考研外刊英语1
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文阅读
The Cotton Tote Crisis棉布手提袋危机Cotton bags have become a means for brands, retailers and supermarkets to telegraph a planet-friendly mindset – or, at least, to show that the companies are aware of the overuse of plastic in packaging.棉布手提袋已经成为各大品牌、零售商和超市传达环保理念的一种手段，或者至少表明公司意识到塑料袋过度使用的危害。
"There’s a trend in New York right now where people are wearing merch: carrying totes from local delis, hardware stores or their favourite steakhouse,” says designer Rachel Comey.设计师蕾切尔·科米表示：“现在纽约有这样一种趋势，人们穿着便装、提着来自当地熟食店、五金店或他们最喜欢的牛排餐厅发放的手提袋。
”So far, so Earth-friendly? Not exactly. It turns out the wholehearted embrace of cotton totes may actually have created a new problem.那么，棉布手提袋真的无害吗?并不是。
事实证明，棉布手提包风潮可能会带来一个新问题。
An organic cotton tote needs to be used 20,000 times to offset its overall impact of production, according to a 2018 study by the Ministry of Environment and Food of Denmark. That equates to daily use for 54 years – for just one bag.2018年，丹麦环境与食品部的一项研究表明，一个有机棉手提袋需要使用2万次，才能抵消其生产过程对环境的负面影响。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
When bosses walk in employees’ shoes当老板站在员工的角度思考It is hard for managers to understand what life is like for staff. But not impossible 管理者很难理解员工的处境，但也不是不可能Any manager worth their salt knows the value of spending time “walking in their customers’ shoes”. There are many ways to do it. You can observe customers in their natural habitat.任何称职的管理者都知道花时间“站在客户的角度思考”的价值。
想做到这一点有很多办法可行。
你可以对处在自然状态下的顾客进行观察。
Pernod Ricard’s boss recently told Bloomberg, a news service, about his habit of bar-hopping in order to see what people want to drink. Such research is a lot less fun if your company makes soap dispensers for public toilets but the same principle applies.保乐力加的老板最近向彭博社(一家新闻服务机构)透露，他经常会去酒吧看看人们爱喝什么酒。
如果你公司的产品是公厕皂液器，那这种研究方式就不太合适了，不过道理都是一样的。
You can be a customer yourself, buying your company’s products, ringing your own helplines and enduring the same teeth-grinding muzak. Or you can hear from your customers directly.你可以试着购买自家的产品，拨打自家的客服热线，忍受让人咬牙切齿的同款音乐。
考研英语题源外刊
College rankings are misleading. So why do we still use them?大学排名具有误导性。
那为什么我们还在使用它们呢？Many high school seniors have been opening emails over the past weeks that tell them whether they got into the colleges of their choice. Even as they do so, the criticisms of published college rankings that may have guided their preferences are cropping up — again.在过去的几周里，许多高三学生都在打开电子邮件，查看他们是否被自己选择的大学录取了。
就在他们这么做的时候，关于公布的大学排名——排名可能会引导高三学生的偏好——的批评也再次出现。
A math professor at Columbia University is challenging the data that the Ivy League school reported to U.S. News & World Report, which earned it the No. 2 ranking this year. The University of Southern California, which seems almost incapable of staying out of trouble for more than a few months at a time, pulled its graduate school of education out of the rankings this year after discovering a “history of inaccuracies” in the data it reported.哥伦比亚大学的一位数学教授对这所常春藤盟校向《美国新闻与世界报道》）提交的数据——该数据使该校今年排名第二——提出了质疑。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文阅读
How Indonesia became the home of badminton印尼是如何成为羽球王国的Government support, fanatical fans and world-beating players have made it the country’s favourite sport政府的支持、狂热的球迷以及世界一流的球员使羽毛球成为了印尼的国民级体育运动When the Chinese players whacked the shuttlecock out of bounds on August 2nd, giving Indonesia its only gold medal at the Tokyo Olympics, the winning team of Greysia Polii and Apriyani Rahayu collapsed onto the floor and sobbed with relief. Some 3,500 miles away, the Indonesian archipelago erupted with joy.8月2日，当中国队球员扣球出界，印尼夺得东京奥运会上唯一一枚金牌时，获胜的波莉和拉哈尤躺在了地上，留下了激动的泪水。
3500英里外的印尼群岛一派欢欣鼓舞。
Fans bursting with pride celebrated online, filling each others’ phones with tweets and memes. The president declared their triumph in the women’s doubles game an early “birthday gift” to the nation (its independence day is on August 17th). The badminton champs have been promised, among other things, prize money of 5bn rupiah ($347,000) each, houses, meatball kiosks and five cows.粉丝们满怀自豪地在网上庆祝，相互发着各种推文和表情包。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
A global house-price slump is coming全球房价即将暴跌It won’t blow up the financial system, but it will be scary虽然不会摧毁金融体系，但仍然令人恐慌Over the past decade owning a house has meant easy money. Prices rose reliably for years and then went bizarrely ballistic in the pandemic. Yet today if your wealth is tied up in bricks and mortar it is time to get nervous.过去十年里，拥有一套房就意味着轻松赚钱。
房价多年来一直稳步上涨，甚至在疫情期间还异乎寻常地飙升了。
然而现如今，如果你的财富被套牢在房产上，那你应该感到紧张了。
House prices are now falling in nine rich economies. The drops in America are small so far, but in the wildest markets they are already dramatic. In condo-crazed Canada homes cost 9% less than they did in February.九个发达经济体的房价都在下跌。
到目前为止，美国房价的跌幅还不大，但最疯狂的市场的房价跌幅已经非常大了。
在热衷于共管公寓的加拿大，房价较今年2月下跌了9%。
As inflation and recession stalk the world a deepening correction is likely—even estate agents are gloomy. Although this will not detonate global banks as in 2007-09, it will intensify the downturn, leave a cohort of people with wrecked finances and start a political storm.随着通货膨胀和经济衰退的风险在全球范围内蔓延，房价或将迎来一场深度调整——甚至房地产经纪人也对此感到悲观。
考研英语外刊原文阅读
Loneliness makes our brains crave people孤独让人渴望伙伴A hungry brain craves food. A lonely brain craves people. A new brain study demonstrates this. After being isolated, it shows, people’s brains perked up at the sight of other people. The action was in the same brain region that revs up when a hungry person sees food.饥饿的大脑渴求食物，孤独的大脑渴望伙伴。
一项新的研究证实了这一点。
研究显示，感到孤独的人在看到其他人时大脑会变得活跃。
同样地，一个饥饿的人在看到食物时，大脑的这一区域也会变得活跃。
“There’s a ton of research showing loneliness is associated with depression,” says Livia Tomova. She’s a cognitive neuroscientist, someone who studies how the brain produces mental activities. Tomova works at the University of Cambridge in England.英国剑桥大学认知神经科学家利维娅·托莫娃主要研究大脑如何产生心理活动，她说：“大量研究表明孤独与抑郁存在关联。
”But while scientists know loneliness and depression are related, it’s hard to tell if one causes the other. “Are they depressed because they’re lonely, or lonely because they’re depressed?” she asks. “One way to study that is [to look at] how the brain responds to periods of being alone.”虽然科学家们知道孤独和抑郁是相关的，但很难判断两者之间是否存在因果关系。
考研英语阅读外刊原文(环球时报)一
Family planning policy urged to lift as China's population grows slower with low birth rate随着中国人口增长放缓以及出生率降低，计划生育政策亟待改革China's once-a-decade census results were released Tuesday, signaling a critical turning point as the country's population ages rapidly while the overall growth rate slows, bucking a five-decade trend.周二，中国公布的最新人口普查（每十年开展一次）结果标志着一个关键的转折点。
不同于过去50年的趋势，中国人口正在加速老龄化，总体增长率持续放缓。
The data will serve as an important reference for adjustments to China's population and economic policy planning, which could see the lifting of the national family planning policy, Chinese demographers said on Tuesday.周二，中国人口统计学家表示，该数据将为中国人口及经济政策规划的调整提供重要参考，这或许意味着国家计划生育政策的改革。
With birth fertility rates expected to drop in the following years, demographers predict that India with its much higher fertility rate will overtake China as the world's most populous country by 2023 or 2024, earlier than the last UN prediction in 2019 that this would happen by 2027.人口学家估计，随着未来几年生育率的下降，生育率相对高得多的印度将在2023年或2024年取代中国成为全球人口最多的国家，这比联合国在2019年所预测的2027年实现这一转变要早得多。
考研英语外刊原文
'Dragon man' cranium could help uncover Homo sapiens' origin“龙人”头骨或有助于揭开智人起源之谜The world has taken a critical step toward figuring out the origin and evolution of Homo sapiens, the species all living humans belong to, with Chinese researchers announcing the discovery of a new species of ancient human they have dubbed "dragon man".中国研究人员宣布发现了一种被称为“龙人”的古代新人种，这标志着世界朝着弄清所有现存人类所属的智人的起源和进化迈出了关键的一步。
More closely related to modern humans than Neanderthals, the species researchers officially named Homo longi sp nov may lead to a rethinking of human evolution. The announcement was made based on the results of research on a skull that is at least 138,000 years old.与尼安德特人相比，龙人与现代人类的关系更为紧密，研究人员将其正式命名为“龙人”，这可能会引发人们对人类进化的新的思考。
该发现基于对一个至少有着13.8万年历史的头骨的研究结果。
It was reportedly unearthed in 1933 when a bridge was built over the Songhua River in Harbin, Heilongjiang province. The city was under Japanese occupation at the time, and the man who found the skull concealed it at the bottom of an abandoned well for safekeeping.据报道，该头骨出土于1933年，是人们在黑龙江省哈尔滨市松花江上修建桥梁时发现的。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
Britain’s young face a poorer future英国年轻一代面临更加贫穷的未来Economic statistics will never fully capture the extent of the sacrifices of Britain’s youth during the pandemic. For a generation of students and pupils it was a lost chance to make friends, explore who they are and, gradually, become adults — as well as to learn, in person. In the face of the deaths in the broader population, it is easy to dismiss as frivolous the setbacks of those who missed partying, travelling and dating during the long months stuck inside but these are still years of carefree youth they will not get back. What is more, most of these privations were primarily to protect those from older generations, the most vulnerable to the coronavirus.经济统计数字将永远不能完全反映出英国青年在这场大流行病中牺牲了多少。
对于这一代学生来说，他们失去了结交朋友、探索自我并逐渐成长为人,以及亲身学习的机会。
在有人死于新冠疫情之际，我们很容易认为被困在室内长达数月而错过聚会、旅行和约会的人所经历的这些挫折无关痛痒，但这是他们再也无法重返的无忧无虑的青春时光。
2024年考研英语一试题及答案：英语一Text 1(21-25题)
2024年考研英语一试题及答案：英语一Text 1（21-25题）业务课名称：英语考生须知：1.答案必须写在答题纸上，写在其他纸上无效。
2.答题时必须使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔做答，用其他答题不给分，不得使用涂改液。
英语一Text 1Nearly 2,000 years ago, as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland, they left behind a curious treasure: 10 tons of nails, nearly a million of them. The nail hoard was discovered in 1960 in a four-meter-deep pit covered by two meters of gravel.Why had the Romans buried a million nails? The likely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed, and they didn't want the local Caledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of weapons-grade iron. The Romans buried the nails so deep that they would not be discovered for almost two millennia.Later civilizations would value the skilled blacksmith's labor in a nail even more thanthe raw material. As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful book "Nuts and Bolts," early 17th-century Virginians would sometimes burn down their homes if they were planning to relocate. This was an attempt to recover the valuable nails, which could be reused after sifting the ashes.The price of nails fell by 90% between the late 1700s and mid-1900s, as economist Daniel Sidel points out in a research paper. According to Sidel, although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy, most of the credit goes to nail manufacturers who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails.Nails themselves have changed over the years, but Sidel studied them because they haven't changed much.21、Romans buried the nails probably for the sake ofA) saving them for future useB) keeping them from rustingC) letting them grow in valueD) hiding them from locals22、The example of early 17th-century Virginians is used toA) highlight the thriftiness of early American colonistsB) illustrate the high status of blacksmiths in that periodC) contrast the attitudes of different civilizations toward nailsD) show the preciousness of nail-making technology at that time23、What played the major role in lowering the price of nails after the late 1700s?A) Increased productivityB) Wider use of new energiesC) Fierce market competitionD) Reduced cost of raw material24、It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that nailsA) have undergone many technological improvementsB) have remained basically the same since Roman timesC) are less studied than other everyday productsD) are one of the world's most significant inventions25、Which of the following best summarizes the last two paragraphs?A) Cheap technologies bring about revolutionary change.B) Technological innovation is integral to economic success.C) Technology defines people's understanding of the world.D) Sophisticated technology developed from small inventions.21-25题目答案DDABA。
考研英语外刊文章阅读训练一
Children Born At High Altitudes May Be Stunted In Growth And Development, Study Finds研究发现，出生在高海拔地区的儿童可能会发育迟缓Children born at5,000feet or more above sea level are typically smaller at birth and more likely to remain stunted than those born at lower altitudes, according to new worldwide research published Monday.据周一最新发布的一项全球研究显示，在海拔5000英尺（约合1500米）或更高的地方出生的孩子通常比在海拔较低的地方出生的孩子有着更小的体型，也更容易发育不良。
This was true even if the children were born into"ideal-home environments" defined as having good health coverage,higher living conditions and highly educated mothers,the study found,which meant stunting was unlikely to be due to common risk factors such as poor diet and disease.研究发现，即使孩子出生在“理想家庭环境”中，也会出现这种情况。
“理想家庭环境”的定义是拥有良好的健康保障、较高的生活条件和受过高等教育的母亲。
这意味着发育迟缓不太可能是由不良饮食或疾病等常见危险因素造成的。
Children living in ideal home environments grew at rates deemed standard by the World Health Organization until they lived at around500meters above sea level, the study found.At that altitude and higher,children's height-for-age scores began to decrease.研究发现，在海拔低于500米的地方，生活在理想家庭环境中的儿童的成长发育速度符合世界卫生组织的标准。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
Anxiety does not cause bad results in exams焦虑不会导致考试成绩不好The problem is in the run-up, not the main event问题出在准备阶段，而不是考试阶段Exams are nerve-racking, especially for those already of an anxious disposition. The silence of the hall; the ticking of the clock; the beady eye of the invigilator; the smug expression of the person sitting at the neighbouring desk who has finished 15 minutes early. It therefore seems hardly surprising that those who worry about taking tests do systematically worse than those who do not.考试是一件伤脑筋的事，尤其是对那些本来就容易焦虑的人来说。
走廊里一片寂静；时钟滴答作响；监考老师目光锐利；邻桌的考试提前15分钟完成作答，露出得意的表情。
因此，那些担心考试的人会比那些不担心考试的人表现更差，这似乎并不奇怪。
What is, perhaps, surprising, according to research published recently in Psychological Scienceby Maria Theobald at the Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education and her colleagues, is that it is not the pressure of the exam hall which causes the problem. It is the pressure of revision.莱布尼茨教育研究与信息研究所的玛丽亚·西奥博尔德和她的同事们最近在《心理科学》杂志上发表了一项研究，令人惊讶的是，引发这一问题的并不是考场的压力，而是复习的压力。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
Ants have the ability to sniff out cancer in humans, study reveals研究发现，蚂蚁能够嗅出人类的癌症Ants have the ability to sniff out cancerous cells in humans, a new study has discovered, suggesting they could be used for cancer diagnosis in future. Researchers from the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) discovered that ant species Formica fusca has a well developed sense of smell.一项新的研究发现，蚂蚁具有嗅出人类癌细胞的能力，这表明蚂蚁未来或可用于癌症诊断。
法国国家科学研究中心的研究人员发现，丝光褐林蚁有着非常灵敏的嗅觉。
It was able to differentiate cancerous cells from healthy cells in humans, thanks to their sense of smell, limited trials revealed. But more clinical tests must be carried out before they could be used in clinical settings like hospitals, the team said.有限的试验显示，这种蚂蚁的嗅觉超强，能够区分人类的癌细胞和健康细胞。
但该团队表示，在将其用于医院等临床环境之前，还必须进行更多的临床测试。
They suggest that in future, ants could turn out to be better at dogs when it comes to locating cancerous cells in humans. To conduct their research, the scientists performed tests with 36 ants, smelling cells under a laboratory setting.研究人员指出，未来在识别人体癌细胞方面，蚂蚁可能会比狗做得更出色。
真题题源外刊｜2023考研英语真题来自于哪些外刊？
真题题源外刊｜2023考研英语真题来自于哪些外刊？2023考研英语一、英语二的真题分别来自于哪些外刊呢？大家在阅读外刊时要注意对文章进行取舍，把握出题方向，有针对性地学习外刊，才能在有限的复习时间里提高学习效率和质量！英语一01TEXT1标题：Schools face calls to boost environmental teaching来源：Financial Times（金融时报）首次发布日期：2021.1.1作者：Andrew Jack主题：世界各地学校对气候变化的教学标准、课程安排等问题类型：环保、教育02TEXT2标题：'We are at a crisis level on the supply of rental housing.’ Experts discuss the impact of short-term rentals.来源：Boston（波士顿网）首次发布日期：2022.6.15作者：Kelly Garrity主题：短租相关的房地产问题类型：金融&经济、房地产03TEXT3标题：No one wins in the war between bookshops and publishers – not even the Duchess of Sussex来源：The Telegraph （每日电讯报）首次发布日期：2022.6.4作者：JAKE KERRIDGE主题：书店与出版商之间的利益角逐类型：出版、社科04TEXT4标题：Citations Are the Currency of Science来源：The Scientist （科学家）首次发布日期：2020年12月1日作者：Sibrandes Poppema主题：论文引用及学术发表中的问题类型：教育、学术05PART B标题：The Pictures That Saved Yellowstone来源：Discovery（发现杂志）首次发布日期：2021年7月9日作者：Alex Palmer主题：黄石公园的发现与发展类型：人文社科英语二01TEXT1标题：Banned at the Chelsea Flower Show, plastic grass is growing out of favour来源：The Times（泰晤士报）首次发布日期：2022.5.14作者：Andrew Ellson , Neil Johnston主题：假草坪的好坏纷争类型：环保02TEXT2标题：Opinion: Our national parks are in crisis. Trump’s solution is absurd来源：Los Angeles Times（洛杉矶时报）。
2024年考研英语(一)真题及解析【版本一】
2024年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for eachnumbered blank and mark A,B,Cor D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)There's nothing morewelcoming than a door opening for you. the need tobe touched to open or close,automatic doors are essential in 2 disabled access to buildings and helping provide general 3 to commercial buildings.Self-sliding doors began to emerge as a commercial product in 1960 after being invented six years 4 by Americans Dee Horton and Lew Hewitl.They 5 as anovelty feature,but as their use has grown,their 6 have extended within our technologically advanced world. Particularly 7 in busy locations or during times ofemergency,the doors 8 Crowd management by reducing the obstacles put in people's way.9 making access both in and out of buildings easier for people,the difference in the way many of these doors open helps reduce the total area 10 by them.Automatic doors often open to the side,with the panels sliding across one another.Replacing swing doors,these 11 smaller buildings to maximise the usable space inside without having to 2 the way for a large, sticking-out door.There are many different types of automatic door,with each 3 specific signals to tell them when toopen. 14 these methods differ,theman 15 remain the same.Each automatic door system 16 the light,sound weight or movement in their vicinity as a signal to open.Sensor types are chosen to 17 the different environments they are needed in 18 a busy street might not 19 a motion-sensored door,as it would constantly be opening for passers-by.A pressure sensitive mat would be more 20 to limit the surveyed area.1.[A]Through [B]Despite [C]Besides [D]Without2.[A]revealing [B]demanding [C]improving [D]tracing3.[A]experience [B]convenience [C]guidance [D]reference4.[A]previously [B]temporarily [C]successively [D]eventually5.[A]held on [B]started out [C]settled down [D]went by6.[A]relations [B]volumes [C]benefits [D]sources7.[A]useful [B]simple [C]flexible [D]stable8.[A]call for [B]yield to [C]insist on [D]act as9.[A]As well as [B]In terms of [C]Thanks to [D]Rather than10.[A]connected [B]shared [C]represented [D]occupied11.[A]allow [B]expect [C]require [D]direct12.[A]adopt [B]lead [C]clear [D]change13.[A]adapting to [B]deriving from [C]relying on [D]pointingat14.[A]Once [B]Since [C]Unless [D]Although15.[A]records [B]positions [C]principles [D]reasons16.[A]controls [B]analyses [C]produces [D]mixes17.[A]decorate [B]compare [C]protect [D]complement18.[A]In conclusion [B]By contrast [C]For example [D]Above all19.[A]identify [B]suit [C]secure [Djinclude20.[A]appropriate [B]obvious [C]impressive [D]delicateSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each textby choosing A,B,C or D. Mark youranswerson the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1Nearly 2000 years ago,as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland,they left behind a curious treasure:10 tons of nails,nearly a million of the things.The nail hoard was discovered in 1960 ina four-metre-deeppit covered by two metres of gravel.Why had the Romans buried a million nails?The likely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed,and they didn't want the local Caledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of weapon- grade iron.The Romans buried the nails so deep that they would not be discovered for almost two millennia.Later civilisations would value the skilled blacksmith's labour in a nail even more than the raw material.As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful book Nuts and Bolts,early 17th- century Virginians would sometimes bum down their homes if they were planning to relocate. Thiswas an attempt to recover thevaluable nails,which could be reused after sifting the ashes. The idea that one might bum down an entire housejust to reclaimthe nails underlines how scarce, costly and valuable the simple-seemingtechnology was.The price ofnails fell by 90%between the late 1700s and mid-1900s,as economist Daniel Sichel pointsout in a research paper.According to Sichel,although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy,most of the credit goes to nail manufactures who simply found more efficient ways to tum steel into nails.Nails themselves have changed over theyears,but Sichel studied them becausethey havent changed much.Roman lamps and Roman chariotsare very different from LED strips and sports cars,but Roman nails are still clearly nails.It would be absurd to try to track the changing price of sports carssince 1695,but to ask the samequestion of nails makes perfect sense.I make no apology for being obsessed by a particular feature of these objects:their price.I am an economist,after all.After writing two books about the history of inventions,one thing Ive leant is that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype,it'sthecheap technologies that change the worldThe Gutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not by changing the nature of writing but by changing its cost-and it would haveachieved little without a parallel collapse in the price of surfaces to write on,thanks to an often-overlooked technology called paper.Solar panels had few niche uses until they became cheap;now they are transforming the global energy system.21.The Romans buried the nails probably for the sake of[A]saving them for futureuse[B]keeping them from rusting[C]letting them grow in value[D]hiding them from the locals22.The example of early 17th-century Virginians is used to[A]highlight thethriftiness of early American colonists[B]illustratethe high status of blacksmiths in that period[C]contrastthe attitudes of different civilisations toward nailsD]show the preciousness of nail-making technology at that time23.What played the major role in lowering the price of nails after the late 1700s?[A]Increased productivity.[B]Wider use of new energies[C]Fiercer market competition.[D]Reduced cost of raw materials.24.It can be leamed from Paragraph 5 that nails[A]have undergone many technological improvements[B]have remained basically the same since Roman times[C]are less studied than other everyday products[D]are oneof the world's most significant inventions25.Which of the following best summarises the last two paragraphs?[A]Cheap technologiesbring about revolutionary change.[B]Technological innovation is integral to economic success.[C]Technology defines people's understanding of theworld.[D]Sophisticated technologies develop from small inventions.Text 2Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherersin Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children,researchers have suggested.The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana,where each child is cared for by many adults.Kung children as young as four will help to lookafter younger ones and 'baby-we aring”,in which infants are carried in slings,is considered the nomAccording to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary,an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University, these practices,Knownas alloparenting,could lead to less anxiety for children and parents.Dr Annie Swanepoel,a child psychiatrist,believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life.In Germany,one scheme has paired an old people's home with a nursery.The residents help to look after the children,an arrangement akin to alloparenting.Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children indifferent school years to miror the unsupervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherercommunities.In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiaty,researchers said thatthe westerm nuclear family was a recent invention which family broke with evolutionary history.This abrupt shift to an"intensive mothering narrative",which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone,was likely to have been harmful.“Such narratives can lead to maternal exhaustion and have dangerous consequences,"they wrote.By contrast,in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child's care.One previous study lookedat the Efé people of the Democratic Republic of Congo.It found that infants had an average of 14 alloparents a day by the time they were 18 weeks old and were passed between caregivers eighttimes an hour.Chaudhary said that parents now had less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans'evolutionary history,but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression,which co uld have a“knock-on”benefit to a child's wellbeing.An infant bom to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers -this contrasts starkly to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.While hunter-gatherer children leant from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups,researchers said that westen“instructive te aching”,where pupils areasked to sit still, maycontribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents “might also enhance their own social development.”26.According to the first two paragraph,alloparenting refers to the practice of[A]sharing child care among community members[B]assigning babies to specific adult caregivers[C]teaching parenting details to older children[D]carrying infants aroundby their parent27.The scheme in Gemany is mentioned to illustrate[A]an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication[B]an approach to integrating alloparenting into western culture[C]the conventional parenting style in western culture[D]the differences between westem African ways of living28.According to Paragraph 4,the *intensive mothering narrative[A]alleviate parenting pressure[B]considerate family relationships[C]results in the child-centered family[D]departs from the course of evolution29.According to paragraph 6,what can we lean about nursery in the UK?[A]They tend to fall short of official requirements.[B]They have difficulty finding enough caregivers.[C]They ought to improve their carer-to-child ratio.[D]They should tryto prevent parental depression.30.Which of the following would be the best title?[A]Instructive teaching:a dilemma for anxious parents[B]For ahappier family,leam from the hunter-gatherers[C]Mix-aged playgroup,a better choice for lonely children[D]Tracing the history of parenting:from Africa to EuropeText 3Rutkowski is a Polish digital artist who uses classical painting styles to create dreamy fantasy landscapes.He has made illustrations for games such as Sony's Horizon Forbidden West, Ubisoft's Anno,Dungeons&Dragons,and Magic:The Gathering.And he'sbecome a sudden hit in the new world oftext-to-image AI generation.His distinctivestyleis now one of the most commonly used prompts in the new open-source AI art generator Stable Diffusion,which was launched late last month.The tool,along with other popular image-generation AI models,allows anyone to create impressive images based on text prompts.For example,type in “Wizard with sword anda glowing orb of magic fire fights a fierce dragon Greg Rutkowski,"and the system will produce something that looks not a million miles away fromworks in Rutkowski's style.But theseopen-source programs are built by scraping images from the Internet,often without permission and proper attribution to artists.As a result,they are raising tricky questions about ethics andcopyright.And artists like Rutkowski have had enough.According to the website Lexica,which tracks over 10million images and prompts generated by Stable Diffusion,Rutkowski's name has been used as a prompt around 93,000 times.Some of the world's most famous artists,such as Michelangelo,Pablo Picasso,and Leonardo da Vinci, brought up around 2,000 prompts each or less.Rutkowski's name also features as a prompt thousands of times in the Discord of another text-to-image generator,Midjourmey.Rutkowski was initially surprised but thought it might be a good way to reachnew audiences.Then he tried searchingfor his name to see if a piece he had worked on had been published.Theonline search brought back work that had his name attached to it but wasn't his.“It's been just a month.What about in a year?I probably won't be able to find my work out there because [the intermet]will be flooded with AI art,“Rutkowski says.“That's concerning.”“There is a coalition growing within artist industries to figure out how to tackle or mitigate this,"says Ortiz.The group is in its early days of mobilization,which could involve pushing for new policies or regulation.One suggestionis that AI models could be trained on images in the public domain,and AI companies could forge partnerships with museums and artists,Ortiz says.31.What can be leamed about Rutkowski from the firsttwo paragraphs?[A]He is enthusiastic about AI generation painting[B]Heis popular with the users of an AIart generator.[C]He attracts admiration from otherillustrators.[D]He specializes in classical painting digitalization.32.The problem with open-source AIart generators is that they[A]lack flexibility in responding to prompts[B]produce artworks inunpredictable styles[C]make unauthorizeduse of online images[D]collect user information without consent33.After searching online,Rutkowski found[A]a unique way to reach audiences[B]a new method to identify AI images[C]AI-generated work bearinghis name[D]heated disputes regarding his copyright34.According to Ortiz,AI companies are advised to[A]campaign fornew policies or regulations[B]offer their services topublic institutions[C]strengthen their relationships with AI users[D]adopt a different strategy for AI model training35.What is the text mainlyabout?[A]Artists'responses to Al art generation.[B]AI's expanded role in artistic creation.[C]Privacy issues in the application of Al.[D]Opposing views on AI development.Text 4The miracle of the Chesapeake Bay lies not in its depths,but in the complexity of its natural construction,the interaction of fresh and saline water and the mix of land and water.The shallows provide homes for hundreds of species while storing floodwaters,filtering pollutants from water, and protecting nearby communities from potentially destructive storm surges.All this was put at great risk late last month,when the US Supreme Court issued a ruling in an Idaho case that provides the EPA far less authority to regulate wetlands and waterways. Specifically,a54 majority decided that wetlandsprotected by the EPA under it Clean Water Act authority must havea “continuous surface connection”to bodies of water.This narrowing of the regulatory scope was a victory for builders,mining operators and othercommercial interests often at odds with environmental rules.And it carries “significant repercussions for water quality and flood control throughout the US,"as Justice Brett Kavanaugh observed.In Maryland,the good news is that there are many state laws in place that provide wetlands protections.But that's a very shortsighted view,particularly when it comes to the Chesapeake Bay. The reality is that water and the pollutants that so often come with it,don't respect state boundaries.The Chesapeake draws from a 64000-square-mile watershed that extends to Virginia, Pennsylvania,New York,West Virginia,the District of Columbia and Delaware.Will thosejurisdictions extend the same protections now denied under Sackett V.EPA?Perhaps some,butall? That seems unlikely.It is tooeasy,and misleading,to see such court rulings as merely standing upfor the rights of landowners when the consequences can be so dire for their neighbors.And it's reminder that they EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake Bay program has long been crucial as the means to transcend the influence of deep-pocketed special interests in neighboring states.Pennsylvania farmers,to use one telling example,aren't thinking about next year 's blue crab harvest in Maryland when they decide whether to spread animal waste on their felds,yet the runof into nearby creeks can have enormous impacts downstreamAnd so we would also call on state lawmakers from Richmond toAlbany to consider reviewing their own wetlands protectionsand see for themselves the enormous stakes involved. We can't offer them a trip to the Chesapeake Bay model.It's been gone since the 1980s but perhapsa visit to Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge in Dorchester County where American bald eagles fly over tidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them but teaming with aquatic life.It's worth the scenic drive.36.The Chesapeake Bay is described in Paragraph 1 as[A]a value natural environment[B]a controversial conservation area[C]a place with commercial potential[D]a headache for nearby communities37.The U.S.Supreme Court's ruling in the Idaho case[A]reinforceswater pollution control[B]weakens the EPA's regulatory power[C]will endconflicts amonglocalresidents[D]may faceopposition fromminingoperators38.How does the author feel about the future of the Chesapeake Bay?[A]Worried.[B]Puzzled.[C]Relieved.[D]Encouraged.39.What can be inferred about the EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake Bay Program?[A]It has restored the balance among neighboring jurisdictions.[B]It has triggered aradical reform in commercial fisheries.[C]It hasset a fine example of respecting state authorities.[D]It has ensured the coordination of protection efforts.40.The author holds that the state lawmakers should[A]be cautious about the influence of landowners[B]attach due importance to wetlands protections[C]recognize the need to expandwildlife refuges[D]improve the wellbeing of endangered speciesPart BDirections:Read the following comments on a report about American museums returning artifacts to their countries of origin and a list of statements summarizing thecomments.Choosethe best statement from the list A-G foreach numbered name (41—45).There are two extra choices which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)(41) HannahSimply,there are people in Nigeria who cannot travel tothe Smithsonian Institution to see that part of theirhistory and culture represented by the Benin Bronzes.These should be available to them as part of their cultural heritage and history and as a source of national pride.There is no good reason that these artifacts should be beyond the ordinary reach of the educational objectives or inspiration of the generations to which they wereleft.They serve no purpose in a museum in the United Statesor elsewhere except ascurious objects.They cannot be comparedtoworks of art produced for sale which can be passed from hand to hand and place to placebypurchase.(42)BuckWe know very exact reproductions of artwork can be and are regularly produced.Perhaps museums and governments might explore some role for the use of nearly exact reproductions as a means of resolving issues relating to returning works of art and antiquities.The context of any exhibit ismore important to me than whether the object being displayed is 2,000 yearsold or 2 months old.In many cases the experts have a hard time agreeing on what is the real object and what is a forgery.Again,thestory an exhibit is trying to tell is what matters.The monetary value of theobjects on display isa distant secondplace in importance.(43)SaraWhen visiting the Baltimore Museum ofArt,I came across a magnificent15th-century Chinese sculpture.It inspired meto leam more about the culture that it represented.Artifacts in museums have the power to inspire,and perhaps spark that need to leam and understand the nature of theircreators.Having said that,I do feel that whatever artifacts find their way to public museums should,in fact,be sanctionedas having been obtained on loan,legally purchased,or obtained by treaty.Stealing artifacts from other peoples'cultures is obscene;it robs not only the physical objects,but the dignityand spirit of their creators.(44) VictorAncient art that is displaced in foreign countriesshould be returned..(缺失)(45) JuliaTo those of you in the comments section,by all means,who are havingstrong feeling about artifactsbeing removed from cities in the US and Britain,I would ask you to consider..(缺失)[A]It is clear that countries of origin have never been compensated for stolen artifacts.[B]It is a flawed line of reasoning to argue againstreturning artifacts to their countries of origin.[C]Museum visitor can still leam as much from artifacts copies after the originals are retumed[D]Reproductions,even if perfectly made,cannot take the place of the authentic objects[E]The real value of artifacts can only be recognizedin their countries of origin rather than anywhere else.[F]Ways to get artifacts from othercountries mustbe decent and lawful.[G]Concern over security is no excuse for refusing to return artifacts to their countries of origin参考答案：41.E 42.C 43.F 44.G 45.BPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should bewritten clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)“Elephants never forget”—or so they say—and that piece of folkloreseems to have some foundation.The African savanna elephantalso known as the African bush elephant,is distributed across 37 African countries.(46) They sometimes travel more than sixty miles to find food or water,and are very good at working out where other elephants are—even when they are out of sight. Using tracking devices,researchers have shown that they have “remarkable spatial acuity”,when finding their way to waterholes,they headed off in exactly the right direction,on one occasion froma distance of roughly thirty miles.What is more,they almost always seem to choose the nearest water hole.(47)The researchers are convinced that the elephants always know precisely where they are in relation to all the resources they need,and can therefore take shortcuts,as well as following familiar routes.Although the cues used by African elephants for long-distance navigation are not yet understood,smell may well play a part.Elephants are very choosy eaters,but until recentlylittle wasknown about how they selected their food.(48)One possibility was that they merely used their eyes and tried out the plants they found,but that would probably result in a lot of wasted time and energy,not least because their eyesight is actually not very good.(49) The volatile chemicals produced by plants can be carried a long way,and they are very characteristic:Each plant or tree has its own particular odor signature. What is more,they can be detected even when they are not actually visible.New research suggests that smell is a crucial factor in guiding elephants—and probably other herbivores —to the best food resources.The researchers first established what kinds of plant the elephants preferred either to eat or avoid when foraging freely.They then set up a “food station”experiment,in which they gave elephants a series of choices based only on smell.(50)The experiment showed that elephants may well use smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat,and secondly to assess the quality ofthe trees within cach patch.Free-ranging elephants presumably also use this information to locate their preferred food.参考译文：(46)它们有时跋涉六十多英里寻找食物或水，并且非常善于寻找其他大象的位置——即使它们不在视线范围内。
2024年考研英语1试卷
1、Which of the following strategies is NOT typically recommended for improving reading comprehension in an academic context?A. Actively summarizing paragraphs as you readB. Skimming the text for main ideas before deep readingC. Underlining every unfamiliar word for later reviewD. Making connections between the text and prior knowledge (答案：C)2、In a research paper, the abstract serves as a:A. Detailed explanation of the methodology usedB. Concise summary of the entire study's findingsC. List of all references cited in the documentD. Discussion of future research directions (答案：B)3、Which of these phrases is correctly punctuated?A. The report, which was due last Friday, is still not finished.B. The report which was due last Friday, is still not finished.C. The report which was due, last Friday is still not finished.D. The report, which was due last Friday is still, not finished. (答案：A)4、When writing a thesis statement for an argumentative essay, it should:A. Present a fact without offering an opinionB. Be vague and open-ended to avoid controversyC. Clearly state the author's position on the topicD. Focus on multiple unrelated ideas (答案：C)5、In the context of academic writing, which of the following is considered plagiarism?A. Paraphrasing a source without proper citationB. Using direct quotes with correct attributionC. Summarizing a complex idea in simpler termsD. Acknowledging limitations in your own research (答案：A)6、Which of the following is NOT a common type of paragraph structure in academic writing?A. Topic sentence followed by supporting detailsB. Chronological order of eventsC. Problem-solution formatD. Random assortment of unrelated ideas (答案：D)7、When analyzing a pie chart in a research report, the reader should expect to find:A. A detailed narrative of the research processB. A list of raw data used to create the chartC. A visual representation of quantitative data along with brief explanationsD. An extensive history of chart design methodologies (答案：C)8、In a compare-and-contrast essay, the primary purpose is to:A. Argue for one side of an issueB. Describe the similarities between two subjectsC. Highlight both similarities and differences between two or more subjectsD. Provide a step-by-step guide on how to perform a task (答案：C)。
2023考研英语(一)试题及答案解析
2023考研英语（一）试题及答案解析2023年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Caravanserais were roadside inns that were built along the Silk Road in areas including China, North Africa and the Middle East. They were typically1outside the walls of a city or village and were usually funded by local governments of2.The word ‘Caravanserai’ is a3of the Persian words ‘karvan’, which means a group of travellers or a caravan, and seray, a palace or enclosed building. The term caravan was used to4groups of people who travelled together across the ancient network for safety reasons,5merchants, travellers or pilgrims.From the 10th century onwards, as merchant and travel routes became more developed, the6of Caravanserais increased and they served as a safe place for people to rest at night. Travellers on the Silk Road7the possibility of being attacked by thieves or being8to extreme weather conditions. For this reason, Caravanserais were strategicallyplaced9they could be reached in a day’s travel time.Caravanserais served as an informal10point for the various people who travelled the Silk Road.11, those structures became important centres for cultural12and interaction with travellers sharing their cultures, ideas and beliefs,13talking knowledge with them, greatly14the development of several civilisations.Caravanserais were also an important marketplace for commodities and15in the trade of goods along the Silk Road.16, it was frequently the first stop for merchants looking to sell their wares and17supplies for their own journeys. It is18that around 12,000 to 15,000 caravanserais were built along the Silk Road,19only about 3,000 are known to remain today, many of which are in20.1. A. displayed B. occupiedC. locatedD. equipped2.A. privatelyB. regularly C. respectively D. permanently3. A. definition B. transition C. substitutionD. combination4. A. classify B. recordC. describeD. connect5. A. apart from B. instead ofC. such asD. along with6.A. constructionB. restoration C. impression D. evaluation7. A. doubtedB. facedC. accepted D. reduced8. A. assignedB. subjectedC. accustomed D. opposed9.A. so thatB. even if C. now that D. in case10. A. talking B. starting C. breakingD. meeting11. A. By the way B. On occasion C. In comparisonD. As a result12. A. heritage B. revivalC. exchangeD. status13. A. with regard to B. in spite ofC. as well asD. in line with14. A. completingB. influencingC. resuming D. pioneering15.A. aidedB. invested C. failed D. competed16. A. RatherB. IndeedC. Otherwise D. However17. A. go in for B. stand up for C. close in onD. stock up on18.A. believedB. predicted C. recalled D. implied19. A. until B. because C. unlessD. although20.A. ruinsB. debt C. fashion D. seriesSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1The weather in Texas may have cooled since the recent extreme heat, but the temperature will be high at the State Board of Education meeting in Austin this month as officials debate how climate change is taught in Texas schools.Pat Hardy, who sympathized with views of the energy sector, is resisting the proposed change to science standards for pre-teen pupils.These would emphasize the primacy of human activity in recent climate change and encourage discussion of mitigation measures.Most scientists and experts sharply dispute Hardy’s views. "They casually dismiss the career work of scholars and scientists as just another misguided opinion." says Dan Quinn, senior communications strategist at the Texas Freedom Network, a non-profit group that monitors public education, "What millions of Texas kids learn in their public schools is determined too often by the political ideology of partisan board members, rather than facts and sound scholarship."Such debate reflects fierce discussions across the US and around the world, as researchers, policymakers, teachers and students step up demands for a greater focus on teaching about the facts of climate change in schools.A study last year by the National Center for Science Education, a non-profit group of scientists and teachers, looking at how state public schools across the country address climate change in science classes, gave barely half of US states a grade B+ or higher. Among the 10 worst performers were some of the most populous states, including Texas, which was given the lowest grade (F) and has a disproportionate influence because its textbooks are widely sold elsewhere.Glenn Branch, the centres deputy director, cautions that setting state-level science standards is only one limited benchmark in a country that decentralises decisions to local school boards. Even if a state is considered a high performer in its science standards, "that does not mean it will be taught”, he says.Another issue is that while climate change is well integrated into some subjects and at some ages--such as earth and space sciences in high schools it is not as well represented in curricula for younger children and in subjects that are more widely taught, such as biology and chemistry. It is also less prominent in many social studies courses.Branch points out that, even if a growing number of official guidelines and textbooks reflect scientific consensus on climate change, unofficial educational materials that convey more slanted perspectives are being distributed to teachers. They include materials sponsored by libertarian think-tanks and energy industry associations.21. In paragraph 1, the weather in Texas is mentioned toA. forecast a policy shift in Texas schools.B. stress the consequences of climate change.C. indicate the atmosphere at the board meeting.D. draw the publics attention to energy shortages.22. What does Quinn think of Hardy?A. She exaggerates the existing panic.B. She denies the value of scientific work.C. She shows no concern for pre-teens.D. She expresses self-contradictory views.23. The study mentioned in Paragraph 5A. climate education is insufficient at state public schools.B. policy makers have little drive for science education.C. Texas is reluctant to rewrite its science textbooks.D. environmental teaching in some states lacks supervision.24. According to Branch, state-level science standards in the USA. call for regular revision.B. require urgent application.C. have limited influence.D. cater to local needs.25. It is implied in the last paragraph that climate change teaching in some schoolsA. agree to major public demands.B. reflects teachers personal biases.C. may misrepresent the energy sector.D. can be swayed by external forces.Text 2Communities throughout New England have been attempting to regulate short-term rentals since sites like Airbnb took off in the 2010s. Now with record-high home prices and historically low inventory, there’s an increased urgency in such regulation, particularly among those who worry that developers will come in and buy up swaths of housing to flip for a fortune on the short-term rental market.In New Hampshire, where the rental vacancy rate has dropped below 1 percent, housing advocates fear unchecked short-term rentals will put further pressure on an already strained market. The State Legislature recently voted against a bill that would’ve made it illegal for towns to create legislation restricting short-term rentals.“We are at a crisis level on the supply of rental housing,” said Nick Taylor, executive director of the Workforce Housing Coalition of the Greater Seacoast. Without enough affordable housing in southern New Hampshire towns, “employers are having a hard time attracting employees, and workers are having a hard time finding a place to live,” Taylor said.However, short-term rentals also provide housing for tourists, pointed out Ryan Castle, CEO of a local association of realter. “A lot of workers are servicing the tourist industry, and the tourism industry is serviced by those people coming in short term,” Castle said, “and so it’s a cyclical effect.”Short-term rentals themselves are not the crux of the issue, said Keren Horn, an expert on affordable housing policy. “I think individuals being able to rent out their second home is a good thing. If it’s their vacation home anyway, and it’s just empty, why can’t you make money off it?” Horn said. Issues arise, however, when developers attempt to create large-scale short-term rental facilities—de facto hotels—to bypass taxes and regulations. “I think the question is, shouldn’t a developer who’s really building a hotel, but disguising it as not a hotel, be treated and taxed and regulated like a hotel?” Horn said.At the end of , governor Charlie Baker of Massachusetts signed a bill to rein in those potential investor-buyers. The bill requires every rentalhost to register with the state mandates they carry insurance, and opens the potential for local taxes on top of a new state levy. Boston took things even further, requiring renters to register with the city’s Inspectional Services Department.Horn said similar registration requirements could benefit struggling cities and towns, but “if we want to make a change in the housing market, the main one is we have to build a lot more.”26. Which of the following is true of New England?A. Its housing supply is at a very low level.B. Its communities are in need of funding.C. Its rental vacancy rate is going up slowly.D. Its home prices are under strict control.27. The bill mentioned in Paragraph 2 was intended toA. curb short-term rental speculation.B. ensure the supply of cheap housing.C. punish illegal dealings in housing.D. allow a free short-term rental market.28. Compared with Castle, Taylor is more likely to supportA. further investment in local tourism.B. an increase in affordable housing.C. strict management of real estate agents.D. a favorable policy for short-term workers.29. What does Horn emphasize in Paragraph 5?A. The urgency to upgrade short-term rental facilities.B. The efficient operation of the local housing market.C. The necessity to stop developers from evading taxes.D. The proper procedures for renting out spare houses.30. Horn holds that imposing registration requirements isA. an irrational decision.B. an unfeasible proposal.C. an unnecessary measure.D. an inadequate solution.Text 3If you’re heading for your nearest branch of Waterstones, the biggest book retailer in the UK, in search of the Duchess of Sussex’s new children’s book The Bench, you might have to be prepared to hunt around a bit, the same may be true of The President’s Daughter, the new thriller by Bill Clinton and James Patterson. Both of these books are published next week by Penguin Random House(PRH), a company currently involved in a stand-off with Waterstones.The problem began late last year, when PRH confirmed that it had introduced a credit limit with Waterstones “at a very significant level”. The trade magazineThe Booksellerreported that Waterstones branchmanagers were being told to remove PRH books from prominent areas such as tables, display spaces and windows, and were “quietly retiring them to their relevant sections”.PRH declined to comment on the issue, but a spokesperson for Waterstones told me: “Waterstones are currently operating with reduced credit terms from PRH, the only publisher in the UK to place any limitations on our ability to trade. We are not boycotting PRH titles but we are doing our utmost to ensure that availability for customers remains good despite the lower overall levels of stock. We are hopeful with our shops now open again that normality will return and that we will be allowed to buy appropriately. Certainly, our shops are exceptionally busy. The sales for our May Books of the Month surpassed any month since .”In the meantime, PRH authors have been the losers. Big-name PRH authors may suffer a bit, but it’s those mid-list authors, who normally rely on Waterstones staff’s passion for promoting books by lesser-known writers, who will be praying for an end to the dispute.It comes at a time when authors are already worried about the consequences of the proposed merger between PRH and another big publisher, Simon Schuster—the reduction in the number of unaligned UK publishers is likely to lead to fewer bidding wars, lower advances, and more conformity in terms of what is published.“This is all part of a wider change towards concentration of power,”says literary agent Andrew Lownie. “The publishing industry talks about diversity in terms of authors and staff but it also needs a plurality of ways of delivering intellectual contact, choice and different voices.After all, many of the most interesting books in recent years have come from small publishers.”We shall see whether that plurality is a casualty of the current need among publishers to be big enough to take on all-comers.31. The author mentions two books in Paragraph 1 to presentA. an ongoing conflict.B. an intellectual concept.C. a prevailing sentiment.D. a literary phenomenon.32. Why did Waterstones shops retire PRH books to their relevant sections?A. To make them easily noticeable.B. To comply with PRH’s requirement.C. To respond to PRH’s business move.D. To arrange them in a systematic way.33. What message does the spokesperson for Waterstones seem to convey?A. Their customers remain loyal.B. The credit limit will be removed.C. Their stock is underestimated.D. The book market is rather slack.34.What can be one consequence of the current dispute?A. Sales of books by mid-list PRH writers fall off considerably.B. Lesser-known PRH writers become the target of criticism.C. Waterstones staff hesitate to promote big-name authors’ books.D. Waterstones branches suffer a severe reduction in revenue.35. Which of the following statements best represents Lownie’s view?A. Small publishers ought to stick together.B. Big publishers will lose their dominance.C. The publishing industry is having a hard time.D. The merger of publishers is a worrying trend.Text 4Scientific papers are the recordkeepers of progress in research. Each year researchers publish millions of papers in more than 30,000 journals. The scientific community measures the quality of those papers in a number of ways, including the perceived quality of the journal (as reflected by the title’s impact factor) and the number of citations a specific paper accumulates. The careers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and prestige of the papers they produce, but even more so on the citations attracted by these papers.Citation cartels, where journals, authors, and institutions conspire to inflate citation numbers, have existed for a long time. In , researchers developed an algorithm to recognize suspicious citation patterns,including groups of authors that disproportionately cite one another and groups of journals that cite each other frequently to increase the impact factors of their publications. Recently, another expression of this predatory behavior has emerged: so-called support service consultancies that provide language and other editorial support to individual authors and to journals sometimes advise contributors to add a number of citations to their articles.The advent of electronic publishing and authors’ need to find outlets for their papers resulted in thousands of new journals. The birth of predatory journals wasn’t far behind. These journals can act as milk cows where every single article in an issue may cite a specific paper or a series of papers. In some instances, there is absolutely no relationship between the content of the article and the citations. The peculiar part is that the journal that the editor is supposedly working for is not profiting at all — it is just providing citations to other journals. Such practices can lead an article to accrue more than 150 citations in the same year that it was published.How insidious is this type of citation manipulation? In one example, an individual- acting as author, editor, and consultant—was able to use at least 15 journals as citation providers to articles published by five scientists at three universities. The problem is rampant in Scopus, a citation database, which includes a high number of the new “international”journals. In fact, a listing in Scopus seems to be a criterion to be targeted in this type of citation manipulation.Scopus itself has all the data necessary to detect this malpractice. Red flags include a large number of citations to an article within thefirst year. And for authors who wish to steer clear of citation cartel activities: when an editor, a reviewer, or a support service asks you to add inappropriate references, do not oblige and do report the request to the journal.36. According to Paragraph 1, the careers of scientists can be determined by________.A. how many citations their works contain.B. how many times their papers are cited.C. the prestige of the people they work with.D. the status they have in scientific circles.37.The support service consultancies tend to________.A. recommend journals to their clientsB. list citation patterns their clientsC. ask authors to include extra citationsD. advise contributors to cite each other38.The Function of the “milk cow” journals is to________.A. boost citation counts for certain authorsB. help scholars publish articles at low costC. instruct First-time contributors in citationD. increase the readership of new journals39.What can be learned about Scopus from the last two paragraphs?A. It Fosters competition among citation providers.B. It has the capability to identify suspicious citations.C. It hinders the growth of “international” journals.D. It is established to prevent citation manipulation.40.What should an author do to deal with citation manipulators?A. Take legal action.B. Demand an apology.C. Seek professional adviceD. Reveal their misconduct.Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-H and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A, E and H have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Last year marks the 150th anniversary of a series of Yellowstone photographs by the renowned landscape photographer William Henry Jackson. He captured the first-ever shots of iconic landmarks such as the Tetons, Old Faithful and the Colorado Rockies. Jackson snapped them on a late 19th-century expedition through the Yellowstone Basin that was conductedby the head of the U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, Ferdinand V. Hayden. The team included a meteorologist, a zoologist, a mineralogist, and an agricultural statistician.[B] Two centuries ago, the idea of preserving nature, rather than exploiting it, was a novel one to many U.S. settlers. One of the turning points in public support for land conservation efforts — and recognizing the magnificence of the Yellowstone region in particular — came in the form of vivid photographs.[C] As an effective Washington operator, Hayden sensed that he could capitalize on the expedition’s stunning visuals. He asked Jackson to print out large copies and distributed them, along with reproductions of Moran’s paintings, to each member of Congress. “The visualization, particularly those photographs, really hit home that this is something that has to be protected,” says Murphy.[D] Throughout the trip, Jackson juggled multiple cameras and plate sizes using the collision process that involved coating the plates with a chemical mixture, exposing them and developing the resulting images with a portable darkrooms. The crude technique required educated guesses on exposures times, and involved heavy, awkward equipment — several men had to assist in its transportation. Despite these challenges, Jackson captured dozens of striking photos, ranging from majestic images like his now-famous snapshot of old faithful, to casual portraits of expedition members that the camp. While veterans of previous expeditions had written at length about stunning sights, these vivid photographs were another thing entirely.[E] The well-documented Yellowstone journey officially began in Ogden, Utah on June 8, 1871. Over nearly four months, dozens of men made their way on horseback into Montana and traversed along the Yellowstone River and around Yellowstone Lake. That fall, they concluded the survey in Fort Bridger, Wyoming.[F]Though Native Americans (and later miners and fur trappers) had long recognized the area’s riches, most Americans did not. That’s why Hayden’s expedition aimed to produce a fuller understanding of the Yellowstone River region, from its hot springs and waterfalls to its variety of flora and fauna. In addition to the entourage of scientists, the team also included artists: Painter Thomas Moran and photographer William Henry Jackson were charged with capturing this astounding natural beauty and sharing it with the world.[G]The bill proved largely popular and sailed through Congress with large majorities in favor. In quick succession, the Senate and House passed legislation protecting Yellowstone in early 1872.[H] Perhaps most importantly, these images provided documentary evidence of the park’s sights that later made its way to government officials. Weeks after completing the expedition, Hayden collected his team’s observations into an extensive report aimed at convincing senators and representatives, along with colleagues at government agencies like the Department of the Interior, that Yellowstone ought to be preserved.2023年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)参考答案41-45：B F D C GPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) There has been some exploration around the use of AI in digital marketing. For example, AI can be used to analyse what type of advertising content or copy would be appropriate to ‘speak’ to a specific target customer group by revealing information about trends and preferences through the analysis of big data. (46)AI can also be used to identify the lifestyles choices of customers regarding their hobbies, favorite celebrities, and fashions to provide unique content in marketing messages put out through social media.At the same time, AI can also be used to generate content for social media posts and chat sites. AI can also provide a bridge between the need of the brand to communicate emotionally with the customer and identifying their rapidly changing needs. The main disadvantage of using AI to respond to customers is that there are concerns about trusting personal interactions to machines, which could lead not only to the subsequent loss of interpersonal connections, but also to a decrease in marketing personnel. (47)Some believe that AI is negatively impacting on the marketer’s role by reducing creativity and removing jobs, but they are aware that it is a way of reducing costs and creating new information.By allowing AI to develop content some brand, marketers may find that they are losing control over the brand narrative. (48)Algorithms used to simulate human interactions are creating many of those concerns, especially as no one is quite sure what the outcomes of using AI to interact with customers will be.For AI to be successful, data needs to be accessible, but the use of personal data is becoming more regulated and the automated sharing of data is becoming more difficult.(49)If customers are not willing to share data, AI will be starved of essential information and will not be able to function effectively or employ machine learning to improve its marketing content and communication.Therefore, unless customers are prepared to sign release agreements.The use of AI may become somewhat restricted in the future. Not only can AI help to create the marketing content, but it can also provide a non-intrusive way of delivering the content to the target customers. Data can be gathered on where the customer can be engaged, such as location, devices used, website interactions, and sites visited, to display marketing messages in appropriate forms, includingemails,social media posts, pop-up advertisements, and banners at an appropriate frequency. (50)The non-intrusive delivery of the marketing message in a way that is sensitive to the needs of target customers is one of the critical challenges to the digital marketer.46. 【参考译文】人工智能还可以用来识别出消费者生活方式的选择，包括他们的爱好、最喜欢的名人和时尚，从而通过社交媒体发布的营销信息来提供独特的内容。
2023考研英语阅读真题 Text 1(英语一)
2023 Text 1（英语⼀）The weather in Texas may have cooled since the recent extreme heat, but the temperature will be high at the State Board of Education meeting in Austin this month as officials debate how climate change is taught in Texas schools.德克萨斯州最近经历了极端⾼温，⾼前可能已经降温，但本⾼在奥斯汀举⾼的州教育委员会会议上⾼氛却⾼分热烈，因为官员们正在辩论如何在德克萨斯州的学校⾼教授⾼候变化。
Pat Hardy, who sympathized with views of the energy sector, is resisting the proposed change to science standards for pre-teen pupils.帕特·哈代赞同能源部⾼的观点，他抵制对前⾼少年期的学⾼的科学标准进⾼修改的建议。
These would emphasise the primacy of human activity in recent climate change and encourage discussion of mitigation measures.这将强调⾼类活动在最近⾼候变化中的⾼要地位，并⾼励讨论缓解（⾼候变化的）措施。
Most scientists and experts sharply dispute Hardy's views.⾼多数科学家和专家强烈反对哈代的观点。
"They casually dismiss the career work of scholars and scientists as just another misguided opinion," says Dan Quinn, senior communications strategist at the TexasFreedom Network, a non-profit group that monitors public education , "Whatmillions of Texas kids learn in their public schools is determined too often by theof partisan board members , rather than facts and soundpolitical ideologyscholarship."监督公共教育的⾼营利组织德克萨斯⾼由⾼络的⾼级通信策略师丹·奎因说：“他们随意地将学者和科学家的职业⾼作视为另⾼种被误导的观点，数百万德州⾼童在公⾼学校学到的东⾼往往是由党派委员会成员的政治意识形态决定的，⾼⾼事实和正确的学术知识。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
The 19th century French philosopher Auguste Comte got it wrong: demography is not destiny.19世纪法国哲学家奥古斯特•孔德错了：人口并不决定命运。
Population trends are some of the strongest forces in economics, affecting global prosperity, the growth of individual nations and the strength of public finances. But reducing the success of countries and regions to their trends in births, deaths and migration is a simplification too far.各种人口趋势是经济学中最强大的一些力量，影响着全球繁荣、单个国家的增长和公共财政的实力。
但是，将国家和区域的成功归结于其出生、死亡和人口移徙趋势是一种过于简单化的做法。
As the coronavirus pandemic has shown, the confident predictions in 2020 of a lockdown baby boom followed by the 2021 fear of a Covid baby bust demonstrate that demographic trends are far less stable than often imagined. Small changes in fertility, mortality and migration can have immense effects.正如新冠疫情所显示的那样，2020年对疫情封锁会带来一波婴儿潮的自信预测，以及接下来的2021年对疫情会造成婴儿荒的担忧，表明人口趋势远没有通常想象的那么稳定。
考研英语阅读理解外刊原文经济学人
Surging living costs force Britons to work past retirement age生活成本飙升迫使英国人退休后继续工作The share of older UK workers planning to carry on working in their retirement has nearly doubled in two years due to rising living costs and insufficient pension savings, according to a survey from Abrdn.根据Abrdn的一项调查，由于生活成本上升和养老金储蓄不足，计划退休后继续工作的英国老年员工比例在两年内增加了近一倍。
The investment manager’s stark findings underscore the impact of soaring energy and food prices on household budgets, which is pressuring people’s finances as inflation hits a 30-year high.这家投资管理公司的严峻调查结果凸显出能源和食品价格飙升对家庭预算的影响。
随着通胀触及30年高点，家庭预算正给人们的财务状况带来压力。
Surveying people planning to retire in 2022, Abrdn found that 66 per cent respondents proposed to continue with some form of employment beyond retiring, up from just over 50 per cent in a similar study last year and just 34 per cent in 2020.Abrdn对计划2022年退休的人进行了调查，发现66%的受访者打算在退休后继续从事某种形式的工作，而在去年的一项类似研究中，这一比例略高于50%，而在2020年，这一比例仅为34%。
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考研外刊英语1
1.As a rival to America, China knows that an exemption from the tariffs is not on
offer.
2. Mr. Trump wants to punish China for the alleged theft of American corporate secrets.
单词：
rival[ˈraɪvl]
n. 竞争对手
例：Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment.
宫廷、业余爱好者的校园组织和巡回演出的演员们都竞相满足人们对戏剧娱乐的渴望。
（2018年考研英语一翻译）
exemption [ɪɡˈzempʃn]
n. (义务等的)免除；免(税)
例：The political assault on important clients' exemption undermines the confidence they need to invest.
针对大客户的免税政策的政治打击，降低了他们本来应该投入的信心。
alleged [əˈledʒd]
adj. 声称的；所谓的
例：This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.
这说明所谓的“霍桑效应”是难以证实的。
（2010年考研英语一完形填空）
译文：
1.作为美国的竞争对手，中国知道免除关税是不可能的。
2.特朗普想对中国涉嫌窃取美国公司机密的行为进行惩罚。
注：参见外刊晨读-20180326
1。