中国药科大学中药学专业英语课件-甘草

Since ancient times in China, it has been called the National Venerable Master (国老) because it has the merit of harmonizing and mollifying drugs in a prescription and eliminating various toxicities.
甘
草
Radix Glycyrrhizae
[English Name] Liquorice Root
Origins

Gancao is one of the most commonly used Chinese herbs, and classified as a superior herb in Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing. The Chinese name Gancao means the sweet herb, hence its name.

Plant Morphology
Glycyrrhiza uralensis: 甘草
A perennial herb , 30～100 cm high, covered with white pubescences, glandular scars or glandular hairs throughout. Rhizome cylindrical ; main root relatively long, stout, outer bark reddish-brown to dark brown, taste sweet.
甘草粉末
粉末： (1)晶纤维细长，壁极厚，
微木化；含晶细胞壁增厚；
(2)木栓细胞棕红色，壁薄，
微木化。
Chemical Constituents
Triterpenoidal saponins: 6～14%
glycyrrhizin （ 甘 草 甜 素 ） ， which upon hydrolysis yields glucuronic acid （葡萄糖醛酸）and glycyrrhetinic acid（甘草
branchlet 羽状的 托叶
总状花序

花萼
花冠
Flowers in axillary racemes, dense; calyx campanulate, 5-lobed; corolla papilion-aceous (butterfly-like), purplish-red or bluish-purple; stamens 10, diadelphous; ovary sessile, tapering upwards to become a style.
Legume：荚果 prickly: 多刺的 calcareous glasslands：钙质草原

Plant Morphology

Glycyrrhiza inflate Bat. : Plant without glandular hairs; leaflets 3-7; Legume small, inflated. Distributed in Xinjiang and Gansu. Glycyrrhiza glabra L.: Plant without glandular hairs; leaflets 19; Legume flat and straight, glabrous. Distributed in Xinjiang, Qinghai and Gansu.
(3)形成层环不甚明显；
(4)木质部导管直径大，单个或2～3个成 束； (5)韧皮部和木质部均有晶纤维； (6)薄壁细胞含淀粉粒。
Microscopical characters

Powder:
Biblioteka Baidu
Brownish-yellow. Fibres in bundles, 8～14μm in diameter,
木化纤维

Radix Glyvyrrhizae Glabrae: Texture of root and
rhizomes relatively compact, some branched, the outer bark not rough, greyish-brown, lenticels small and indistinct.
furrows：沟纹 sparse：稀疏的
Description
纤维性 的

Texture compact, fracture fibrous, yellowishwhite, starchy, cambium ring distinct, rays radiate, some with clefts. Rhizomes cylindrical, externally with bud scars, pith present in the centre of fracture. Odour, slight; taste, sweet and characteristic.
ventilated: 通风的 bales：大包，捆
Description

Radix Glycyrrhiza Uralensis: Roots cylindrical. 2～100 cm long, 0.6～3.5 cm in diameter. Externally reddishbrown or grayish-brown, showing irregular longitudinal wrinkles and furrows, numerous transverse lenticellike protrusions and sparse rootlet scars. Sometimes the outer bark scaling off, the exposed surface appearing yellow.
次酸）
Flavonoids:
liquritin （甘草苷） , liquiritigenin（ 甘草苷元） (the aglycone of liquiritin) （ 甘 草 苷 的 苷 元 ） ， isoliquiritin （ 异 甘 草 苷 ） , isoliquiritigenin（异甘草苷元）。
thick-walls,slightly lignified, surrounded by parenchymatous cells containing prisms of calcium oxalate, forming crystal fibres. Prisms of calcium oxalate frequent. Bordered pitted vessels large, reticulated vessels rare. Cork cells reddish-brown, polygonal, slightly lignified.
parenchymatous cells containing prisms of calcium oxalate. Roots
without pith at the centre; rhizomes possessing pith at the centre.
【显微特征】
横切面： (1)木栓层细胞红棕色； (2)韧皮部由韧皮纤维束、韧皮薄壁细胞 及筛管群等间隔排列；

Collection and Preparation
The drug is collected in spring and autumn, removed from stems and rootlets, cut into sections (about 1m long), sunned to be 60～70% dried, the roots and the rhizomes being bundled into bales, and then preserved in a ventilated dry place until dried completely. Some of liquorice roots are deprived of the cork. It is called starchy liquorice(粉甘草).
cleft：裂隙; bud scars：芽痕 ;
pith：髓
Description

Radix Glycyrrhizae Inflatae: Roots and rhizomes
woody and stout, some branched, the outer bark rough, greyish-brown, Texture compact, more lignified fibres and less starchy, Rhizomes with more and large advantitious buds.
pubescences: 软毛，绒毛， 到达青春期； glandular : 腺体的
Plant Morphology

Stem erect, branchelets with ridges. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate, leaflets 7 ～ 17, ovate or broadly ovate, entire; stipules deciduous.
三萜皂甙类化合物
COOH H O
HO
18-甘草次酸
雄蕊
Plant Morphology

Legume (pod) curved to be sickle-like, densely covered with brown prickly glandular hairs. Seeds 2～8, black, smooth. Flowering season Jun.～Jul. ; fruiting season Jul.～Aug.. It is usually grown wild in sunny calcareous grasslands and along the sandy riverbanks, and now also cultivated. Distributed in Northeast China, North China and Northwest China.
Microscopical characters

Transverse section:
phelloder m
Cork consisting of several layers of brown cells. Cortex relatively narrow. Phloem rays broad, mostly curved, frequently with clefts; most phloem fibres in bundles, unlignified or slightly lignified, surrounded by parenchymatous cells containing prisms of calcium oxalate; sieve tube tissue often pressed to be collapsed. Fascicular cambium distinct. Xylem rays 3～5 cells wide; vessels frequent up to 160 μm in diameter; xylem fibres in boundless, surrounded by
It is the dried root and rhizome of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. , Glycyrrhiza inflate Bat. Or Glycyrrhiza glabra L. , family Leguminosae.
harmonize：调和 mollify：缓和