康德

Immanuel Kant 伊曼努尔·康德

Born 22 April 1724

Königsberg, Prussia

Died 12 February 1804 (aged 79)

Königsberg, Prussia

School/tradition Kantianism, enlightenment philosophy

【学派、传统】康德主义、启蒙哲学

Main interests Epistemology, Metaphysics, Ethics, Logic

【主要兴趣】认识论、形而上学、伦理学、逻辑学

Notable ideas Categorical imperative, Transcendental Idealism, Synthetic a priori, Noumenon, Sapere aude, Nebular hypothesis

【著名思想】绝对命令、先验唯心主义、先验综合、本体、勇敢求知、星云假说

Influenced by 【所受影响】

Wolff, Baumgarten, Tetens, Hutcheson, Empiricus, Montaigne, Hume, Descartes, M alebranche, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, Rousseau, Newton, Emanuel Swede nborg 沃尔夫、鲍姆加滕、特滕斯、霍彻森、恩披里柯、蒙田、休谟、笛卡尔、勒伯朗士、斯宾诺莎、莱布尼茨、洛克、贝克莱、卢梭、牛顿、伊曼纽尔·史威登保

Influenced 【影响】

Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Peirce, Husserl, Heidegger, Witt genstein, Sartre, Cassirer, Habermas, Rawls, Chomsky, Nozick, Karl Popper, Kierke gaard, Jung, Searle, Michel Foucault, Hannah Arendt, Giovanni Gentile, Karl Jaspe rs, Hayek, Bergson, Ørsted, A.J. Ayer, Emerson, Weininger, P.F. Strawson, Leo St rauss, Hilary Putnam, John McDowell

费希特、谢林、黑格尔、叔本华、尼采、皮尔士、胡塞尔、海德格尔、维特根斯坦、萨特、卡西尔、哈贝马斯、罗尔斯、乔姆斯基、诺齐克、卡尔·波普尔、克尔恺郭尔、荣格、塞尔、米歇尔·福柯、汉娜·阿伦特、乔万尼·金蒂莱、卡尔·雅

斯帕斯、哈耶克、柏格森、A.J.艾耶尔、爱默生、魏宁格、P.F.斯特劳森、利奥·施特劳斯、希拉里·普特南、约翰·麦克道尔

Immanuel Kant(22 April 1724 –12 February 1804) was an 18th-century German philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg(now Kaliningrad, Russia). He i s regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe and of the la te Enlightenment.

伊曼努尔·康德（1724.4.22-1804.2.12），18世纪德国哲学家，家住哥尼斯堡【现在的俄国的加里宁格勒--Калининград】的普鲁士城。他被公认为近代欧洲和后期启蒙运动的最有影响的思想家之一。

Kant created a new widespread perspective in philosophy which influenced philoso phy through the 21st Century. He also published important works of epistemology, as well as works relevant to religion, law, and history. His most important work is the Critique of Pure Reason, an investigation into the limitations and structure of reason itself. It encompasses an attack on traditional metaphysics and epistemo logy, and highlights Kant's own contribution to these areas. The other main works of his maturity are the Critique of Practical Reason, which concentrates on ethic s, and the Critique of Judgment, which investigates aesthetics and teleology.

康德开创了一种影响直到21哲学的哲学观点。他出版重要的认识论著述，也发表与认识论、法律和历史有关的著述。他最重要的作品《纯粹理性批判》，是对理性自身的限制与结构的研究。其中包含对传统形而上学和认识论的批判，也彰显了康德对这些领域的贡献。他壮年期的其他主要著作是《实践理性批判》--主要研究伦理学—和《判断力批判》—研究美学和目的论。

Pursuing metaphysics involves asking questions about the ultimate nature of reality. Kant suggested that metaphysics can be reformed through epistemology. He sugge sted that by understanding the sources and limits of human knowledge we can ask fruitful metaphysical questions. He asked if an object can be known to have cert ain properties prior to the experience of that object. He concluded that all objects about which the mind can think must conform to its manner of thought. Therefor e if the mind can think only in terms of causality –which he concluded that it d oes –then we can know prior to experiencing them that all objects we experience must either be a cause or an effect. However, it follows from this that it is poss ible that there are objects of such nature which the mind cannot think, and so the principle of causality, for instance, cannot be applied outside of experience: hence we cannot know, for example, whether the world always existed or if it had a c ause. And so the grand questions of speculative metaphysics cannot be answered b y the human mind, but the sciences are firmly grounded in laws of the mind.

他研究形而上学涉及到对实在终极性质问题的追问。康德表示，形而上学可通过认识论得以重建。他认为，通过领悟人类知识的来源和限制，我们能够求索丰富的