英文讲义

1-2 A typical vertebra
A typical vertebra consists of a vertebral body and a vertebral arch.
The vertebral body is anterior in position and is the major weightbearing component of the bone. It increases in size from vertebra C1 to vertebra L5. Fibrocartilaginous (纤维软骨的) intervertebral discs separate the vertebral bodies of adjacent vertebra.
The vertebral arches of the vertebrae are aligned to form the lateral and posterior walls of the vertebral canal, which extends from the tirst cervical vertebra to the last sacral vertebra. This bony canal contains the spinal cord and its protective membranes, together with blood vessels, connective tissue (结缔组织), fat, and proximal parts of spinal nerves.
1-1 What is anatomy?
Anatomy includes those structure that can be seen grossly (without the aid of magnification ) and microscopically (with the aid of magnification ).Typically, when used by itself, the term ‘anatomy’ tends to mean gross or macroscopic anatomy—that is, the study of structures that can be seen without using a microscope. Microscopic anatomy, also called ‘histology’, is the study of cells and tissues using microscope.
correctly is therefore the endpoint of a sound
anatomical understanding.
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Observation and visualization are the primary techniques a student should use to learn anatomy. Anatomy is much more than just memorization of lists of names. Although the language (术语) of anatomy is important, the network of information needed to visualize the position of physical structures in a patient goes far beyond simple memorization. Knowing the names of the various branches of the external carotid artery（颈外动脉） is not the same as being able to visualize the course of the lingual artery（舌动脉） from its origin in the neck to its termination in the tongue.
1-2 Synovial joints
Synovial joints are connections between skeletal components where the elements involved are separated by a narrow cavity. In addition to containing an articular cavity, these joints have a number of characteristic features.
The bones forming the calvaria are the paired temporal and parietal bones, and the unpaired frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and occipital bones.
The bones forming the calvaria are the paired temporal and parietal bones, and the unpaired frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and occipital bones.
Similarly, understanding the organization of the soft palate (软腭), how it is related to the oral and nasal cavities (口腔与鼻腔), and how it moves during swallowing (吞咽) is very different from being able to recite the names of its individual muscles and nerves. An understanding of anatomy, requires an understanding of the context in which the terminology can be remembered.
A second characteristic feature of synovial joints is the presence of a joint capsule consisting of an inner synovial membrane and an outer fibrous membrane.
The cranium can be subdivided into: an upper part (the calvaria), which surrounds the cranial cavity containing the brain; a lower anterior part—the facial skeleton(viscerocranium) (面颅).
The bones forming the facial skeleton are the paired nasal bones, palatine bones, lacrimal bones, zygomatic bones, maxillae, inferior nasal conchae, and the unpaired vomer.
The mandible is not part of the cranium nor part of the facial skeleton.
Middle cranial fossa The middle cranial fossa consists of parts of the sphenoid and temporal bones. The boundary between the anterior and middle cranial fossa in the midline is the anterior edge of the chiasmatic sulcus, which is a smooth groove stretching between the optic canals across the body of the sphenoid. The posterior boundaries of the middle cranial fossa are formed by the anterior surface, as high as the superior border, of the petrous part of the petromastoid part of the temporal bone.
1-3 Skull
The skull has 22 bones, excluding the ossicles of the ear. Except for the mandible (下颌骨）, which forms the lower jaw, the bones of the skull are attached to each other by sutures, are immobile, and form the cranium.
The vertebral arch is firmly anchored (锚定) to the posterior surface of the vertebral body by two pedicles, which form the lateral pillars of the vertebral arch. The roof of the vertebral arch is formed by right and left laminae, which fuse at the midline.
Anatomy forms the basis for the practice of medicine. Anatomy leads the physician (内科医师) towards an understanding of a patient’s disease whether he or she is carrying out a physical examination or using the most advanced imaging techniques. Anatomy is also important for dentists (牙 科医师), chiropractors (按摩师), physical therapists (理疗 师), and all others involved in any aspect of patient treatment that begins with an analysis of clinical signs. The ability to interpret a clinical observation
Another common but not universal feature of synovial joints is the presence of additional structures within the area enclosed by the capsule or synovial membrane, such as articular discs , fat pads, and tendons.
First, a layer of cartilage, usually hyaline cartilage (透明软骨), covers the articulating surfaces of the skeletal elements. In other words, bony surfaces do not normally contact one another directly. As a consequence, when these joints are viewed in normal radiographs (X线照片), a wide gap seems to separate the adjacent bones because the cartilage that covers the articulating surfaces is more transparent to X-rays than bone.