江西省专升本英语辅导讲解

专升本英语语法辅导讲义

我喜欢音乐。

I like music.

我喜欢音乐以前。

I like to play basketball.

我喜欢打篮球。

He is a good student that we all know.

我们都知道他是一个好学生。

1.The author finds out that good intentions alone are not enough when his attempt to be kind to an old man leaves them both feeling worse than before.

2.Most people do not realize, however, that it is the regular use of ”ordinary” physical punishment, and the cultural approval it enjoys, that lays the ground work for child abuse.

The agency, ______to set and enforce health standard for American workers, has been promising a cotton dust standard for several years.

A .whose job it is B. whose job is C. whose D. whose is

3.It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental.

4. But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading.

第一章、时态和语态

<主要是指谓语动词>

一.时态

⒈现在时

(1)一般现在时

He likes music.

(2)现在进行时

He is doing the housework.

(3)现在完成时

He has finished the work.

(4)现在完成进行时

He has been studying English for six years.

注意：The house has been in bad repair since he lived in it.

The house has been in bad repair since he moved out .

The house has been in bad repair since he has lived in it.

I haven’t eaten snails since I was a student at Indiana University.

I haven’t eaten snails since I left Indiana University.

I haven’t eaten snails since I have been a student at Indiana.

⒉过去时

(1)一般过去时

He watched TV last night

(2)过去进行时

He was doing his homework at this time yesterday.

(3)过去完成时<过去的过去>

He had worked for six years before Marry joined the Army.

(4)过去完成进行时

He had been working for the factory before Marry joined the Army.

⒊将来时

(1)一般将来时

I will study English next week.

I shall study English next week.

I am going to study English next week.

I am about to study English next week.

I am to study English next week.

区别:will 和 be going to, be about to, be to 的区别

如:If the metal is heated, it will expand.

I am going to study English next week.

I am about to study English next week.

I am to study English next week.

区别:be going to , be about to ,和be to 的区别

如:Look , so many black clouds , it is going to rain.

当有预先征兆的时候我们应该用be going to.

(2)将来进行时

I will be studying English at six o'clock tomorrow.

如果是将来的一个具体时间我们可以用将来进行时.

(3)过去将来时

He said,"I will study English next week."

He said that he would study English the next week.

(4)将来完成时

We will have finished the work by next year.

43. By the end of last month, we ______ on this project for more than 6 weeks.（09）

A) have worked B) had worked C) are working D) will work

68. By the time you get there this afternoon, the film ____.(06\07)

A) is to start B) is starting C) will start D) will have started

44. We plan to finish the work on the 15th of next month. By then, we ___ for ten weeks.(05)

A) are working B) have been worked C) were working D) will have worked

60. By the end of this year, it _____ 16 years since the emergence of the World Wide Web as an electronic–publishing vehicle.(05)

A) has been B) will have been C) will be D) had been

特例:⒈He is always speaking to his mother like this.

当表示一种埋怨和责备语气的时候用现在进行代替一般现在时.

二.语态

主动语态

I wrote a letter yesterday.

I will write the book.

被动语态

The letter was written by me yesterday.

The book will be written by me.

56. The professor was so popular that he _____ with enthusiasm.(07)

A) always listened to B) always was listened

C) was always listened D) was always listened to

特例:⒈ I made him cry

He was made to cry by me.

⒉ I heard him sing the song yesterday.

He was heard to sing the song by me yesterday.

第二章、句子结构

主谓宾定状补表同位

I like music.<主谓宾>

I gave you a bike.<双宾>

I have a r ed pen.<定语>

He studies hard.<程度状语>程度状语

He studies english in the afternoon.<时间状语>时间状语

He sings in the classroom<地点状语>

He is late because he is ill.<原因状语>

He goes to school by bus.<方式状语>

If you come here he will come too.<条件状语>备注:在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中从句不能用将来时

He came here to look after me.<目的状语>

He got up so early that he caught the bus.<结果状语>

He got up so early that he could catch the bus.<目的状语>

He came here with a smile.<伴随状语>

The Army walked in the street while people were dancing.<伴随状语>

Although he is a little boy, he knows a lot. （让步状语）

补语<宾补,主补>

I call you Tom .<宾补>I find english easy.<宾补>

sb. sb adj.

You are called Tom.<主补>

I am a student.<表语>

I am excited.< 系表结构>

同位语<同位主语,同位宾语>

You two are foolish.<同位主语>

I beat you two.<同位宾语>

第三章、主从复合句

<必须满足:⒈只有一个句号⒉主句和从句之间必须要有连接词，连接词有两个功能，一是起到连接从句，整体作为整个主句的一个成分，二是连接词本身在从句中单独也做一个成

分⒊从句必须用正常语序>

主语从句

What your name is is not known.<主语从句>

That he came here made us happy.<主语从句>

宾语从句

I do not know what your name is.<宾语从句>

I find (that) English is easy.<宾语从句>

52. The meeting was put off until next week, which was exactly ______ we wanted.(06)

A) it B) which C) that D) what

同位主语从句

The news that he will come here makes us happy.<同位主语从句>

The result whether the team has won the game is not known.<同位主语从句＞76. We have to face the fact ____ new computer viruses may appear at any time and it can spread across computers in a very rapid speed.（09）

A) that B) it C) which D) what

43. All _____ the people want are lasting peace and social progress.(05)

A) what B) such C) those D) which

50. The United Nations expressed the hope ___ the two sides should soon stop fighting in the area.(05)

A) which B) that C) what D) when

表语从句

Money is what I want.<表语从句＞

49. What the doctor advises me to do is ____ I must keep talking a well-balanced diet and regular exercises.（09）

A) that B) whether C) which D) what

名词性从句的特例＜whether 和if(是否）的区别＞

⒈The question is whether the film is worth seeing <在表语从句中只能用whether

不用if>

⒉The news whether our team has won the watch is unknown.<在同位语从句中只能用whether>

⒊Whether we will attend the meeting is unknown.<在主语从句中只能用whether>

⒋It is unknown whether we will attend the meeting.<当它转换成形式主语时两者都可以用＞

⒌It all depends on whether we will support him.＜在介词后面只能用whether>

⒍He does not know whether to stay or not.<如果是直接接动词不定式只能用whether>

⒎He does not know whether (if) he should stay or not.<如果引导的是这种宾语从句两者皆可以用＞

⒏He did not know whether or not she has been ready.<如果是直接跟or not 只能用whether>

⒐I wonder if /whether the news is true.<如果引导的是这种宾语从句两者皆可以用＞

⒑He was not sure if/whether it is right or wrong.<参见第四种＞

⒒I do not care if it does not rain.<如果宾语从句是否定句习惯上用if>

状语从句

If you come here he will come too.<条件状语从句>备注:在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中从句不能用将来时

He is late because he is ill.<原因状语从句>

He got up so early that he caught the bus.<结果状语从句>

He got up so early that he could catch the bus.<目的状语从句>

The Army walked in the street while people were dancing.＜伴随状语从句＞

I came here when you went out.<时间状语从句＞

I will go where our country most needs me.<地点状语从句＞

I did the thing as you said.<方式状语从句＞

44. He didn’t realize he had left the files in his customer’s office ______ he went back to the company.（09）

A) if B) until C) unless D) since

67. He will go abroad to further his study next year _________ he gets a scholarship or enough money. （09）

A) if B) so C) till D) although

73. ____ she joined the company only a year ago, she’s already been promoted twice.

（09）

A) Because B) If C) Although D) When

42. John frequently attempts to escape being fined whenever he ____ traffic regulations.

（08）

A) breaks B) is breaking C) will break D) broke

72._____we entered the hall, an attendant came up and offered us a list.（08）

A) As long as B) As far as C) As well as D) As soon as

78._______John is in rather poor health, he can hardly resist catching colds.（08）

A) Although B) Since C) After D) opposed

51. I ____ my breakfast when the morning post came.（07）

A) was having B) had been having C) had D) am having

62. ______ we were given the right address, we found her house easily.(06\07)

A) Since B) Although C) If D) So

54. Most of the graduating students have decided to go ______ they are most needed.(06)

A) where B) which C) what D) how

补语从句

I put the book where it was.<状语从句，也可理解为补语从句＞

A big room

定语从句

先行词

关系词＜包括关系代词，关系副词＞

关系代词：which that who whose whom as

关系副词：where when why

限制性定语从句

This is the house (which) luxun lived in.=This is the house (that) luxun lived

in.=This is the house in which luxun once lived.

This is the house where luxun once lived.<瞻前顾后＞

I saved the boy whose mother is my teacher.

He is the man who saved the boy yesterday.

He is the boy (whom) the man saved yesterday.

I will never forget the day when I joined the Army.=I will never forget the day on which I joined the Army.

This is the house where luxun once lived.

I do not know the reason why he is late.

45. I don’t k now _____ will make the final decision for our summer trip.（09）

A) what B) which C) whom D) who

52. In his speech he advice to____ was interested in the field of computer science.（09）

A).that B).whoever C) whom D) whose

79. Each ARS scientist ____ proposal was accepted will receive $80000 for two years of high-priority research.（09）

A) who B) whose C) which D) what

48. As to the election, please give your vote to ____ you think you can trust.（08）

A) who B) whom C) one D) whoever

as

⒈He is as(so) great a painter as ever lived.(as…as,so…as)

⒉I bought such a watch as is shown on TV.<当such a 修饰先行词时用as>

61. We hope that such a book _____ is helpful to our research work is on sale.(05)

A) that B) as C) which D) till

⒊I bought the same watch as （that）is shown on TV<当the same 修饰先行词时用as>

⒋He is a good student, which (as) we all know.< 当在非限制性定语从句中代替前面的一句话时用as或which但一旦提前只能用as>

例如：As we all know , he is a good student.

非限制性定语从句

I will go to Beijing , where there is a meeting.

That 不能用于非限制定语从句

He is a good student, which (as) we all know

只有非限制性定语从句关系代词which\as才可以代替前面一句话

59. _____ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting.（09）

A) As B) That C) Which D) What

61. The mountains also prove to be a tourist attraction as some of the mountains experience alpine (高山的) conditions, _____ leads to ski resorts.（09）

A) who B) which C) it D) that

69. He was looking forward to the time _______ he would have to attend the interview.(06)

A) where B) that C) why D) when

定语从句的特例

特例：一．如果先行词是all, sth, nothing, anything 等不定代词时或者先行词被only，最高级，序数词所修饰时，只能用that,不能用which

例如：He told us all that he knew.

He told us sth that he knew.

He bought the first watch that was produced by the factory.

He bought the most expensive watch that was produced by the factory.

二．如果先行词又有人又有物只能用that

例如：She spent the whole evening talking about the things and persons that none of us has ever heard of.

三．that 在下面情况下做了关系副词

例如：I do not like the way that you speak to her.

在这里that 可以换成in which 或者不填

四、but 在定语从句中的用法（只能用于限制性定语从句，且必须同具有否定意义的主句连用，其先行词可以是人，也可以是物，but在意义上等于“that…not”，“who…not ”，“which…not”）

There was not a single student in my class but(who did not) learnt a lot from him.我班上每一个学生都从他那里学到很多东西。

五、what 不能引导定语从句

He told me all what he knew .（错误)

He told me what he knew.或者He told me all that he knew.<定语从句>

宾语从句

但注意what在如下情况下也可充当关系代词：

1、用于“what is (was)+形容词比较级”结构中，what是关系代词，泛指上文或下文，意为“更….,尤其….. ”。这种结构通常用作插入语。如：

He attended the contest and what is more surprising, won a gold medal.

2、what money=all the money that

The father gave what money he had to his son.

六、

We often advise him not to drink more wine _____ is good for his health.

A.. as

B. than

C. that

D. But

He smoke more cigarettes than were normally available

七、there be 引导的限制性定语从句

She knows the difference there is between good and evil.

第四章非谓语动词

原形过去式过去分词现在分词动名词动词不定式

do did done doing doing to do

非谓语动词包括: 动词不定式, 动名词, 分词<现在分词,过去分词>

动词不定式

⒈作主语和表语:To see is to believe.

⒉作宾语:I like to do homework this morning.

⒊作同位主语:Our plan, to go to the park is put off.

⒋作同位宾语:We put off our plan to go to the park.

⒌作状语:I came here to look after my father.

⒍作补语:I let you do this work. I asked you to help me.

⒎作定语:<后置定语>There is something to do.

从上面这些例句我们可以看出谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别:

I am sorry to have troubled you so long.

60. The girl was reported ____ missing for a month.(07)

A) to be B) to have C) having D) to have been

66. Robert is said _______ in a Japanese company as a salesman for many years.(06)

A) have been working B) to work C) be working D) to have worked

动名词：

⒈作主语和表语:Seeing is believing.

⒉作宾语:I like swimming.

⒊作同位语:Our plan, going to the park is put off.

⒋作定语:a reading room a swimming pool

注意:动名词不能作状语和补语

分词<在词性上属于形容词>

⒈作表语:The thing is exciting. I am excited.

⒉作补语<使役动词和感官动词>I had the desk repaired.

I heard him sing the song yesterday.

I heard him singing the song at this time yesterday

I heard him beaten yesterday.

⒊作定语:a flying bird. a developing country. an exploiting class.

a developed country. an exploited class.

⒋作状语

(1)The students stood up as soon as they saw the teacher come in.

Seeing the teacher come in , the students stood up.<一般式,主动>

(2)The metal will expand as soon as it is heated.

Heated, the metal will expand. <一般式,被动>

(3)After he failed for three times, he didn't try again.

Having failed for three times , he didn't try again.<完成式,主动>

(4)After he was kept out of the door for an hour, he was let in.

Having been kept out of the door for an hour, he was let in.<完成式,被动>

I have finished these tasks.

These tasks have been finished.

51. ______ on time according to the instruction, these pills will be quite effective.(06)

A) Taking B) Being taken C) Taken D) Having taken

52. ______ in Shanghai for more than ten years, she knows the city very well. (05)

A) Having been lived B) Lived C) Having lived D) Living

独立主格结构

(1)The army was walking in the street while people were dancing.

People dancing, the army was walking in the street.

(2)He lay on the ground while all his ribs were broken.

All his ribs broken, he lay on the ground.

（3）The earthquake having destroyed everything, they became homeless.

(4) So much money having been spent,he will be punished.

非谓语动词的特例:

⒈有些动词后面如果加动词的话必须用该动词的动名词形式

如:avoid (避免) admit(承认) consider(认为) acknowledge(承认) deny(否定) detest(深恨) dislike(讨厌) enjoy, escape(避免) fancy(想象) finish

facilitate(使容易,使便利) include(包括) keep ,mind(介意) miss

postpone(推迟) practise , resent(憎恨) risk(冒险) shun(躲避) suggest(建议)

mean(意味着)

53. If there’s a book you’ve really enjoyed _____, please recommend it to you r friends.（08）

A) to read B) reading C) to be read D) being read

59. I really very much appreciate ____me that great favor yesterday.（08）

A) you to do B) you do C) you doing D) your doing

43. The manager promised to keep me ____ of how the experiment was going on.（08）

A) to inform C) being informed

B) informing D) informed

⒉有些动词后面如果加动词的话必须用该动词的动词不定式形式 to do

如:ask, advise(建议) afford(提供) aim(瞄准) arrange(安排) attempt(企图) choose, care, claim(声称) decide , decline(下降) demand(要求) deserve(值得) desire(愿望) determine(决定) expect(期望) fail, hope, learn, manage(设法)

mean(打算) neglect(忽视) refuse, prepare(准备) plan, wish, seem , undertake(从事) pretend(假装)

⒊有的两者皆可接 , 但意思有重大区别

(1) remember, forget, regret(遗憾)

I forgot to post the letter.<要发这封信>

I forgot posting the letter.

58. The management regrets ______ you that your contract will not be renewed next month.（09）

A) informing B) to inform C) inform D) informed

73. I regret ____ you that we are unable to offer you the position.(07)

A) informing B) having informed C) to inform D) to have informed

(2)love, like, hate

I like playing basketball.<习惯性>

I like to play basketball this morning.<一次具体的行为>

(3)go on ,stop

First he told us the importance of the work , then he went on to tell us how to do it.<继续做另外一件事>

(4)try ,mean

I tried to pass the exam.<努力去做>

The doctors are trying using a new kind of medicine to cure the patient.<试着做> I mean to do the thing.<打算>

Missing the bus means walking to the school.<意味着>

⒋有些动词 allow(允许) , permit(允许) , forbid(禁止) ,advise, consider(认为)

如果直接接动词应用动名词,但如果后面跟了宾语那就必须用动词不定式做宾补如:I allow smoking.

I allow you to smoke.

⒌关于动词不定式的省略

Tom wanted to ride the bike in the street , but his mother told him not to.

A to do it

B to

C to do

D to ride

⒍关于动词不定式做后置定语

(1)I have some food to eat.

(2)I am looking for a room to live in.

(3)There is nothing to do.<如果是用主动式表主观,我很无聊,无事可做>

(4)There is nothing to be done.<如果用被动式表客观,已经没有什么可以被做了>

⒎形容词+不定式的结构：在某些表难易的形容词如：hard,

difficult,impossible,easy,convenient,nice,tough,tricky,awkward,pleasant,unpleased 等，这些形容词后接的不定式，常把句子的主语作为其逻辑宾语，如：

The book is difficult (for us) to understand.

可理解为：To understand the book is difficult.

⒏关于分词做后置定语与定语从句的互换(定语从句谓语动词所表示的时间同主句谓语动词所表示的时间相一致时)

a standing girl a standing by the window girl= a girl standing by the window

The girl standing by the window yesterday is my sister.（X）

The girl who stood by the window yesterday is my sister.

The girl who is standing by the window now is my sister.

I want to see the man breaking the window.(x)

I want to see the man who broke the window.

Do you know anyone who has lost money?

Do you know anyone having lost money.(X)

Those having finished their homework can go now.(x)

The wallet stolen several days ago was found hidden in the dustbin outside the building.

People found the wallet stolen several days ago hidden in the dustbin outside the building.

The building which is to be built is teacher's houses.

The building to be built is teacher's houses.

第五章、虚拟语气<在谓语动词上体现>

一：简单句中的虚拟语气

God bless you.

Chairman mao live long.=Long live chairman mao

二：在主从复合句中的虚拟语气

For example:

与现在事实相反：if I were you now , I would study hard.

if I had enough time now, I would study Japanese.

与过去事实相反：if I had arrived at the station earlier yesterday, I would have caught up with the train.

71. If the manager had been at that meeting, a final decision _____before last weekend.（09）

A) would have been made B) was being made

C) would be made D) had been made

74. If I had a few hours to spare when I am in Manchester, I____ the Joneses then （08） A) would have visited C) had visited

B) would visit D) would be visiting

50. We _____ that all of your family would come, but you didn’t.（07）

A) hoped B) had hoped C) hope D) would hope

58. Given time and money, Richard _____ better than what it is now.(07)

A) could have done B) did C) would do D) had done

与将来事实相反：if the sky were to fall down tomorrow, the human being would die out

should fall down

fell down

变形：

were I you now, I would study hard.

Had I arrived at the station earlier yesterday, I would have caught up with the train.

Were the sky to fall down tomorrow, the human being would die out

混合型虚拟语气：

If I had arrived at the station earlier yesterday, I would catch up with the train now.

（2）由as if /if only/but for 引导的虚拟语气

与过去事实相反：He speaks English very well as if he had lived in England before. If only I had lived in England before.

与现在事实相反：If only I were an Englishman.

He speaks English very well as if he were an Englishman.

与将来事实相反：People ran about as if the sky should fall down tomorrow. Were to fall down

Fell down

If only the sky should fall down tomorrow.

Were to fall down

Fell down

(3)由wish 引导的宾语从句

与过去事实相反：I wish that I had arrived at the airport earlier yesterday.

与现在事实相反：I wish that I were you now.

与将来事实相反：I wish that the sky were to fall down tomorrow.

should fall down

Fell down

69. We wish the economy _____ stronger than ever so that everyone would be working.（09）

A) will become B) becomes C) would become D) became

(4)由suggest(建议)，demand(要求)，insist(坚决主张)，order,

后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气

结构：(should) + do

I suggested that he study in the U.S.

I suggested(暗示) that he was a spy .

50. Her shinning face suggests that she ___ in good health.（08）

A) has been C) is

B) should be D) was

57. Kathy suggested that Jack _____ a card with all of our names on it.(07)

A) sent B) sends C) send D) to send

49. I suggested he ______ himself to his new life in the countryside.(06)

A) adopt C) regulate

B) adapt D) suit

I insisted that the hospital give an operation on the boy.

He insisted(坚持) that he was right

60. The director insisted that his secretary ____writing the report by the end of the week.（08）

A) finished C) was to finish

B) finish D) would finish

69. I insisted he _____ himself to his new life I the countryside.()7)

A) adopt B) adapt C) regulate D) suit

（5）由第四种变成相对应的名词其后同位语从句应用虚拟语气

结构：(should) + do

my suggestion that he study in the U.S. is important.

(6)it is +vital/

necessary/important/natural/desired/urgent/imperative/advisable/essential+that (从句).从句用虚拟语气.

结构：(should) + do

It is necessary that he study in the U.S.

53. Given that the world has never been more interconnected, it is essential that we_____ together because we’re in this crisis together.（09）

A) will work B)are working

C) have worked D)work

(7)it is (high) time that从句用虚拟语气

结构：主+一般过去式/should + do

It is (high) time that we went to school.

Should go

(8)由 would rather 引导的宾语从句

结构：主+一般过去式

I would rather that you watched TV

(9)在开放式条件句中和让步状语从句中的虚拟语气

A：If any person be guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal.

Be any person guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal.

B：Whether she be right or wrong she will have my support.

Be she right or wrong she will have my support

(10)由 for fear that ,lest (以防，万一)

引导的宾语从句用虚拟语气结构：(should)+do

Here’s an umbrella lest you____ it.

A. should use

B. needed

C. needing

D. to need

(11)如果主句的主语是idea, advice, suggestion, order,

proposal等名词时，表语从句要用虚拟语气结构：（should）+动词原形

My idea is that we ____ to our plan.

A. must stick

B. ought to stick

C. should stick

D. will stick

第六章、情态动词

一．Can may must need

1.—Can I help you? Yes, you can./No ,you can’t.

2.May I come in? Yes, you may ./No, you mustn’t.(不准 )

3.Must I do it ? Yes, you must./No, you needn’t.(不必)