2016年职称英语考试教材_卫生类新增文章

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2016年职称英语卫生类C级阅读理解历年真题及解析

第⼀篇 Better Control of TB Seen if a Faster Cure Is Found The World Health Organizationl estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis. Most times, the infection remains inactive. But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their lungs. Two million people die of it. The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis. Current treatments take at least six months. Patients have to take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. But many people stop as soon as they feel better. Doing that can lead to an infection that resists treatment. Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective. Now a study estimates just how effective it might be.A professor of international health at Harvard University led the study. Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients cured. It would also mean fewer infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others. The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan. They tested the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia. The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases. And it might prevent about twenty-five percent of TB deaths. The model shows that these reductions would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve. The World Health Organization developed the DOTS program in 1990. DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make sure they continue treatment. Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program. The ten-year plan also aims to finance research into new TB drugs. The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses. 31. Each year, about __________ people die of TB, according to the World Health Organization. A. one-third of all B. eight million C. two million D. one million 32. The mathematical model tested in Southeast Asia shows that a faster cure is developed and in wide use as early as the year of __________. A.1990 B.2020 C.2030 D.2012 33. Now there are __________ most common drugs being used for more than forty years. A. one B. two C. three D. four 34. Which of the following statements in NOT right in Paragraph 2? A. Current treatments of TB take at least six months. B. Shorter treatment program would likely mean more patients cured, and fewer infectious patients. C. The patients have to take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. D. The patients should stop taking antibiotic drugs as soon as they feel better. 35. The long-term goal of the Global Alliance for TB Drug Development is a treatment that could work A. in half a year B. in two months C. in ten doses D. in ten days 第⼆篇 Most Adults in U.S. Have Low Risk of Heart Disease More than 80 percent of US adults have a less than 10-percent risk of developing heart disease in the next 10 years, according to a report in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology. Just 3 percent have a risk that exceeds 20 percent. "I hope that these numbers will give physicians, researchers, health policy analysts, and others a better idea of how coronary heart disease is distributed in the US population." lead author Dr. Earl S. Ford, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, said in a statement. The findings are based on analysis of data from 13,769 subjects, between 20 and 79 years of age, who participated in the third National Health and Nutrition Exanimation Survey from 1988 to 1994. Overall,82 percent of adults had a risk of less than 10 percent,15 percent had a risk that fell between 10 to 20 percent, and 3 percent had a risk above 20 percent. The proportion of subjects in the highest risk group increased with advancing age, and men were more likely than women to be in this group. By contrast, race or ethnicity had little effect on risk distributions. Although the report suggests that most adults have a low 10 -- year risk of heart disease, a large proportion have a high or immediate risk, Dr. Daniel S. Berman, from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, and Dr. Nathan D. Wong, rom the University of California at Irvine, note in a related editorial. Aggressive treatment measures and public health strategies are needed to shift the overall population risk downward, they add. 36. Which of the following statements is NOT right? A. The 10-year risk of heart disease is low for most U.S. adult. B. Elderly people have a higher risk of heart disease than younger people. C. Women have a higher risk of heart disease than men. D. The distribution of the risk of heart disease is hardly related to race. 37. According to the Journal of the American College of Cardiology, __________ of the U.S. adults had a risk of developing heart disease above 20 percent in the next 10 years. A. three percent B. ten percent C. twenty percent D. eighty-two percent 38. __________ does have the least effect on risk distribution. A. Age B. Gender C. Race D. Blood group 39. What's the percentage that 15% of the U.S. adults had a risk of developing heart disease in the next 10 years? A. About 3%. B. Less than 10%. C. Between 10% and 20%. D. Above 20%. 40. Dr. Daniel and Dr. Nathan suggest reducing the risk of overall population by __________. A. losing weight B. aggressive treatment measures C. public health strategies D. both B and C 第三篇 Dangers Await Babies with Altitude Women who live in the world's highest communities tend to give birth to under-weight babies,a new study suggests. These babies may grow into adults with a high risk of heart disease and strokes. Research has hinted that newborns in mountain communities are lighter than average. But it wasn't clear whether this is due to reduced oxygen levels at high altitude or because their mothers are under-nourished--many people who live at high altitudes are relatively poor compared with those living lower down. To find out more, Dino Giussani and his team at Cambridge University studied the records of400 births in Bolivia during 1976 and 1998.The babies were born in both rich and poor areas of two cities: La Paz and Santa Cruz. La Paz is the highest city in the world, at 3.65 kilometers above sea level, while Santa Cruz is much lower, at 0.44 kilometers. Sure enough, Giussani found that the average birth weight of babies in La Paz was significantly lower than in Santa Cruz. This was true in both high and low-income families. Even babies born to poor families in Santa Cruz were heavier on average than babies born to wealthy families in lofty La Paz. "We were very surprised by this result," says Giussani. The results suggest that babies born at high altitude are deprived of oxygen before birth. "This may trigger the release or suppression of hormones that regulate growth of the unborn child, "says Giussani. His team also found that high-altitude babies tended to have relatively larger heads compared with their bodies. This is probably because a fetus starved of oxygen will send oxygenated blood to the brain in preference to rest of the body. Giussani wants to fred out if such babies have a higher risk of disease in later life. People born in La Paz might be prone to heart trouble in adulthood, for example. Low birth weight is a risk factor for coronary (冠状的) heart disease. And newborns with ahigh ratio of head size to body weight are often predisposed to high blood pressure and strokes in later life. 41. What does the new study discover? A. Babies born to wealthy families are heaver. B. Women living at high altitude tend to give birth to underweight babies. C. Newborns in cities are lighter than average. D. Low-altitude babies have a high risk of heart disease in later life. 42. Gussani and his team are sure that A. babies born in La Paz are on average lighter than in Santa Cruz B. people living at high altitudes tend to give birth to under-weight babies C.. the birth weigh of babies born to wealthy families in Santa Cruz D. mothers in La Paz are commonly under-nourished 43. It can be inferred from what Gussani says in Paragraph 4 that __________ . A. the finding was unexpected B. he was very tired C. the study took longer than expected D. he was surprised to find low-income families in La Paz 44. The results of the study indicate the reason for the under-wight babies is __________ . A. lack of certain nutrition B. poverty of their mother C. different family backgrounds D. reduction of oxygen levels 45. It can be learned about from the last paragraph that __________ . A. high-altitude babies tend to have high blood pressure in later life B o under-weight babies have a shorter life span C. babies born to poor families lack hormones before birth D. new born wealthy families have larger heads compared with their bodies 2014年真题第⼀篇 The Bilingual Brain When Karl Kim immigrated to the United States from Korea's a teenager, he had a hard time learning English. Now he speaks it fluently, and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language. As a graduate student, Kim worked in the lab of Joy Hirsch, a neuroscientist in New York. Their work led to an important discovery. They found evidence that children and adults don't use the same parts of the brain when they learn a second language. The researchers used an instrument called an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scanner to study the brains of two groups of bilingual people. One group consisted of those who had leamed a second language as children. The other consisted of people who, like Kim, learned their second language later in life. People from both groups were placed inside the MRI scanner. This allowed Kim and Hirsch to see which parts of the brain were getting more blood and were more active. They asked people from both groups to think about what they had done the day before, first in one language and then the other. They couldn't speak out loud because any movement would disrupt the scanning. Kim and Hirsch looked specifically at two language centers in the brain- Broca's area,which is believed to control speech production, and Wernicke's area, which is thought to process meaning. Kim and Hirsch found that both groups of people used the same part of Wernicke's area no matter what language they were speaking. But their use of Broca's area was different. People who learned a second language as children used the same region in Broca's area for both their first and second languages. People who learned a second language later in life used a different part of Broca's area for their second language. How does Hirsch explain this difference? Hirsch believes that when language is first being programmed in young children, their brains may mix the sounds and structures of all languages in the same area. Once that programming is complete, the processing of a new language must be taken over by a different part of the brain. A second possibility is simply that we may acquire languages differently as children than we do as adults. Hirsch thinks that mothers teach a baby to speak by using different methods involving touch,sound, and sight. And that is very different from learning a language in a high school or college class. 31. Karl Kim's study showed that __________ . A. people learn English and Korean in different way B. children and adults use the different parts of the brain to lean a second language C. it is not possible for an adult to speak a second language fluently D. people's brains will not change when they learn a second language 32. How did Kim and Hirsch study the brains of two groups of bilingual people? A. They interviewed them in English and Korean. B. They asked them to speak the same language. C. They used an MRI scanner to observe their brains. D. They asked them to talk about what they had done the day before. 33. Which aspect of the two languages centers in the brain does Paragraph 3 discuss? A. Impact. B. Function. C. Location. D. Size. 34. Kim and Hirsch find that children __________ . A. use the same region in Broca's area to learn their first and second language B. learn a second language slower than adults C. are better at acquiring the sound system of a second language than adults D. use special parts of the brain to program the structures of their first language 35. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that __________ . A. students do better in high school than in college B. bilingual children will learn better in college classes C. mothers are good language teachers D. it takes more time for a d u l t s t o l e a r n a s e c o n d l a n g u a g e / p >。

2016年职称英语卫生类A级教材阅读判断打印版

阅读判断+第十一篇Disease may be defined as the abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is not capable of carrying on all its required functions. There are marked variations in the extent of the disease and in its effect on the person.In order to treat a disease, the doctor obviously must first determine the nature of the illness –that is, make a diagnosis. A diagnosis is the conclusion drawn from a number of facts put together. The doctor must know the symptoms, which are the changes in body function felt by the patient; and the signs (also called objective symptoms) which the doctor himself can observe. Sometimes a characteristic group of signs (or symptoms) accompanied a given disease. Such a group is called syndrome. Frequently certain laboratory tests are performed and the results evaluated by the physician in making his diagnosis.Although nurse do not diagnose, they play an extremely valuable role in this process by observing closely for signs, encouraging the patient to talk about himself and his symptoms, and then reporting this information to the doctor. Once the patient’s disorder is known, the doctor prescribes a course of treatment, also referred to as thera py. Many measures in this course of treatment are carried out by the nurse under the physician’s orders.In recent years physicians, nurses and other health workers have taken on increasing responsibilities in prevention. Throughout most of medical history, the physician’s aim has been to cure a patient of an existing disease. However, the modern concept of prevention seeks to stop di sease before it actually happens—to keep people well through the promotion of health. A vast number of organizations exist for this purpose, ranging from the World health Organization (WHO) on an international level down to local private and community health programs. A rapidly growing responsibility of the nursing profession is education individual patients toward the maintenance of total health—physical and mental.symptoms typical of a specific disease.more willing to treat patients’ physical disease than their mental illness. C. Not mentioned译文：所谓生病，即部分或整个身体不能够正常调节，或不能够维持应有的功能。

2016职称英语卫生类考试补全短文精选习题

2016职称英语卫生类考试补全短文精选习题One of the most successful fashion companies in the world is Benetton. The Benetton family opened their first shop in Italy in 1968. (1) Benetton followed four marketing principles in order to achieve their success.The first principle is Consumer Concept. To build a successful business, you have to develop products around things people value, especially quality. (2) He created clothes to match people's wants: the style is casual; the colors and patterns are bold; and the quality is excellent.The System Link is another feature of good marketing. For Benetton, this means waiting to get information about what customers like and what they dislike before making the clothes. (3)The Information Link means making sure the company responds quickly to people's demands. (4) This information is then sent to the main office in Italy. Benetton can use this information to identify popular products and to continue making them; it can also identify less popular products and stop making them.A final important marketing principle is the Retail Link. There are Benentton stores in countries around the world. All the stores have the same clothing, the same window displays, and the same approach to sales. (5)The things people like about Benetton stores are that the quality is always high and the prices are generally low. And that spells success.A The founder of Benetton began by asking people what they wantedB There used to be a good reason for thisC When something is sold at a Benetton store, the store records information about the type, size, and color of the item.D Today, there are Benetton shops in major cities all over the world.E This means that customers can go into any Benetton store in the world and be sure of what they are buying.F In other words, Benetton's clothes are made to order.参考答案：1. D 2. A 3. F 4. C 5. E更多职称英语考试免费资料请访问“新东方在线职称英语频道”。

2016年职称英语（卫生类）教材概括大意文章及练习（9）

Aspirin — a New Miracle Druging aspirin,an over-the-counter pill on sale1 in every supermarket without a prescription,to treat serious circulatory disease may seem almost like quackery.But today doctors recognize this drug as a potent compound as important as antibiotics,digitalis and other miracle drugs.2.In its natural form as willow bark and leaves,this remarkable remedy dates back to Hippocrates2.In 1829 the chemical in the willow tree that can relieve pain and reduce fever was discovered to be salicin.By 1899 the Bayer Company in Germany had marketed a variant,acetylsalicylic acid，3 under the name of aspirin.3.Since then,aspirin and confounds containing aspirin have been taken by tens of millions of arthritis patients.As a pain killer aspirin is,according to one study,more effective than all other analgesics and narcotics available for oral use.It also acts on4 the body's thermostat,turning down fever.4.But some of its powers remained unsuspected until recently.In 1950 the late Dr.Craven wrote to a small western medical journal about 400 overweight,sedentary male patients to whom he had given one or two aspirin tablets a day.None had had a heart attack.He enlarged his group to 8，000 and in 1956 reported："Not a single case of detectable coronary or cerebral thrombosis5 " and "no major stroke" had occurred in patients who had taken one or two tablets daily for from one to ten years.But his observations were largely ignored.5.Then Dr.Vane proved that aspirin turned off the body's prostaglandins6 hormonelike chemicals that can be secreted by every cell.Some potent prostaglandins are harmful compounds that create fever,pain and arthritis.One of them stimulates platelets in the blood to begin forming clots inside arteries.Aspirin blocks this dangerous effect.6.Vane's finding caused some researchers to recall Craven’s 1956 observations,which now had a possible scientific explanation.Numerous studies were begun to find out whether aspirin could indeed inhibit heart attacks and stroke.7.In 1972,ten US medical institutions began two "double-blind" trials7 of 303 patients who suffered from transient ischemic attacks （TIAs）8.Four aspirin tablets a day were given to 153 patients,while placebo tablets were given to 150.Neither patients nor doctors knew which was which.After six months,the patients on aspirin had experienced much fewer TIAs,and fewer strokes and deaths from strokes than the "controls"。

20XX职称英语教材卫生类补全短文新增文章第10篇-职称英语考试.doc

2014职称英语教材卫生类补全短文新增文章第10篇-职称英语考试第十篇：How Deafness Makes It Easier to HearMost people think of Beethoven's hearing loss as an obstacle tocomposing music. However, he producedhis most powerful works in the last decade of his life when he was completelydeaf.This is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will overadversity, but hisbiographer, Maynard Solomon, takes adifferent view. 1 . In his deaf world Beethovencould experiment, free from the sounds ofthe outside world, free to create new forms andharmonies. Hearing loss does not seem to affect the musical ability of musicianswho become deaf. Theycontinue to"hear" music with asmuch, or greater, accuracy than if they were actually hearing itbeing played. 2 . He described a fascinating phenomenonthat happened within three months:" my former musical experiencesbegan toplay back to me. I couldn't differentiate between what I heard and realhearing. 2 After many years, it is still rewarding to listen to theseplaybacks, to ' hear' music which is new to me and to find many quietaccompaniments for all of my moods. "How is it that the world we see, touch, hear, and smell is both"out there" and at the same time within us? There is no betterexample of this connection between external stimulus and internal perceptionthan the cochlear implant. 3 . However, it might be possible to use thebrain's remarkable power to make sense of the electrical signals the implantproduces.When Michael Edgar first" switched on" his cochlear implant,the sound's he heard were not at all clear. Gradually, with much hard work, hebegan to identify everyday sounds. For example," The insistent ringing ofthe telephone became clear almost at once. "The primary purpose of the implant is to allow communication withothers. When people spoke to Eagar, he heard their voices "coming throughlike a long-distance telephone call on a poor connection. " But when itcame to his beloved music, the implant was of no help. 4 . He said," I play the piano as Iused to and hear it in my head at the same time. The movement of my fingers andthe feel ofthe keys give added ' clarity' to hearing in my head. ''Cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a way that is notperfect, but which canchange their lives. 5 . Even the most amazing cochlear implantswould have been useless to Beethoven ashe composed his Ninth Symphony at the end of his life.注释：1.the triumphof will over adversity：the successful overcoming of difficulty through determination用意志力成功战胜不幸2.I couldn’tdifferentiate between what I heard and real hearin9.我不能分辨我听到的和真实的声音有什么不同。

2016年职称英语（卫生类）教材概括大意文章及练习（8）

Lung Cancer1. The death rate due to cancer of the lungs has increased more than 800 percent in males and has more than doubled in females during the last 25 years. It is considerably higher in urban and industrial areas than in rural districts. There are many possible causes,but it is still controversial which are most blameworthy. Those factors which have been mentioned most frequently are the presence of foreign particles and other irritants in the air （smoke particles,smog,exhaust fumes）,and the smoking of cigarettes and cigars.2. Numerous studies have demonstrated a striking correlation between the death rate from lung cancer and smoking habits. Among heavy smokers —21 to 30 cigarettes per day —the mortality rate from lung cancer is nearly 17 times the rate from nonsmokers. It is expected the death rate among women will increase as the present high rate of smoking among women has its effect.3. Sometimes cases of lung cancer are discovered at the time an x-ray is taken for the purpose of detecting tuberculosis. Too often,however,a current emphasis upon the danger of exposure to radiation1 from X-ray machines can frighten people away from routine chest X-rays and thus prevent an early diagnosis of lung cancer. Early detection is absolutely essential if any possibility of cure is to be maintained2. Modern X-ray machines in competent hands pose such slight danger,at least to those over 40 years of age,that this would be much more than offset by the advantages of discovering a tumor while it is small enough to be completely removed.34. A common form of lung cancer is bronchogenic carcinoma4,so-called because the malignancy originates in5 a bronchus. The tumor may grow until the bronchus is blocked,cutting off6 the supply of air to that lung. The lung then collapses,and the secretions trapped in the lung spaces become infected,with a resulting pneumonia or the formation of a lung abscess. Such a lung cancer can also spread to cause secondary growths in the lymph nodes7 of the chest and neck as well as in the brain and other parts of the body. The only treatment that offers a possibility of cure,before secondary growths have had time to form,is to remove the lung completely. This operation is called pneumonectomy.5. Malignant tumors of the stomach,the breast,the prostate gland8 and other organs may spread to the lungs,causing secondary growths.词汇：blameworthy 该受责备的 bronchus.⽀⽓管irritant刺激物；adj.有刺激性的 smog烟雾secretion .分泌（作⽤）；分泌物 fume （浓烈或难闻的）烟；⽓pneumonia .肺炎 correlation 相关，关联abscess 脓肿 mortality 死亡率pneumonectomy 肺切除术 tuberculosis 结核病malignant 恶性的，有害的注释：1.exposure to radiation：接触放射线2.if any possibility of cure is to be maintained：如果想要保持治愈的可能性的话。

2016年职称英语考试教材新增文章汇总

4.“tap—dancing to work”：“跳着踢踏舞工作”。tap 原意是“叩击、轻敲”;tap dance 是“踢踏舞”。这里实际意思是“(手指)轻轻敲击键盘的工作”。
5.PC(personal computer)：个人计算机
6.But for all the cool things that a person can do with a PC，there are lots of other ways we can put our creativity and intelligence to work to improve our world.除了我们能用计算机做的所有神奇的事情，还有很多其他方式发挥我们的创造力和智慧，从而使世界更加美好。
I'm excited by the possibilities I see for medicine, for education and, of course, for technology. And I believe that through our natural inventiveness, creativity and willingness to solve tough problems, we're going to make some amazing achievements in all these areas in my lifetime.
As a father, I believe that the death of a child in Africa is no less poignant or tragic than9 the death of a child anywhere else, and that it doesn't take much to make an immense difference in these children's lives.

2016年职称英语卫生类A级教材完形填空打印版

In the past twenty years, there has been an increasing tendency for workers to move from one country to some newly independent countries haveunderstandably restricted most jobs to local people, others have attracted and welcomed migrant workers. This is particularly the case in the Middle East,In view of the difficult living and working conditions in the Middle East, 23 This increases the net amount of pay received by visiting workers and is very popular with them.移民工人在过去的20年，工人从一个国家到另一个国家的趋势越来越大。

一些刚刚独立的国家把大部分工作留给当地人，这一点是可以理解的，而另一些却吸引和欢迎移民工人。

中东地区的情况尤为如此。

那里增加的石油收入使很多国家能够召集外面的人来改进本地设施。

因此中东吸引了来自美国和欧洲的石油工人。

它还从包括韩国和日本的许多国家引入了建筑工人和技师。

由于中东地区艰苦的生活和工作条件，吸引合适的工人的费用是很高的，这不足为奇。

许多工程师和技师在中东至少可以挣到他们在自己国家两倍的收入，这是最大的吸引力。

一个相关的好处是这里的税收低，或者根本就不收税。

这增加了来访工人的净收入，而且很受他们欢迎。

有时一个劣势就有一个补偿的优势。

例如，艰苦的生活条件常常导致更深的友谊，因为工人们为了安全和舒适必须互相依赖。

20XX职称英语教材卫生类补全短文新增文章第14篇-职称英语考试.doc

2014职称英语教材卫生类补全短文新增文章第14篇-职称英语考试第十四篇：A Memory Drug?IT'S DIFFICULT TO IMAGINE MANY THINGS that people would welcome more than amemory- enhancing drug. 1 Furthermore, such a drug could help people remember past experiences more clearly and help us acquire new information more easily for school and at work. As scientists learn more about memory, we are closing in on this tantalizing goal. 1Some of the most exciting evidence comes from research that has built on earlier finding,, linking LTP2 and memory to identify a gene that improves memory in mice. 2Mice bred to have extra copies of this gene showed more activity in their NMDA receptors, more LTP, and improved performance on several different memory tasks -- learning a spatial layout3, recognizing familiar objects, and recalling a fear-inducing shock.If these basic insights about genes, LTP, and the synaptic basisof memory can be translated to people- and that remains to be seen -- they could pave the way for memory-enhancing treatments. 3 As exciting as this may sound, it also raises troubling issues. Consider the potential educational implications of memory-enhancing drugs. If memory enhancers were available, children who used them might be able to acquire and retain extraordinary amounts of information, allowing them to progress far more rapidly in school than they could otherwise. How well could the brain handle such an onslaught of information? What happens to children who don't have access to the latest memory enhancers? Are they left behind in school -- and as a result handicapped later in life?4 Imagine that you are applying for a job that requires a good memory, such as a manager at a technology company or a sales position that requires remembering customers' names as well as the attributes of different products and services. Would you take a memory-enhancing drug to increase your chances of landing the position? Would people who felt uncomfortable taking such a drug find themselves cut out of lucrative career opportunities?Memory drugs might also help take the sting out of disturbing memories that we wish we could forget but can't. The 2004 hit movie Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind told the story of ayoung man seeking just such freedom from the painful memories of a romantic breakup. As you will see in the section on persistence later in the chapter, emotionally arousing events often create intrusive memories, and researchers have already muted emotional memories with drugs that block the action of key hormones. Should emergency workers who must confront horrifying accident scenes that can burden them with persisting memories be provided with such drugs? Should such drugs be given to rape victims who can't forget the trauma? Memory drugs might provide some relief to such individuals. But could they also interfere with an individual's ability to assimilate and come to terms with a difficult experience? 5注释：1.As scientists learn more about memory，we are closing in on this tantalizing goal.随着科学家们对记忆了解增多，我们正接近这一诱人的目标。

2016江苏省职称英语卫生试卷6教材

2016江苏职称英语卫生类考试真题试卷【六】说明：本试卷共七大题，申报高级职称者全做，满分为120分；申报中级职称者做第一、二、三、四、五、七大题，满分为100分。

第六大题申报中级职称者不做，做了也不判分【注：高级单独列出】一、词汇与语法选择（20小题，每小题0.5分。

共10分，建议完成时间10分钟）101. It is difficult to ______ of a plan to solve the problem.很难想象出计划来解决这个问题。

A, conceive想象 B. consist组成C. consider考虑D. wonder想知道102. The sound of new machine was _____ even from a distance. 新机的声音即使从远处听也是清楚的。

A. definite确切的B. distinct清楚的C. sharp强烈的D. edible 可食用的.103. He ______ a great interest in the Chinese traditional style of architecture他对中国传统风格的建筑保持着极大的兴趣A. contained 包含.B. secured 保护C. reserved 保留D. maintained保持104. I remember _____ to help us if we ever got into trouble. 我记得他会提供帮助，如果我们陷入麻烦。

A. once offeringB. him once offeringC. him to offer提供D. to offer him105. This laser printer is______ with all kinds of leading software这台激光打印机兼容所有种类的领先的软件A. compatible兼容的B. comparable可比较的C. companion陪伴D. company交往106. Putting in a new window _____ cutting away part of the roof打开一个新的窗口需要割掉屋顶的一部分A. was involvedB. involved涉及.C. was involvingD. involved in_____ attention 107. As we cannot study all the resources we have found, I suggest weon one of them. 因为我们无法学习我们已经找到的所有的资源，我建议，我们专注于其中一个。

2016年职称英语卫生类A级教材阅读理解打印版

阅读理解+第三十四篇谁想永生？If your doctor could give you a drug that would let you live a healthy life for twice as long ，would you take it?The good news is that we may be drawing near to that date，Scientists have already extended the lives of flies ，worms and mice in laboratories. Many now think that using genetic treatments we will soon be able to extend human life to at least 140 years. This seems a great idea. Think of how much more time we could spend chasing our dreams，spending time with our loved ones，watching our families grow and have families of their own."Longer life would give us a chance to recover from our mistakes and promote long term thinking," says Dr Gregory Stock of the University Of California School Of Public Health. "It would also raise productivity by adding to the year we can work."Longer lives don't just affect the people who live them. They also affect society as a whole. "We have war，poverty，all sorts of issues around，and I don't think any of them would be at all helped by having people live longer," says US bioethicist Daniel Callahan."The question is 'What will we get as a society? 'I suspect it won't be a better society."It would certainly be a very different society. People are already finding it more difficult to stay married. Divorce rates are rising. What would happen to marriage in a society where people lived for 140 years? And what would happen to family life if nine or 10 generations of the same family were all alive at the same time?Research into ageing may enable women to remain fertile for longer. And that raises the prospect of having 100-year-old parents，or brothers and sisters born 50 years apart. We think of an elder sibling as someone who can protect us and offer help and advice. That would be hard to do if that sibling came from a completely different generation.Working life would also be affected，especially if the retirement age was lifted. More people would stay in work for longer. That would give us the benefits of age-skill，wisdom and good judgment.On the other hand，more people working for longer would create greater competition for jobs. It would make it more difficult for younger people to find a job. T op posts would be dominated by the same few individuals，making career progress more difficult. And how easily would a 25-year-old employee be able to communicate with a 125-year-old boss?Young people would be a smaller part of a society in which people lived to 140. It may be that such a society would place less importance on guiding and educating young people，and more on making life comfortable for the old.And society would feel very different if more of its members were older. There would be more wisdom，but less energy. Young people like to move about. Old people like to sit still. Young people tend to act without thinking. Old people tend to think without acting. Young people are curious and like to experience different things. Old people are less enthusiastic about change. In fact ，they are less enthusiastic about everything.The effect of anti-ageing technology is deeper than we might think. But as the science advances，we need to think about these changes now. " If this could ever happen，then we'd better ask what kind of society we want to get，" says Daniel Callahan. "We had better not go anywhere near it until we have figure those problems out."live a long life is describes Callahan 's attitude to anti-ageing如果你的医生能给你一种药，这个药能让你健康的活两倍长的时间，你会服用吗？好消息是我们离这一天越来越近了。

2016年职称英语卫生类A级教材概括大意打印版

概括大意+第十一篇Surgery Involving the Heart1.The heart-lung machine (pump-oxygenator) is a valuable addition to the modern operating room. This machine has made itpossible to perform many operations on the heart and other thoracic organs which could not otherwise be done. There are several types of machines in use, all of which serve as a temporary substitute for the patient’s heart and lungs.2.The machine siphons off the blood from the large vessels entering the heart on the right side so that no blood passes through theheart and lungs. The blood is returned to the general circulation for body distribution through one of the large arteries. While passing through the machine, the blood is oxygenated by means of an oxygen inlet, and carbon dioxide is removed by various chemical means. These are the processes that normally take place between the blood and the air in the lung tissue. While in the machine, the blood is also “deformed” to be sure that all air bubbles are removed, since such bubbles could be fatal to the patient by obstructing blood vessels. An electric motor in the machine serves as a pump during the surgical procedure to distribute the processed blood throughout the body by means of the artery mentioned above.3.Diseased valves may become deformed and scarred from endocarditic so that they are ineffective and often obstructive. In somecases a special small knife can be inserted into the heart chamber and the valve can be cut so that it no longer obstructs the blood flow. The valve may even become partially functional. In other cases there may be so much damage that replacement is the only resort. Substitute vales made of plastic materials have proved to be a lifesaving measure for many patients. Very thin butterfly valves made of Dacron or other synthetic material have also been successfully used.4.Artificial hearts or parts of hearts designed to assist the ventricles in their pumping function have not proved as successful as theartificial valves. However, research continues and it is quite possible that an effective device may soon be ready for use. More spectacular is the transplantation of a human heart from the body of a person who has recently died. Tissues of the donor and the recipient should be as closely matched as possible to avoid rejectio n by the recipient’s antibody mechanism. This rejection syndrome is the most serious problem related to heart transplants.match tissues of the donor and the recipient __.概括大意+第十二篇Ginseng Shows Benefit in Cancer Treatment1. Flaxseed slowed the growth of prostate tumors in men, while ginseng helped relieve the fatigue that cancer patients often feel, US researchers reported on Saturday in two of the first scientifically rigorous looks at alternative medicine1.2. The studies reflect doctors' efforts to explore the risks and benefits of foods and supplements that are routinely taken by their patients with little scientific proof they help.2 Americans spend between $36 billion and $47 billion a year on complementary and alternative therapies, according to the National Center for Health Statistics3. "Patients are taking these compounds but we need to know if they are doing any good or any harm4," said Dr. Bruce Cheson of Georgetown University Hospital in Washington. who led a panel on alternative therapies at a meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology53. In the flaxseed study, researchers at Duke University Medical Center in North Carolina and colleagues evaluated the seed's role as a food supplement in 161 men who were scheduled to undergo surgery for prostate cancer. "The growth rate was decreased in the men who got flaxseed0" said Dr. Nancy Davidson, an oncologist at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore who is president-elect of ASCO. "I think this is fascinating." Flaxseed is rich in omega-3 fatty acids-and lignins, a fiber found on the seed coat. "We were looking at flaxseed because of its unique nutrient profile," Said Wendy Demark-Wahnefried, a researcher in Duke's School of Nursing, who led the study,4. Half of the men in the study added 30 grams of flaxseed daily to their diets for about30 days. Half of the flaxseed group also went on a low-fat diet. After the surgery, the researchers looked at the men's tumor cells to see how quickly the cancer had multiplied. The cancer cells in both the flaxseed groups grew about 30 to 40 percent slower than the control group6.5. But Demark-Wahnefried is not ready to prescribe flaxseed. "It's a healthy food. It has a lot of vitamins and a lot of fiber. But we cannot definitively say at this point you should take flaxseed because it is protective against prostate cancer," she said, adding that flaxseed now needed to be studied to see if it can prevent prostate cancer.6. In the ginseng trial, Debra Barton of the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, and colleagues tested three different doses of the herb on Patents with a variety of cancers who were expected to live at least six months. Twenty-five percent of patients taking a1,000-mg dose and twenty-seven percent of patients taking a 2,000-mg dose said their fatigue symptoms were "moderately better" or "much better." Only 10 percent of those taking a 750-mg dose reported an improvement, which was about the same as the placebo group. Patients in the trial took Wisconsin ginseng from a single crop that was tested for uniform potency. It was powdered and given in a capsule form. "I wouldn't have predicted this, I have to admit," Davidson said in an interview, "we might want to test this on a large scale7."7. The flaxseed study was funded by the National institutes of Health8 and the ginseng study was supported by US Public Health Service9 grants.Paragraph 2__ The Doctors' Responsibility Led Them to Carry Out These Two StudiesParagraph 6__ The Study on Ginseng Displays Its Good Promise Doctors in the US wanted to know _Both studies on flaxseed and ginseng show_ thatIt is the unique nutrient profile of flaxseed_ that led the researchers in Duke's School In the ginseng trial the researchers tested the potency of ginseng _ by giving different doses of the herb to patients with different cancers.1. As the holiday season approaches, so does the prospect of jet lag, an upset stomach or sunburn. With care and some help from natural sources, however, it is quite possible to avoid these problems.2. You can start to prepare a couple of weeks before you leave. Food poisoning will make any holiday miserable, but by taking some medicine such as lactobacillus and bifid bacteria, you can reduce the likelihood of succumbing to poisoning brought on by food or water tainted with unfamiliar bacteria.3. By improving the bacteria balance in your digestive tract, you crowd out the pathogenic bacteria and stop them gaining a foothold. The beneficial bacteria also produce gentle but effective natural antibiotics in your gut.4. In many holiday locations you need to remember the basics: drink bottled water, avoid undercooked meat and ensure that food hygiene is adequate. If you do succumb to food poisoning, drink plenty of water to stay hydrated and see a doctor. However, if you detect diarrhea early enough, you might like to try taking about 10 or 15 pancreatic digestive enzymes, which can digest the multiplying bacteria before they take over.5. Taking a teaspoon of silicol gel can also help. This lines the stomach and upper intestinal area and binds with bacteria and viruses allowing them to be safely passed out of the gut. When you pack, include grapefruit-seed extract, which is an excellent all-roundanti-bacterial, anti-parasitic, anti-viral and anti-fungal agent.6. Your flight can also be made more pleasant. Peppermint oil and ginger capsules ward off motion sickness, but a more delicious option is to nibble on crystallized ginger. If you tend to get earache on take-off and landing, you can use special earplugs with filler that slows down the rate of change in air pressure.7. The greatest concern is “economy class syndrome”, the popular name of deep-vein thrombosis, which can lead to blood clots traveling from the legs to the lungs, heart or brain. To reduce this, you need a couple of hours to stay hydrated, and avoid alcohol.8. You can also reduce the severity of inflammation by taking a daily gram of vitamin C with the bioflavonoid quercetin. Vitamin C and quercetin also help to reduce prickly heat.9. Finally, if any adverse symptoms persist while overseas, you should see a doctor.Paragraph 1 __ Avoiding holiday troubles Paragraph 4 __ Basics of what to eat and drink Paragraph 5 __Paragraph 6 ___ Basics of having a pleasant flightproblem __ when you are travelling Special earplugs can make you feel better ___ when your plane is about to land ___. important to drink a lot of water ___ when you suffer from food-poisoning ___. Don't forget to bring necessary medicine ___ when you are packing for your tour ___.1. To describe a baby's growth, the old saying “one thing leads to another” should really read, “one thing leads to an explosion.” The perfection of vision and the ability to hold his head up allow appreciation of visual space. The evolution of increasingly efficient reaching also lets the baby appreciate and participate in his three-dimensional world.2. You may notice that your baby can grab toys with either hand. This is partly because the baby has learned to grasp an object even if it touches his hand lightly or his eyes are averted. By the end of the fourth month, he can probably alternate hands to grab the toys or transfer a toy from one hand to the other. He may even wave it briskly, then transfer it and repeat the waving, shuttling it back and forth between hands. In imitating the behavior of one hand with the other, the baby may be becoming aware that he can do the same thing with each arm and that each hand is distinct from the other. This awareness is important to his receiving information about space. The baby also begins to see himself act when he repeatedly reaches for and grasps things. He starts to distinguish himself from the outer world.3. If you would like another sign of this growth process, try one of Gesell's measures of mental growth, the behavior of a baby beforea mirror. According to Gesell, a baby will smile at his image at around twenty weeks of age. Hold your baby up to a mirror and watch him examine the faces there. He will probably attend most to his own image and perhaps smile at it. As his image returns the smile, he may become active and vocalize. He may also look back and forth between your image and you as if the duplication puzzles him. A baby who knows his mother's face cannot understand two of them. Calling softly to your baby, as he looks at your confusing double, complicates matters even further. His turning back to the real you shows that a baby four months old is likely to have the ability of preference in discrimination.4. An early attachment to one object—a toy or a stuffed animal—is another index of discrimination, as well as self-development, for the baby's interests are going beyond himself. Most babies do not prefer one toy this early, but some will. After exploring each toy, your baby may start reaching and playing with one special one. In the months to come, the toy or anything else the baby identifies with himself by wearing or carrying may become a “lovey”. A “lovey” will be slept with, chewed, hugged, loved, and “talked to.”T hese “loveies” give the baby a way of coping with the necessary separations from the mother. A friendly and familiar toy bear may just make him easier on himself. Rather than feeling threatened, a mother should be flattered by her baby’s extension of affe ction elsewhere. A baby with the heart to find a “lovey” is showing early mental resourcefulness and flexibility.Paragraph 1 _ Significance of one development in a baby's life Paragraph 2 __ The baby learns to set himself apart fromParagraph 3 __ Gesell's measure of the baby's mental growth Paragraph 4 _ Theto ___ the perfection of vision and the ability to hold his head up ___.is able to __ tell one hand from the other ____. A baby will smile as his image at __ around twenty weeks of age _.The baby’s extension of affection should make the mother _ feel flattered _.概括大意+第十五篇Optimists Really Do Live Longer, Say Scientists1. For the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer optimism was fundamentally wrong, banal and corrupting, while the father of psychoanalysis Sigmund Frend simply declared it to be neurotic.2. Experience shows that looking on the bright side of life does have advantages and recent scientific evidence points to the positive mindset as being beneficial to health. In other words optimists live longer.3. That was the conclusion reached by experts at the Mayo Clinic in the U. S. State of Minnesota who evaluated answers given by people to a set of questions in the 1960s. Of the 729 candidates, 200 had died and according to scientists, there were a disproportionate number of pessimists among them.4. Ten points more on the pessimism scale—that was the difference between “slightly pessimistic” and “averagely pessimistic” —were enough to boost a person’s chanc es of dying by 19 percent, according to the study by prominent psychologist Martin Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania.5. The study does not say why pessimists die but an older survey taken among children in San Francisco and Los Angeles makes it clear that personal attitude towards the world is a key factor in the longevity equation.6. The latest evidence to support the theory that optimists tend to cope better with illness of all kinds has been provided by Professor Ralf Schwarzer of Berlin's Free University who questioned 600 heart and lung patients. His conclusion: Optimists recover more swiftly from operations than their pessimistic counterparts; tend to be happier after treatment and return to work more swiftly.7. There have been suggestions that optimists do not stay healthier but rather turn into optimists later because they enjoy good health. Numerous surveys have taken into account a person's state of health at the outset and the effect remains the same.8. Studies have shown that optimists do not blind themselves to reality either. They thus interpret it in a positive way. “Subli mating and denying things tend to alter reality but illusions are a way of seeing reality in the best light.” said Californian psy chology professor Shelley Taylor.9. German science journal “Bild der Wissenschaft”, which carries a major article on the topic in its current March issue, com mented on “the right attitude” to having a tumor.10. It seems psychotherapy can go some way towards extending the life span and life quality of a sick person although a complete recovery using psychological technique alone is unlikely.11. Doctors like, however, to point to the example of U. S. cycling professional Lance Armstrong, who was seriously ill with cancer, but whose unshakable optimism helped him to take the top trophy twice at cycling's premier Tour de France.12. The magazine also quoted a study by Sheldon Cohens of the Carnegie-Mellon-University in Pittsburgh:420 volunteers were deliberately infected with strains of various common cold viruses. A day later checks were carried out to see who had caught a cold. 13. The results showed that in the case of people who had satisfactory, long-term relations with friends neighbors or colleagues, the virus was less likely to trigger a cold. Of people with three or fewer firm relationships 62 percent became ill compared with only 35 percent of those who had six or more close human links.Paragraph 2 __ A longer life Paragraph 6 __ Quicker recovery from illness Paragraph 7 __ From good health Paragraph 8 __ A positive way of understanding reality Some scholars did not believe __ in looking on the How long one can live partly depends on __ how one looks on lifetry ___ to avoid unpleasant things in life An experiment showed that optimists were ___ less likely to catch cold ___.。

2016年职称英语卫生类新增文章

Baby TalkBabies normally start to talk when they are 13 to 15 months old. Ryan Jones is only eight months old, but he is already “talking” with his parents. When lie is hungry, he opens and closes his hand. This means milk. He also knows the signs for his favorite toy and the word more.Ryan is not deaf, and his parents are not deaf, but his mother and father are teaching him to sign. They say a word and make a sign at the same time. They repeat this again and again. When ___1___ Ryan’s parents think that he will be a happier baby because he can communicate with them.Ryan s parents are teaching Ryan to sign because of a man named Joseph Garcia. Although Garcia was not from a deaf family, he decided to learn American Sign Language (ASL). First, he took courses in ASL. Then he got a job helping deaf people communicate with hearing people. In his work, he saw many deaf parents sign to their infants. He noticed that these babies were able to communicate much earlier than hearing children. ___2___ When they were one year old, they could use as many as 50 signs.Garcia decided to try something new. He taught ASL to parents who were not deaf. The families started to teach signs to their infants when they were six or seven months old. ___3___ More and more parents took Garcia’s ASL classes. Like Ryan’s family, they were excited about signing with their babies. They wanted to give their babies a way to communicate before they could use spoken words.Some people worry about signing to babies. They are afraid that these babies won’t feel a need to talk. Maybe they will develop spoken language later than other babies. ___4___ In fact, one study found just the opposite. Signing babies actually learned to speak earlier than other children. As they grow older, these children are more interested in books. They also score higher on intelligence tests1.There is still a big question for parents: Which are the best signs to teach their babies? Some parents make their own signs. Other parents want to teach ASL. ___5___ There’s no clear answer, but we do know this: All signing babies and their families are talking quite a lot!词汇：normally /'nɔ:m(ə)li/ adv. 正常地;通常地，一般地infant /'infənt / n. 婴儿;幼儿;未成年人communicate /kə'mju:nikeit/ 通信;交流;感染opposite /'ɔpəzit/ adj. 相反的;n. 对立面，反义词注释：1. intelligence test：智力测试练习：A However, research does not show this.B All parents want to teach babies to sign.C Ryan learns a new sign, his family is very excited.D These babies started using signs about two months later.E It can be useful because many people understand it.F They talked with signs by the time they were eight months old.答案与题解：1. C 第二段主要是讨论Ryan学习手语的过程，当他学会一种新的手势时，父母非常高兴。

职称英语考试2016年新增内容

第六篇Microchip Research Center CreatedA research center has been set up in this Far Eastern country to develop advanced microchip production technology. The center, which will start out with about US $14 million, will help the country develop its chip industry without always depending on imported technology.The center will make use of its research skills and facilities to develop new technology for domestic chip plants. The advent of the center will possibly free the country from the situation that it is always buying almost-outdated technologies from other countries, said the country’s flagship chipmaker.1 Currently, chip plants in this country are in a passive situation because many foreign governments don’t allow them to import the most advanced technologies, fearing they will be used for military purposes. Moreover, the high licensing fees they have to pay to technology providers are also an important reason for their decision of self-reliance2.As mainstream chip production technology shifts from one generation to the next every three to five years3, plants with new technology can make more powerful chips at lower costs, while4 plants with outdated equipment, which often cost billions of dollars to build, will be marginalized by the maker.More than 10 chip plants are being built, each costing millions of US dollars.5 The majority of that money goes to overseas equipment vendors and technology owners — mainly from Japan and Singapore. Should the new center play a major role in improving the situation in the industry,6 the country admits the US $14 million investment is still rather small. This country is developing comprehensive technologies. Most of the investment will be spent on setting alliances with technology and intellectual property7 owners.第六篇微芯片研究中心成立为了开发先进的微芯片生产技术，这个远东国家建立了一个研究中心，该中心启动资金为一千四百万美元，可以帮助该国开发自己的芯片工业，不必总是依赖于进口技术。

2016年职称英语教材新增文章

2016年职称英语教材新增文章相比2015年教材，2016年教材综合、理工、卫生各更换了“补全短文”中的5篇文章，而且综合、理工、卫生所新换的5篇文章完全相同。

其中，C级2篇，B级2篇，A级1篇。

Common Questions about Dreams（综合第2篇，理工第3篇，卫生第5篇。

C级）Does everyone dream?Yes. Research shows that we all dream. We have our most vivid dreams during a type of sleep called Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. During REM sleep, the brain is very active. The eyes move quickly back and forth1 under the lids, and the large muscles of the body are relaxed. REM sleep occurs every 90-100 minutes, three to four times a night, and it lasts longer as the night goes on. ___1___ We dream at other times during the night, too, but those dreams are less vivid.Do people remember their dreams?A few people remember their dreams. However, most people forget nearly everything that happened during the night —dreams, thoughts, and the short periods of time when they were awake. ___2___ It seems that the memory of the dream is not totally lost, but for some reason it is very hard to bring it back2. If you want to remember your dream，the best thing to do is to write it down as soon as you wake up.Are dreams in color?Most dreams are in color. However, people may not be aware of it for two reasons ：They don’t usually remember the details of their dreams, or they don’t notice the color because it is such a natural part of our lives. ___3___Do dreams have meaning?Scientists continue to debate this issue.3 ___4___ Some people use dreams to help them learn more about their feelings, thoughts, behavior, motives, and values. Others find that dreams can help them solve problems. It’s also true that artists, writers, and scientists often get creative ideas from dreams.How can I learn to understand my dreams?The most important thing to remember is that your dreams are personal. The people, actions, and situations in your dreams reflect your experience, your thoughts, and your feelings. Some dream experts believe that there are certain types of dreams that many people have，even if they come from different cultures or time periods. Usually, however, the same dream will have different meanings for different people. For example, an elephant in a dream may mean one thing to a zookeeper and something very different to a child whose favorite toy is a stuffed elephant. ___5___ Then look for links between your dreams and what is happening in your daily life. If you think hard and you are patient, perhaps the meaning of your dreams will become clearer to you.词汇：vivid /'vivid/ adj. 清晰的，生动的，逼真的lid /lid/ n. 眼睑（=eyelid)motive /məutiv/ n. 动机stuffed /stʌft/ adj. 填充的，塞满了的注释：1. back and forth：来回地，反复地。

职称英语(卫生类)新增文章译文及解析

Eat to LiveA meager diet may give you health and long life, but it’s not much fun — and it might not even be necessary. We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we don’t start to diet until old age. Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouse’s liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic rejuvenation won’t reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins.Spindler’s team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations3. Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed3 for a month when they were 34 months old — equivalent to about 70 human years.The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production一probably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted all their lives,27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent of these gene changes."This is the first indication that these effects kick in pretty quickly,”says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington D. C.No one yet knows if calorie restriction works in people as it does in mice, but Spindler is hopeful. “There’s attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,” he says.If it does work in people,there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. As we get older, our bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.But Spindler isn’t sure the trade-off is worth it. “The mice get less disease, the y live longer, but they’re hungry,” he says. “Even seeing what a diet does, it’s still hard to go to a restaurant and say: ‘I can only eat half of that,. ”Spindler hopes we soon won’t need to diet at all. His company, Lifespan Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.练习：1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?D We have to begin dieting since childhood.2. Why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2?B To illustrate the effect of meager food on mice.3. What can be inferred about completely normally fed mice mentioned in the passage?D They are more likely to suffer from inflammation.4. According to the author, which of the following most interested the researchers?A The mice that started dieting in old age.5. According to the last two paragraphs, Spindler believes thatC dieting is not a good method to give us health and long life.第二十九篇“Don’t Drink Alone” Gets New MeaningIn what may be bad news for bars and pubs，a European research group has found that people drinking alcohol outside of meals have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations with food. Luigino Dal Maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies2 and another 3，500 adults who had never had cancer.After the researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals3 faced at least a 50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, when compared with people who drank only at meals. Consuming alcohol without food also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal4 cancer. “ Roughly 95 percent of cancers at these four sites5 traced to smoking or drinking6 by the study volunteers，”Dal Maso says. The discouraging news, his team reports, is that drinking with meals didn’t eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites.For their new analysis，the European scientists divided people in the study into four groups，based on how many drinks they reported having in an average week7. The lowest-intake group included people who averaged up to8 20 drinks 狂week. The highest group reported downing at least 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day.9 Cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadily with consumption even for people who reported drinking only withmeals. For instance, compared with people in the lowest-consumption group, participants who drank 21 to 34 alcohol servings a week at least doubled their cancer risk for all sites other than the larynx10. If people in these consumption groups took some of those drinks outside meals, those in the higher consumption group at least quadrupled their risk for oral cavity and esophageal cancers.People in the highest-consumption group who drank only with meals had 10 times the risk of oral cancer, 7 times the risk of pharyngeal cancer, and 16 times the risk of esophageal cancer compared with those who averaged 20 or fewer drinks a week with meals. In contrast, laryngeal cancer risk in the high-intake, with-meals-only group11 was only triple that12 in the low-intake consumers who drank with meals. “Alcohol can inflame tissues. Over time, that inflammation can trigger cancer. ”Dal Maso says. He suspects that food reduced cancer risk either by partially coating digestive-tract tissues or by scrubbing alcohol off those tissues. He speculates that the reason laryngeal risks were dramatically lower for all study participants traces to the tissue’s lower exposure to alcohol.1. Researchers have found that the risk of cancer in the mouth and neck is higher with peopleA who drink alcohol outside of mealsur2. Which of the following is NOT the conclusion made by the researchers about “drinking with meals”?C It increases by 20 percent the possibility of cancer in all sites.3. Approximately how many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per day?A 3 drinks.4. Which cancer risk is the lowest among all the four kinds of cancer mentioned in the passage?B Laryngeal cancer.5. According to the last paragraph, tissue’s lower exposure to alcoholD reduces the risk of laryngeal cancer.第三十九篇SaunaCeremonial bathing has existed for thousands of years and has many forms, one of which is the sauna. The Finns have perfected the steam bath，or sauna, which may be taken, usually in an enclosed room, by pouring water over hot rocks or as a dry heat bath. The Japanese, Greeks, Turks and Russians as well as Native Americans have forms of the sweat bath in their bathing rituals. Dry heat and steam baths had advocates in ancient Rome and' pre-Columbian Americans used sweat lodges.The earliest saunas were probably underground caves heated by a firethat naturally filled with smoke as chimney making was unknown at that time. A fire kept in a fire-pit would heat the rock walls of the cave. After reaching full heat, the smoke was let out of the cave and the stones would retain heat for several hours. A few people today say that the smoke sauna, “ savusauna”，is the only true sauna experience and that all saunas should have at least a background odor or smoke. Today most saunas use electric stoves, although gas and wood-burning stoves are available.Saunas are relaxing and stress relieving, Those with muscle aches or arthritis may find that the heat relaxes muscles and relieves pain and inflammation. Asthma patients find that the heat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitates breathing. Saunas do not cure the common cold but they may help to alleviate congestion arid speed recovery time. The body’s core temperature usually rises a 1-2 degrees while in the sauna, thus imitating a slight fever. The sauna could be considered to fol low the old saying “feed a cold，starve a fever' The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood of getting a cold in the first place.Sauna is good for your skin as the blood flow to the skin increases and sweating occurs. Adults sweat about 2 lbs8 of water per hour on average in a sauna. A good sweat removes dirt and grime from pores and gives the skin a healthy glow. The loss in water weight is temporary as the body's physiological mechanisms will quickly restore proper volumes. The cardiovascular system9 gets a work out10 as the heart must pump harder and faster to move blood to the surface for heat exchange. Heart rate may increase from 72 beats per minute on average to 100-150 beats per minute.A normal heart can handle these stresses but those with heart trouble wishing to begin to use a sauna should seek a doctor's advice. The elderly and those with diabetes should check with their doctor prior to beginning to take saunas. Pregnant women should not take saunas, particularly in the first three months. Indeed, everyone just starting out should take short sessions11 at first to become accustomed to this type of bath.1. Ceremonial bathing _________.C) has various forms2. What is understood by some people to be the true sauna experience?B) Saunas with smoke.3. According to the third paragraph, saunas can do all of the following EXCEPT .D) curing asthma4. According to the fourth paragraph, sauna gives the skin a healthy glow because_________.A) pores are cleaned by sweat5. Who are advised not to take a sauna?D) All of the above.第二篇 A Biological ClockEvery living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. The biological clock tells _ plants when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. It tells _ insects _ when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away，and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake.Events outside the plant and animal _ affect the actions of some biological clocks. Scientists recently found, for example, that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur _ because of _ the number of hours of daylight. In the short _ days _ of winter, its fur becomes white. The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer.Inner signals control other biological clocks. German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin their long migration _ flight _ twice each year. Birds _ prevented from _ flying become restless when it is time for the trip，_ but _ they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended.Scientists say they are beginning to learn which _ parts _ of the brain contain biological clocks. An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain _ seems to control the timing of some of our actions. These _ cells _ tell a person when to _ awaken _ ，when to sleep and when to seek food . Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.Dr. Moorhead is studying _ how _ our biological clocks affect the way we do our work. For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours._ It _ can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours. Dr. Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocks and how they affect workers. He said _ such _ understanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factory’s production,第九篇The Case of the Disappearing FingerprintsOne useful anti-cancer drug can effectively erase the whorls and other characteristic marks that give people their distinctive fingerprints. Losing _ them._ could become troublesome. A casereleased online in a letter by Annals of Oncology indicates how big a _ problem _ of losing fingerprints is.Eng-Huat Tan, a Singapore-based medical doctor describes a 62-year old man who has used capecitabine to _ treat._ his nasopharyngeal cancer. After three years on the _ drug. ，the patient decided to visit U. S. relatives last December. But he was stopped by U. S. customs officials _ for 4 hours after entering the country when those officials couldn't get fingerprints from the man. There were no distinctive swirly _ marks _ appearing from his index finger.U. S. customs has been fingerprinting incoming foreign visitors for years, Tan says. Their index fingers are printed _ and screened against digital files of the fingerprints of bad guys—terrorists and potential criminals that our federal guardians have been tasked with keeping out of the country. Unfortunately, for the Singaporean traveler，one potential _ side _ effect of his drug treatment is a smoothing of the tissue on the finger pads. _ Hence _ ，no fingerprints.“It is uncertain when fingerprint loss will _ begin _ to take place in patients who are taking capecitabine，” Tan points out. So he cautions any physicians who _ prescribe _ the drug to provide their patients with .a doctor’s note pointing out that their medicine may cause fingerprints to disappear.Eventually, the Singapore traveler made it into the United States. I guess the name on his passport didn’t raise any red flags. But he，s also now got the explanatory doctor’s note —and won’t leave home _ without _ it.By the way, maybe the Food and Drug Administration, _ which _ approved use of the drug11 years ago, should consider _ updating _ its list of side effects associated with this medicine. The current list does note that patients may experience vomiting, stomach pain and some other side effects. But no where _ does _ it mention the potential for loss of fingerprints.第十四篇Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores Young adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more _ likely _ to go on to university，reveals a major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital.The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The study involved 1.2 million Swedishmen doing military service who were born between 1950 and 1976. The research group analyzed the _ results _ of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took right after they started serving the army.The study shows a clear link _ between _ good physical fitness andbetter results for theIQ test.Thestrongestlinks are for _ logical_thinking and verbal comprehension. But it is only fitness that plays arole _ in the results for the IQ test，and not strength. “Being fit meansthat you also have good heart and lung _ capacity _ and that your braingets plenty of oxygen _ ，”says Michael Nilsson, professor at theSahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the SahlgrenskaUniversity Hospital. “This may be one of the reasons why _ we can seea clear link with fitness, but not with muscular strength _. We are alsoseeing that there are growth factors that are important. ”By analyzing data for twins, the researchers have been able _ todetermine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes thatexplain the link between fitness and a _ higher _ IQ.“We have also shown that those youngsters who _ improve _ theirphysical fitness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitiveperformance,” says Maria Aberg, researcher at the SahlgrenskaAcademy and physician at Aby health centre. “This being th e case6,physical _ education _ is a subject that has an important place in schools,and is an absolute must if we want to do well in maths and othertheoretical subjects.”The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests _during _ national service with the socio-economic status of the menlater in _ life _. Those who were fit at 18 were more likely to go intohigher education, and many secured more qualified jobs.X。