
43
⑨小写字母a,d,g,q的起笔都在第二线上,中间部分 是椭圆形。注意起笔处要合拢。 ⑩小写字母a,d,h,i,k,l,m,n,t,u等字母的收 笔是一个上挑的小圆钩,如 注意不能写成锐角,如:
更不能写成汉字的竖弯钩,如 :
44
g,j,y的下延弯度要适当,如: ,不能太长,如:
也不能太钩,如: (11)字母与字母不论是否连写,间隔要均匀、适当, 不要凑得过紧,也不要离得太远。 (12)单词之间必须有适当的距离,一般说,以空出小 写字母a的宽度为宜。
• 难点:默写字母和拼读单词。区分元音 字母和辅音字母。
3
教学设计
• 26个英语字母的教学主要分三个课时完 成。先通过字母歌唤起学生学字母的兴 趣。然后逐步教每个字母的读法,字母 在四线三格中的正确位置以及正确的书 写笔顺。在教学的过程中涉及小组比赛 读字母,关于学生对字母反应能力的游 戏。以及一些练习题让学生快速正确的 掌握字母。
21
Ll
L的大写右半框,合并7字一扇窗。 开窗睁眼看世界,却见l小瘦又长。
/el/
22
Mm
大写的M像峡谷,两座山峰相对峙。 小写m的像梳子,总共只有三个齿.
/em/
23
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Pathology
• Emphysema • Inflammation affecting the alveoli. • Scar tissue formation following inflammatory
process • Destruction of alveolar walls. • Reduction in surface area for gas exchange. • Damaged membrane for gas transfer • Scar tissue leads to restriction and reduced
COPD
Shane O’Reilly COPD Service Clinical Lead
What is COPD
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is an umbrella term used to describe different conditions that have similar symptoms and causes.
– Inflammation – Bronchoconstriction – Phlegm
Pathology
• Irritation of the airways causes inflammatory response.
• Smoking causes elastase to be released from the inflammatory mediators.
Chronic productive cough
Breathlessness
Night time waking with breathlessness
and or wheeze Significant diurnal or day to day variability
of symptoms
COPD Nearly All
Stopping smoking at any age has beneficial effects on the lung function of patients with COPD.
Srivastava P et al. BMJ 2006;332:1324-1326
©2006 by British Medical Journal Publishing Group
Rare Common Persistent and progressive Uncommon
Uncommon
Asthmቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ Possible
Often Uncommon
Variable Common
Common
Spirometry
• FEV1 – Forced Expiratory Volume in one second
• Shortness of breath • Cough • Phlegm • Chest infections • Reduction in exercise tolerance • Weight gain or loss • Cor pulmonale
Treatment
• Smoking Cessation • Pharmacology • Oxygen • Pulmonary Rehabilitation • Self management advice and education • NIV
and corticosteroid
Inhaled Therapy
• Short acting Beta 2 agonist • Short acting Anticholonergic • Long acting Beta 2 agonist • Long acting Anticholonergic • Combination long acting Beta 2 agonist
• Elastase starts to break down the elastic nature of the airways.
• It is the continual nature of the irritation that causes the long term inflammation and damage to the airways
• The two main conditions under the umbrella are chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
COPD
• Obstructive – Main cause of breathlessness. 3 components to obstruction
• FVC – Forced Vital Capacity • FEV1/FVC Ratio Below 70% for
obstruction • NICE
– >80% Mild – 50 – 80% Moderate – 30 - 50% Severe – <30% Very Severe
Clinical Features
Pathology
• Chronic Bronchitis • Affects the bronchioles. • Irritation causes chronic inflammation. • Reduction in size of lumen • Increased airflow resistance • Increased number of goblet cells • Less compliant lungs • Greater effort to breathe
lung compliance
Diagnosis
• History
– Age – Smoking – Cough – Phlegm – Short of Breath
• Spirometry
COPD and Asthma
Smoker or exsmoker
Symptoms under age 45