翻译语法(1)虚拟语气

I虚拟语气的形式与基本用法

一、虚拟语气的形式

假设类型条件

从句谓语动词形式, 主语谓语动词形式

与现在事实相反

动词的过去式(be用were而不用was)，

would(第一人称可用should)+动词原形

e.g

I would ask George to lend us the money if I knew him.

If you were free to choose among all the cars available today, what type of automobile would you buy ？

与过去事实相反

had+ -ED分词，

would(第一人称可用should) +have + -ED分词

e.g

Mary said to me, "Had I seen your bag, I would have returned it to you."

If Bob had come with us; he would have had a good time.

If Mike had been able to finish his homework ，he would have come to class.

If the United States had not entered the Second World War，probably the 1940 unemployment rate of 14％would have risen still further.

与将来事实相反

were to + 动词原形

would(第一人称可用should)+动词原形

e.g

It is said Tom will go to an appointment tommorrow. If he were to come tomorrow, I would ask him to go to your place.

If you were to see Mary，what would you tell her?

与将来事实可能相反

should + 动词原形

would(第一人称可用should)+动词原形

e.g

If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.

If I should see her next Monday, I would tell her about it.

II 虚拟语气的特殊表现形式

一、表示“好像”：

除了if条件从句外，由as if和as though等表示方式,从句的动词形式为

用过去时(be用were的形式)表示所说的与现在的事实相反；

用过去完成时表示所说的与过去的事实相反

e.g

Violetta has a curious expression on her face as though she was smiling about something that amused her .

When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it were broken.

二、特殊连词的需要：

lest, for fear that和in case引起的从句

从句谓语should＋动词原形

We dare not play jokes on Mr. Wang lest he should become angry.

He hurried on, lest he should drop out in the forced match.

Every attention must be paid to him lest he should feel that he is inferior to my other guests.

He’s working hard for fear that he should fail in the exam.

三、介词短语表示虚拟：

but for, but that…, in case of, otherwise, supposing, under more favourable condition, without 等表示让步假设

动词形式 might/could/should +现在完成时

He worked very hard; otherwise he might have failed.

We could have done better under more favorable conditions.

But for his help，I should not have succeeded

四、虚拟错综条件句：

上面几种假设类型中，主句与从句的谓语动词形式应前后呼应。但是，如果主句与从句的动作发生的时间不一致，谓语动词形式应做适当调整

If I had a bike(now), I would have lent it to you yesterday. 假如我有自行车，昨天早就借给你了。(主句与过去事实相反，从句与现在事实相反。)

I am very sorry if I had done anything wrong to you, but I am sure that it was unintentional.(如果我当时对你作错了什么事，我向你表示抱歉。但我敢保证我不是故意的。)

If the United States had built more homes for poor people in 1955，the housing problems now in some parts of this country wouldn’t have beenso serious.

If you had not studied the problem carefully until recently . you would have found any difficulty now

五、省略虚拟条件句：

虚拟条件从句中的谓语动词如果是were或should(could, might), had等词时，可以省略连词If, 但要将were或should(could, might), had助动词移至主语前形成句子例装

Were he to start out. today, he would get there by Thursday.

Had he listened to me，John would not have failed.

Had I known it，I should have told him.

Hadn’t my car broken down，I should have caught the train.

III 从句中须用虚拟语气的情况

一、在wish的宾语从句中

1. 动词wish后跟由that引导的宾语从句(that经常被省略)要用虚拟语气表示一种不可实现的愿望。

宾语从句中用过去时(be 用were的形式)表示与现在事实相反

用过去完成时表示与过去相反

She wishes she had more money.

I wish I didn't say that.

I wished I were not so worried. Then I would not have had the accident.

I wish I knew you were arriving today. I would have met you at the station if I had.

My brother is in California on vacation，but I wish he were here so that he