赖世雄美语语法笔记-句子的构成

赖世雄美语语法

----句子的构成

第一章句子的构成

1. 句子=SUBJECT+VERB

EXAMPLE:

John works hard.

He plays the piano well.

Mary seems to be fond of learning English.

1) 有时候主语可以省略，而构成祈使句，这种祈使句由原形动词引出，也称为动词不定式. EXAMPLE:

Work hard!= You should work hard.

Be quiet!= You should be quiet.

2) 祈使句变成否定形式时，要在原形动词前加DON’T.

Don’t fool around.

Don’t be silly.

第一节可充当主语的词类

可以做主语的有：名词，代词，动名词，不定式短语，名词从句，名词短语，表距离的地点副词短语等

一、名词作主语

EXAMPLE:

1) The child is apt to tell lies.这个小孩喜欢说谎

2) Gold is of much value.黄金很值钱

二、代词做主语

EXAMPLE:

1) He always keeps his promise.他非常守承诺

2) It is quite interesting to climb mountains.爬山非常有意思

三、动名词或不定式短语做主语(动词一定不可以做主语，一定要变成动名词或者是不定式短语，如此才可视为名词的对等语，当主语用）

EXAMPLE:

1) Seeing him makes me angry.看到他令我很生气

2) To see him is my purpose of coming here.来看他是我的目的

关于动名词做主语，通常用以表示已知的事情或者经验。

➢Collecting stamps is one of his hobbies.集邮是他的爱好

➢Leasning to music makes me happy.学音乐让我很快乐

用不定式做主语，通常表示一种意愿、目的或者未完成的事情。

➢To study abroad is my greatest desire.我最大的愿望是去国外学习

➢To go to Japan for a visit is my plan for this year.我计划今年去日本旅游

注意：不定式或者动名词短语做主语时，往往会形成主语过大的现象，故通常用代词it做主语，置于句首。而将真正的主语，不定式或动名词短语移到句尾。动名词移到句尾时，通常改为不定式短语。

EXAMPLE:

➢Collecting stamps is one of his hobbies.

=It is one of his hobbies to collect stamps.

➢Leasning to music makes me happy.

=It makes me happy to leasn to music.

➢To study abroad is my greatest desire.

=It is my greatest desire to study abroad.

➢To go to Japan for a visit is my plan for this year.

=It is my plan for this year to go to Japan for a visit.

注意：以下句型属于例外情形，it要代替动名词短语，不可使用不定式短语：

※ It is no use +动名词短语

It is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收

It is no use asking him for help.向他求救是没有用的

特殊句子：

It is no use + 动名词短语

=It is useless + 不定式短语

=It is of no use + 不定式短语

=There is no use(sense\point) + in +动名词短语

EXAMPLE

It is no use crying over spilt milk.

It is of no use to cry over spilt milk.

There is no use in crying over spilt milk.

四、名词从句做主语

EXAMPLE:

1) That he doesn’t study hard makes me angry.他不好好学习令我生气

句子绝对不能做主语，所以一定要变成名词从句才能做主语

2) 名词从句的种类一共有三种：that从句，whether从句，疑问词所引导的从句（戴惠仪）

THAT从句

任何一个主语起首的句子前面冠以that就是that从句

➢He doesn’t believe my words.→ that he doesn’t believe my words.他不相信我所说的话

➢He enjoys dancing.→ that he enjoyings dancing.他喜欢跳舞

➢There is much work to do.→ that there is much work to do.有很多工作要做

WHETHER从句(本从句是由可以用yes、no回答的一般问句变化而成)

1) 问句有be动词时，主语和be动词还原，前面冠以whether

➢Is he happy? → whether he is happy?他快乐吗

2) 问句有一般助动词（can,will,may,should,ought to,must,have）,主语与助动词还原，前面冠以

whether

➢Can he do it? → whether he can do it?

➢Has he done it? → whether he has done it?

3) 问句有do, does, did等助动词时，主语与助动词还原，再将do, does, did去掉，后面动词依人称和

时态变化

➢Did he come? → whether he came?