Chapter 3 Morphology

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语言学复习重点Chapter 3

Chapter Three ——Morphology(形态学）Morphology: the study of word-formation, or the internal structure of words, or the rules by which words are formed.Word is a minimal free form with a unity of sound and meaning.The classification of words ：1、variableand invariable words（可变化词和不变词）Variable words are those words which can take inflective endings;E.g write, writes, writing, wrote, written; cat, cats.invariable words are those that cannot.E.g since, when, seldom, through, etc.2、grammatical and lexical words(语法词和词汇词)词汇词也即实词，又译作notional/content word ;语法词也即虚词，又称function/form word 功能词/形式词3、c1osed- class and open-class words (封闭类词和开放类词)According to their membership:c1osed- class and open-class words (封闭类词和开放类词)An close class is one whose membership is in principle fixed or limited. （封闭类：连介代冠）An open class is one whose membership is in principle indefinite or unlimited. (开放类：名动形副数叹)一、Morph Morpheme AllomorphMorph:The phonological and orthographic forms that represent morpheme are called morphs.[swi:t]{sweet}SweetMorpheme：The smallest unit of language.It can be represented as1-morpheme un-,-ish,-s.-ed1-morpheme word boy,desire2-morpheme wordboy+ish, desir(e)+ableAllomorphA morpheme may be represented by different forms, called allomorphs.im possible{in} in convenientir regular tax.il logical-s [-s] book books{plural} -es [-iz] box boxes-i [-ai] mouse miceConclusion:All the allomorphs should have the same meaning.All the allomorphs should be in complementary distribution.The allomorphs with the same meaning should function the same in the language grammar structure.二、Classification of morpheme1、Free vs. Bound morphemesFree morphemes: those that may constitute words by themselves,e.g. boy, girl, table, nation.Bound morphemes: those that cannot occur alone,e.g. -s, -ed, dis-, un-.Root: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity, i.e. it is that part of the word left when all the affixes are removed.e.g. Dislike, impolite, production,Membership, carelessnessfriend as in unfriendliness.Root may befree: those that can stand by themselves,e.g. black+board; nation+-al; orbound: those that cannot stand by themselves,e.g. -ceive in receive, perceive, conceive.Affix: the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. Normally divided intoprefix (dis-, un-) andsuffix (-en, -ify).Base: a morpheme to which an affix is added,e.g.friend root > basefriendly root/base + suffix > baseunfriendly prefix + base > baseStem: a morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix may be added,e.g. friend+-s;friendship swrite+-ing,possibility+-es.Note:A stem can be equivalent to a root.A stem may contain a root and aderivational affix.2、Derivational vs Inflectional morphemeInflection indicates:case and number of nouns,tense and aspect of verbs,degree of adjectives or adverbs.Derivation: combination of a base and an affix to form a new word, e.g. friend+-ly > friendly.三、Word-formationCompoundingAffixationOther formation1、CompoundingTwo or more free roots combine to make a new word.✧Noun compounds: daybreak, playboy, haircut, windmill✧Verb compounds: brainstorm, lipread, babysit✧Adjective compounds: gray-haired, insect-eating, dutyfree✧Preposition compounds: into, throughoutEndocentric& exocentricEndocentric: one element serves as the head, the relationship of “a kind of”; e.g. self-control: a kind of controlarmchair: a kind of chairExocentric: there is no head, so not a relationship of “a kind of something”, e.g. scarecrow: not a kind of crowbreakneck: not a kind of neckWritten forms of compoundsSolid: blackboard, teapot, bodyguardHyphenated: wedding-ring, wave-lengthOpen: coffee table, washing machineFree variation:businessman, business-man, business manwinebottle, wine-bottle, wine bottleno one, no-one, noone2、Affixation✧Nominal forms: boys, boy’s✧Verb forms: wants, wanted, wanting✧Adjective/adverb forms: smaller, smallest3、DerivationClass-changing:✧N>V: lengthen, hospitalize, discard✧N>A: friendly, delightful, speechless✧V>N: worker, employee, inhabitant✧V>A: acceptable, adorable✧A>N: rapidness, rapidity✧A>V: deafen, sweeten✧Adj>Adv: exactly, quickly4、Other formations:1）Blendingtransfer+resistor>transistorsmoke+fog>smog2）Acronym①AIDS, Aids: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome②ASAP: as soon as possible3）Abbreviation/InitialismAI: artificial intelligencea.s.a.p.: as soon as possibleECU: European Currency Unit4）ClippingBack-clippings: ad(vertisement), chimp(anzee), deli(catessen), exam(ination), hippo(potamus), lab(oratory), piano(forte), reg(ulation)sFore-clippings: (ham)burger, (omni)bus, (violin)cello, (heli)copter, (alli)gator, (tele)phone, (earth)quakeFore-and-aft clippings: (de)tec(tive)5）Back-formationdiagnose < diagnosisenthuse < enthusiasmlaze < lazy6）Invention/CoinageMostly brand names:Kodak, Coke, nylon, Band-aid, Xerox, LycraCoca-cola, Orlon and Dacron7)BorrowingFrench: administration, parliament, public, court, crime, judge, army, enemy, Greek: catastrophe, cosmos, criterion, idiosyncrasySpanish and Portuguese: banana, barbecue, cafeteria, cargo, chocolate,8)Conversion 转换e.g. to butter the bread, take a look, empty a box, up the price9）Eponymsare words that originate from proper names of individuals or places.e.g. Sandwich (originating from the fourth Earl of Sandwich, who put his food between two slices of bread so that he could eat while gambling)ExerciseI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.1. A morpheme must convey a lexical meaning.2. All words can be said to contain a root morpheme.3. Free morphemes can be further classified into inflectional and derivational morphemes.4. All words have morphs but not necessarily allomorphs.5. The word “modernizations”is made up of three morphemes.6. Derivational morphemes never change the class of the words to which they are attached.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with a proper word.Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the ___ ___ of words and the____ by which words are formed.[-t], [-d], and [-id] are ___of the morpheme –ed.“Careless”is the __ of the word “carelessness”.__ affixes,__affixes, and __roots are all bound morphemes.III. Questions1. Analyze and then tell how many morphemes each of the following words contain. unselfishness, justifiable, sporting2. What constitutes the internal structure of words?3. List the allomorphs of the morpheme plural.。

Chapter 3 Morphology 要点总结

Chapter 3 Morphology(形态学)1.What is morphology（形态学）?Morphology, as a branch of linguistics , is the study of the internal structure, forms and classes of words.eg. Unfriendly → un + friend + ly2.Morphemes(词素、语素)A morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.eg. Maps→(2 units)→map + s3.Types of morphemes:free morphemes(自由语素) and bound morphemes(黏着语素)1>Free morphemes(自由语素)A.Some morphemes can stand alone as words, such morphemes are called freemorphemes.B．Rooot(词根) & Stem(词干)❶Root：a root is the based form of a word which cannot be further analyzed . It may be a free morpheme(as black in blackbird, blackboard, blacksmith) as well as a bound morpheme( -ceive in perceive认识，deceive欺骗，receive).❷Stem: a stem is any morpheme or combination of morpheme to which an inflectional affix can be added (friend in friends, friendship in friendships are both stem).C . Free Morphemes can be divided into two categories. They are:Closed Class & Opened Class(封闭词类和开放性词类)❶Closed Class（functional morphemes）: a closed class is one whose membership is principle fixed or limited. (封闭类：连介代冠conjunctions, preposition, pronouns, articles)❷Open Class( lexical morphemes): an open class is one whose membership is principle indefinite or unlimited. (包括：名动形副数叹noun, verbs, adjectives)2>Bound Morphemes(黏着语素)A.Some morphemes cannot normally stand alone, but function only as parts of words.Such morphemes are called bound morphemes.Bound morphemes are actually affixes(词缀)—>prefix(前缀), suffix(后缀), infix(中缀).eg. dis- , un- , -ity, -al, -sB. Two Categories of Bound Morphemes:Derivational Morphemes(派生语素) & Inflectional Morphemes(屈折语素)❶Derivational Morphemes(派生语素): ~~ are used to make new words in the language and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem.eg. nouns→ verbs/ adj. verbs→ nouns/ adj.friend→ unfriend解除朋友关系( noun→ verb)❷Inflectional Morphemes(屈折语素):~~ are not used to produce new words, but rather to show aspects of the grammatical function of a word.①plurality(复数): - s, - es, - ies……②tense(时态): - s, - ing, - en, - ed……③possessive case(所有格): ’s④comparative/ superlative degree(比较级/最高级): -er, - esteg. dislikes → dis + +3> free morphemes(自由语素) & bound morphemes(黏着语素)❶All monomorphemic(单词素/单语素) words are free morphemes;❷These polymorphemic words are either compounds( combination of two or more free morphemes) or derivatives(words derived from free morphemes).4.Morphs(形素) and Allomorphs（语素变体）Morphs: the phonological and orthographic forms which realize morphemes are termed ― morphs‖.(语素的语音及对应拼写法的体现叫形素)Most morphemesSome morphemesAllomorphs: an allomorph is any of the different form of the same morpheme( 语素变体是同一个语素的不同形式).eg. plurality ―- s‖: map→ maps; dog→ dogs; class→ classed; mouse→ mice; sheep→ sheep Complementary distribution(互补分布)：allomorph is a member of a set of morph;allomorph can’ t occur in the same environment .5> Types of Word Formation(构词法)❶Compounding(合成法)Words are formed by putting two words together, this way of building new words is called compounding.❷Derivation(派生法)Derivation is done by adding affixes to other words or morphemes.❸Conversion(转换法)Many words have more than one part of speech. A noun can become a verb easily and a verb can be used as a noun.❹Backformation(逆向构词法)As we have editor, we get edit by dropping – or . This process is called ~~❺Clipping(截短法)This process by cutting off part of word is called ~~❻Blending(混合法)A single new word can also be formed by combining two separate forms, this process iscalled ~~~❼Acronymization(缩略法)。

第三章形态学

3．1复合词的类型
Types of compound words
• 复合法指把两个或两个以上的词结合在一起构成新词的方法。复合词可以用不同的标准来分类。根据复合词构成成分的词性来分类，复合词通常有： • 1）名词+名词:end product; efficiency expert; food chain • Noun + noun 名词＋名词如：handbook, sunshine • 2）形容词+名词: white elephant; red tape; hot line • Adjective +noun 形容词＋名词如：highway, sweetheart • 3）形容词+名词+ed: white-haired; blue-eyed;short-sighted 3 + +ed: • 4）动词+名词Verb +noun : pickpocket; call-girl; push-button • 5）副词+名词Adverb +noun :downtown; overburden • 6）名词+动词Noun +verb :daybreak;nightfall;earthquake; birth control • 7）动词+副词Verb +adverb :breakdown; handout;makeup • 8）名词+形容词Noun +adjective :knee-deep; life-long;duty-free • 9）ing+名词-ing+noun:swimming pool; sewing machine; • 10）其它形式Other forms :never-to- be-forgotten; go-between; on-the-spot;

语言学导论-第3章Morphology

Bound Morpheme 黏着词素
Definition: must be attached to another morpheme
Boy Boys Boy Boy’s Beauty Beautiful Expensive Inexpensive
New word???
Bound Morpheme 黏着词素
so-so
zigzag
bye-bye
dilly-dally
hotchpotch mishmash
…
人人, 天天, 一点点, 冷冰冰,
来来往往, 点点滴滴, ……
4.Blending 拼缀法
similar to compounding,
but some parts of the free morphemes involved
Morpheme: ‘minimal unit of sound and meaning’
A further division: whether they can occur on their own or not:
No:
Bound morpheme 黏着词素
-s in dog-s; -ed in kick-ed; cran- in cran-berry
no new word added not change syntactic class to indicate the grammatical function
E.g.: Only 8 kinds in English: N.: -’s, -s (plural nouns), V.: -ing, -ed/-en, -s (S-V agreement) Adj./Adv.: -est, -er.

英语语言学形态学复习资料

英语语言学形态学复习资料Chapter 3：MorphologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so isa morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is calleda stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:11. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.12. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g____ meaning.13. B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.14. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes.15. D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.16. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.17. C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m___________ rules.19. In terms of morphemic analysis, d_______________ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.20. A s______ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:21. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n)______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold.This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by thepart of speech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to becombined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words25. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internalstructure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB.GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes.28. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change thepart of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes29. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful unitsof language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences30. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a rootIV. Define the following terms:31. morphology 32. inflectional morphology33. derivational morphology 34. morpheme35. free morpheme 36. bound morpheme37. root 38. affix39. prefix 40. suffix41. derivation 42. CompoundingV. Answer the following questions:43. What are the main features of the English compounds?44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l.T 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.TII. II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:11. Morpheme 12. grammatical 13. Bound 14. derivative 15.Derivative 16. suffix 17. Compounding 18. morphological 19. derivation 20. stem III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 2l.D 22.D 23.B 24.B 25.C 26. C 27. D 28. A 29. B 30. C IV. Define the following terms:31. Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies theinternal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.32. inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflections33. derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study ofword- formation.34. Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.35. free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which areindependent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes.36. bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannotbe used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.37. Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never standby itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.38. Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.39. Prefix: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word . Prefixes modifythe meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.40. Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modifythe meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.41. Derivation:Derivation is a process of word formation by whichderivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.42. Compounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of twoor sometimes more than two words to create new words.V. Anwser the following questions:43. What are the main features of the English compounds?Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can beused freely all by themselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammati cal categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of noun s. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixesoccur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.。

2017-Chapter 3 Morphology精讲版

DM
lexical
morpheme root IM
grammatical
function word
Root, Base, Stem, Affixes,
A ROOT
A root is basic part of word that cannot be further
analyzed without total loss of identity. UNANALYZABLE A“root” is part of the word left when all affixes are removed. Inter-nation-al-ism
ESSENCE

P32 Words have an ①internal structure which consists of ②smaller units ③organized in a particular way 单词有内部结构，由更小单位按特定方式组成
MORPHOLOGY- ① WORD STRUCTURE ② MORPHEME ③ WORD FORMATION
1 1.1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3
① Word Classification of Word ② Morpheme
Contents
Definition of Morpheme Classification of Morphemes Morpheme, Morph, Allomorph ③ Word Formation Derivation
affixes
Bound M
bound affixes
inflectional affixes derivational affixes

语用学chapter3 Morphology

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1)A word can consist of one or more than one morphemes, eg, “a barking dog” 2)A morpheme is different from a phoneme(语素是语言中最小意义单位的载体，本身有意义；音位是能区别意义的最小单位，本身没有意义)eg, pan—ban; barks(-s 在这有表示复数的语法意义，故它是语素，而“p ，b”在这本身没有意义，但有区别两词意义的作用，所以它们是不同的音位。
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Stem（词干）is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.eg, desks→desk(词干)→即一个词去掉屈折词缀就是词干。 A) stem may be one morpheme ,that is stem=root=word= morpheme, eg, “work” B) stem may be “root+ derivational affix”:eg, teacher→teach+er; stem>root C) stem may be “root+root”; eg. housework→house+work 下词中哪个是词干：works/workers/workshops
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What is a word?
We
have three approaches to the definition of “word”.

英语语言学Linguisticschapter3练习答案

Chapter 3 Morphology1. Divide the following words into their separate morphemes byplacing a “+” between each morpheme and the next:a. microfilm e. telecommunicationb. bedraggled f. forefatherc. announcement g. psychophysicsd. predigestion h. mechanist答：a. micro + film b. be + draggle + edc. announce + mentd. pre + digest + ione. tele + communicate + ionf. fore + fatherg. psycho + physics h. mechan + ist2. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning, and specifythe types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least twoexamples of each.Model: -orsuffix: -ormeaning: the person or thing performing the actionstem type: added to verbsexamples: actor, “one who acts in stage plays, motion pictures, etc.” translator, “one who translates”答：(1) suffix: -ablemeaning: something can be done or is possiblestem type: added to verbsexamples: acceptable, “can be accepted”respectable, “can be respected”(2) suffix: -lymeaning: functionalstem type: added to adjectivesexamples: freely. “adverbial form of ‘free’”quickly, “adverbial form of 'quick' ”．(3) suffix: -eemeaning: the person receiving the actionstem type: added to verbsexamples: employee, “one who works in a company”interviewee, “one who is interviewed”3. Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, andspecify the types of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least twoexamples of each.Model: a-prefix: a-meaning: “without; not”stem type: added to adjectivesexamples: asymmetric, “lacking symmetry” asexual, “without sex or sex organs”答：(1) prefix: dis-meaning: showing an oppositestem type: added to verbs or nounsexamples : disapprove, “do not approve”dishonesty, “lack of honesty”．(2) prefix: anti-meaning: against, opposed tostem type: added to nouns or adjectivesexamples : antinuclear, “opposing the use of atomic weapons and power”antisocial, “opposed or harmful to the laws and customs of an organized community. ”(3) prefix: counter-meaning: the opposite ofstem type: added to nouns or adjectives.examples: counterproductive, “producing results opposite to those intended”counteract, “act against and reduce the force or effect of (sth.) ”4. The italicized part in each of the following sentences is aninflectional morpheme. Study each inflectional morpheme carefullyand point out its grammatical meaning.Sue moves in high-society circles in London.A traffic warden asked John to move his car.The club has moved to Friday, February 22nd.The branches of the trees are moving back and forth.答：(1)-s, the third person singular, present simple tense(2)-ed, the past tense(3) has –ed, the present perfect(4) are+v-ing, the plural form; the present progressive5. Determine whether the words in each of the following groups arerelated to one another by processes of inflection or derivation.a) go, goes, going, goneb) discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverabilityc) inventor, inventor’s, inventors, inventors’d) democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize答：(1) go, goes, going, gone (inflection)go- the root formgo+es, simple present, 3rd person singulargo+ing, present participlegone, past participle(2) discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverability (derivation)—dis-, prefix (added to the nouns to form verbs) meaning reversal-y, suffix (added after the verbs to form nouns) denoting a state or an actionor its result-er, a noun suffix added to the verbs, meaning a person or thing that performa specified action or activity-able, an adjective suffix added to verbs meaning able to be-ability, a noun suffix, or a derivative suffix of –able, meaning having the quality as in manageability（可处理性）and suitability（合适性）.(3) inventor, inventor’s, inventors, inventors’ (a mixture of inflection or derivation)Derivation: invent+-orInflection: inventor’s, inventors’ indicating possessive case(4) democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize (derivation)-cy, added to the nouns ending with “t” to form another noun denoting astate governed in such a way.-ic, an adjective suffix, added to the nouns to form adjectives meaningrelated to or in resemblance with…-ize, a suffix added to the noun to form verbs denoting the conversion, transforming.6. The following sentences contain both derivational and inflectionalaffixes. Underline all of the derivational affixes and circle theinflectional affixes.a) The farmer’s cows escaped.b) It was raining.c) Those socks are inexpensive.d) Jim needs the newer copy.e) The strongest rower continued.f) She quickly closed the book.g) The alphabetization went well.答：(略)。

(完整word版)Chapter-3-Morphology--形态学(现代语言学)

Chapter 3 Morphology 形态学1.Definition 定义Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.形态学是语法学的一个分支，它研究的是单词的内在结构及单词的构成规则。

The aim of morphology is to find out these rules。

形态学的任务就是要找出这些规则（单词构成的规则）。

Morphology is divided into two sub-branches：inflectional morphology and lexical or derivational morphology. The former studies the inflections and the latter the study of word-formation.形态学可以划分两个分支：屈折形态学和词汇形态学（也叫派生形态学).前者研究的是单词的屈折变化，后者研究的是构词法。

2.Morpheme 词素2.1Morpheme： the smallest meaningful unit of language词素:语言中最小的意义单位Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology。

正如音位是音系学研究中的基本单位一样,词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。

Monomorphemic words 单词素单词2.2Types of morphemes 词素的类型2.2.1Free morphemes 自由词素The morphemes that are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves are called free morphemes。

Chapter_3_Morphology

Chapter 3 Morphology1、What is a morpheme? Dissect the following words into morphemes:The smallest unit of meaning.under-develop-ed photo-synthe-tic ana-tomygeo-graph-y phil-harmon-ic de-frost-edde-mobil-iz-ed con-duct-ing sup-press-iondia-logue de-form-ed com-bina-tion2、Describe with examples the various types of morpheme used in EnglishFree morpheme e.g. mate, sun, fame, likeBound morpheme: roots and affixesRoots e.g. fin-, spect-, -cideAffixes: inflectional and derivationalDerivational: prefix and suffixInflectional affixes:-ing, -ed, -(e)sPrefixes: un-, dis-, de, en-Suffixes:-ly, -less, -tion, -ize3、What are the main inflectional affixes in English? What grammatical meaning do they convey?-(e)s – plural number-(e)s – third-person、singular、present tense-(e)d – past tense-ing – progressive aspect-er – comparative degree-est – superlative degree-‟s – possessive case4、Try to find out the meaning of the following roots in English and give two or three words that contain each of them.1、Hydro – water e.g. hydraulic, dehydrate2、Chron – time e.g. chronological, chronicle3、Demo – people e.g. democracy, demography4、Dur – lasting e.g. during, durable5、Agr – farming e.g. agriculture, agrarian6、Kilo – one thousand e.g. kilometer, kilogram7、Nym – name e.g. pseudonym, antonym8、Ped – foot e.g. centipede, impede9、Rupt – breaking e.g. rupture, abrupt10、Gress – movement e.g. progress, digress(离题，跑偏)11、Poly – various e.g. polygon, polyglot12、Syn – identical e.g. synchronic, sympathy5、State the morphological rules that govern the use of the given derivational affixes.Example: -er This suffix is added to a verb to form a noun indicating the agent that carries out the action, e.g. write – writer1、-ant suffix added to a verb to form a noun indicating the agent e.g. assistant2、-ment suffix added to a verb to form its corresponding noun e.g. development3、sub- Prefix added to an adjective to form another adjective to indicate a lesser degreee.g. substandard4、-en Suffix added to an adjective to form a verb to indicate the acquisition of thequality denoted by the adjective e.g. darken5、en- Prefix added to an adjective to form a verb to indicate the acquisition of thequality denoted by the adjective e. g. enrich6、-ee Suffix added to a verb to form a noun indicating the recipient of the action denotedby the verb e.g. employee7、-ful Suffix added to a noun to form an adjective indicating the quality denoted by thenoun e.g. plentiful8、-some Suffix added to a noun to form an adjective indicating the quality denoted by thenoun e.g. quarrelsome9、-wise Suffix added to a noun to form an adverb meaning “with regard to the areaindicating by the noun” e.g. careerwise10、un- Prefix added to an adjective to indicate the absence of the quality indicated by theadjective e.g. unemployed6、What are the main features of the English compounds?1、Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. E.g. armchair, follow-up.2、Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element.E.g. icy-cold, greenhouse3、Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its components.e.g. a redcoat is not a coat at all, and neither a hotdog a dog.4、Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.e.g The same form “running dog” can possibly be pronounced in two differently ways. One way to pronounce it is to give the primary stress to the noun “dog,‟ so that the fall occurs on this word and the –ing form receives secondary stress. …running dog. Thus pronounced, the form means “a dog that is running,” i.e. the action indicated by the –ing form is carried out by the noun that follows it. The other way is to put the primary stress on the first element “running” so that the fall of the intonation occurs on the syllable “run” and the word “dog”receive secondary stress: running dog. In this case, “running dog” is actually a compoundnoun and it does not means a dog that is running, but metaphorically it refers to a person who follows another person obediently in his wrong doings.7、Explain the formation and meaning of the following compounds:Example: nightcap, noun formed by combining two nouns, meaning a drink one takes before going to bed1、cat‟s paw -- noun formed by combining two nouns, meaning a person used byanother as a cool2、tablecloth -- noun formed by combining two nouns, meaning a piece of clothspread on a table to cover it3、green-eyed -- adjective formed by combining an adjective an –ed from, meaningjealous4、green horn -- noun formed by combining an adjective and a noun, meaning a personnot experienced for a job or occupation5、update -- verb formed by combining an adverb and a verb, meaning to bringsomething up to date6、jet lag -- noun formed by combining two nouns, meaning the feeling of fatiguecaused by traveling in a jet plane crossing different time zones7、bootleg -- verb (also noun) formed by combining two nouns, meaning “ to take,carry, or sell illicit goods”8、built-in -- adjective formed by combining a past participle with a preposition,meaning “ made as an integral part”（不可分割的部分）9、cockpit -- noun formed by joining two nouns, meaning the compartment in anaircraft where the pilot or the crew sit10、good-for-nothing adjective formed by joining an adjective, a preposition, and apronoun, meaning irresponsible or worthless8.Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration 1)MorphologyMorphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Morphology is divided into two sub-branches, inflectional morphology and lexical or derivation morphology.2)MorphemeMorpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language. .e.g. re- is not a word, but it does carry meaning, thus re –s a morpheme3)Free morphemeFree morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes.e.g. help, table, able4)Bound morphemeBound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. E.g. –er, -en, dis- bio-, -less, -sym.A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.e.g. liter- in literal, and literature.6）A ffixAffixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes (inflectional morphemes) –ing,-ed manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case. Derivational affixes (derivational morphemes) are added to an existing form to create a word. E.g. in-, -er. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem.According to its position in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word, it modify the meaning of stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word, except be-, and en(m)-. Suffixes are added to the end of stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.. e.g. large, enlarge, rich, enrich.7）D erivationDerivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word. Derivation can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.8）C ompoundingCompounding is another popular and important way of forming new words in English. Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.N+N – handbook, sunshineA+N highway, easychairV+N driveway9.What are the two sub-branches of morphology? What does each of tem study?Morphology is divided into two sub-branches; inflectional morphology and lexical or derivational morphology. The former studies the inflections and the latter the study of word-formation.10.How do you distinguish a compound noun from a noun phrase?There are various ways to classify the compound words. One of them is to look at the parts of speech of the component words. Words of various parts of speech can be combined to form compounds. E.g. noun+noun (handbook), adjective+noun (highway), verb+noun (driveaway)Four features of compound.11.Why is the meaning of a compound often idiomatic?Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total of the meanings of its components. For example, a greenhouse is not a house that12.What are inflectional and derivational affixes? What grammatical meanings do the main inflectional affixes in English convey?Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.e.g. –(e)s, indicating plurality of nouns.-ing, indicating progressive aspect.Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.。

Chapter 3 Morphology

root forms
base for aﬃxes to attach to; cannot be analyzed into smaller parts
stem
formed
when a root is combined with an aﬃx (that other aﬃxes can continue to be attached to)
Chapter 3 Morphology
Grace Tan
Previewing questions:

1. What is the smallest significant unit of speech? 语言的最小意义单位是什么？ 2.What is the difference between bound morphemes and free morphemes?自由词素和粘着词素的区别是什么？ 3. What is the difference among base, stem and root?词基，词干和词根如何区分？ 4.What is morph and allomorph?什么是行素/词素和行素变体？ 5.What is inflectional affixes?何为曲折词缀？

Free morphemes

Lexical morphemes

Functional morphemes
Free morphemes

Lexical morphemes
open class of words book house love look long happy
1.
If a man’s wife is beautiful, two eyes are not enough for him. 2. Take time to deliberate; but when the time for action arrives, stop thinking and go in. 3. The writer liked joking and has taken things seriously. 4. One is the loudest person in the house and the other is quieter than a mouse.

语言学第三章笔记和习题

Chapter 3 Morphology⏹Lexicon is the collection of all the words of a language. It is synonymous with “vocabulary”.Words are the focus of the study of lexicon, so the emphasis of this chapter falls upon words, i.e., the analysis and creation of words.Linguists define the word as the smallest free form found in language. The features of wordWord is meaningful; word is a grammatical unit; word can be used independently; word is relatively stable and uninterruptible.⏹Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.⏹The total number of words stored in the brain is called the lexicon.⏹Words are the smallest free units of language that unite sounds with meaning.Morphology is a branch of linguistics, whereas lexicon is a component of language instead of a branch of linguistics.Open class word and closed class word⏹Open class words----content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, e.g. beatnik(a member of the Beat Generation), hacker, email, internet, “做秀，时装秀…” in Chinese.⏹Closed class words----grammatical or functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns. Morpheme--the minimal unit of meaning. The smallest meaningful unit of language is called a morpheme.---Words are composed of morphemes. Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes, e.g.⏹1-morpheme boy, desire⏹2-morpheme boy+ish, desir(e)+ble⏹3-morpheme boy+ish+ness, desir(e)+bl(e)+ity⏹4-morpheme gentle+man+li+ness, un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity⏹5-morpheme un+gentle+man+li+ness⏹7-morpheme anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism⏹Morph: when people wish to distinguish the sound of a morpheme from the entire morpheme, they may suedthe term.It is the phonetic realization of a morpheme⏹Allomorph: A morpheme may be represented by different forms, called allomorphs. It is the phoneticvariant of a morpheme.⏹Some morphemes have a single form in all contexts, such as “dog, bark, cat”,etc. In other instances, there may be some variation, that is, a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. They are said to be the allomorphs of the morpheme, the plural morpheme may be represented by:⏹map----maps [s]⏹dog----dogs [z]⏹watch----watches [iz]⏹mouse----mice [ai]⏹ox----oxen [n]⏹tooth----teeth⏹sheep----sheep⏹Each of the underlined part is called an allomorph of plural morpheme.⏹Affix⏹Prefix ---- morphemes that occur only before others, e.g.un-, dis, anti-, ir-, etc.⏹Suffix ---- morphemes that occur only after others, e.g.-ful, -er, -ish, -ness, -able, -tive, tion, etc.Root: The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning. A root is the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total loss of identity. A root may be free or bound (such as mit, tain, cur,ceive). An affix is naturally bound.Free morpheme & bound morpheme⏹Free morpheme----is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance, etc.⏹Bound morpheme----is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme. They can not stand by themselves, such as “-s” in “dogs”, “al” in “national”, “dis-” in “disclose”, “ed” in “recorded”, etc.⏹Some morphemes constitute words by themselves. These morphemes are called free morphemes.⏹Other morphemes are never used independently in speech and writing. They are always attached tofree morphemes to form new words. These morphemes are called bound morphemes.⏹The distinction between a free morphemes and a bound morpheme is whether it can be usedindependently in speech or writing.⏹Free morphemes are the roots of words, while bound morphemes are the affixes (prefixes andsuffixes).Derivational morpheme & inflectional morphem e⏹Derivational morphemes---- the morphemes which change the category, or grammatical class of words, e.g. modern---modernize, length---lengthen, fool---foolish, etc.⏹Inflectional morphemes---- the morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on; they never change their syntactic category, never add any lexical meaning, e.g.a) number: tables apples carsb) person, finiteness and aspect: talk/talks/talking/talkedc) c ase: John/John’s⏹Inflectional morphemes in modern English indicate case and number of nouns, tense and aspect ofverbs, and degree of adjectives and adverbs.⏹Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes added to existing forms to construct new words.◆English affixes are divided into prefixes and suffixes.◆Some languages have infixes, bound morphemes which are inserted into other morphemes.●Conclusion: classification of morphemes⏹Morphemes◆Free morphemes◆Bound morphemes●Inflexional●Derivational: affixes⏹Prefixes⏹SuffixesMorphological rules⏹The rules that govern the formation of words, e.g. the “un- + ----” rule.unfair unthinkable unacceptable…⏹Compounding is another way to form new words, e.g.landlady rainbow undertake…◆The process of putting affixes to existing forms to create new words is called derivation. Words thus formed are called derivatives.Compounds⏹Noun compoundsdaybreak (N+V) playboy (V+N) haircut (N+V)callgirl (V+N) windmill (N+N)⏹Verb compoundsbrainwash (N+V) lipread (N+V) babysit(N+V)⏹Adjective compoundsmaneating (N+Ving) heartfelt (N+Ved)dutyfree (N+adj.)⏹Preposition compoundsinto (P+P)throughout (P+P)Some points about compounds⏹When the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category, e.g. postbox, landlady, icy-cold, blue-black…⏹When the two words fall into different categories, the class of the second or final word will be the grammatical category of the compound, e.g. head-strong, pickpocket…⏹Compounds have different stress patterns from the non-compounded word sequence, e.g. red coat, green house…⏹The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts.●Formation of new words1. Inflection: it is the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectionalaffixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and case.2. Derivation◆Derivation forms a word by adding an affix to a free morpheme.◆Since derivation can apply more than once, it is possible to create a derived word with a numberof affixes. For example, if we add affixes to the word friend, we can form befriend, friendly,unfriendly, friendliness, unfriendliness,etc. This process of adding more than one affix to a freemorpheme is termed complex derivation.◆Derivation is also constrained by phonological factors.◆Some English suffixes also change the word stress.pounding◆Compounding is another common way to form words. It is the combination of free morphemes.◆The majority of English compounds are the combination of words from the three classes – nouns,verbs and adjectives – and fall into the three classes.◆In compounds, the rightmost morpheme determines the part of speech of the word.◆The meaning of compounds is not always the sum of meaning of the components.4. Conversion (invention)◆Conversion is the process putting an existing word of one class into another class.◆Conversion is usually found in words containing one morpheme.5. Clipping (abbreviations) front, back, front and back◆Clipping is a process that shortens a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables.◆Clipped words are initially used in spoken English on informal occasions.◆Some clipped words have become widely accepted, and are used even in formal styles. Forexample, the words bus (omnibus), vet (veterinarian), gym (gymnasium), fridge (refrigerator)and fax(facsimile)are rarely used in their complete form.6.Blending◆Blending is a process that creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existingwords. For example, smog (smoke + frog), brunch (a meal in the middle of morning, replacing bothbreakfast and lunch), motel(motor + hotel). There is also an interesting word in the textbook forjunior middle school students –“plike” (a kind of machine that is like both a plane and a bike).7. Back-formation◆Back-formation is the process that creates a new word by dropping a real or supposed suffix. Forexample, the word televise is back-formed from television. Originally, the word television is formedby putting the prefix tele- (far) to the root vision (viewing). At the same time, there is a suffix –sion inEnglish indicating nouns. Then people consider the –sion in the word television as that suffix and dropit to form the verb televise.8.Acronyms◆Acronyms are formed by putting together the initial letters of all words in a phrase or title.◆Acronyms can be read as a word and are usually longer than abbreviations, which are read letterby letter.◆This type of word formation is common in names of organizations and scientific terminology.9.Eponyms◆Eponyms are words that originate from proper names of individuals or places. For example, theword sandwich is a common noun originating from the fourth Earl of Sandwich, who put his foodbetween two slices of bread so that he could eat while gambling.10.Coinage◆Coinage is a process of inventing words not based on existing morphemes.◆This way of word formation is especially common in cases where industry requires a word for anew product. For example, Kodak and Coca-cola.11.Borrowing: English in its development has managed to widen its vocabulary by Borrowing wordsfrom other languages . Greek, Latin, French, Arabic and other languages have all played an active rolein this process, such as “atom, electricity” from Greek, “cancer, tumour” from Latin, “violin, pizza”from Italian.12. Onomatopoeia: it is a way of creating words by imitating the sounds of the outside world. Supplementary Exercises Chapter 3：MorphologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:11. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.12. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g____ meaning.13. B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.14. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes.15. D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.16. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.17. C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m___________ rules.19. In terms of morphemic analysis, d_______________ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.20. A s______ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:21. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words25. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB.GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes.28. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes29. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences30. “-s” in the word “books” is_______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a rootIV. Define the following terms:31. morphology 32. inflectional morphology33. derivational morphology 34. morpheme35. free morpheme 36. bound morpheme37. root 38. affix39. prefix 40. suffix41. derivation 42. CompoundingV. Answer the following questions:43. What are the main features of the English compounds?44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Suggested answers to supplementary exercises Chapter 3 MorphologyIV. Define the following terms:31. Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.32. inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflections33. derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word- formation.34. Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.35. free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes.36. bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.37. Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.38. Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.39. Prefix: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word . Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.40. Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.41. Derivation: Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.42. Compounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.V. Anwser the following questions:43. What are the main features of the English compounds?Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless。

chapter 3 Morphology 英语专业语言学PPT

Derivational and inflectional morphemes (p.55)
Some derivational morphemes change the grammatical category of words (or grammatical class of words) and others
➢ the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content,
➢ a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.
When the root of the word is a free morpheme, we say the word has a free root, such as e.g. hopeful, interpersonal
When it is a bound morpheme, we say the word has a bound root, such as e.g. precede, receive, submit, retain, recur
The identification of words
(2) Relative uninterruptibility(相对的不可隔断性 ): new elements are not to be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in the word. (i.e. outlaws, touch-me-not)

语言学_Chapter 3_Morphology

Are there other categories of words which are not included?
Other categories
• Two lesser categories: • Numerals: words that denote numbers or the order. Cardinal numerals: those denoting the numbers, e.g. one, two, one hundred, etc. Ordinal numerals: those denoting the order, e.g. first, second, eighth, etc. • Interjection: a word or phrase used as a sudden remark usually expressing feelings, such as exclamation, sorrow, surprise, regret, etc. e.g. alas, oh, My God!, Dear me
Question Time!
Puzzling Question!
Amazing Question!
All Questions Are Welcome
Interesting Question!
Serious question!
Warm-up
• Afraid, biology • /v_show/id_XMTAzNzgwNTY=.html?fro m=s1.8-1-1.2拆单词 • /programs/view/ciNnLLrr9tk/ • /v_show/id_XNTA4OTE0NzY=.html?fro m=s1.8-1-1.2 长视频 • 柯南 /v_show/id_XODgxNjI4Njky.html?from =s1.8-1-1.2 • 手机记单词App /article/86112f13535b4f2736978 76c.html • /v38286803.htm

新编英语语言学教程课件chapter 3 morphology

boychecktwosets词位被假定为语言词汇系统中潜在于最小单位之下的抽象单位而最小单位是在不同的语法环境中出现的
Chapter 3 Lexicon
范雪菲
3.1 What is word?
3.1.1 Three senses of “word”
＊A physically definable unit (自然的有界限的单位）
• 3.1.3 classification of words
• Variable and invariable words
variable words----one could find ordered and regular series of grammatically different word forms; on the other hand, part of the word remains relatively constant. “ follow-followsfollowing”
※some of the categories newly introduced into linguistic
analysis: particles, auxiliaries, pro-form(代词形式“So
do I “), determiners
Determiners
• It refers to words which are used before the noun acting as head of a noun phrase, and determine the kind of reference the noun phrase has: definite (the) or indefinite( an ), partitive ( some ), or universal (all).

Chapter 3 Morphology

语言学复习重点Chapter 3

Chapter 3 Morphology 要点总结

第三章 形态学

语言学导论-第3章Morphology

英语语言学形态学复习资料

2017-Chapter 3 Morphology精讲版

语用学chapter3 Morphology

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(完整word版)Chapter-3-Morphology--形态学(现代语言学)

Chapter_3_Morphology

Chapter 3 Morphology

语言学第三章笔记和习题

chapter 3 Morphology 英语专业语言学PPT

语言学_Chapter 3_Morphology

新编英语语言学教程课件chapter 3 morphology

第三章形态学