人体标本(展示图)
实验1人体口腔上皮细胞的观察 PPT课件
在盖玻片一侧滴加苯酚复红染液，另一侧放一小 块吸水纸，可以使染液流入盖玻片下边，将细 胞染成浅红色。
可以看到口腔上皮细胞呈扁平多边形，试辨认细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜，细 胞核位于细胞中央，近圆形或椭圆形，被染成深红色，细胞质被染成浅 红色，细胞周缘较暗的一层为细胞膜，细胞界限明显
4、绘图时先把标本放在一个适宜的位置，能展现出 图中要求表示的各部分，先测量或估量一下标本 的大小，长宽比例，确定应放大或缩小的倍数再 开始绘图
绘图注意事项：
5、先用软铅笔把标本形态结构的轮廓及主要部分轻轻画 出（线条要轻要细），如果标本将两部分画的相称
6、根据草图添绘各部分的详细结构，最后 用硬铅笔以清 晰的笔画绘出全图，线条是两侧对称，则应先画出一条 线垂直经过图的中央，这样容易要均匀一致，不要有接 痕，以点点表示标本上的凹凸、深浅、层次、结构的立 体感等，要将笔垂直于图纸绘成圆点，点的多少、疏密 视图的不同而异，但是点点不要重叠
注字引线尽量水平拉出图的标题应写在图的下面中央在纸的上面当中写出本实验的题目并在纸的右上角些学生姓名学号及实验日期浅生物绘图技术?1必须真实反映在显微镜下观察到的物象结构要准确反对臆造或照抄书本上的图?2根据目的要求画出最主要典型的部分抛弃次要的偶然的或带进标本的东西?3图的大小要适当过大太浪费时间太小反映不清楚要认真绘制切不可草率?4缩回值得各部分应有一定的比例首先用hb铅笔轻微的确定轮廓和内部主要构造的位置然后再用3h铅笔认真地绘出各部轮廓和内部主要构造的位置然后再用3h铅笔认真地绘出各部分的详细结构并擦去不必要的辅助线条注明各部分构造的名称?5绘制生物图用点和线表示如绘细胞图时细胞壁用线条表示其它构造用点表示点的大小和疏密要一致点要圆而光滑不准带尾巴绘制某器官的外形图时可用点表示明暗先从明部点起明部的点要细而稀暗部的点要密明暗交界处点要整齐这样显得分明且有立体感?6图面的字迹要工整指示线要向右引出不能交叉?概括为
塑化人体标本
人体标本所谓人体标本就是由真实的人体，经过一系列的化学处理后所制成的标本。
过去用福尔马林浸泡的标本易变色、易变形，保存时间也不长。
现在的标本都是塑化技术，这是上世纪70年代由德国人冈瑟·冯·海根斯发明的，中国于2000年引进。
塑化保存的标本都是经过了脱水、脱脂，所以现在我们所看到的都是肌肉组织，看起来也就更匀称和美观，而经过这样一项技术，标本可以保存500年之久。
塑化是一种把器官组织里的水分用液体硅树脂混合物替代，把组织变成能永久保存的标本的过程。
塑化技术是有德国解剖学家冈瑟·冯·海根斯发明的。
他是为解剖学做教具……他的灵感来自于文艺复兴时期的解剖学家的作品。
他的绝大多数人体标本是在中国塑化的（据说他雇佣了200名中国工人），这项技术需要大量劳动力，而且非常耗时，一年的时间只能做出一具标本（他的专利到期后，这项技术由美国人D·康宁改进，只需花原来1/10的时间）。
塑化首先需要把尸体清洗干净（就像给活人洗澡那样清洗）然后放在丙酮中浸泡，除掉体内组织的水分，为注入硅树脂聚合物做准备经过全身浸泡后，尸体被送入全身塑化器中，通过降低里面的压力使丙酮变成气体从尸体里蒸发出来，聚合物就被压进去最后在皮肤上涂上催化剂，开始两天的固化尸体塑化大约需要50000美元。
生物塑化是一种可以把组织保存得像活体一样的特殊技术。
它通过一种真空过程，用硅橡胶、环氧树脂等活性高分子多聚物对生物标本进行渗透，所用多聚物的种类，决定了浸透了的标本的光学性能（透明或不透明）和机械性能（柔软和坚韧）。
塑化技术可以使标本的表面保持其原有的状态，并可在显微镜水平保存细胞的结构，塑化标本干燥、无味、耐用，可以长久保存，且易于学习。
塑化技术四个步骤：（1）固定：主要是采用福尔马林进行固定。
（2）脱水和脱脂：用丙酮在真空下充当脱水剂、脱脂剂和中介溶剂。
（3）强制浸渗：真空条件下，用硅橡胶、环氧树脂等多聚物液体替换组织中的丙酮。
浅谈人体解剖标本制作的经验与体会
浅谈人体解剖标本制作的经验与体会
张海峰;庞胤;孙杨
【期刊名称】《卫生职业教育》
【年(卷),期】2012(030)012
【摘要】沧州医学高等专科学校采用严格先进的制作流程,经过科学的设计精心的选材、一系列细致的加工,制作了大量精美的人体解剖标本,并构成系统、局部、断层等多个系列.人体解剖标本制作既能丰富教学资源,同时又可提高教师的实践能力.【总页数】2页(P105-106)
【作者】张海峰;庞胤;孙杨
【作者单位】沧州医学高等专科学校,河北,沧州,061001;沧州医学高等专科学校,河北,沧州,061001;沧州医学高等专科学校,河北,沧州,061001
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】G424.31
【相关文献】
1.浅谈创建人体解剖学标本陈列馆的体会 [J], 刘娟
2.人体解剖学教师参与标本制作的体会 [J], 李桂成
3.人体解剖标本制作的实践与体会 [J], 龙奕宏;陈翀;郑二来;陈金锋
4.人体解剖标本制作的实践与体会 [J], 龙奕宏;陈翀;郑二来;陈金锋
5.浅谈人体解剖学实验室建设的经验和体会 [J], 尹爱华;张海峰;孙玲;于丹丹;王德斌
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
人体冠状断层标本制作技术
人体冠状断层标本制作技术
董国军;陈宪福;苏略
【期刊名称】《解剖学研究》
【年(卷),期】2008(30)4
【摘要】随着断层解剖学实验教学要求的逐步提高和数字化可视人体科研不断的发展。
以及人体断层塑化标本制作的需求。
利用电动带锯机制作了去除上肢的人体连续冠状断层标本，达到了预期的效果，现把这一制作技术报道如下。
【总页数】2页(P318-319)
【关键词】标本制作技术;冠状断层;数字化可视人体;解剖学实验;教学要求;断层标本
【作者】董国军;陈宪福;苏略
【作者单位】吉林大学白求恩医学院解剖学教研室
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】R322-34;R322
【相关文献】
1.人体断层标本制作技术的改良及应用 [J], 程明亮;袁耀华;王相化;赵文忠;刘键
2.人体断层标本制作技术方法的改进 [J], 李贵宝;刘树伟;尹群生;王政;田广平;宋涛;刘书涛;王宏宇
3.人体断层标本制作技术 [J], 高斌礼;郭秀珍;赵士斌;苏慧杰;张建宾;张琪
4.人体断层标本制作技术及研究进展 [J], 侯鹏高
5.人体断层解剖标本制作技术 [J], 张天飞;张集建;郭光金;余汇洋;蒋登金
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
人体解剖标本陈列室开放的实践与探索
人体解剖标本陈列室开放的实践与探索佚名【摘要】The opening of the body specimen showroom is the need of experimental teaching reform and development is also the need to playthe social function fully. In order to make full use of the resources,improve the quality of anatomy experiment teaching; educate high quality sports talent, propaganda popular science knowledge. This paper discussed the construction situation of the human body specimen showroom,open form and specific problems in the process of open and the solving measures.%人体解剖标本陈列室开放是实验教学改革和发展的需要，也是发挥社会功能的需要。
为使资源得到充分利用，提高解剖学实验教学质量，培养高素质体育人才，宣传科普知识，就人体标本陈列室的建设情况、开放形式及在开放过程中存在的具体问题和解决措施进行了探讨。
【期刊名称】《湖北体育科技》【年(卷),期】2015(000)008【总页数】3页(P688-689,693)【关键词】人体解剖标本陈列室;开放形式;实践与探索【正文语种】中文【中图分类】G804.4运动解剖学是人体解剖学的一个分支，是一门形态学课程，是体育院校学生必修的基础课程。
熟练掌握人体的结构，对于其他相关课程的学习及以后的教学、科研、训练至关重要。
运动解剖学大部分教学任务是在专用教室大班上课完成。
塑化人体标本
人体标本所谓人体标本就是由真实的人体，经过一系列的化学处理后所制成的标本。
过去用福尔马林浸泡的标本易变色、易变形，保存时间也不长。
现在的标本都是塑化技术，这是上世纪70年代由德国人冈瑟·冯·海根斯发明的，中国于2000年引进。
塑化保存的标本都是经过了脱水、脱脂，所以现在我们所看到的都是肌肉组织，看起来也就更匀称和美观，而经过这样一项技术，标本可以保存500年之久。
塑化是一种把器官组织里的水分用液体硅树脂混合物替代，把组织变成能永久保存的标本的过程。
塑化技术是有德国解剖学家冈瑟·冯·海根斯发明的。
他是为解剖学做教具……他的灵感来自于文艺复兴时期的解剖学家的作品。
他的绝大多数人体标本是在中国塑化的（据说他雇佣了200名中国工人），这项技术需要大量劳动力，而且非常耗时，一年的时间只能做出一具标本（他的专利到期后，这项技术由美国人D·康宁改进，只需花原来的时间）。
塑化首先需要把尸体清洗干净（就像给活人洗澡那样清洗）然后放在丙酮中浸泡，除掉体内组织的水分，为注入硅树脂聚合物做准备经过全身浸泡后，尸体被送入全身塑化器中，通过降低里面的压力使丙酮变成气体从尸体里蒸发出来，聚合物就被压进去最后在皮肤上涂上催化剂，开始两天的固化尸体塑化大约需要500美元。
生物塑化是一种可以把组织保存得像活体一样的特殊技术。
它通过一种真空过程，用硅橡胶、环氧树脂等活性高分子多聚物对生物标本进行渗透，所用多聚物的种类，决定了浸透了的标本的光学性能（透明或不透明）和机械性能（柔软和坚韧）。
塑化技术可以使标本的表面保持其原有的状态，并可在显微镜水平保存细胞的结构，塑化标本干燥、无味、耐用，可以长久保存，且易于学习。
塑化技术四个步骤：（1）固定：主要是采用xx进行固定。
（2）脱水和脱脂：用丙酮在真空下充当脱水剂、脱脂剂和中介溶剂。
（3）强制浸渗：真空条件下，用硅橡胶、环氧树脂等多聚物液体替换组织中的丙酮。
人体器官模型和标本的观察
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五、观察项目
(一)双相动作电位
以适当强度(1V左右)刺激标本，可观察到在刺激 伪迹之后有一个双相动作电位。观察动作电位 两相的波形、幅值和时程。
(二)单相动作电位
用镊子夹伤两记录电极之间的神经，以同样参数 刺激神经标本，可见动作电位的第二相减小， 或完全消失，即为单相动作电位。观察其波形， 幅值和时程(图5—2)。
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实验对象： 人 实验器材： 心电图机、导电膏(或生理盐水)、酒精棉球、分
规。
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实验步骤
1、心电图的描记
(1)接好心电图机的地线，再接通电源，预热3—5分钟。
(2)受检者仰卧在检查床上，放松肌肉。在手腕和足踝内 侧，用酒精棉球清洁皮肤脱去皮脂，再涂上少量的导 电膏(或生理盐水)并安放引导电极。用同样方法安放 胸部电极。导联线的连接方法如下：红色——右手、 黄 色 —— 左 手 、 绿 色 —— 左 足 、 黑 色 —— 右 足 、 白 色——胸部电极(图23—1)。
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实验内容： 1 观察脑和脊髓、心脏的标本 2 观察脑和脊髓、心脏的模型 3 观察神经传导的电动模型
作业：列表总结脑各部分的组成 列表总结人体运动、感觉传导的主要通
路
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实验四 神经干复合动作电位的记录 蟾蜍坐骨神经缝匠肌标本制备 骨骼肌收缩特性的观察与分析
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实验目的：
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结果及分析 1、兔皮层机能定位的特点？ 2、α阻断的条件是什么？
人体标本价格表(精)
SL005颅骨矢状切显示：沟、口、板、窦等，可除去颧弓显示翼腭
窝4,850.00
SL006颅骨冠状切显示：沟、口、板、窦等5900.00
SL007额骨弓、孑L、突、沟、嵴、压迹等明显480.00
SL008顶骨角、线、孑L、沟、结节、板障静脉等480.00
SL057整个头部茎突舌骨肌，咽部打开，从后方显示咽部结构
29,700.00
SL058上肢浅层肌肉解剖，显示血管和神经21,000.00
SL059上肢深层肌肉解剖，显示血管和神经21,000.00
SL060上肢表面解剖和深层解剖相结合23,000.00
SL061手肌浅层4,500.00
SL062手肌深层4,500.00
SL063膈肌带部分脊柱、胃、肝脏、脾和胰27,500.00
SL064膈肌不带脏器6,900.00
SL065躯干肌浅层108,500.00
SL066躯干肌深层108,500.00
SL067男性会阴肌表面肌肉解剖，显示血管和神经24,500.00
SL068女性会阴肌表面肌肉解剖，显示血管和神经26,500.00
SL040寰枢关节显示寰椎十字韧带900.00
SL041半个女性骨盆正中矢状切，显示盆腔韧带4,850.00
SL042半个男性骨盆正中矢状切，显示盆腔韧带4,250.00
SL043完整女性骨盆显示盆腔韧带8,500.00
SL044完整男性骨盆显示盆腔韧带7,200.00
SL045脊柱显示相关韧带连接，关节等22,000.00
SL032胸椎一个（带相邻椎间盘）380.00
SL033腰椎一个（带相邻椎间盘）380.00
人体骨架结构实验报告
一、实验目的1. 通过观察人体骨架标本，了解人体骨骼的组成和结构。
2. 掌握骨骼系统的基本功能，包括支持、保护、运动和造血等。
3. 理解骨骼系统在不同年龄段的变化特点。
二、实验器材1. 人体骨架标本2. 解剖图谱3. 解剖工具（如解剖镊、解剖刀等）4. 实验记录表三、实验内容1. 骨骼系统的组成- 观察人体骨架标本，识别颅骨、躯干骨和四肢骨的组成部分。
- 记录各部分骨骼的名称和数量，如颅骨29块、躯干骨51块、四肢骨126块。
2. 骨骼的基本结构- 观察骨骼的横切面，了解骨的基本结构，包括骨膜、骨质和骨髓。
- 骨膜内有神经和血管，为骨组织提供营养，骨膜内层有成骨细胞，与骨的生长和修复有关。
- 骨髓分为红骨髓和黄骨髓，红骨髓具有造血功能，黄骨髓主要储存脂肪。
3. 骨骼的功能- 骨骼支持身体，构成人体支架，使身体保持直立姿势。
- 骨骼保护内脏器官，如颅骨保护大脑，胸廓保护心脏和肺。
- 骨骼参与运动，骨与骨之间的关节使身体能够进行各种运动。
- 骨骼制造红血球和白血球，参与人体的免疫和造血功能。
4. 骨骼系统在不同年龄段的变化- 儿童时期，骨骼系统处于生长发育阶段，骨骼数量较多，如骶骨有5块，尾骨有4～5块。
- 成人时期，骨骼数量减少，如骶骨和尾骨合并为1块。
- 老年时期，骨骼密度降低，易发生骨质疏松和骨折。
四、实验步骤1. 观察人体骨架标本，识别各部分骨骼的名称和数量。
2. 观察骨骼的横切面，了解骨的基本结构。
3. 分析骨骼的功能，并记录在实验记录表上。
4. 分析骨骼系统在不同年龄段的变化特点。
五、实验结果与分析1. 人体骨骼由206块骨组成，分为颅骨、躯干骨和四肢骨三个大部分。
2. 骨骼的基本结构包括骨膜、骨质和骨髓，骨膜内有神经和血管，骨膜内层有成骨细胞。
3. 骨骼的功能包括支持、保护、运动和造血等。
4. 骨骼系统在不同年龄段发生变化，儿童时期骨骼数量较多，成人时期骨骼数量减少，老年时期骨骼密度降低。
人体解剖标本实验报告
一、实验目的1. 了解人体解剖学的基本结构和组成。
2. 培养观察、分析、归纳和总结的能力。
3. 掌握人体解剖学的基本术语和概念。
二、实验材料1. 人体解剖标本2. 实验指导书3. 记录本、铅笔、尺子等实验用品三、实验内容1. 骨骼系统观察（1）观察全身骨骼的组成，包括颅骨、脊柱、胸廓、骨盆和四肢骨骼。
（2）重点观察脊柱的结构，包括颈椎、胸椎、腰椎、骶椎和尾椎的特点。
（3）观察四肢骨骼，包括肱骨、桡骨、尺骨、股骨、胫骨和腓骨。
2. 肌肉系统观察（1）观察全身肌肉的分布，了解肌肉的起止点和作用。
（2）重点观察躯干肌肉，如胸大肌、背阔肌、腹直肌等。
（3）观察四肢肌肉，如肱二头肌、肱三头肌、股四头肌等。
3. 内脏系统观察（1）观察胸腔内脏，包括心脏、肺、食管等。
（2）观察腹腔内脏，包括肝、胃、肠、肾等。
（3）观察盆腔内脏，包括膀胱、子宫、卵巢等。
4. 神经系统观察（1）观察脑和脊髓的结构，了解中枢神经系统的组成。
（2）观察周围神经，了解神经系统的分布和功能。
四、实验步骤1. 准备工作（1）预习实验指导书，了解实验内容和要求。
（2）清点实验材料，确保实验用品齐全。
2. 观察骨骼系统（1）按照实验指导书的要求，依次观察全身骨骼的组成。
（2）记录观察到的骨骼特点，如形状、大小、位置等。
3. 观察肌肉系统（1）按照实验指导书的要求，依次观察全身肌肉的分布。
（2）记录观察到的肌肉起止点和作用。
4. 观察内脏系统（1）按照实验指导书的要求，依次观察胸腔、腹腔和盆腔内脏。
（2）记录观察到的内脏位置、形态和功能。
5. 观察神经系统（1）按照实验指导书的要求，依次观察脑、脊髓和周围神经。
（2）记录观察到的神经系统的结构和功能。
五、实验结果与分析1. 骨骼系统（1）全身骨骼由颅骨、脊柱、胸廓、骨盆和四肢骨骼组成。
（2）脊柱具有支持、保护和运动功能。
（3）四肢骨骼具有运动、支持和保护功能。
2. 肌肉系统（1）全身肌肉分为骨骼肌、平滑肌和心肌三种。
运动解剖学实验
骨盆的组成
骶髂平面关节
后面观 前面观
髋关节
髋关节
• 髋关节的组成； • 股骨头关节面与髋臼关节面（形态和大小 的差别）； • 关节囊厚、紧张而坚韧； • 髂股韧带； • 连于股骨头和髋臼之间的股骨头韧带。
髋关节
膝关节
• 膝关节的组成: • ①股骨、胫骨、髌骨参与构成的滑车——椭圆形 状的复杂关节； • ②关节囊宽阔，周围有韧带增强。注意股四头肌 腱内的髌骨和髌韧带的位置； • ③向下翻开关节囊的前壁，观察髌骨下方两侧的 滑膜襞和探查髌骨上方的髌上囊； • ④前、后交叉韧带； • ⑤内、外侧半月板。
实验步骤
（一）中轴骨的观察 先在人体骨架标本上辨明中轴各骨的名 称和各骨的邻接关系； 然后确定它们在活体中各自的部位。 观察中轴各骨形态结构及骨标标志。
（二）上肢骨的观察 先在人体骨架标本上辨明上肢各骨的名 称和各骨的邻接关系； 确定它们在活体中各自的部位。 观察上肢各骨形态结构及骨标标志。
（三）下肢骨的观察 先在人体骨架标本上辨明下肢各骨的名 称和各骨的邻接关系； 确定它们在活体中各自的部位。 观察下肢各骨形态结构及骨标标志。
脊柱的骨
颈椎
1、颈椎一般形态
2、寰椎
3、枢椎
4、隆椎
胸椎
腰椎
骶骨前面观
骶骨后面观
上肢骨
上肢骨
上肢骨
上肢骨
下肢骨
下肢骨
下肢骨
综合性试验项目一
骨的解剖观察
通过对猪腿骨的解剖观察，掌握骨的大体 构造；通过对骨组织和骨发生模型的观察，了 解骨的微细构造及生长发育特点
实验内容
（一）解剖新鲜猪腿骨。 观察骨的骨表形态、大体构造； （二）对照、观察骨板、骨组织放大模型。 （三）观察骨发生模型。
人体解剖学标本
人体解剖学标本人体解剖学标本是研究人体结构和器官的重要工具，在医学教育和研究中起着重要的作用。
它们是从尸体中制作而成，经过特殊的处理和保存，用于展示和教学目的。
本文将介绍人体解剖学标本的制作过程、用途以及一些常见的标本类型。
一、制作过程人体解剖学标本的制作过程需要经过一系列的步骤。
首先，需要选择合适的尸体，通常是捐赠给医学院的尸体。
然后，对尸体进行消毒和清洗，以确保标本的卫生和安全。
接下来，将尸体进行解剖，逐层剥离肌肉和组织，暴露出骨骼和内脏器官。
最后，对骨骼和器官进行处理和保存，使其能够长期保存并展示。
二、用途人体解剖学标本在医学教育和研究中有着广泛的应用。
首先，它们被用于医学院的解剖学教学。
通过观察和研究标本，学生可以更加直观地了解人体的结构和器官的位置。
其次，它们也被用于医学研究。
研究人员可以利用标本进行实验和观察，以深入了解人体的生理和病理过程。
此外，人体解剖学标本还被用于医学展览和科普宣传，帮助公众了解人体结构和健康知识。
三、常见的标本类型人体解剖学标本有多种类型，下面将介绍一些常见的类型。
1.骨骼标本：骨骼标本是最常见的标本类型之一。
它们是通过将尸体的肌肉和组织剥离，保留骨骼部分而制作而成。
骨骼标本可以展示人体的骨骼结构，用于教学和研究。
2.器官标本：器官标本是将尸体的内脏器官进行处理和保存而制作而成。
它们可以展示人体内脏器官的结构和位置，有助于学生和研究人员了解人体的生理功能和病理变化。
3.组织切片：组织切片是将尸体的组织取样，进行特殊处理后制作而成。
它们可以用于显微镜下观察和研究组织的细胞结构和病理变化，对于研究疾病的发生和发展有重要意义。
4.解剖模型：解剖模型是用塑料或模型材料制作的人体解剖模型。
它们可以模拟人体的结构和器官，提供更直观的教学工具，用于模拟手术操作和疾病诊断。
四、注意事项在使用人体解剖学标本时，需要注意以下几点。
首先，要尊重尸体捐赠者的意愿，保护其隐私和尊严。
其次，要严格遵守相关的伦理规范和法律法规，确保标本的合法使用和保存。
20年后我重回自然博物馆的人体器官标本禁区试图克服自己的恐惧
20年后我重回自然博物馆的人体器官标本禁区，试图克服自己的恐惧20年后我重回自然博物馆的人体器官标本禁区，试图克服自己的恐惧2015-12-28VICE已收藏文中的某些照片可能会引起不适，请谨慎选择观看。
我从小就喜欢动物，拿起画笔第一个画的也是动物，父亲偶尔会带我去自然博物馆，那是件比过年还高兴的事情。
对我来说，那是个特殊的地方，是一个通过分类博物学展现生命进化和演替的地方，让人由内向外地了解生命，了解自己。
但这个地方也同样给我带来过恐惧。
记得上五年级时又去过一次自然博物馆，正赶上人体展览，那也是我第一次见到正具尸体——展区满是形形色色的参观者，但我却和另一个同学注意到了展区尽头的一个大木门；透过门缝看过去，里面是一个很长的走廊，从门缝中灌到脸上一股冷气和药水的味道。
这是我认为最不同的一次博物馆经历，后来的20年里，我再没光顾过自然博物馆。
人类对尸体的恐惧，或许源于死亡和性，我们在面对这两者时，心理和生理都会有强烈的反映，见到尸体的恐惧和性爱时的兴奋感一样，是种快速的应急反映——虽然那时我还不知道人是怎么诞生的。
后来在我记忆中的噩梦里，也出现过自然博物馆，密密麻麻的恐龙骨架，无数个关着门的房间和标本库，就像是一个很难走出来的迷宫。
即使在梦里，我还是会担心进错一些地方——就像在电影《闪灵》中丹尼骑着玩具车路过的237房间一样。
事隔20年后，我决定到自然博物馆的那个所谓“禁区” 看一看，也算是为了克服自己的恐惧吧，还跟那里的负责人聊了会儿天。
但结果却告诉我，有些东西真不是通过时间或强迫自己就能克服的。
说起来我也不是胆小的人，但在这个房间呆了一小会儿，就感觉自己需要认真考虑下该如何过渡对这个特殊环境恐惧的适应期——恐怕需要一两天的时间才能好吧。
面对尸体，我并不会产生动态的想象，这也是另一部分人产生恐惧的原因之一：在这个集中展示生命科学的地方，进步同样伴随着恐惧；无论在人类文明里的哪个领域，都会存在这样一个特殊环境中的特殊空间，让人不愿意去触碰。
人体标本价格表
SR011肺门显示一侧肺的形态及结构4,850.00
SR012肺左、右各一7,250.00
SR013肺左、右各一，带心脏9,950.00
SR014纵隔显示左、右纵横结构22,500.00
85600.00元
泌尿生殖系统
SU001肾、输尿管和膀胱的位置膈以下躯干部，保留主动脉和下腔静脉；睾丸动静脉；
SU006女性盆腔上面观显示直肠、子宫及膀胱的位置26,500.00
SU007肾外形一侧600.00
SU008肾冠状切两种颜色灌注700.00
SU009膀胱显示膀胱三角750.00
SU010精囊、前列腺带膀胱，显示膀胱三角2,500.00
SU011男性生殖器3,500.00
SU012睾丸和附睾显示三层被膜1200.00
SL004颅骨水平切显示：孔、沟、口、板、隆凸、压迹等6,900.00
SL005颅骨矢状切显示：沟、口、板、窦等，可除去颧弓显示翼腭窝4,850.00
SL006颅骨冠状切显示：沟、口、板、窦等5900.00
SL007额骨弓、孔、突、沟、嵴、压迹等明显480.00
SL008顶骨角、线、孔、沟、结节、板障静脉等480.00
SN007小脑完整或剥离出齿状核2,600.00
SN008海马2,200.00
SN009穹隆5,000.00
SN010脑岛一侧，剖开外侧裂、显示岛叶5,800.00
SN011大脑投射纤维剥离上纵、下纵及沟束纤维8,800.00
SN012外囊和豆状核一侧，剖开外侧裂，分离岛叶显示外囊及豆状核6,500.00
SC004心脏两种颜色灌注，剖开4,500.00
SC005心脏两种颜色灌注，四周开窗4,500.00
正常腹部CT图谱
第一肝门区轴位切面CT图
粗箭：门静脉 细箭：肝总管 箭头：肝动脉
注：肝内胆管及肝总管扩张
第一肝门区轴位切面CT图
1. 2.
3.
4. 5.
6.
7. 8.
9.
脾动脉 肝动脉 胰 门静脉 下腔静脉 肝总管 肝圆韧带裂 肝左叶 肝尾叶
注：门静脉与肝动脉呈水平走行。
第一肝门区轴位切面CT图
主动脉 2. 腹腔动脉 3. 脾动脉 4. 肝动脉 5. 门静脉 6. 下腔静脉 箭：肝总管
1.
注：本例肝总管扩张
第一肝门区轴位切面CT图
粗箭：门静脉 细箭：肝总管 箭头：肝动脉
男性盆腔.精囊水平轴位切面CT图
1. 2. 3.
膀胱 精囊 直肠
注：直肠内充盈 液体和气体
腰椎轴位切面CT图 （经椎弓根下部层面）
1.椎体 2.椎弓根 3.椎板 4.棘突 5.横突 6.椎管 7.椎体基底静脉
肝内门脉轴位切面人体标本图
RPV：门脉右支 LPV：门脉左支
门脉及其分支数字减影 血管造影图
1. 胃冠状静脉（胃左静脉） 2. 脾静脉 3. 门脉主干 4. 门脉左支 5. 门脉左支脐部 6. 门脉右支 7. 门脉右前上支 8. 门脉右后上支 9. 门脉右后下支 注：本例门脉高压，故门 脉及其分支、胃冠状静 脉与脾静脉均呈不同程 度的扩张状态。
以肝静脉为解剖标志的肝叶段划分：
第二肝门超声图
3.肝左叶前外侧段 4.肝左叶内侧段（方叶） 7.肝右叶后上段 8.肝右叶前上段
注：1.肝左叶内外侧段以肝左静脉为界。2.肝右叶前上段与后上段以 肝右静脉为界。3.肝左右叶以肝中静脉为界。4.肝左叶前外侧段又叫 外侧下段，后外侧段又叫外侧上段。说明两者的关系是：一个在后 上方，一个在前下方。
人体标本模型大全
S E I TSomso Modelle Artificial Bone Models Extremities and JointsM ARCUS S OMMER S OMSO M ODELLES E I TFriedrich-Rueckert-Straße 54, D-96450 CoburgPhone 0049 9561 85740, Fax 0049 9561 857411e-mail: somso@somso.de, Internet: www.somso.deA NATOMY14 Extremities and Joints T HE HUMAN FOOT- A MARVEL COM AND19 MUSCLESNS 1 · N ORMAL F OOTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast. Showing the anatomical structure and the distal end of tibia. In one piece. Length (Pternion-Akropodion): 24 cm., height: 13 cm., width: 26 cm., depth: 10 cm., weight: 450 gNS 2 · F LAT F OOTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast. Showing the anatomical structure and the distal end of tibia. In one piece. Height: 13 cm., width: 26 cm., depth: 9 cm., weight: 450 gNS3 · A RCHED F OOTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast.Showing the anatomicalstructure and the distalend of tibia. In one piece.Height: 16 cm.,width: 24 cm.,depth: 10 cm.,weight: 450 gNS4 · C LUB FOOTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast.The model had been developedin cooperation withDr. Urs Schneider, Tübingen.Showing the pathologicalanatomy of the footand distal tibia.Height: 13 cm.,width: 20,5 cm.,depth: 10,5 cm.,weight: 410 gNS9 ·M USCLES OFTHE F OOTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast. Showing the network ofnerves and vessels, the layers of the muscles of the sole of the foot are removable (M. flexor digitorum brevis, M. quadratus plantae, M. extensor digitorum longus, Tendo calcaneus (Achillis), M. abductor digiti minimi, M. flexor hallucis bre-vis, M. adductor hallucis (caput obliquum) and M. abductor hallucis), ligamentous apparatus is shown. Altogether in 9 parts. On a stand with base. Height: 18 cm., width: 33 cm., depth: 18 cm., weight: 1.1 kgNS7 · N ORMAL F OOTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast.Showing the surface muscles. Inone piece. On a stand with base.Height: 29 cm., width: 32 cm., depth:17.5 cm., weight: 600 gNS8 · N ORMAL F OOTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast.Sagittal section through the insideof the foot. Showing the surfacemuscles at the right half of thefoot. In one piece. On a standwith base. Height: 28 cm., width:29 cm., depth: 17.5 cm., weight:98S E I TPRISING26 BONES , 107 LIGAMENTS99Nature is our ModelSomso ModelleNS 10 · M USCLES OF THE L EG WITH B ASE OF P EL VISA little under natural size, in SOMSO-Plast. Showing the most important blood vessels and nerves in the left leg. The following muscles are removable: the greater gluteal muscle, tensor muscle of the broad fascia, sartorius muscle, straight muscle of the femur, semimembranous muscle, semitendinous muscle, biceps muscle of the femur, digitorum longus muscle, triceps muscle of the calf. Separates altogether in 10 parts. Standing upright, revolving on a stand with base. Height: 108 cm., width:39 cm., depth: 26 cm., weight: 5 kgNS5 ·H ALLUX VALGUS MODELIn cooperation withDr. Urs Schneider, TübingenNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast. The purchased hallux valgus model is a frequent orthopaedic clinical picture as an accompanying aspect of splay feet or pes phanovalgus. On the one hand the model shows the "first ray" pathology with abduction of the first metatarsal bone, adduction and pronation of the proximal phalanx as well as the faculta-tive flexed distal phalanx. On the other hand the significance of the pathological muscle pull for the ethiology and thera-py of the deformity is shown. The role of a pathological muscle pull direction in the progression of the hallux valgus can be studied as an example for many other deformities. Height: 13 cm., width:25 cm., depth: 10 cm., weight: 430 gThis leaflet is an over-worked extract from our complete catalogue A 74. On page 98-104 you will find the extremities and joints and on page 110-139 the artificial bone preparations are shown. Our models are protected by copyright. ©2004 by Marcus Sommer ,SOMSO Modelle.Duplication andreprinting in any form by any method, whether digital or conventional processes, are prohi-bited.A NATOMY 14Extremities and JointsA RM AND LEG MODELS SHOW THE A BONES , TENDONS , JOINTS AND BLOO100NS 15 · M USCLES OF THE A RM WITH S HOULDER G IRDLENatural size, in SOMSO-Plast. Showing the network of blood vessels and nerves in the right arm. The following muscles are removable: deltoid muscle, lateral head of the triceps muscle of the arm, short and long extensor muscle of the radial wrist with brachioradial muscle, round pronator muscle - flexor muscle of the radial wrist - long palmar muscle, superficial flexor muscle of the fingers. Altogether in 6 parts. Standing upright and revolving on a stand with base. Height: 105 cm.,width: 39 cm., depth: 26 cm., weight: 4.6 kgNS 13 ·M USCLES OF THE H AND WITH B ASE OF F ORE -A RMNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast. Aponeu-rosis of the inner hand with the superfici-al muscles removable in layers (Mm. lum-bricales, M. abductor pollicis brevis, M.abductor digiti minimi und M. flexor di-giti minimi brevis). Showing the network of blood vessels and nerves as well as liga-mentous apparatus. Altogether in 5 parts.On a stand with base. Height: 34 cm.,width: 14 cm., depth: 12 cm., weight: 500 gS E I TNATOMY OF THE MUSCLES ,D VESSELSNature is our ModelSomso Modelle101NS 17 · S HOULDER J OINTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast. With ligaments and synovial capsule. In one piece. On a stand with base. Height:23 cm., width: 19 cm., depth: 19 cm.,weight: 500 gNS 18 · E LBOW J OINTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast. Showing the ligaments. In one piece. On a base.Height: 21 cm., width: 13 cm., depth:12 cm., weight: 200 gNS 19 · K NEE J OINTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast. Showing the ligaments and menisci. In one piece.On a base. Height: 24 cm., width: 12 cm.,depth: 14 cm., weight: 300 gNS 20 · H IP J OINTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast. Showing the ligaments. In one piece. On a base.Height: 28 cm., width: 18 cm., depth:18 cm., weight: 600 gNS 50 · FUNCTIONALM ODELOFTHE KNEE J OINTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast. Thefollowing movements are possible:flexion, extension, inner and outer rota-tion. On a base. Height: 34 cm., width:18 cm., depth: 18 cm., weight: 1 kgThe advantages of SOMSO functional models1. Authentic repro-duction of the arti-cular anatomy2. Top quality,tough and durable flexible plastic for the ligaments3. Use of screw connectionswherever possible 4. Practical to hand-le by removal from the stand5. Key on base6. 5-year warrantyFFF102A NATOMY 14Extremities and JointsS OMSO FUNCTIONAL MODELS ALLOWNATURAL LOCOMOTIVE PROCESSESFFF103Bending movements of the toe jointsS E I TA DETAILED PRESENTATION OFNature is our ModelSomso ModelleNS 37 ·L IGAMENTSTHE A NKLEO PEN T ALONAVICULAR J OINTNS21 · A NKLE J OINTSWITH L IGAMENTSNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast. Consi-sting of the bones of the foot and thedistal ends of tibia and fibulawith ligamentous apparatus.Length(Pternion-Akropodion):21.5 cm. Inone piece. On astand with base.Height: 38 cm.,width: 18 cm.,depth: 18 cm.,weight:400 g104A NATOMY14Extremities and JointsT HE SECTIONS OF JOINT IN SOMSO-P LAST, DOCUMENTED IN A SERIES OF MODELSNS 43 - NS 48. C ASTS FROM NATURAL BONE SECTIONS WITH TOPOGRAPHY OFMUSCLES, LIGAMENTS, VESSELS AND NERVES. E ACH WITH EXPLANATION ON THE BASEPLATE. U NDER REMOVABLE TRANSPARENT COVERNS 43 · S ECTION THROUGHTHE K NEE J OINTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast. Sagittalsection. In one piece. Height: 26 cm.,width: 32 cm., depth: 4 cm., weight:800 gNS 44 · S ECTION THROUGHTHE H IP J OINTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast. Frontalsection. In one piece. Height: 26 cm.,width: 32 cm., depth: 4 cm., weight:900 gNS 45 · S ECTIONTHROUGH THE H ANDNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast.Sagittal section. In one piece. Height:26 cm., width: 32 cm., depth: 4 cm.,weight: 800 gNS 47 · S ECTIONTHROUGH A N ORMAL F OOTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast.Sagittal section. In one piece. Height:26 cm., width: 32 cm., depth: 4 cm.,weight: 800 gNS 48 · S ECTION THROUGHTHE S HOULDER J OINTNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast.Frontal section. In one piece. Height:26 cm., width: 32 cm., depth: 4 cm.,weight: 900 g.NS 46 · S ECTIONTHROUGH THE E LBOWNatural size, in SOMSO-Plast.Sagittal section. In one piece. Height:26 cm., width: 32 cm., depth: 4 cm.,weight: 800 gSOMSO - a fullfive-year guaranteefive-year warranty - on nearly all models - that covers both durabilityand workmanship.Nature is OurModelEach and every model in the rangedemonstrates SOMSO’scommitment to the highest standards of scientific accuracy and artistry.From concept through prototype to limited or series production, only specialist scientists,model makers and technicians are employed to produce the highestquality models, accurate down to the finest detail.SOMSO MODELLE - subject to stringent quality controlsSOMSO’s primary concern is for quality.Quality that passes the tests for scientific accuracy, paintwork, function, durability and materials. Genuine SOMSOMODELLE reflect these quality criteria,and their base material is virtually un-breakable SOMSO-PLAST.World-wide appreciation from the science and teaching professions and from museumsSOMSO MODELLE are indispensable for practical teaching of general biology in schools. The …Nature is Our Model“ range is superbly instructive, particularly in accuracy, quality and colour, enabling students to experience nature in an incomparable, hands-on manner.Appropriately proportioned SOMSO MODELLE are in use in science labora-tories and lecture halls of universities and colleges throughout the world, making an important contribution to the efficient instruction of trainee doctors and nurses.For many decades, SOMSO MODELLE have been permanently displayed in private collections and public museums,and are of unique interest to specialists and lay visitors alike.The family members are personallyresponsible for the production of every model, and the guaranteed quality oftheir products.Hand assembly and finishing by GermancraftsmenSOMSO MODELLE are produced only in Sonneberg or Coburg - nowhere else -by highly qualified and skilled craftsmen.Some components are now machine-made, but all models are assembled and painted entirely by hand so that each is a unique work of art.Over 1,000anatomical, zoological and botanical modelsApplying to nearly every one of these models is the …SOMSO SUN“,the in-stantly recognisable and world famous registered trade mark.To produce the teaching aids for studying anatomy ,zoology and botany the com-pany has a quite simple, but demanding philosophy: …Nature is Our Model“.SOMSO SUN, the symbol of qualitySOMSO was founded in Sonneberg,Thuringia more than 125 years ago. Since then, SOMSO MODELLE have proved to be the benchmark to which others aspire, recognised by the most discerning experts as the ultimate for teaching aids and scientific demonstration. For the Sommer family this is the motivation that drives them to contribute now, and in the future, to training and teaching in the service of science.A family-run firm founded in 1876The company has been owned and managed by five generations of the Sommer family since it was first established in 1876.The Sommer family110QS 2 · A RTIFICIAL H UMAN S KULLNatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. Remo-vable vault, the lower jaw is movable and modelled to show the roots of the teeth and their network of vessels. Base of the skull and roof with markings in colour of the venous sinus of the dura mater of the brain and the arteries.Separates into 3 parts. Length: 17.5 cm.,width: 14.1 cm., size: 51.2 cm., weight:800 gA NATOMY 16Artificial Bone ModelsN ATURAL BONE STRUCTURE IS THE FOR S OMSO ARTIFICIAL BONE PREPA111ESSENTIAL YARDSTICK RATIONSNature is our ModelSomso ModelleQS 7/T ·A RTIFICIAL TRANSPARENTHUMANS KULLNatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. Remova-ble vault, lower jaw movable. Life-like reproduction of the bony structure. Sepa-rates into 3 parts. Weight: 800 gQS 7/1 ·A RTIFICIAL H UMAN S KULLNatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. As QS 7,but with notation and explanation in English and Latin. Separates into 3parts. Weight: 800 gQS 7/E · A RTIFICIAL H UMAN S KULLNatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. Remova-ble vault, lower jaw movable. Separates into 3 parts. Length: 17.5 cm., width:14.1 cm., size 51.2 cm., weight: 800 gQS 7/2 · A RTIFICIAL B ASE OF THE S KULLNatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. Designed for medical students'studies. In one piece. Length: 17.5 cm., width: 14.1 cm., size:51.2 cm., weight: 530 gQS 7 · A RTIFICIAL H UMAN S KULLNatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. Removable vault, lower jaw movable. Life-like reproduction of the bony skull. Separates into 3 parts. Length. 17.5 cm., width: 14,1 cm., size: 51.2 cm., weight:800 gIllustration of the skullbase from below.The structure of the bones is identical to the models QS 2, QS 2/1, QS 7 and QS 7/1S E I TA NATOMY 16Artificial Bone ModelsT HE H UMAN CRANIUM CLASSICALL YLAST DETAIL112QS 7/6-1 · A RTIFICIAL H UMAN S KULL , F EMALENatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. As QS 7/6, but with notation. Explanation in English and Latin. Separates into 3 parts. Weight: 700 gQS 7/6 · A RTIFICIALH UMAN S KULL , F EMALENatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. Remo-vable vault, lower jaw movable. Life-like reproduction of the bony structure.Separates into 3 parts. Length: 18.3 cm.,width: 12.8 cm., size: 50.8 cm., weight:700 gQS 3 · A RTIFICIALS KULL OF A N EWBORNModeled according to nature, in SOMSO-Plast. Upper and lower jaw are open. Altogether in 2 parts. Length:12.1 cm., width: 9.6 cm., size: 33.9 cm.,weight: 180 gQS 3/3 ·A RTIFICIAL S KULL OF A F ETUSNatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. In one piece. Length: 10.5 cm., width: 8.5 cm.,size: 29.7 cm., weight: 130 gQS 3/2 ·A RTIFICIAL S KULL OF C HILD (A BOUT 6 Y EARS O LD )Natural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. Lower jaw movable. Upper and lower jaw are open to show the emergent second den-tition. Altogether 2 parts. Length:16 cm., width: 11.5 cm., size: 44 cm.,weight: 380 gQS 7/5 ·A RTIFICIALH UMAN S KULLNatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. As QS 7/1, but showing the areas of origin and insertion of the most important muscles of the head. Separates into 3 parts.Length: 17.5 cm., width: 14.1 cm., size:51.2 cm., weight: 800 gQS 1 ·A RTIFICIAL H UMAN S KULLNatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. With closed vault, lower jaw removable. Sepa-rates into 2 parts. Weight: 700 gQS 7/3 ·A RTIFICIAL H YOID B ONENatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. In one piece. On a stand with base. Height:13 cm., width: 12 cm., depth: 12 cm.,weight: 130 gQS 8 ·T RANSPARENTD USTPROOF C OVERSuitable for the artificial human skulls.Height: 21 cm., width: 32 cm., depth:19 cm., weight: 600 gS E I TPREPARED RIGHT DOWN TO THENature is our ModelSomso Modelle113QS 8/10 ·A RTIFICIAL S KULL OF AN A DULTNatural cast, made of SOMSO-Plast.Designed to be separated into 10 parts.Design as QS 8/11, but without repre-sentation of the blood vessels and nerves. Weight: 1 kgQS 8/11 ·A RTIFICIAL D EMONSTRATION S KULL OF AN A DULTNatural cast, made of SOMSO-Plast.With representation of the blood vessels and nerves (N. trigeminus and N. opti-cus etc.). Designed to be separated into 10 parts as follows:1. Cranium with coloured vessels and blood supply of the hard meninx2. Base of the skull, sectioned through median line into two halves3. Nasal septum detachable. Theparanasal sinuses and turbinate bones are shown4. The frontal sinus can be opened5. The maxillary sinus can be opened6. The right temporal bone can be taken out and opened. Representation of the bony labyrinths, the semicircular canals,the eardrum and the chain of auditory ossicles. A radial mastoidectomy is shown on the left temporal bone.7. Detachable lower jaw and roots of the teeth are exposed (flap). Complete set of teethLength: 18 cm., width: 13.1 cm., size:50.4 cm., weight: 1 kgQS 8/11-S · A RTIFICIALD EMONSTRATION S KULLOF ANADULTNatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. As QS 8/11, but with notation. Key in Englishand Latin. Weight: 1 kg114QS 8/2 ·14-P IECE M ODEL OF THE S KULLNatural size, made from SOMSO-Plast after Prof.Dr. Dr. J. W . Rohen, De-partment of Anatomy,University of Erlangen.The model is construc-ted from 14 individual parts, which can easily be dismantled and put back together by way of interconnecting plugs.The sphenoid bone, oc-cipital bone and the two temporal bones form the basis of the skull;the two parietal bones and the frontal bone attach to the anterior of the sphenoid bone. The facial part of the skull is then completed through attachment of the right and left maxilla, each of which also includes the lacrimal, nasal and pala-tine bones. Facial and cranial bones are con-nected to each other on each side by the zygo-matic bone, which in the model is a separate element that can be in-dividually removed. The mandible is fixed into sockets on either side of the skull through a hin-ge-joint. Weight: 700 gA NATOMY 16Artificial Bone Models C OMPLEX CRANIAL ANATOMY - 14P115QS 8/3 · 14-P IECE M ODEL OF THE H UMAN S KULLNatural size, made from SOMSO-Plast after Prof. Dr. Dr. J. W . Rohen, Department of Anatomy, University of Erlangen. The same model as QS 8/2, but in colour. Here, the individual bones are identified by different colours. This version of the model eases learning of the shape and size of the individual bones and thereby assists in the under-standing of the mosaic-like structure of the human skull. Weight: 700 gQS 8/4 ·T RANSPARENT C ASEHinged and made out of transparent synthetic material. Suitable for SOMSO skulls. Weight: 900 gQS 69 · T HE T HREE A UDITORY O SSICLESCast from natural specimen 1 : 1, in SOM-SO-Plast. Malleus, incus and stapes mo-unted under "Plexiglas" cover, removable.On a base plate. Height: 3 cm., width:12 cm., depth: 12 cm., weight: 80 gQS 69/1 · T HET HREE A UDITORY O SSICLESNatural cast 1 : 1, in SOMSO-Plast. Mal-leus, Incus and Stapes mounted in natural position under "Plexiglas cover". Can be removed, on stand. Height: 3 cm., width:12 cm., length: 12 cm., weight 80 g.QS 70 · A RTIFICIALBONY LABYRINTHCast from natural specimen 1:1, in SOM-SO-Plast. The labyrinth is mounted under "Plexiglas" cover, removable. On a base plate. Height: 3 cm., width: 12 cm., depth:12 cm., weight: 80 gQS 8/51 · A RTIFICIAL T EMPORAL B ONENatural cast, in OMSO-Plast. In one part. On stand with base. Height:17cm., width:12cm., depth:12cm., weight: 150 gQS 8/53 · A RTIFICIAL T EMPORAL B ONENatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. The opened tympanic cavity shows the tym-panic membrane, the three auditory ossicles, the cochlea and the semicircular canals. Separates into 2 parts. On a stand with base. Height: 17 cm., width: 12 cm.,depth: 12 cm., weight: 150 gS E I TART STEP BY STEP SEPARATIONNature is our ModelSomso ModelleQS 70/1 · T HE T HREEA UDITORY O SSICLES WITHBONY LABYRINTHNatural cast 1 : 1, in SOMSO-Plast.Under "Plexiglas cover". Can be remo-ved, on stand. Height: 3 cm., width:12 cm., length: 12 cm., weight 80 gA NATOMY 16Artificial Bone Models T HE DISMANTABLE S KULL M ODEL A ALSO AVAIABLE IN 18P IECES AND M116QS 8/218 · 18-P IECES M ODEL OF THE S KULLNatural size, made from SOMSO-Plast,after Prof. Dr. Dr. J. W . Rohen, Depart-ment of Anatomy, University of Erlan-gen. The model comprises 18 elements corresponding to the natural bones.Apart from the cranium (frontal, pa-rietal, occipital and sphenoid bones), the bones of the viscero cranium (ethmoid bone, vomer, palatine bone, zygomatic bone, maxilla and mandible) and the in-ferior nasal concha can be removed and reassembled to form the complete skull.Weight: 640 gQS 8/2C+M ·14-P IECES M ODEL OF THE S KULL WITHMUSCLES OF MASTICA -TION AND CERVICAL VERTEBRAL , COLUMN AND HYOID BONENatural size, made from SOMSO-Plast, after Prof. Dr.Dr. J. W . Rohen, Department of Anatomy, University of Erlangen. As QS 8/2, but with the 4 muscles of mastication and cervical vertebral, column and hyoid bone. Weight:1.720 kgMoreover the skull (18-pieces)with muscles of mastication,cervical vertebral column and hyoid bone is available under article number QS 8/218C+M and the coloured versions areavailable with article number QS 8/3C+M (14-pieces skull) as well as QS 8/318C+M (18-pieces skull).QS 8/318 · 18-P IECES M ODEL OF THE S KULLNatural size, made from SOMSO-Plast,after Prof. Dr. Dr. J. W . Rohen, Depart-ment of Anatomy, University of Erlan-gen. The model comprises 18 elements corresponding to the natural bones.Weight: 640 g117S E I TNature is our ModelSomso ModelleFTER P ROFESSOR R OHEN NOW USCLES OF MASTICATIONQS 8/218M · 18-P IECESM ODEL OF THE S KULL WITHMUSCLES OF MASTICATIONNatural size, made from SOMSO-Plast,after Prof. Dr. Dr. J. W . Rohen, Depart-ment of Anatomy, University of Erlan-gen. Version as QS 8/218 but with the 4 masticatory muscles. Weight: 715 g The 14-pieces model of the skull with muscles of mastication has the article number QS 8/2M.QS 8/3M · 14-P IECES M ODEL OF THE S KULL WITH MUSCLESOF MASTICATIONNatural size, made from SOMSO-Plast,after Prof. Dr. Dr. J. W . Rohen, Depart-ment of Anatomy, University of Erlan-gen. Version as QS 8/3 but with the 4masticatory muscles. Weight: 715 gThe 18-pieces model of the skull with muscles of mastication has the articlenumber QS 8/318M.Lower jaw with the 4 muscles of mastication QS 8/1 ·M ETAL S TAND WITH B ASESuitable for the SOMSO skull models.Height: 19 cm., width: 18 cm., depth:18 cm., weight: 300 g; Illustration of the stand with the skull model see QS 8/3CQS 8/3C · 14-P IECESM ODEL OF THE S KULL WITH C ERVICAL V ERTEBRALC OLUMN AND H YOID B ONENatural size, made from SOMSO-Plast,after Prof. Dr. Dr. J. W . Rohen, Depart-ment of Anatomy, University of Erlan-gen. Version as QS 8/3 but with cervical vertebral column and hyoid bone.Weight 1.220 kgQS 8/6 · F ALX C EREBRINatural size, made from SOMSO-Plast,after Prof. Dr. Dr. J. W . Rohen.The 14or 18 piece skull model can also be supplied with a transparent plastic falx cereberi with tentorium cerebelli.Weight: 66 gs e e b a cktit l e s-118QS 9/5 · A RTIFICIALB AUCHENE S KULL OFAN A DULTNatural cast, inSOMSO-Plast. The samemodel as QS 9,but coloured.Height: 40 cm.,width: 26 cm.,depth: 39 cm.,weight: 1.9 kgQS 9/1 ·A RTIFICIALB AUCHENE S KULLOF AN A DULTNatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast. Unmo-unted in a case, altogether 22 parts.Height: 12 cm., width: 42 cm., depth:30 cm., weight: 3 kgQS 9/4 · T RANSPARENTS TORAGE C ASEFitting to unmounted single bonesof the baucheneskull.Height:12cm.,width:42cm.,depth: 30cm.,weight: 2.4kgIllustrationof the individuell bonesQS 9/1, QS 9/2 and QS 9/3119QS 9/2 ·A RTIFICIALB AUCHENES KULL OF AN A DUL TNatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast.Unmounted, each bone individuallypacked in a suitable transparent box,altogether 22 parts. Weight: 2.2 kg.Illustration of the individual bonessee QS 9/1QS 9/3 ·A RTIFICIALB AUCHENES KULL OF AN A DUL TNatural cast, in SOMSO-Plast.All bones loose and unmounted inplastic sacks included in a carton,altogether 22 parts. Weight: 550 g.Illustration of the individual bonessee QS 9/1S E I TTHE ART OF BONE PREPARATION Nature is our Model Somso ModelleThe height and dimensions comply withthe Central European average.Maximumcranium circumference:Female = 50.8 cm.,male = 51.2 cm.Cranium length (Glabel-la-Ophistocranion line):Female = 18.3 cm.,male = 17.5 cm.Cranium width(Euryon distance):Female = 12.8 cm.,male = 14.1 cm.Hand skeleton length(Stylion-Dactylion III):Female = 18 cm.,male = 19 cm.Foot skeleton length(Pternion-Acropodion):Female = 22.2 cm.,male = 25 cm.A NATOMY16Artificial Bone ModelsT HE HUMAN SKELETAL SYSTEM- THE 120QS 10 · A RTIFICIAL H UMANS KELETONNatural cast of the bones of a male adult,in SOMSO-Plast. Showing life-size allthe anatomical details of the bone struc-ture. Skull with removable vault andmandible. Joints mounted and movable,upper and lower extremities removable.The right and left foot can be detachedfrom the leg. Mounted upright on astand. With a dustproof cover. Height:179 cm. (skeleton 170 cm.), width:55 cm., depth: 55 cm., weight: 10 kgQS 10/1 · A RTIFICIALH UMAN S KELETONNatural cast of the bones of a maleadult, in SOMSO-Plast. As QS 10, butwith rollers on the base of the stand.Height: 180 cm. (skeleton 170 cm.),width: 55 cm., depth: 55 cm., weight:10.4 kgQS 10/E · A RTIFICIALH UMAN S KELETON(without ill.)Natural cast of the bones of a maleadult, in SOMSO-Plast. Showing life-size all the anatomical details of thebone structure. Skull with removablevault and mandible. Joints mounted andmovable, upper and lower extremitiesremovable, except of the hands and feet.Mounted upright with rollers on the baseof the stand. With a dustproof cover.Height: 180 cm. (skeleton 170 cm.), width:55 cm., depth: 55 cm., weight: 10 kgMaleSkeletonQS 10FS E I TS OMSO PROGRAMME Nature is our Model Somso Modelle121 Detail QS 10/2 – Muscular functionDetail QS 10/3, QS 10/10, QS 10/11 –Hook for hangingDetail - Standfor hangingQS 10/4QS 10/12QS 10/13QS 10/13GAQS 10/14FemaleSkeletonQS 10/7FF QS 10/2 · A RTIFICIALH UMAN S KELETONNatural cast of the bones of a maleadult, in SOMSO-Plast. As QS 10, buton one arm the flexible muscles of theupper arm are reproduced. By bendingor stretching the arm the flexion orextension of the muscles can be shown.Schematic working model. Height:179 cm. (skeleton 170 cm.), width:55 cm., depth: 55 cm., weight: 10.1 kgQS 10/3 · A RTIFICIALH UMAN S KELETONNatural cast of the bones of a maleadult, in SOMSO-Plast. As QS 10, butwith hook for hanging at the skull(without stand). Height: 170 cm., width:38 cm., depth: 28 cm., weight: 8.8 kgQS 10/4 · A RTIFICIALH UMAN S KELETONNatural cast of the bones of a maleadult, in SOMSO-Plast. As QS 10/3,but with stand for hanging and base.Height: 180 cm. (skeleton 170 cm.),width: 55 cm., depth: 55 cm., weight:11.5 kgQS 10/7 · A RTIFICIALH UMAN S KELETONNatural cast of the bones of a femaleadult, in SOMSO-Plast. Life-like repre-sentation of bone structure with fullanatomical detail. Skull with removablevault and mandible. Joints movable,upper and lower limbs removable. Bothright and left foot can be detached fromthe leg. Mounted upright on stand.Height: 180 cm. (skeleton 171 cm.),width: 55 cm., depth: 55 cm., weight:10.4 kgQS 10/8 · A RTIFICIALH UMAN S KELETONNatural cast of the bones of a femaleadult, in SOMSO-Plast. As QS 10/7,but with rollers on the base of the stand.Height: 180 cm. (skeleton 171 cm.),width: 55 cm., depth: 55 cm., weight:10.7 kgQS 10/10 · A RTIFICIALH UMAN S KELETONNatural cast of the bones of a femaleadult, in SOMSO-Plast. As QS 10/7 butwith hook for hanging on the skull(without stand). Height: 171 cm., width:39 cm., depth: 28 cm., weight: 8.5 kgRollers on the baseof the stand (5 arms)The artificial skeletons are articulatedstanding or suspended, rigid or articulated,with muscular attachments, numbering,articular ligaments or muscle function,according to the customer’s requirements.。