戴炜栋主编英语语言学教程第三章课件 Morphology

e.g. beatnik(a member of the Beat
Generation), hacker, email, internet,
“做秀，时装秀…” in Chinese.
Closed class words----grammatical or
functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns, to which few new words can be added (e.g. the "e"as a new neutral third person singular pronoun has not been accepted).
2) Allomorphs语素（词素）变体
---any of the different form of a morpheme
语素的任何不同形式
Some morphemes have a single form in all contexts, such as “dog, bark, cat”,etc.
-ful, -er, -ish, -ness, -able, -tive, ion, etc.
Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
called inflectional morphemes.
English has only several inflectional morphemes.
1) noun inflections: -s boys, boy’s The form is also used for verb 3rd-
Stem
A stem is a form to which affixes can be attached.
Thus, in this usage, the English word friendships contains the stem friend, to which the derivational suffix -ship is attached to form a new stem friendship, to which the inflectional suffix -s is attached.
friend+ -ly > friendly.
Inflection: grammatical endings, e.g plural, tense, comparative, etc. e.g
Besides the suffixes, which are used to derive words, there are other suffixes, which are added to words as markers of grammatical categories and hence
2) verb inflections: -(e)d ( past tense) wanted -en (past participle) -ing ( present participle) wanting -s (third person singular) wants
3)adjective and adverb inflections: -er (comparative) smaller, -est (superlative) smallest
The plural morpheme may be represented by:
map---maps[s] dog---dogs[z] watch---watches [iz]
The morpheme used to express indefiniteness in English has two forms:
friendship=friend(stem)+ship
friendships=friendship(stem)+s
3.5 Derivational and Inflectional morphemes
Derivation: comБайду номын сангаасination of a base and an affix to form a new word, e.g
e.g write v. --- rewrite v.
Suffixes modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.
e.g help v. --- helpful adj.
3.3 Morphemes
Words are the smallest free form(unit) with meaning found in language. E.g
The boys left.
In the sentence, the plural marking -s is not a free form since it never occurs in isolation. Morpheme -- the minimal unit of meaning; the smallest meaningful elements of language.
identity, e.g. friend as in unfriendliness.
Roots may be
free: those that can stand by themselves,
e.g. black+board; nation+-al; or
bound: those that cannot stand by
3.6 Morphological rules of word formaion
--- the rules that govern the formation of words, e.g
un+ADJECTIVE = not ---ADJECTIVE unfair unthinkable unacceptable…
themselves, e.g. -ceive in receive, perceive, conceive.
Affix: the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. Normally divided into
Phoneme, morpheme and allomorph
Phoneme /p/ [p] Morpheme
{-s} plural marker of nouns Allomorphs:
[s] [z] [is]
3.4 Analyzing word structure
Root: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of
prefix (dis-, un-)
---- morphemes that occur only before others,
e.g. un-, dis, anti-, ir-, etc. suffix (-en, -ify) morphemes that
occur only after others, e.g.
a building an orange;
Each of the variants is called an allomorph of a morpheme.
Here are special forms:
mouse----mice[ai] ox----oxen[n] tooth----teeth [i:]
(Exceptions: sad --- *unsad brave --- *unbrave)
3.2 Open class and closed class
Open class words---content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs,
anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism
1) Free vs. Bound morphemes:
Free morpheme: the morpheme that may constitute a word by itself (which can be a word by itself), e.g
boy, girl, table, nation.
Bound morpheme: the morpheme that cannot occur alone as a word, e.g "s" in"dogs", "al" in "national" "dis" in disclosed",
"ed" in "recorded".
word are friend and ship.
---Words are composed of morphemes. Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes,