北大微观经济学(英文版)ch3 Preferences精品PPT课件

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微观经济学Microeconomics-精品课件

• 参考教材：黄亚钧郁义鸿主编《微观经济学》，高等教育出版社，2003年。
• 参考书目： • [美]H.范里安著《微观经济学：现代观
点》，上海三联书店上海人民出版社， 1994年； • [美]平狄克鲁宾费尔德著《微观经济学》，中国人民大学出版社，1997年。 • 黎诣远《微观经济分析》，清华大学出版社
13、He who seize the right moment, is the right man.谁把握机遇，谁就心想事成。21.7.1421.7.1 401:18:2501:18 :25July 14, 2021
•
14、谁要是自己还没有发展培养和教育好，他就不能发展培养和教育别人。202 1年7月 14日星期三上午1时1 8分25 秒01:18:2521.nomic Man 经济人
• 如果说，稀缺是社会存在的经济概括，那么，经济人这个概念就是对社会意识的经济学概括。
• 经济学并不研究稀缺本身，而是研究在稀缺条件下人的行为，也就是研究经济人的行为。
© copyrights by Changde Zheng 2004. Economic college，Southwest University For Nationalities.
ii) Scarcity means that to have more of some things there must be less of others (Opportunity Cost): Production Possibilities Frontier
iii) Scarcity implies choice
•
15、一年之计，莫如树谷；十年之计，莫如树木；终身之计，莫如树人。2021 年7月上午1时1 8分21. 7.1401:18July 14, 2021

《微观经济学》PPT课件

〔1〕静态分析法：只分析某一时点上经济变量的状况
〔2〕比较静态分析法：只分析始点和终点的经济变量的状况
〔3〕动态分析法引入时间因素,分析某一时期内经济变量的过程状况 .
三、经济模型
1、经济模型〔economic
model>：用来表述经济
P price
变量之间的依存关系的理
李嘉图发展了亚当、斯密的思想,建立起了以劳动价值论为基础,以分配论为中心的理论体系.并提出了比较成本学说.他认为：每个国家都可以通过生产具有相对优势的商品,通过国际贸易获得利益.
３、萨伊<Say>〔法〕〔1767-1832〕
让·巴蒂斯特·萨伊
代表作《政治经济学概论》1803年
他认为：供给创造需求,储蓄必然转化为投资,生产就是消费,供给就是需求, 生产过剩的危机是不会发生的.一个国家生产者越多,产品越多,企业越多, 贸易越多社会财富越多.主张发展生产.
2、按研究经济问题判断标准的不同可分为：
• 实证经济学<positive economics>：用事实说明经济现象的现状如何？回答是什么〔What is>如：某一时期的经济增长率为 8%,失业率是6%.
•规范经济学<normative economics>：以一定的判断标准为出发点,力求回答应该是什么〔What ought to be>.如：要实现8%的年经济增长速度,政府应采取什么样的财政政策和货币政策.某国的收入分配是不是公平.
亚当、斯密的《国富论》
在《国富论》的序论中的第一句话就是： "被看作政治家或立法家的一门政治经济学提出两个目标：第一,给人民提供充足的收入或生计, 第二,给国家或社会提供充足的收入. 总之,其目的在于富国裕民".

北大微观经济学课件(英文版)ch3 Preferences

中级微观经济学
Assumptions about Preference Relations
Transitivity
(传递性): If x is at least as preferred as y, and y is at least as preferred as z, then x is at least as preferred as z; i.e.
x1
2012-10-9 中级微观经济学
Indifference Curves Exhibiting Satiation
x2
Satiation (bliss) point Better
2012-10-9
中级微观经济学
Extreme Cases of Indifference Curves; Perfect Substitutes
x2
15 I2 8 Slopes are constant at - 1.
I1
Bundles in I2 all have a total of 15 units and are strictly preferred to all bundles in I1, which have a total of only 8 units in them. x1 8 15
x
f y and y f z ~ ~
x f z.
~
2012-10-9
中级微观经济学
Indifference Curves
Take
a reference bundle x’. The set of all bundles equally preferred to x’ is the indifference curve containing x’; the set of all bundles y ~ x’. Since an indifference “curve” is not always a curve a better name might be an indifference “set”.

微观经济学英文版presentationppt课件

The number of Chinese consumers has been the third in Louis Vuitton’s global customer base(客户群).
On behalf of the status and wealth of the senior clocks and watches, jewelry manufacturer Cartier. Since 1992 it has started business in China, at present it has three boutiques and over 30 pos.
Demand for luxury goods not only have the great potential but also can absorb the purchasing power.
Reason: The income elasticity of demand for luxury goods is greater than 1. This means that as incomes rise, the demand growth will be faster.
Analyse the luxury consumption by microeconomics
精选编辑ppt
1
Background
With the rapid development of Chinese economy, China is gradually becoming a force in luxury consumer market. So far, almost all of the world‘s luxury brands in China have branches, flagship stores also are emerging.

微观经济学英文课件

Edited by Yong, E.L.
Continuously,
Microeconomics is also used for evaluating broad question in regards to government policy (although this is more to macroeconomics).
Edited by Yong, E.L.
Continuously,
If the firm produces 6 units of apple and 12 units of apple pie wants to increase the production of apple pie by one unit to the 13th unit. It has to forgo 2 units of apple so that resources can be shifted to produce the additional apple pie; Opportunity Cost is thus 2.
Edited by Yong, E.L.
Continuously,
If the firm produces 10 units of apple and 6 units of apple pie wants to increase the production of apple pie by one unit to the 7th unit. It has to forgo 1 unit of apple so that resources can be shifted to produce the additional apple pie; Opportunity Cost is thus 1.

微观经济学英文版PPT课件

Or, the opportunity cost that use a certain resource is the highest price of abandoning other uses of this resource
10
2.2 the definition of microeconomics
The starting point of economics searching The definition of Microeconomics People how to make decision Why need to bargain Why need to build market economics
Economics is a study, learning selection of scarce resources with different uses; The goal is effective allocation of scarce resources to produce goods and services, and in the present or future, let them reasonable allocated to social members or group for consumption.
8
Production possibilities curve
PPC is a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.

2020年微观经济学最终版双语课件ppt10

• 同样一件事情在不同的时代与地点结果不同。两代经济学家的感慨也不同。但从经济学的角度看，火车通过农田无论结果如何，其实说明了同一件事：市场经济中的外部性与市场失灵的关系。
• 所谓的市场失灵（market failure）是通过市场机制配置资源达不到帕累托最优状态。外部性就是市场失灵的主要表现之一。
如果一种经济活动的私人成本 < 社会成本，这种经济活动就产生了负的外部性
•负外部性
• 汽车尾气 • 工厂对空气的污染 • 邻居的狗叫声 • 深夜里邻居吵闹的立体声 • 建设工地的噪声污染 • 二手烟对健康的危害 • 驾车时打电话使路人更不安全
“小蛮腰”不仅会放电，而且会喷雾
• 广州新电视塔面漆涂装总面积超过12万平方米，因新电视塔是万元。因此，工程特意采用目前耐腐蚀性最好的建筑涂料。
• 萨缪尔森和诺德豪斯提出：当生产或消费对其他人产生附带的成本或收益时，外部经济效果便发生了；即成本或效益被加于其他人身上，然而施加这种影响的人却没有为此而付出代价或为此而获得报酬。
• 更为确切地说，外部经济效果是一个经济主体的行为对另一个经济主体的福利所产生的效果，而这种效果并没有从货币或市场交易中反映出来。
• 生产的正外部性。生产者的经济行为产生了有利于他人的良好影响，而却不能从中取得报酬。如蜜蜂的生产者，传播了花粉。上游居民种树，保护水土，下游居民的用水得到保障。
• 生产的负外部性。生产者的行为给他人造成了损害，但没有给他人予以补偿。造纸厂的三废。木工装修房子所产生的噪音。上游伐木造成洪水泛滥和水土流失，对下游的种植、灌溉、运输和工业产生不利影响。
• 将近70年后，1971年，美国经济学家乔治·斯蒂格勒（1982年诺贝尔经济学奖得主）和阿尔钦（产权经济学创始人，张五常的老师）同游日本。他们在高速列车(这时已是电气机车)上想起了庇古当年的感慨，就问列车员，铁路附近的农田是否受到列车的损害而减产。列车员说，恰恰相反，飞速驰过的列车把吃稻谷的飞鸟吓走了，农民反而受益。当然铁路公司也不能向农民收取赶鸟费。这同样是市场经济无能为力的，也称为“市场失灵”。

微观经济学》清华大学课件 Ch3 Preferences消费者偏好

可编辑ppt
11
Indifference Curves
x2
x
pp
zxy z
y
x1
可编辑ppt
12
Indifference Curves
x2
x
I1
All bundles in I1 are strictly preferred to
all in I2.
z
I2
All bundles in I2 are
Chapter Three
Preferences 消费者偏好
可编辑ppt
1
Where Are We in the Course?
We are studying the 1st of the three blocks of microeconomics: Consumer behavior, production theory, and market equilibrium Within the 1st block, we are working on the 2nd of the three components: choice set, preference, and consumer demand
x2
SP(x), the set of
x bundles strictly
preferred to x,
does not
include
I(x)
I(x).
x1
可编辑ppt
15
Indifference Curves Cannot
Intersect ! (不相交!)
x2
I1
I2 From I1, x ~ y. From I2, x ~ z. Therefore y ~ z.

微观经济学lecture03-Ch03

Demand
Substitution effect
When the relative price (opportunity cost) of a good or service rises, people seek substitutes for it, so the quantity demanded of the good or service decreases. Income effect When the price of a good or service rises relative to income, people cannot afford all the things they previously bought, so the quantity demanded of the good or service decreases.
CHAPTER
1
© 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley
Байду номын сангаас
© 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley
What makes the prices of oil and gasoline double in just one year? Will the price of gasoline keep on rising? Are the oil companies taking advantage of people? Some prices rocket, some slide, and some roller coaster.
© 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley
Demand
Demand Curve and Demand Schedule The term demand refers to the entire relationship between the price of the good and quantity demanded of the good. A demand curve shows the relationship between the quantity demanded of a good and its price when all other influences on consumers’ planned purchases remain the same.

北大微观经济学(英文版) ppt课件

A x1
B x2
29
A x2
Edgeworth’s Box
B 1
xB 1
OB
A 2
B 2
OA
ppt课件
A 1
A x1
xB 2
30
Pareto-Improvement
An
allocation of the endowment that improves the welfare of a consumer without reducing the welfare of another is a Pareto-improving allocation. Where are the Pareto-improving allocations?
A 1
A x1
xB 2
33
Pareto-Improvements
Since
each consumer can refuse to trade, the only possible outcomes from exchange are Pareto-improving allocations. But which particular Paretoimproving allocation will be the outcome of trade?
ppt课件
34
x2
xB 1
Pareto-Improvements A
B 1
OB
A 2
B 2
OA The set of Paretoimproving reallocations ppt课件
A 1
A x1
xB 2
35
Pareto-Improvements

北大微观经济学课件(英文版)Ch31 Welfare

z(2) x(3)
x(2) y(3)
2013-8-8
中级微观经济学
Aggregating Preferences
Bill x(1) y(2) z(3)
Rank-order vote results Bertha Bob (low score wins). x-score = 6 No y-score = 6 state is y(1) z(1) z-score = 6 selected!
Manipulating Preferences
Bill x(1) y(2) z(3) (4)
2013-8-8
Bertha Bob y(1) z(2) (3) x(4) z(1) (2) x(3) y(4)
中级微观经济学
These are truthful preferences. Bob introduces a new alternative and then lies. Rank-order vote results. x-score = 8 y-score = 7 z-score = 6
2013-8-8
中级微观经济学
Aggregating Preferences
Bill x(1) y(2) z(3) Bertha Bob y(1) z(2) x(3) z(1) x(2) y(3)
2013-8-8
中级微观经济学
Aggregating Preferences
Bill x(1) y(2) z(3)
Majority Vote Results x beats y
2013-8-8
中级微观经济学
Aggregating Preferences
Bill x y z Bertha Bob y z x z x y

《微观经济学microeconomics》英文版全套课件(101页)

Assumption: It is homogeneous of degree of zero ( Definition
2.E.1 ): individual’s choice depends only on the set of feasible points. It satisfies Walras’ law ( Definition 2.E.2 ): the consumer fully expends his wealth. Exercise 2.E.1
微观经济学
Microeconomics
Hale Waihona Puke ECON501 Lecture Note 1
Preference and Choice
Structure
Preference relation Choice rules The link between preference and choice
Preference Relations
X RL {x R : xl 0 for l 1,..., L}
The economic constraint:
px p1x1 ... pL xL w
The Walrasian budget set (Definition 2.D.1)
Bp,w {x RL : px w}
x y u(x) u( y)
A preference relation can be represented by a utility function only if it is rational
Choice Rules
A choice structure ( ,C())
Budget sets B
Intuition: Figure 2.F.1

中级微观经济学课件-Chapter3_Preferences

数构成一个新的消费束 [tx1 (1 t) y1,tx2 (1 t) y2 ] ，其中
t∈(0,1),这一消费束严格偏好于原来的任一个消费束，即
[tx1 (1 t) y1,tx2 (1 t) y2 ]f ( x1 , x2 )or( y1 , y2 )
x2
x
z
y y2
x1
y1
严格偏好于x和y
2020/11/8
偏好实例
1.完全替代品。固定斜率的直线，一般形式为：
ax1 bx2 c
x2
斜率 a / b表示在保持效用不变的情况下，增加1单位x1必须减少a / b单位x2
30
x1
无差异曲线的特殊情况; 完全互补品
x2
45o 消费组合 (5,5), (5,9)
和 (9,5) 含有相同的5
x1
边际替代率的性状
Behavior of the MRS
MRS为负（无差异曲线向右下斜率） MRS递减（凸性无差异曲线）
特例：完全替代品：MRS＝－1 完全互补品：MRS＝0或趋于无穷大中性物品（neutrals):MRS无穷大坏商品：MRS＞0
第三章
偏好
本章结构
消费者偏好无差异曲线 (Indifference curves ) 良好性状的偏好
（Well-behaved preferences）
边际替代率
(Marginal rate of substitution )
偏好关系
比较两个不同的消费束, x 和 y: ——严格偏好: 相对于消费束y来说消费者更偏好消费
MRS = －0.5 商品1
边际替代率与无差异曲线性质
x2 MRS = － 0.5 MRS是x1的递减函数 (斜率变小) 这种偏好为非凸性偏好。

西方经济学微观部分第三章偏好ChPreferences幻灯片PPT

equally preferred.
•
xyd.f~yef~nmoeteasnswxeaisk
preference; preferred at
least
as
much
as
is
Preference Relations
• x y fand y x implyfx ~ y.
~
~
Preference Relations
pp
x2
x
zxy
z
y x1
Indifference Curves
x2
x
I1
All bundles in I1 are strictly preferred to all
in I2.
z I2
Hale Waihona Puke All bundles in I2 are
y
I3
strictly preferred to all in I3.
x x.
f
~
Assumptions about Preference Relations
• Transitivity: If x is at least as preferred as y, and y is at least as preferred as z, then x is at least as preferred as z; i.e.
x1
Indifference Curves
x2
WP(x), the set of
x bundles weakly
preferred to x.
I(x)
I(x’)
x1
Indifference Curves