兰州大学病理学和病理生理学2019年考博真题试卷
兰州大学考研真题(已有10试题)
兰州大学管理学院管理学2000——2006西方经济学2000——2007，2010（2010为回忆版）文学院古代汉语和现代汉语2006古代汉语2002——2005文学概论2000——2002，2004——2005现代汉语2002现代汉语和语言学概论2003——2005语言学概论2000——2002中国文学2008中国文学史2000——2007（注：2002，2003年试卷名称为“中国古代文学史”）中国现代文学史2002——2003文学理论和外国文学2008文学概论和外国文学2006比较文学与世界文学2002——2003汉语言文字学2000——2001新闻与传播学院传播学原理1999——2005（1999——2004有答案）新闻理论(含中国新闻事业史) 1999——2005，2007（1999——2004有答案）新闻写作1999——2002历史文化学院民族学概论2003——2005民族学原理2000——2001世界近现代史1995——2005中国古代史2000——2005中国近现代史1994——2005中国历史文选2002——2005中国少数民族史2003——2005经济学院高级微观与宏观经济学2006西方经济学2000——2007，2010（2010为回忆版）发展经济学2000——2005金融学综合（含货币银行学、国际金融学）2005政治经济学（资、社）2000——2005中国近现代经济史(含中国近代经济史、中华人民共和国经济史)2005法学院法理学2003——2005法理学（复试）2004国际公法（复试）2004——2005国际经济法2005环境与资源保护法2002——2005经济法2001——2005民法2001——2002民法（复试）2004——2005民商法2003——2005民事诉讼法（复试）2004——2005宪法与行政法学2008宪法（复试）2004刑法2004——2005刑事诉讼法（复试）2004——2005行政法2002行政法与行政诉讼法2004——2005外国语学院二外德语2002——2005二外法语2002——2005二外日语2001，2003（2001有答案）翻译与写作2004——2005英美文学2001——2005英语语言学2002——2005哲学社会学院科学思想史2004——2005马克思主义哲学2004——2005西方哲学史2000——2005中国哲学史2000——2005社会调查方法2002——2005（注：2004年试卷共2页，缺第2页）社会学理论2007社会学概论2002——2005社会学专业2004年复试（笔试）试题政治与行政学院国际政治学2002——2006，2008（注：2008年试卷为回忆版）马克思主义发展史2002——2006政治学原理2002——2006，2008科学社会主义原理2004教育学院高等教育学2002教育基本理论（含中外教育史）2003——2005教育心理学2002心理学2003——2005中外教育史2002数学与统计学院高等代数2001——2006，2008（答案有：2008）数学分析1999——2006，2008（答案有：2005）物理科学与技术学院半导体物理1998——2000，2002——2005高等数学(物理类)2001——2005固体物理2003——2005量子力学(含原子物理学)2001——2005原子核物理(含核物理实验方法)2003——2005信息科学与工程学院高等数学(物理类)2001——2005电子线路（含线性电路、数字电路与逻辑设计）2000——2005计算机组成原理2002数据结构A2002操作系统2002数据结构A(含操作系统)2003——2005数据结构（含操作系统、计算机组成原理）2007数据结构B(含计算机组成原理)2003——2005化学化工学院分析化学（含无机化学）2001——2002，2001——2002答案化工原理2005，2005答案（其中2005答案缺第3页）无机化学1993——1998，2001，2001答案（其中2001答案缺页）无机及分析化学1999——2000，2002——2005，2002——2005答案物理化学1993——2004，2001——2004答案物理化学A2005，2005答案物理化学B2005，2005答案有机化学1993——2005，2001——2005答案（其中2005年的试卷缺第一页）生命科学学院分子生物学2003——2005普通动物学（含脊椎动物学、无脊椎动物学）2002——2005普通微生物学2004——2005生理学2002——2005生态学(含种群生态学、群落生态学、生态系统生态学)2002——2005生物化学(含有机化学)2002——2005，2007细胞生物学2003——2005，2007遗传学(含分子遗传学)2002——2005植物生物学（含植物生理学）2002——2005，2007资源环境学院自然地理学2000——2006高等数学（地学类）2000——2006环境学概论2002——2006普通地质学2001——2005岩石学(沉积岩和岩浆岩)2000——2005遥感与地理信息系统2002——2005草地农业科技学院普通生态学2003——2005土壤学2005植物生理学2003——2005大气科学学院高等数学(物理类)2001——2005土木工程与力学学院（无此试卷）艺术学院（无此试卷）医学院（原兰州医学院）病理生理学2001病理学2001——2004（其中2001年有两种）生理学1997——2000，2005。
医学博士生考试真题
医学博士生考试真题选择题下列哪种细胞是构成人体免疫系统的主要细胞？A. 神经细胞B. 红细胞C. 淋巴细胞D. 肌细胞答案：C在医学研究中，下列哪种方法常用于评估药物的治疗效果？A. 问卷调查B. 随机对照试验C. 观察法D. 文献回顾答案：B下列哪种疾病是由病毒引起的？A. 糖尿病B. 冠心病C. 流行性感冒D. 骨质疏松症答案：C在解剖学上，心脏的主要功能是什么？A. 分泌激素B. 储存血液C. 泵送血液D. 消化食物答案：C下列哪种激素由甲状腺分泌，对机体代谢和生长发育有重要作用？A. 胰岛素B. 生长激素C. 甲状腺素D. 肾上腺素答案：C名词解释肝肾综合征（HRS）：又称功能性肾衰，以自发性少尿或无尿、氮质血症、稀释性低钠血症和低尿钠为特征，而肾脏无明显病理改变。
肠易激综合征（IBS）：是一种腹痛或腹部不适伴排便习惯改变为特征的功能性肠病，经检查排除可引起这些症状的器质性疾病。
卓-艾综合征（胃泌素瘤）：由胰腺非β细胞瘤分泌大量胃泌素所致，肿瘤一般很小（<1cm），生长缓慢，半数为恶性。
简答题自发性气胸的治疗原则：根据气胸类型、病因、发生频次、肺萎缩程度、病情状态及有无并发症等，酌情选择保守治疗或手术治疗。
一般首次发生的症状较轻的闭合性气胸，可先行保守治疗。
保守治疗无效或复发、引流后持续漏气、血气胸、长期气胸、张力性气胸引流失败者可考虑手术治疗。
支气管哮喘典型的临床表现：反复发作性伴有哮鸣音的呼气性呼吸困难。
症状可在数分钟内发生，并持续数小时至数天，可经平喘药物治疗后缓解或自行缓解。
夜间及凌晨发作和加重常是哮喘的特征之一。
肿瘤外科治疗的原则：无瘤原则：指在切除肿瘤时及整个手术过程中，防止肿瘤细胞的扩散和种植，这是肿瘤外科治疗的基本原则。
整块切除原则：强调在手术中应整块切除肿瘤及其周围正常组织，以防止肿瘤细胞的扩散。
根治性原则：在切除肿瘤时，应同时切除肿瘤周围可能受累的淋巴结和软组织，以达到根治的目的。
2022年兰州大学基础医学专业《病理学》科目期末考试卷B
2022年兰州大学基础医学专业《病理学》科目期末考试卷B一、判断题1、炎症的变质性病变可以表现为：细胞水肿、玻璃样变性、纤维素样变性、干酪样坏死等。
（）2、SLE患者可出现细菌性疣赘性心内膜炎的发生。
（）3、Bcl-2基因是重要的抑制凋亡的基因。
（）4、唐氏综合征患者有明显的智力落后、特殊面容、生长发育障碍及多发畸形。
（）5、中枢神经系统中髓鞘再生能力是有限的。
（）6、在炎症中，巨噬细胞的功能包括：搬运、吸收坏死组织，刺激纤维组织增生，吞噬杀灭病原体，形成炎性肉芽肿，参与免疫反应。
（）7、在胃镜观察时，慢性萎缩性胃炎胃黏膜下血管模糊不清。
（）8、慢性粒细胞白血病常出现外周血白细胞明显升高。
（）9、卵巢肿瘤仅发生于卵巢上皮组织。
（）10、支气管扩张症是肺内小支气管管腔持久性扩张伴管壁纤维性增厚为特征的慢性呼吸道疾病。
（）11、风湿性动脉炎时大小动脉均可受累，以小动脉受累较为常见，包括冠状动脉、肾动脉。
（）12、对于年轻的高血压患者，需考虑有无内分泌系统疾病。
（）13、职业暴露及环境暴露污染因素包含有机溶剂、高分子聚合物、金属离子，不包括非金属离子。
（）14、肾细胞癌起源于肾小球内皮细胞。
（）15、肺结核病主要经呼吸道吸入带菌微滴造成感染，一般直径大于5um的微滴致病性最强。
（）二、选择题16、急性左心衰患者突然口吐粉红色泡沫痰，肺脏最可能有的病变为（）A.肺褐色硬化B.肺水肿C.肺萎缩D.肺含铁血黄素沉积E.肺泡腔内纤维素渗出17、风湿性心肌炎的特征性病变是（）A.Aschof小体形成B.心肌细胞肥大C.心肌细胞萎缩D.心肌细胞变性坏死E.大量慢性炎细胞浸润18、关于纤维素样坏死，下列说法错误的是（）A.结缔组织常见的坏死形式B.以纤维素渗出为基础C.形成颗粒状无结构物质D.常见于变态反应性疾病E.与胶原纤维肿胀崩解有关19、肉芽组织中一般不含有（）A.巨噬细胞B.成纤维细胞C，神经纤维D.胶原纤维E.细菌和异物20、弥漫性毒性甲状腺肿一般不出现（）A.甲状腺肿大B.眼球突出C.全身淋巴组织增生、胸腺和脾脏增大D.甲状腺内淋巴组织增生E.间质内常有淀粉样物质沉积21、宫颈做小浸润性鳞状细胞癌是（）A.缩没润深度不超过基底膜下5mmB.癌浸润深度超过基底膜5mmC.癌浸润深度不超过基底膜下7mmD.癌浸润深度超过基底膜lmmE.癌没润深度不超过基底膜下5mm、宽度不超过7mm22、肾病综合征的主要临床表现不正确的是（）A.低蛋白血症B.大量蛋白尿C.严重水肿D.高脂血症E.血尿23、引起出血性炎的主要原因是（）A.血管破裂B.血管壁损伤严重C.组织缺氧D.感染严重E.组织水肿24、免疫组化染色最常用的检测显示系统是（）A.AKP-新福红B.HRP-AECC.AKP-BCIP/NBTD.HRP-DABE.HRP-BCIP/NBT25、在欧美国家，引起肝硬化的主要病因是（）A.病毒性肝炎B.药物中毒C.灶性坏死D.碎片状坏死E.长期酗酒26、对于恶性肿瘤的诊断，最有力的证据是（）A.肿瘤边界不清B.肿瘤出血坏死C.出现转移D.肿瘤较大E.切除后复发27、性染色体病在临床上最常见的表现是（）A.多发畸形和身体及智力发育迟缓B.身体及智力发育迟缓C.性发育不全D.自发性流产E.皮纹异常28、患者男性，51岁，食管肿瘤，术后病理检查，镜下见肿瘤细胞巢状排列.浸润肌层，肿瘤细胞巢中央可见同心圆呈层状排列的红染无结构层状角化物，应诊断为（）A.平滑肌肉瘤B.高分化腺癌C.癌肉瘤D.腺鳞癌E.高分化鳞癌29、死者心脏标本可见心脏明显增大呈球形，心脏扩张，乳头肌、肉柱扁平，心室壁可见灰色小的频痕，有附鉴血栓。
兰州大学病理学和病理生理学2019年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
兰州大学
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2019 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学和病理生理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、选择题（25 个单选，5 个多选）
二、名词解释 5 个 1. nanplasia tumor 2. 肉芽肿性炎 3. 桥接坏死 4. 肺褐色硬变 5. 全身适应综合征
三、简答题 4 个 1. 肺结核的基本病变特征，形成条件 2. 胃溃疡的病理学特点，疼痛的原理 3. 固缩肾由哪些疾动的机制
四、论述题 2 个 1. 发热的分期及热代谢特点 2. 分子病理学的含义。与传统组织病理学的区别
英语 作文是批判性思维 翻译是 copd
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《病理生理学》2018-2019期末试题及答案
《病理生理学》2018-2019期末试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共40分）1．基本病理过程是指( )。
A．每一种疾病的发病机制和规律B．机体重要系统在不同疾病中出现常见的共同的病理生理变化C．各系统的不同疾病所共有的致病因素D．在多种疾病过程中出现的共同的功能、代谢和形态结构的病理变化E．各系统的每一种疾病所特有的病理生理变化2．死亡是指( )。
A．反射消失、呼吸停止、心跳停止B．细胞死亡C．意识永久性消失D．脑电波消失E．机体作为一个整体的功能永久性停止3．导致疾病发生必不可少的因素是( )。
A.疾病发生的条件B．疾病发生的原因C．疾病发生的危险因素D．疾病发生的诱因E．疾病发生的外因4．细胞内钾转移到细胞外引发高钾血症见于( )。
A.碱中毒B．静脉输入大量葡萄糖C．静脉输入大量胰岛素D。
构造损伤E．静脉输入大量氨基酸12．弥散性血管内凝血时血液凝固性表现为( )。
A．凝固性增高B．凝固性降低C．凝固性先增高后降低D．凝固性先降低后增高E．凝固性无明显变革13．休克时补液的正确原则是( )。
A．失几何补几何B．血压正常不必补液C．需几何补几何D．根据血压肯定补液量E．补液量宁少勿多14.自由基损伤细胞的早期表现是( )。
A．膜损伤B．线粒体损伤C．肌浆网损伤D．内质网损伤E．溶酶体破裂15．引起心力衰竭最常见的诱因是( )。
A.感染B．酸中毒C．心律失常D．妊娠与分娩E．高钾血症16．限制性通气不足产生的原因是( )。
A．白喉B．支气管哮喘C．气管异物D．呼吸肌活动障碍E．喉头水肿18．下列哪项不是急性肾功能衰竭的临床表现？( )A．高钠血症B．高钾血症C．水中毒D．氮质血症E．代谢性酸中毒19．慢性肾功能衰竭最常见的致病原因是( )。
A.慢性肾盂肾炎B．慢性肾小球肾炎C．肾结核D．高血压性肾小动脉硬化E．尿路结石20．以下哪项不属于代谢综合征患者的特征？( )A．肥胖B．高血糖C．高血压D．高三酰甘油血症E．高密度脂蛋白胆固醇增高二、名词解释（每题4分，共20分，任选5个，多选不计分）21．诱因22．低渗性脱水23．呼吸性酸中毒24．休克25．钙超载26．呼吸衰竭三、简答题（每题10分，共40分，任选4个，多选不计分）27。
博士病理学统考历年试题
2005一、简答题（20）：1.肿瘤的定义，肿瘤与反应性增生的区别和联系。
2.乙性脑炎的镜下病理改变。
3.乳头状甲状腺癌的病理特点。
4.列举导致心、肺、肠、脑等坏死的疾病，及坏死类型。
二、论述题（40）：1.举例五种肉芽肿性疾病，病理特点及具有诊断价值的病理改变。
2.原发性肺结核的病变特点、病理变化过程、预后。
3.病例分析：一个典型的慢性支气管炎--肺气肿--肺心病--合并上呼吸道感染--右心衰的病变过程，病理变化与临床表现的联系。
4.多在半年内可痊愈的肝炎，问其属于哪一型肝炎？结合病理特点，分析为何可在半年内痊愈•国家医学考考试中心2006年病理学（博士统考题）简答1：1、goodpasture综合症，机制，特征，临床表现。
2、简述粥样硬化及其继发改变。
3、凋亡/坏死形态区别4、慢性组塞肺气肿的发病机制。
问答题：1、肿瘤转移概念，途经及特点2、细胞缺氧的损伤机制3、什么是栓塞，栓塞的后果。
4、纤维素性炎好发部位是什么，各部位基本特征及其结局多选题：肝硬化原因，造成肾小球基膜增厚的慢性肾小球肾炎的类型，混合血栓组成，慢性阻塞性肺炎特点哮喘的病理特点B型题（6题）colon病的好发位置肠结核的好发位置肠伤寒的好发位置单选题：（只记得不会的）3个胚胎层起源的是畸胎瘤2008年博士生入学考试病理学考试题（全国统考）一、选择题（每题1分，共40分）A型题1-21题1.肿瘤的淋巴道转移首先出现在2.显示淀粉样变性的特殊染色3.可导致DIC的是4.槟榔肝可发展成为5.引起脾、肾、肺梗死的常见原因6.哪个部位假膜性炎能对机体产生严重后果7.颈部淋巴结肿大，病理活检查见乳头状结构，最可能是8.诊断高分化鳞状细胞癌的主要根据9.属于恶性肿瘤的是10.狼疮性肾炎最常见组织类型11.乳房的TNM分期12.乳房橘皮样外观常见于13.子宫早期浸润癌是指14.肾细胞癌可能出现的临床表现15.甲状腺髓样癌的组织来源16.膜增生性肾小球肾炎的主要病变17.不属于乙型脑炎的病变是18.革囊胃指19-21是给病例分析是什么病A3、A4型题22-27B1型题28-35X型题36-40二、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1.毛细血管再生的过程2.AIDS病程的三个阶段3.Hodgkin淋巴瘤的组织学诊断依据4.膜性肾小球肾炎的病理变化三、论述题（每题10分，共40分）1.急性炎症过程中血流动力学改变2.风湿性心内膜炎的病理变化3.葡萄胎组织学特点及临床病理联系4.消化性溃疡的好发部位，病变特点，溃疡经久不愈和患者产生疼痛的原因*这么好的东西居然没人顶，真是服了*20071、卵巢组织发生分类，各举一例2、原发综合征病变特点及预后3、炎症介质？主要功能，并各举一例4、胃溃疡病的病理变化？5、二尖瓣狭窄病因、病理变化，血流动力学及心脏变化6、慢性肾小球肾炎及慢性肾盂肾炎多尿夜尿的机理7、血栓？下肢深静脉血栓的影响？8、慢性支气管炎、肺气肿与肺心病的病变及相互关系。
医学考博2019真题
Listening ：无Vocabulary ：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines 32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acid rain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and itwill not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous disease in the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medicalhelp to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD. accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take place right underour noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have ______effects onbones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a processthat can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving ______to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at nightwhen it ’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problemof traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing oneappropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understandswhy.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number ofindustrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices,and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overlydependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array ofemergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-preventiontechniques that hiscolleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helpsus understand a person ’emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have knownfar 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychologyat the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend toavoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to beafraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Sympand Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”w,as published in the journal TheJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone ’s eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respondand what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children —so,understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of sociallearning, ”Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchersshowed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old,images of two women ’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped withan eye tracking device that allowed them to measure54 on the screen children werelooking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the twowomen a total of four times. Next, one of the images was55 with a loud scream anda fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both facesagain without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired withthe loud scream t han the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they payattention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they wereof the faces.3. The more children avoided eye conta；cthe more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of aface when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay moreattention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about thesituation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads togreater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety59 , the study finds that — over time — children may be m i s s6i n0g_ o i m u p t ortantsocial information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary,and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parentsduring the sensitive “attachment p”e riod from birth to three may scar a child ’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children shouldnot be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separationit entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under threewho is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisonsbased on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that theinsulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does notusually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as theNgoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone —far from i Certainty, Bowlby ’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayedeffects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statisticalstudies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the resultswould certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children hadproblems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, t here have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children ’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effectsdifficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parentsand show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children findthe transition to nursery eas，yand this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experienceand available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby ’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What ’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children ’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children ’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it ’p sracti c ed by so many peoplenowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason forparents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don ’t know about day care ’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care fortheir children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What ’s the author ’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion fromBowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age ofthree?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needsfurther study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increasebetween one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animalhabitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the risein temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant andmarine life and economic activity in Canada’N sort h are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississaugawho is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem alongthe Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice inthe region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oiland gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of thecountry home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing animportant change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物） is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Manyanimals time their annual migration to the Arctic forwhen food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behaviorcan evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of adecade, r ather than hundreds of years, ”says Moore, " Animals can't change theirbehavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in theregion, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resourceextraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will helpgovernment, industry and communities make decisions about resource management,economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study — which involves Canadian, American and Europeanresearchersand government agencies will also use a novel technology to gatheratmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a largeresearch aircraft，and they ’re easier to deploy, ” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with pilotedaircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67. To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicatedby the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD. is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can ’t change their behavior that quickly, ”what doesMoore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D. The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in theArctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby ’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in theJournal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormonelevels and impaired liver development. Thestudy findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day ormore in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animalstudies have further suggestedthat prenatalcaffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liverdevelopment with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, adebilitating condition normally associated w ith obesity and diabetes. However, theunderlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver developmentremains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates theseeffects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China,investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose(equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function andhormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin likegrowth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of thestress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1, which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activityfor liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normalliver function, as IGF-1 activity increasesand stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease causedby prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced,compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lowerbirth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our currentunderstanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest thepotential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, theseanimal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggeststhat prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findingsstill need to be confirmed in people, I wouldrecommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats givencaffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has beenachieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development whentaking in prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The research hasn ’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the healthPassage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers.Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, composemusic, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleepHow many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery?No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrelof salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfrontneighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours lateron a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep.And the great French writer V oltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed,dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went backto bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting upin the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back tohis room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, PanditRamrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that hehad left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer,in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker.He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said toknow more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five yearshad lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers becauseI have read about them in the newspapers. B ut none of mysleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, Idoubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of thosedramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. Itlends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking isthat it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is muchmore common than is generally supposed.Some have estimated that there are fourmillion somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Manysleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that anaccurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vividdream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, o r some otheremotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare ’L asdy Macbeth. Hernightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut. ”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weightyproblems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, “Some people stay awake all night worrying about t heir problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people ’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are stilltruthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identifiedtwo sources of psychic energy, which he called "drives ”: aggression and libido. The keto his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without themediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams.The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplaythe role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processesinconscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist,and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operatesmostly below the horizon of consciousness.Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress,lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers.Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of theforebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, aneurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a placenear the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just abovethe hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, theanimal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something.Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matterany other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a generaldesire for something new. “What I was seeing, ” he says, “was the urge to do stuff.Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that soundsvery much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seekpleasure in the world of objects, ” says Solms. "Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically. ” Solms studied the same region of the brain forhis work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takesplace during a particular form of sleep known as REM — rapid eye movement — whichis associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. WhenSolms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “”s e e m k i o n t g i o n. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libid—o which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it alsohappensto be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience,meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin,who lived before the discovery of genes, ” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision ofmental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it. ” Perhaps it ’sof proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.。
2019年病理学(副高)历年真题精选
2019年病理学(副高)历年真题精选[单项选择题]1、下述肝硬化腹水生成的机制中，不正确的说法是 ( )A.肝脏合成清蛋白减少B.血内抗利尿激素、醛固酮增高C.结缔组织增生、肝静脉受压D.门静脉淤血、血管壁通透性增强E.肝窦内压力升高参考答案：C[单项选择题]2、肾小球肾炎发病的主要因素是 ( )A.抗体介导的机制B.T细胞致敏C.机体免疫缺陷D.细菌感染E.病毒感染参考答案：A[多项选择题]3、关于胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤（NETs），叙述正确的是A.均具有恶性潜能B.根据免疫组织化学染色结果可判断功能性内分泌肿瘤分泌激素的细胞类型C.低分化神经内分泌癌分为大细胞性和小细胞性两类D.出现导管腺癌成分即可诊断混合性导管-神经内分泌癌E.神经内分泌标志物2个以上阳性方可诊断参考答案：A,B,C,E[单项选择题]4、长管状骨骨折时可能引起的栓塞是 ( )A.空气栓塞B.脂肪栓塞C.血栓栓塞D.细胞栓塞E.细菌栓塞参考答案：B[单项选择题]5、乳腺髓样癌的形态特点为A.肿瘤细胞境界清楚，呈巢、片状分布，间质明显纤维化B.肿瘤细胞呈合体状排列，异型性明显，间质内大量淋巴细胞浸润C.肿瘤细胞异型性明显，部分区域可见导管内癌结构，肿瘤周边较多量淋巴细胞浸润D.肿瘤细胞围绕导管形成同心圆结构E.腺泡体积增大，腺腔完全消失，肿瘤细胞黏附力差，胞浆内有黏液参考答案：B参考解析：乳腺髓样癌由明显异型大细胞相互融合成片，癌细胞巢之间间质较少，周围有明显淋巴细胞浸润。
[单项选择题]6、阑尾潴留性黏液囊肿与黏液性囊腺瘤的区别中哪一点是正确的A.前者多较小，后者多较大B.前者均单房，后者可多房C.前者多有乳头，后者多无乳头D.破裂后播散时，前者多局限于右髂窝，后者弥漫于全腹腔E.前者上皮受压扁平，后者多为高柱状参考答案：E参考解析：阑尾黏液性囊腺瘤内衬黏液柱状上皮，可伴有轻度不典型增生，并可向腔内呈乳头状增生。
阑尾潴留性黏液囊肿上皮常受挤压萎缩变为扁平，甚至消失。
2019全国博士考试病生真题-10页文档资料
2009年全国医学博士入学考试专业基础（病理生理学）一、选择题（1分X40）A型30道，B型5道，X型5道二、简答题（5分X4）1、左心衰竭出现夜间阵发性呼吸困难的机制。
2、ARDS出现I型呼吸衰竭的机制。
3、肾性贫血的机制。
4、产科意外导致DIC的机制。
三、论述题（10分X4）1、一位流感病人体温39.7C，试述其发热的基本机制。
2、缺氧的类型以及各型的血氧指标的变化。
3、病例分析题，考水、电解质、酸解平衡紊乱的。
4、假神经递质在肝性脑病发病中的作用。
09病生1. 恶性肿瘤发生过程中有哪些细胞调控障碍？原因？2. 细胞信号转导异常的环节有哪些？3. 低钾血症对机体的影响？4. 自由基在缺血-再灌损伤中的作用？5. 血液性缺氧的原因及血气变化？6. 何谓抑癌基因？举例说明其失活机制。
7. 肝功能异常时血氨升高的原因？8. 原发性高血压中有哪些离子转运障碍？有什么结果？9. DIC引起休克的机制？10. 患者车祸后，表情淡漠，面色青灰，血压70/50mmHg，脉快，补液后尿量≤30ml/24h。
该患者处于哪一时期？发生机理？08病生1.哪些因素可以引起细胞信号转导异常？2.何谓水中毒？产生机制与对机体的影响？3.呼酸的发生原因基对机体的影响？4.低张性缺氧的原因血氧变化特点?5.DIC的主要临床表现？产生机制？6.钙超载在心肌缺血-再灌损伤中的作用？7.主要细胞癌基因的致癌机制?8.心衰使兴奋-收缩偶偶联障碍机制?9.女，65岁，支气管哮喘15年，近来呼吸困难加重，且出现嗜睡等表现，血气PaCO2 75mmHg ，PaO2 50mmHg。
试述患者发生上述临床表现的机制？10.男，22岁，因胆囊炎滴注庆大霉素4周后出现少尿，恶心，呕吐等症状，PH7.25 BE-15mm ol/l PaCO2 28mmHg, SB 18 mmHg, K 6.8 mmol/l ,BUN 25.8 mmol/l.试述该患者有哪些病理生理过程，是怎样发生的？南方医科大学2019年病理生理学（博士）一、简答题：4题×5分_1.简述gaba在肝性脑病中的作用2.为什么部分肺泡通气/血流比例下降只导致低氧血症，而不会导致paco2升高？:3.简述dic时出血的机制TY M6P"_Ep4.肾性高血压的发病机制二、论述题：1.一患者，血压波动于160/100近十年，近期发生左心衰竭，，请分析其发病机制（15分）2.试述休克i 期微循环变化的特点、机制和代偿意义（10分）3.一肺心病患者，入院呈昏睡状态，查：ph 7.26，paco2 65.5, hco3－30,cl－92, na＋145,试分析患者为何种酸碱失衡及电解质紊乱？根据是什么？并分析期昏睡的机制？（15分）2009年病理生理题目：简答题：1．肾性贫血发病机制2．产科意外导致DIC机制3．阵发性夜间呼吸困难的发病机制4．ARDS发生1型呼吸衰竭的机制问答题：1．感染发热的机制2．缺氧的类型以及血液氧指标的变化3．病例分析（酮症酸中毒），写出该病例的水、电介质、酸碱平衡混乱的类型及机制4．假性神经递质在肝性脑病发病中的作用2009年中山大学博士入学考试病理生理学专业基础真题！一、名词解释（5分一个）1、paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea2、SIRS3、stress disease4、renal tubular acidosis二简答题（20分一个）1、DIC引起出血的发病机制。
病理生理各校考博真题
本人在网内收集各校考博真题,全是园子里的,以利考生复习用,如果能加分,希望加分,谢谢!2005年中山医大病生试题：一，名词解释：1。
肺性脑病(英文)2。
非少尿型3。
凋亡(英文)4。
过热(英文)二，问答题1。
试述应激反应时下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺激活的生物学效应(利及敝) 2。
述肝性脑病时氨基酸失衡的原因和引起肝昏迷的机制。
3。
为何革兰氏阴性菌感染易引起4。
晚期休克引起呼吸衰竭的机制2007交名解12345678简答1、劳力性呼吸困难的原因、机制2、缺血再灌注组织局部白细胞增多、聚集？？？的机制3、？失活及癌细胞发生的关系4、时下降的原因、机制问号这个地方有三个字当时抄的潦草，不认识了。
2007山东大学病生试题：非病理生理专业做1-10题。
病理生理专业做3-12题1. 请列举基因突变的类型；2. 信号转导发生的机制及环节；3. 缺血再灌注损伤时自由基生成增多的主要机制；4. 血液性缺氧的原因及血氧参数变化；5. 发热的时相及各相热代谢的特点；6. 应激及心脑血管疾病的关系；7. 代谢性碱中毒时机体的代偿机制及血气变化的特点；8. 低钠血症的病因和发病机制；9. 心力衰竭时心肌代谢障碍的主要机制；10.休克缺血缺氧期和淤血缺氧期血压变化的主要特点和机制；11.简述肺通气血流比值失调时血气变化及呼吸衰竭的发病关系；12.肾功能衰竭时肾脏内分泌功能的改变及机制1.2006博士全国统考病生试题（回忆版选择题40分单选30分Ｂ型选择4分Ｘ型选择6分简答题20分1.影响组织液生成的影响因素2.急性肾衰出现什么类型的钾代谢紊乱，为什么？3.肝功能受损，激活的星形细胞的变化？4.为什么弥散功能障碍时只有2的降低，2无变化？论述题40分1.急性肾衰少尿的机制2.长期高血压导致心衰的机制3.严重感染导致ＤＩＣ的机制协和医科大学2005年病理生理学（博士）一、名词解释：每题3分，共30分。
1.热休克蛋白：2.发热及过热3.细胞凋亡4.粘附分子5.二氧化碳结合力6.肺性脑病7.一氧化氮合酶8.丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶（）9.红细胞生成素10.多器官功能衰竭二、是非题：每题1分，共10分1.临床上使用利尿剂，在利尿过程中均有钾的大量排出。
病理生理学考博试题及答案
病理生理学考博试题及答案病理生理学是研究生物体在疾病状态下的生理变化及其机制的科学。
本试题旨在考察考生对病理生理学基本概念、原理和机制的理解与应用能力。
一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 病理生理学主要研究的是：A. 疾病的预防B. 疾病的治疗C. 疾病的病因D. 疾病状态下的生理变化2. 细胞凋亡是：A. 一种病理性死亡B. 一种生理性死亡C. 细胞分裂D. 细胞生长3. 炎症反应的目的是：A. 清除损伤因子B. 促进细胞增殖C. 抑制细胞凋亡D. 促进组织修复4. 以下哪项不是细胞应激反应的类型？A. 热休克反应B. 氧化应激反应C. 免疫应激反应D. 营养应激反应5. 细胞程序性死亡的调控机制不包括：A. 基因调控B. 信号传导C. 细胞代谢D. 细胞外基质答案：1. D2. B3. A4. C5. C二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）6. 简述病理性钙化的特点及其对机体的影响。
7. 描述缺氧对细胞代谢的影响。
8. 解释什么是细胞信号转导异常，以及它在疾病中的作用。
答案：6. 病理性钙化是指在非骨骼组织中异常沉积的钙盐，其特点包括钙化部位的非特异性、钙化过程的病理性以及可能伴随的组织损伤。
对机体的影响包括影响组织功能、引起疼痛和功能障碍等。
7. 缺氧时，细胞内ATP生成减少，导致细胞代谢活动受限。
细胞可能通过糖酵解途径产生能量，但效率较低。
长期缺氧可导致细胞损伤甚至死亡。
8. 细胞信号转导异常是指细胞内信号传递过程中的某个环节出现问题，导致细胞功能失调。
这可能涉及到信号分子的异常表达、受体功能的改变或信号传导途径的障碍等。
在疾病中，信号转导异常可能导致细胞增殖失控、细胞凋亡受阻等病理变化。
三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）9. 论述细胞凋亡与坏死的区别及其在疾病中的意义。
10. 阐述肿瘤微环境对肿瘤发展的影响。
答案：9. 细胞凋亡是一种有序的、程序化的细胞死亡过程，通常不引起炎症反应，而坏死是一种非程序化的、由外界因素引起的细胞死亡，常伴随炎症反应。
病理生理学考试试题及答案
病理生理学考试试题及答案一、选择题（每题5分，共10题，共计50分）1. 病理生理学研究的是（）。
a. 医学生理学b. 医学经典文献c. 生理学病理学d. 医学卫生学2. 哪个是病理生理学的基本概念（）。
a. 病理变化与机体反应b. 细胞构造与功能c. 器官解剖与生理功能d. 免疫反应与炎症3. 组织病理生理学的研究对象是（）。
a. 组织层面的生理功能b. 细胞层面的生物反应c. 机体层面的变化d. 分子层面的变化4. 以下哪项是机体对炎症反应进行调控的生理学原理（）。
a. 温度调节b. 血液循环c. 水盐平衡d. 免疫系统5. 炎症反应的主要特征是（）。
a. 红、肿、热、痛、功能障碍b. 刺痛、麻木、肿胀c. 发热、腹泻、呕吐d. 皮疹、搔痒、过敏6. 组织坏死的主要类型有（）。
a. 凋亡、坏死b. 坏死、病变c. 无功、有功d. 炎性、非炎性7. 组织再生的基本过程包括（）。
a. 细胞增殖和修复b. 细胞衰老和死亡c. 组织退变和坏死d. 组织纤维化和硬化8. 组织纤维化的主要特征是（）。
a. 组织增生和功能恢复b. 细胞核出现异常c. 细胞凋亡和坏死d. 纤维组织增多和沉积9. 免疫性疾病的发生机制是（）。
a. 免疫系统异常反应b. 免疫机能衰退c. 细胞分裂和增殖d. 组织再生不良10. 肿瘤的发生与发展和哪个过程密切相关（）。
a. 细胞分化和增殖b. 组织坏死和退变c. 免疫系统异常d. 器官功能退化二、简答题（每题10分，共5题，共计50分）1. 请简要介绍病理生理学的研究对象和重要性。
2. 什么是炎症反应？请简述炎症反应的发生机制和主要特征。
3. 简要描述组织坏死的类型和机制。
4. 请解释组织再生的过程和细胞增殖修复的关系。
5. 简述免疫性疾病的发生机制和常见类型。
三、案例题（每题20分，共2题，共计40分）案例一：一位55岁女性患者因胸闷、气促，持续半年来就诊。
体格检查发现心音减弱，心尖搏动增强，四肢杂音、下肢水肿。
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兰州大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
兰州大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学和病理生理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一单选，5个多选） 二、名词解释5个 1. nanplasia tumor 2. 肉芽肿性炎 3. 桥接坏死 4. 肺褐色硬变 5. 全身适应综合征 三、简答题4个 1. 肺结核的基本病变特征，形成条件 2. 胃溃疡的病理学特点，疼痛的原理 3. 固缩肾由哪些疾病引起，疾病病变特点是什么 4. 什么叫原癌基因、癌基金？举例说明癌基因启动的机制 四、论述题2个 1. 发热的分期及热代谢特点 2. 分子病理学的含义。与传统组织病理学的区别