戴炜栋主编英语语言学教程第三章课件 Morphology
合集下载
相关主题
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
-ful, -er, -ish, -ness, -able, -tive, ion, etc.
Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
friendship=friend(stem)+ship
friendships=friendship(stem)+s
3.5 Derivational and Inflectiona来自百度文库 morphemes
Derivation: combination of a base and an affix to form a new word, e.g
anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism
1) Free vs. Bound morphemes:
Free morpheme: the morpheme that may constitute a word by itself (which can be a word by itself), e.g
prefix (dis-, un-)
---- morphemes that occur only before others,
e.g. un-, dis, anti-, ir-, etc. suffix (-en, -ify) morphemes that
occur only after others, e.g.
3-morpheme boy+ish+ness, desir(e)+bl(e)+ity
4-morpheme gentle+man+li+ness, un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity
5-morpheme un+gentle+man+li+ness
6-morpheme （反对教会与国家分开学说）
They can not be further cut. It is true that the word friendship consists of 10 letters, but these letters in isolation are meaningless. The possible smallest meaningful segments of the
identity, e.g. friend as in unfriendliness.
Roots may be
free: those that can stand by themselves,
e.g. black+board; nation+-al; or
bound: those that cannot stand by
e.g write v. --- rewrite v.
Suffixes modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.
e.g help v. --- helpful adj.
themselves, e.g. -ceive in receive, perceive, conceive.
Affix: the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. Normally divided into
boy, girl, table, nation.
Bound morpheme: the morpheme that cannot occur alone as a word, e.g "s" in"dogs", "al" in "national" "dis" in disclosed",
"ed" in "recorded".
3.2 Open class and closed class
Open class words---content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs,
called inflectional morphemes.
English has only several inflectional morphemes.
1) noun inflections: -s boys, boy’s The form is also used for verb 3rd-
In other instances, there may be some variation, that is, a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. They are said to be the allomorphs of the morpheme. e.g
2) Allomorphs语素（词素）变体
---any of the different form of a morpheme
语素的任何不同形式
Some morphemes have a single form in all contexts, such as “dog, bark, cat”,etc.
The plural morpheme may be represented by:
map---maps[s] dog---dogs[z] watch---watches [iz]
The morpheme used to express indefiniteness in English has two forms:
Phoneme, morpheme and allomorph
Phoneme /p/ [p] Morpheme
{-s} plural marker of nouns Allomorphs:
[s] [z] [is]
3.4 Analyzing word structure
Root: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of
英语语言学
English Linguistics
Chapter Three Morphology
3.1 Introduction
The total number of words stored in the brain is called the lexicon.
Morphology is the study of the internal structure and the formation of words. (the study of forms of words)
a building an orange;
Each of the variants is called an allomorph of a morpheme.
Here are special forms:
mouse----mice[ai] ox----oxen[n] tooth----teeth [i:]
Types of English Morphemes:
Bound Morphemes
Bound Roots Derivational morpheme (Prefixes/Suffixes) Inflectional morpheme (Suffixes)
Free Morphemes
(lexical/grammatical) Free Roots
2) verb inflections: -(e)d ( past tense) wanted -en (past participle) -ing ( present participle) wanting -s (third person singular) wants
3)adjective and adverb inflections: -er (comparative) smaller, -est (superlative) smallest
(Exceptions: sad --- *unsad brave --- *unbrave)
Stem
A stem is a form to which affixes can be attached.
Thus, in this usage, the English word friendships contains the stem friend, to which the derivational suffix -ship is attached to form a new stem friendship, to which the inflectional suffix -s is attached.
3.3 Morphemes
Words are the smallest free form(unit) with meaning found in language. E.g
The boys left.
In the sentence, the plural marking -s is not a free form since it never occurs in isolation. Morpheme -- the minimal unit of meaning; the smallest meaningful elements of language.
e.g. beatnik(a member of the Beat
Generation), hacker, email, internet,
“做秀，时装秀…” in Chinese.
Closed class words----grammatical or
functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns, to which few new words can be added (e.g. the "e"as a new neutral third person singular pronoun has not been accepted).
word are friend and ship.
---Words are composed of morphemes. Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes,
e.g.
1-morpheme boy, desire 2-morpheme boy+ish, desir(e)+ble
friend+ -ly > friendly.
Inflection: grammatical endings, e.g plural, tense, comparative, etc. e.g
Besides the suffixes, which are used to derive words, there are other suffixes, which are added to words as markers of grammatical categories and hence
3.6 Morphological rules of word formaion
--- the rules that govern the formation of words, e.g
un+ADJECTIVE = not ---ADJECTIVE unfair unthinkable unacceptable…
Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
friendship=friend(stem)+ship
friendships=friendship(stem)+s
3.5 Derivational and Inflectiona来自百度文库 morphemes
Derivation: combination of a base and an affix to form a new word, e.g
anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism
1) Free vs. Bound morphemes:
Free morpheme: the morpheme that may constitute a word by itself (which can be a word by itself), e.g
prefix (dis-, un-)
---- morphemes that occur only before others,
e.g. un-, dis, anti-, ir-, etc. suffix (-en, -ify) morphemes that
occur only after others, e.g.
3-morpheme boy+ish+ness, desir(e)+bl(e)+ity
4-morpheme gentle+man+li+ness, un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity
5-morpheme un+gentle+man+li+ness
6-morpheme （反对教会与国家分开学说）
They can not be further cut. It is true that the word friendship consists of 10 letters, but these letters in isolation are meaningless. The possible smallest meaningful segments of the
identity, e.g. friend as in unfriendliness.
Roots may be
free: those that can stand by themselves,
e.g. black+board; nation+-al; or
bound: those that cannot stand by
e.g write v. --- rewrite v.
Suffixes modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.
e.g help v. --- helpful adj.
themselves, e.g. -ceive in receive, perceive, conceive.
Affix: the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. Normally divided into
boy, girl, table, nation.
Bound morpheme: the morpheme that cannot occur alone as a word, e.g "s" in"dogs", "al" in "national" "dis" in disclosed",
"ed" in "recorded".
3.2 Open class and closed class
Open class words---content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs,
called inflectional morphemes.
English has only several inflectional morphemes.
1) noun inflections: -s boys, boy’s The form is also used for verb 3rd-
In other instances, there may be some variation, that is, a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. They are said to be the allomorphs of the morpheme. e.g
2) Allomorphs语素（词素）变体
---any of the different form of a morpheme
语素的任何不同形式
Some morphemes have a single form in all contexts, such as “dog, bark, cat”,etc.
The plural morpheme may be represented by:
map---maps[s] dog---dogs[z] watch---watches [iz]
The morpheme used to express indefiniteness in English has two forms:
Phoneme, morpheme and allomorph
Phoneme /p/ [p] Morpheme
{-s} plural marker of nouns Allomorphs:
[s] [z] [is]
3.4 Analyzing word structure
Root: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of
英语语言学
English Linguistics
Chapter Three Morphology
3.1 Introduction
The total number of words stored in the brain is called the lexicon.
Morphology is the study of the internal structure and the formation of words. (the study of forms of words)
a building an orange;
Each of the variants is called an allomorph of a morpheme.
Here are special forms:
mouse----mice[ai] ox----oxen[n] tooth----teeth [i:]
Types of English Morphemes:
Bound Morphemes
Bound Roots Derivational morpheme (Prefixes/Suffixes) Inflectional morpheme (Suffixes)
Free Morphemes
(lexical/grammatical) Free Roots
2) verb inflections: -(e)d ( past tense) wanted -en (past participle) -ing ( present participle) wanting -s (third person singular) wants
3)adjective and adverb inflections: -er (comparative) smaller, -est (superlative) smallest
(Exceptions: sad --- *unsad brave --- *unbrave)
Stem
A stem is a form to which affixes can be attached.
Thus, in this usage, the English word friendships contains the stem friend, to which the derivational suffix -ship is attached to form a new stem friendship, to which the inflectional suffix -s is attached.
3.3 Morphemes
Words are the smallest free form(unit) with meaning found in language. E.g
The boys left.
In the sentence, the plural marking -s is not a free form since it never occurs in isolation. Morpheme -- the minimal unit of meaning; the smallest meaningful elements of language.
e.g. beatnik(a member of the Beat
Generation), hacker, email, internet,
“做秀，时装秀…” in Chinese.
Closed class words----grammatical or
functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns, to which few new words can be added (e.g. the "e"as a new neutral third person singular pronoun has not been accepted).
word are friend and ship.
---Words are composed of morphemes. Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes,
e.g.
1-morpheme boy, desire 2-morpheme boy+ish, desir(e)+ble
friend+ -ly > friendly.
Inflection: grammatical endings, e.g plural, tense, comparative, etc. e.g
Besides the suffixes, which are used to derive words, there are other suffixes, which are added to words as markers of grammatical categories and hence
3.6 Morphological rules of word formaion
--- the rules that govern the formation of words, e.g
un+ADJECTIVE = not ---ADJECTIVE unfair unthinkable unacceptable…