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分词的独立结构

分词作状语时，其逻辑主语和句子的主语应该一致，否则，分词应该有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立结构。

独立结构一般位于句首，也可位于句尾，表示伴随状况时，常居句首。

1．逻辑主语+现在分词

All being well, the project will be finished in five months.

Weather (Time) permitting, we shall go there on foot.

Advice failing, we have to use force.

2.逻辑主语+过去分词

This done，they went home.

Everything taken into consideration, his plan seems to be more workable.

Good luck given, I will earn more money than all of you.(If good luck is given=given good luck)

3.逻辑主语+分词的完成式或分词的完成被动式

这种结构表示先完成的主动意义或是先

完成的被动意义.

The moon having risen, they took a walk in the fields.(When the moon had risen) The earthquake having destroyed everything, they became homeless.

4. There +being+其它成分

这种结构多放在句首，也可放在句尾。There being nothing to do, we played games.

The closed the store, there being no customers.

5. 可以省略being 或having been的结构逻辑主语+being+形容词

逻辑主语+being+副词

逻辑主语+being+名词

逻辑主语+being+介词短语

逻辑主语+being+过去分词

逻辑主语+having been+过去分词

逻辑主语+being+不定式

The old man sat in the sofa, his face (being) serious

The storm being over, everything was in

peace again.

She came up, her hair being a wreck.

独立结构中的逻辑主语前有时可以加with或without，作伴随状语或定语，这种结构中除用分词外，还可以用不定式，形容词，介词短语，副词或是名词。With night coming on, they went home. He sat at desk with the moon peeping through the window.

With the sun up, they continued their journey.

从looking up at the sky, the moon shone bright and clear之误看分词等的悬垂结构。

分词短语相当于状语从句，其逻辑主语通常是主句的主语。如

Looking up at the sky, she saw the moon shining bright and clear.

主句的主语she

如果分词短语的逻辑主语不是主句的

主语，这样的分词短语就是悬垂结构。如

Looking up at the sky, the moon shone bright and clear.

主句的主语是the moon不可能是looking up at the sky的逻辑主语，故该分词结构就悬垂无依着了。

悬垂修饰语是可以避免的病句。归纳起来可分为下面几类

1.悬垂致病的分词结构

Walking along lake , the country scenery presented a lovely show.

修改：As she was walking along the lake, the country scenery presented a lovely show.

2.Walking along the lake, he enjoyed a lovely show of the country scenery.

2.悬垂致病的动名词结构

By building a railway there, coal can be carried out from the mountains.

改：By building a railway there, people can carry coal out from the mountains.

3.悬垂致病的不定式结构

To speak English well, a lot of practice is needed.

改：To speak English well, we need (one needs) a lot of practice.

4.悬垂致病的从句结构

While reading the book, the door bell rang. 改：while she was reading the book, the door bell rang.

或：while reading the book, she heard the door bell ring.

5.悬垂但不致病的分词及分词短语

1.单个现在分词（已转化为介词）Regarding, concerning, considering, respecting关于, touching关于, including, counting包括, barring除了, following在后, beginning在---之前, wanting没有（缺）, failing没有, pending在---之前, notwithstanding尽管,excepting

I know nothing regarding the present situation.

Touching her wealth, I have nothing to say.