动名词的用法

动名词的用法
Ⅰ动名词的定义
动名词也是动词的三种非谓语形式（不定式、分词、动名词）中的一种。

与分词和不定式一样，它也不能在句子中单独作谓语。

动名词具有名词和动词的特征，可以带宾语或状语修饰。

在句子中，动名词可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语和同位语等。

此外，动名词还可以通过加宾语或状语构成动名词短语。

Ⅱ动名词的基本形式
动名词由动词原形加词尾-ing构成，构成与现在分词形式相同。

它还有下面几种形式：主动语态被动语态
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
Ⅲ动名词的句法功能
动名词在句中起名词的作用，可单独出现或组成短语作主语、表语、宾语、介词的宾语、定语和同位语。

1.作主语
Seeing is believing.
Being a teacher was by no means easy.做老师决非易事。

His having left early made everyone feel very disappointed. 他的提前离开使得每个人都非常失望。

It was a nuisance being kept waiting like that.被弄得这样等着真讨厌。

★○1It was no use/of little use/no good/useless /a waste of time/a waste of money/a great pleasure/fun + doing sth.(it为形式主语)
It was no use talking it over with him.跟他讨论此事没有用。

It was no use crying over the spilt milk.覆水难收。

（木已成舟，哭也没用）
It is of little good staying up too late every day.每天都熬夜没有什么好处。

○2There was no….结构中只能用动名词，表示禁止和不可能。

There was no smoking in the hall.大厅内禁止吸烟。

There was no joking with him about it.这件事和他开不得玩笑。

2.作表语
Boasting was cheating.说大话等于欺骗。

A bad habit was reading without thorough understanding.一种坏习惯是读书而不求甚解。

★动名词担任表语说，和进行时态完全相同，但两者性质不一样，且意义也不一样。

He was teaching English.他正在教英语。

（was teaching为现在进行时态，was teaching English为谓语部分）
His job was teaching English.他的工作是教英语。

(teaching为动名词，was teaching English为系表结构)
3.作宾语
He was considering collecting stamps.他在考虑集邮。

My bike needs repairing.我的自行车需要修理。

Do you think it any good asking him for advice? 你认为向他征求建议有好处吗？
War and Peace by Tolstoy was well worth reading.托尔斯泰写的《战争与和平》很值得一读。

★○1英语中有些动词：admit, allow, appreciate, avoid, advise, consider, deny, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practise, recommend, risk, permit, suggest等，以及某些短语：can’t help(情不自禁)，feel like, devote to, stick to, object to, thank you for, get down to, have difficult/trouble (in), have a good/wonderful/hard time (in), look forward to, give up等后面只跟动名词。

-----Would you mind my closing the window? 我把窗子关起来你介意吗？
-----Certainly not. Please do it.没关系，请！
c.f.: -----Would you mind closing the window? 请你把窗子关起来你介意吗？
-----Certainly not.行！
○2want/ require/ need/ deserve
be worth
be worthy of
The place is worth visiting.
The place is worthy of a visit/ of being visited/ to be visited.
The wall wants whitewashing.这墙需要粉刷。

The flowers requires looking after carefully.这些花需要细心照料。

○3有些词或词组：can’t help, stop, be used to, regret, go on, remember, forget, mean, try等既可以跟不定式也可以跟动名词，但意义不同。

○4动词like, love, prefer后接不定式或动名词作宾语均可。

如表示经常性的行为可用动名词，如表示具体的行为常用动词不定式。

但要注意：如果like, love, prefer前有would/should, 后面则应接动词不定式。

I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim this afternoon.
I’d like to go swimming this weekend.
○5在动词allow, advise, forbid, permit等动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。

即：
allow/ advise/ forbid/ permit
We don’t allow smoking here.
We don’t allow students to smoke.
○6有些动词：wish, want, manage, hope, afford, refuse, plan, intend等一般只接不定式作宾语。

4. 作介词的宾语
Studying without thinking often leads to puzzles.学而不思则罔。

He was far from being pleased with his achievements.对于自己的成就，他并不满意。

Thank you for being with us.谢谢你跟我们在一起。

I feel like taking a rest.我想休息一下。

On New Year’s Eve some children look forward with hope to being paid more attention to.
新年的除夕，有些孩子满怀希望期待着得到更多关注。

★有些短语：have difficulty/trouble in doing sth, be busy doing sth, lose no time in doing sth, spend some money/time in doing sth.中的介词常常可以省略。

As soon as he saw me, he lost no time (in) telling me the good news他一见到我就迫不及待地将好消息告诉了我。

★能跟动名词的短语：feel like, look forward to, think of, dream of, hear of, prevent… from, keep… from, stop…from, excuse…for, set about, depend on, be engaged in, get/be used to, be tired of, succeed in, be interested in, be proud of, be good at, be afraid of, prefer…to…, insist on, keep on, spend…in…, devote…to, persist…in… 5.作定语
drinking water饮用水 singing contest 歌咏比赛 walking stick拐杖 sleeping pills安眠药
These building materials are of the best quality.这些建筑材料质量上乘。

In class we should write down important teaching points as well as difficult teaching points.
课堂上我们应当将教学重点和难点记下来。

★现在分词和动名词一样都能作定语，但是有区别：
Look at the flying planes.瞧那些飞着的飞机。

（现在分词）
Flying planes was dangerous.开飞机有时危险。

（动名词）
★分词与所修饰的词逻辑上是主谓关系，动名词与所修饰的词只表示被修饰的词的目的或作用关系。

a sleeping child = a child that was sleeping
a waiting room = a room for waiting
★动名词还能和介词一起构成短语，作定语：intention (of), way of (of), right (of), capability (of), chance (of), plan (of), hope (of), possibility (of), significance (of), necessity (of), surprise (of), apology (for), experience (in)….
有些词：chance, plan, intention, way等后面既可以接动名词也可以接不定式作定语。

This was the best way to do the work/ of doing the work.这是做这种工作的最佳方法。

6.作同位语
Many people admire his special ability, learning three languages at the same time.
他能同时学三种外语，许多人都羡慕他这中特殊能力。

Ⅳ动名词的复合结构
物主代词和名词所有格加动名词构成动名词的复合结构。

在这个结构中，物主代词或名词所有格是逻辑上的主语。

动名词的复合结构在句中可以作主语、宾语等。

Your being elected to be monitor of the class was possible.你当选为班长是可能的。

Your translating the article pleased him very much.你翻译那篇文章使他大为开心。

★如果不是在句子开头，这个结构常可以用名词的普通格（或人称代词的宾格），这比用所有格自然些。

Do you mind my (me) smoking? 介意我抽烟吗？
Peter’s going won’t be of much help. Peter去不会有多大帮助。

★如果动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的东西，就多用普通格，不用所有格。

We know of wood having been used as building materials since ancient times.我们知道一些木材自古代就一直被用作建筑材料。

We have heard of some minerals having been taken from the ocean.我们听说过一些从海洋里提取出的矿物质。

Ⅴ动名词的时态和语态
㈠动名词的时态
1. 动名词的一般时：它表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词表示的动作之后发生。

Children like watching cartoon films.儿童喜欢看动画片。

Thank you for lending us a helping hand.谢谢你向我们伸出援助之手。

★在某些动词后，动名词所表示的动作虽然发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，但这是仍可用动名词的一般式。

I remember being taken to Beijing when I was young.我记得小时曾被带到过北京。

I forgot posting the letter then. So I am here again. 我忘记信已经寄掉了，所以我又来了。

2. 动名词的完成式：它所表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。

He admitted having taken some cash from the drawer.他承认从抽屉里拿了一些现金。

He was proud of having ever played a minor role in a play.他对自己曾在一本剧本里扮演过一个次要角色很自豪。

㈡动名词有被动语态
动名词有两种被动语态：一般式（being done）和完成式（having been done）
★如果一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时，动名词一般要用被动形式。

He came without being invited. 他是不请自来的。

I can’t stand being treated this way.这样待我我受不了。

It’s impossible to come into a room without being asked. 没有被邀请就闯入房间是不礼貌的。

★如果动名词表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生，有时需要用动名词的完成被动形式。

I don’t remember having met you before.我不记得以前曾见过你。

There was no proof of his having said that. 没有证据表明他曾那样说过。

Yesterday, he informed us of the bridge having been completed.昨天，他告诉我们大桥已经完工了。

Ⅵ动名称的否定式以及动名词和动词不定式的区别
动名词和动词不定式的区别：从结构上，动名词前可用介词，它还可被名词所有格修饰；不定式前通常不用介词，更不能被名词所有格修饰。

动名词和不定等都可以作主语或表语。

一般来说，在表示比较抽象的一般行为时多用动名词；在表示具体的动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。

Reading was learning.阅读就是学习。

Our work was to learn more knowledge and serve the people better in the future.
我们的任务就是学习更多的知识将来更好地为人民服务。

★如果牵涉到主语和标语一致时，往往同为动名词或同为不定式。

Seeing is believing. = To see is to believe.
Ⅶ动名词和现在分词在句法上的区别
1. 作定语时的比较
现在分词作定语，表示它所修饰的名词的动作，被修饰名词与现在分词在逻辑上是主谓；动名词作定语时往往表示被修饰名词的作用、目的等。

running dogs= dogs that run their masters’ errands走狗
a walking stick= a stick that was carried in the hand during a walk拐杖
a sleeping car= a car that was used for sleeping卧车
a sleeping baby= a baby that was sleeping熟睡的婴儿
2. 作表语时的比较
动名词作表语是用来说明主语本身的，主语和标语的位置互换后基本不影响意义的表达，但这种结构不能受very, quite等副词修饰。

分词作表语着重说明主语的性质和特征，主语和表语的位置是固定的，一般不能互换，但可受very, quite等副词的修饰。

My job was serving you. (=Serving you was my job.)我的工作是为您服务。

The story was very exciting.那个故事很刺激。

Ⅷ名词化的动名词
动名词有时可以进一步名词化，具有更多名词的特点：它可以受冠词的限制，可以受定语修饰，有时还有复数形式。

What do you think of the drawing? 你觉得我的画如何？
How does he make a living? 他是怎么谋生的？
I like reading the story with a happy ending.我喜欢读愉快结尾的小说。

Just as the saying goes, an apple a day keep a doctor away.正如常言所说，一只苹果一天，不沾医生的边。