湖南人文景点英语解说问题调查与对策—以马王堆汉墓英语解说为例

合集下载

英译规范化视角下的湖湘旅游景区介绍词的现状与对策

信息，如果加上注释ｌｅｄｒｇｄｏｈｎｓｇｃｌｒ，ｅｎａｙｏｆＣｉｅｅａｒｕｔｅ才ｇｉｕ能达到信息沟通对称的目的。有人把湖湘景区中的珍稀动物 “ 娃娃鱼” 字面意思上从
译成“ ａｙｆｈ，游客误解了相关文化知识。其实“ ｂｂｓ ” ｉ就让娃娃
通过调查发现，湖湘旅游景区介绍资料文本中，法、语拼写等错误或瑕疵随处可见。如：
‘ ｕｉｇｕｎｓｔａｉｎａｕｏｒｇａｅｈｃ ‘ ｌｙａｉｈｎｔａｆｍｏｓｔｕｎｒａｗｉｈＷｎｏｌｉ
二、湘旅游景点介绍词英译存在的常见问题湖
（）法、写等语言错误一语拼
Ｐｏｌ。ｅｐｅ株洲炎帝陵景区把“ 炎帝” 译为Ｙｄ，ｎａｉ中国人都能理
解，但老外可能就无法明白，他们只当炎帝是中国某一朝代的帝王而已，无从获得中华民族这一人文始祖的有价值的
第３第１卷０期
２１年１０１Ｏ月
赤峰学院学报（科学教育版）
Ｊｕｎｌｆｈｅｇｎｖｒｉｓｉｎｅｅｕａｏ）ｏｒａｏｉｎｉｓｙ（ｃｅｃ＆ｄｃｔｎＣｆＵｅｔｉ
Ｖ０．．Ｏ１３Ｎｏ１０ｃ．ｔ２Ｏ１１
鱼” 的学名叫“ 大鲵 ” ，传说其叫声酷似婴儿啼哭，故俗称 “ 娃
娃鱼” 所以应翻译为“ｉｎｓａａｄｒ。，ｇｔａｍｎｅ” 娄底梅山龙宫入口ａｌ处启事“ 凭票参观，一人一票，儿童半票团体优惠” 被译成：

马王堆汉墓导览词(英文)

An Introduction to Mawangdui Han Tombs马王堆汉墓导览词Historic relics unearthed from Han Tombs at Mawangdui are relevant to many legendary and touching stories, therefore it’s not easy to introduce them thoroughly to our reverend visitors. But we can still enjoy the delicate articles of ancient civilization to our eyes’ content as well as to our heart’s content. Next, we are to explore the historical and artistic wonders made by ancient Chinese people more than 2100 years ago.在马王堆古墓出土的历史文物有关许多传奇和感人的故事,但是不容易彻底把他们介绍给我们尊敬的游客。

但是我们仍然可以通过我们的眼睛以及我们的心灵享受古老文明带给我们的触动，接下来,我们要探索古代中国人2100多年前的历史和艺术奇迹。

This picture shows the outside scene of Han Tombs at Mawangdui. The Han Tombs are located at Wulipai in the eastern suburb of Changsha. They are about 4 kilometers from the downtown area. In the flat extending fields are two mounds of tombs. They are of similar size and are linked to form the shape of a saddle. It was recorded that this site was once the family graveyard for Ma Yin, King of the Chu State during the Five Dynasties Period, and therefore acquired the name Mawangdui meaning Mound of King Ma. But according to Tai Ping Huan Yu Ji’s recording about Changsha, Mawangdui was the graveyard of Lady Cheng and Lady Tang, two concubines of Emperor Jingdi of the Han Dynasty. They were buried by Liu Fa, Prince of the Changsha State. Thus this graveyard was called “Shuang Nv Zhong” meaning the Tomb of Two Ladies. The authentic owner of this mysterious graveyard has been uncertain before Mawangdui Tombs were unearthed.这个图片展示给我们的是马王堆的外部景观，马王堆坐落在长沙市东部郊区，距离市区4公里，在广阔的原野上是两个各自成堆的墓，它们形状大小都相似，类似于马鞍的形状，据记录这是五代十国时期楚王马殷的墓，因此马王堆的意思就是丘，但是根据大萍桓虞集记的记录，马王堆是程夫人和唐夫人的墓地，是汉朝景帝的两个妾。

湖南长沙马王堆汉墓女尸英文导游词解说导游

湖南长沙马王堆汉墓女尸英文导游词解说导游Welcome to the Han Tomb of Mawangdui in Changsha, Hunan! My name is [Your Name], and I will be your guide today.The Mawangdui Han Tomb is one of the most significant archaeological finds in China. It was discovered in 1972 and is believed to date back to the Western Han Dynasty, around 2,100 years ago. Inside the tomb, three beautifully preserved female corpses were found, making it a truly remarkable archaeological discovery.Let's start our tour with the first female corpse, known as Lady Day, who was believed to be the wife of the Marquis of Dai. She was found wearing an exquisite silk burial suit, adorned with intricate patterns and designs. This burial suit is a testament to the advanced skills of silk weaving during that time.Moving on to the second female corpse, known as Lady Night, she was believed to be a concubine. She was found wearing a silk burial suit decorated with a night sky motif, complete with stars, galaxies, and constellations. This exquisite piece not only showcases the artistic and technical capabilities of ancient craftsmen but also provides valuable insights into the astronomical knowledge of the time.Lastly, we have the third female corpse, known as Lady X. She was believed to be the wife of the Marquis of Dai's son. What sets her apart is the fact that her body was remarkably well-preserved. Through advanced scientific techniques, archaeologists were able to determine her cause of death, which was likely due to a heart attack or a stroke.Aside from the female corpses, the Han Tomb of Mawangdui also yielded a vast array of cultural relics, including lacquerware, silk paintings, musical instruments, and ancient medical texts. These artifacts offer us a glimpse into the sophisticated and diverse cultural practices of the Han Dynasty.As we conclude our tour, I hope you have gained a deeper understanding and appreciation for the historical and cultural significance of the Mawangdui Han Tomb. Thank you for joining me today, and I hope you enjoy the rest of your visit to Changsha!。

满城汉墓英文导游词

满城汉墓英文导游词满城汉墓英文导游词导游词是导游人员引导游客观光游览时的讲解词，是导游员同游客交流思想，向游客传播文化知识的工具，也是应用写作研究的文体之一。

以下是满城汉墓的英文导游词，一起看看吧。

满城汉墓英文导游词BRIEF INTRODUCTION Mancheng Han Tombs 1ies on Lingshan Mountain, 1.5 kilometers southwest of the Mancheng County Seat. They are the tombs of Liu Sheng, Prince Jing of Zhongshan State, and his wife Dou Wan. It is a cultural relic under state protection. The tombs were unearthed at the end of the 19605. 10,633 cultural relics were unearthed, of which 4,000 are excellent ones, such as the world-famous " Jade Suit Sewn With Gold Thread ", " Changxin Palace Lantern ", " Boshan Incense Burner Inlaid With Gold Decorations " and " Gilded Bronze Cup in the Shape of a Bird with a Wreath ". Xia Ding, a famous archeologist, once said, " Since the founding of New China, there are three main archeological achievements in terms of cultural relics in the Han Dynasty, namely Han Tombs at Mawangdui in Changsha, Hunan, Mancheng Han Tombs, Hebei and the Tombs of Nanyue Emperor, Guangdong. Mancheng Han T ombs is famous for top quantity of unearthed cultural relics and large quantity of excellent ones. "The tombs of Liu Sheng and his wife are large rock-tombs made by punching holes into the mountain. One tomb is in the south and the other is in the north but they are parallel with each other. The form and structure of the two tombs are almost the same. They are both made up of tomb passage, aisle, south side room, north side room, central room and back room. Of all theHan tombs, Mancheng Han Tombs are the only rock tombs.TOURIST GUIDE There are many scenic spots and facilities nearby for you to enjoy yourself further, such as the Battle Formation of the Eight Diagrams, Han Emperor’s Palace, Flower Palace and the hunting grounds. There is a new entertainment program to the north of the Han T ombs-" f1ying an 1anding " with paraglider, which will enable you to enjoy the beauty of nature while "flying ".SERVICES Lingshan Mountain is close to the county seat. So you can board and lodging there. There is a parking lot at the foot of the mountain. The service center has prepared various colorful souvenirs for you, such as series of reliefs of " Changxin Palace Lanterns ", gold foil pictures, and some special local handicrafts. You can choose some as remembrancers.HOW TO GET THERE Mancheng Han T ombs is 150 kilometers away from Beijing and Tianjin. If you drive by yourself along Beijing-Shenzhen Expressway or go by train, it will take you two hours to get to Baoding. Starting in Baoding, if you drive by yourself or take a No.10 bus, it will take you about half an hour to arrive at the foot of the mountain. You can take a cable car to go up and down the mountain.。

旅游英语马王堆汉墓介绍

鎏金嵌玉铜卮（zhī）通高18厘米、口径9.7厘米二号墓出土酒器。
云纹漆鼎Lacquer Tripud with Cloud Design
•
The primary non-staple foods in Hunan area at that time were fish, meat, vegetables, fruits and so on. Abundant samples of these foods were dug out from the Mawangdui Tombs. The vegetables have been carbonized completely. But we can still get the original forms of some. Much to our amazement, on opening the lacquer tripod with cloud design form Tomb No.1, we found soup made over two thousand and one hundred years ago with a contact layer of sliced lotus root floating on its surface. But it’s regretful to see the speedy disappearance of them due to chemical reactions in the air and unavoidable vibration. Experts in seismology said this phenomenon proved that no serious and destructive earthquake had ever taken place in Changsha area in the last 2100 years.

湖南长沙博物馆三国吴简英文导游词（优秀范文五篇）

湖南长沙博物馆三国吴简英文导游词（优秀范文五篇）第一篇：湖南长沙博物馆三国吴简英文导游词The Exhibition of Inscribed Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms at Changsha Ladies and gentlemen，Welcome to Changsha museum.Well be here to visit “The Exhibition of Inscribed Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms at Changsha and The Years of Unearthed Most Valuable Cultural Relics”.I hope my explanation can satisfy you!Now, we are in the first exhibition hall.Here, it adopts panoramic technique, and restores the site of unearthing Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom.In 1996, during July to November, in the southeast of Wu Yi square, team up with ping He Tang Department.The exhumations were carried on by Changsha relics work teams.They unearth 61 archaic wells during theWarring States period and the Ming and Qing Dynasty, and found out 3000 kinds of relics, like copper, iron bamboo, wood, ceramics, and so on.T o people’s astonishment, in the No.22 archaic well, they found lots of bamboo tablets and wooden slips.After confirming, they are the relics of Sun Wu in Three kingdoms 1700 years ago.These patches of relics would replenish the lacked historical materials of three kingdoms exactly.Our country once had four discoveries: The oracle bone inscription of Yin, bamboo tablets and wooden slips of Tunxu in northwest China, Cultural books of Dunhuang stone room, Files of Qing cabinet.Bamboo T ablets of Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms at Changsha can be mentioned in the same breath with the four discoveries, and become the searching subject of international academia.Everybody!please look at the cross sectionreconstruction of the NO.22 archaic well.Its upper part of opening was damaged when it was excavating.This is an irregular circular shape vertical shaft;the bottom has a bag form likely.The opening of the well has a length 3.5 m from south to north, 3.1 m from east to west, and 5.6 m in depth.The opening is covered with pure red brown color clay, 1.5 m deeper of which is the bamboo tablets and wooden slips layer.The bamboo tablets and wooden slips layer is 50 cm thick in center and 20 cm thin on all sides, piled up with slope form.The ropes tied the bamboo tablets and wooden slips have become rotten, but we can see they were buried by bundles at that time.There are more than 10,000 pieces of bamboo tablets and wooden slips by the initial statistics.The second layer is the gray brown clay layer of 3.1 m thick, among them mix upwith lots of bamboo wood scrapes, grass scrapes, leaves, fragmentary bricks, pottery and porcelain and so on.At the bottom of the well is another small well, which has square wooden frame.The four corners are nailed by a stick of spile inlayed with two wooden boards as the well wall.The circle of the well is 93 cm long, 58 cm tall.The function of this small well is probably for gathering the groundwater from all sides of the well, andthen put forward to pour out with water pitcher and other tools in order to maintain the well space dry.This is the living photo taken by the time of excavating.Analyzing the structure and relics of the well NO.22, it is an ancient well for storing food.The climate of Changsha is so hot, wet and rainy that the food is easy to be rot, but the circumstance under the ground of 10 m depth is just like as a modern refrigerator.The archaeological discoveries approved that people had used this storing method from the time of Shang dynasty.You may ask that,why were the bamboo tablets of Wu Kingdom buried in the well? There are two statements.The first one considered that in the period of Three Kingdoms, there were so many wars, the suddenly burst-out war made people bury them here in a hurry.The other considered that to bury them in the well may be a way of dealing with the records in the past.Now please look at the photo.This is the photo of unearthing the No.22 well.We can see that the bamboo tablets and wooden slips were soaked in the mud.Why can they be kept intact for over 1700 years? One of the important reasons is that the ground water level in Changsha was very high, and the bamboo tablets and wooden slips were soaked in the water.Besides, they were buried deeply;they can be sealed up wall.With these, they can be kept intact for over 1700 years.Next, let’s visit the second exhi bition room.In this room we can get the detailed introduction of the bamboo tablets and wooden slips.Before we visit, I have a question to ask.Do you know whether the words on the bamboo tablets and wooden slips were written or carved on them? With the que stion, let’s look at the photo of the pottery figurine.This pottery figurine was unearthed in a Western Jin tomb in Jinpenling in Changsha in 1950s.On the left of the photo there is a man handing a wooden slip and reading something, the man on the right who were holding a hair pencil in a hand and a wooden slip in the other was writing something.The pottery figurine shows us the condition of ancients writing on the bamboo tablets and wooden slips.Now, we can say, the word on the bamboo tablets and slips were written on them.Did you guess it?To see another set of photos.This is a hair pencil unearthed from one of the tombs of the Warring State at Zuojiagong Mountain of Changsha in 1954.Its shaft is long and small but easyto be broken.On the side of it there is a bamboo pipe used for containing the pen when it is collected and preserved.This is an ink stone with little ink blocks near it.Here also remains a bronze chopping knife which is used for the calligrapher to make inscribed bamboo and wooden slips and correct writing mistakes.This is a set of photos of calligraphy tools discovered in No.168 Tomb in Jinan city of former capital of Chu State.In addition to this, there are 6 pieces of wooden slips without character.This is also the most complete and most typical set of Han Dynasty’s stationery ever seen up to now.Uniting our ancient people calculates the number of the inscribed bamboo tablets and wooden slips are not “slice”, but “jin”.It is recorded in history that the 1st emperor of Qin Dynasty did not have a rest until he finished reading over 120 jin of memorial to throne and inscribed bamboo and wooden slips.please notice the following brief tablet about information of the inscribed bamboo and wooden slips unearthed from all parts of the nation from this century.Among this, the column in red character is the number of the inscribed bamboo and wooden slips excavated from Changsha this time.The number this time has exceeded the total amount of that unearthed from all parts of the nation these years.Therefo re, it is named as “the surprising wonder of the world”and “one of the most important archaeological discoveries of this century.”It is well known that document history in the Three Kingdom period handed down is very rare.”The Annals of Three Kingdom”by C henshou in Xijin has 65 volumes, among which there are 30 volumes of Wei Book, 15 volumes of Shu Book, 20 volumes of Wu Book with total of more than 1 million characters.Over the years, the unearthed inscribed bamboo slipsand wooden tablets in nationwide archaeology is also rarely seen and only exist tens of pieces in Anhui, Jiangxi and Hubei.But nowadays in Changsha, the total number of the excavation of the inscribed bamboo from Wu State in Three Kingdom period reaches 10 thousand pieces for just one time and the total wordage reaches more than 3 million if counted with 20 words in each piece.These character materials greatly surpass the total wordage in that of the “Annals of Three Kingdom”, which offers abundant material for the study of social economy, political system, inscribed bamboo and volume system, history and geography and also fill the vacancy of historic works.We can forecast that the discovery of inscribed bamboo slips from Wu State in Changsha will surely influence many aspects of the Chinese historic study and anew examining and verifying the past final conclusion.Well, let us have a look at this map.Though the series archaeological excavation around the “Wuyi square ”by our archaeological workers, we have preliminarily defined the region of the ancient Changsha.It extends northward to “Lao Zhaobi ”, southward to “pozi Street”, eastward to “Cai’e Road”and westward to “Shanghe Street”which shaped rectangle.And the center of Changsha is today’s “Wuyi Square, which, we can say, hasn’t changed ba sically nearly 3000years.The unearthed inscribed bamboo slips and wooden tablets for this time, if according to their shape, they can be distributed to big and small inscribed bamboo slips, wooden tablets and so on;if according to their use, they can be distributed to five kinds:The first kind is document.It can be subdivided into two parts.One is the land rent document with 0.5m long, 2.5cm wide and 100 to 200 Chinese characters on.The other is the officialdocument which recorded the distribution and exchanging of money, crops, and goods among different governmental setups.please look at this smaller slice.It is a classified label.It shows us a monthly report recorded by two officials named Huang Wei and pan lv in the first year of Jia He period.Second, about judicature, which recorded some detail contents and economic cases, such as the trying, appealing and reexamining? What’s on this wooden tablet is an individual case about a Du You.Du You is a kind of government official.He was sentenced to death for his corruptness of salt, but he was not convinced and appealed to a high court.However, the reexamining did not make the judge change.So he had nothing to do but accept.The third kind is directory, somewhat like the household and registered books today.Let’s look at this slice.Here the Chinese character “Rong Li”was a name of some place in Changsha.This whole sentence means there is a man named He Qin, 55 years old, lived in Rong Li.His dukedom is Gong Cheng.And here “Suan Yi” means can be counted as one of a taxpayer;“ Xing Liang Zu” refers to whose legs had been cut off.The directory served as a registered permanent resident, which put down people’s name, age, position and something we can’t find in our registered permanent resident---physical condition.The fourth one is calling card.It mainly referred to paying respect, giving gift and administrative affairs, as visiting cards we use today.The last kind is the wooden tablet on account which recorded the managing account of departments belongs to Changsha government.please look at these historical relics again.This blue and green porcelain in the Three Kingdoms and Tow Jin Dynasties were discovered in ZouMalou ancient well.Look, their glazed colors is sparking and crystal-clear, the decorate are simple ande lement.The second among them is called “Chichen-Head potting”, the potting is coronal form, guides the neck and proceeded high, and the modeling of it is very beautiful.These potting were very popular in Jin Dynasty.They were used as pitcher and chalice.Everybody has seen many photos, has listened to so much explanation, now we come to see the original of the bamboo slips, wooden tablets or slips for writing.Now, you see in the pyramid shape exhibition cupboard, it is a bamboo slips and wooden tablets or slips original that explored in Zoumalou in the ancient well of the building this time.The bamboo slips and wooden tablets or slips are the material that the ancient remains of our country come down to write.Among them the narrow and long bamboo, the wood chips are called “Jian”, the generous wood chips called “Du”.You must distinguish one from the other, not wood make are named “Du”, what bamboo make named “Jian”.Jian has the wooden one, too.Ok, the right side of I there set some inscribed wooden tablets, the middle are heavy inscribed wooden slips.In the left, they are bamboo slips that pressed under the transparent glass.The characters on the bamboo slips and wooden tablets or slips are simple and clear.It’s easily can be distinguished.The script is the transition from Lishu to Regular script.These kinds of inscribed wooden slips and inscribed wooden tablets are made in shirt woods.The quality of these trees is pre-pressing.It is intact to keep.The raw materials of inscribed bamboo slips is bamboo whose quality is loose, apt and crooked and out of shape, so it in displaying and need press when exhibiting.The ancients have several procedures to make the bamboo slips.First, they cut the bamboo into bamboo slips, and then burnished them in order to make them smo oth, these smooth slips called “Jian”.But peoplecould not write on the wet bamboo slips.Then, they roasted dry the wet bamboo slips.While roasting, there was some water steaming out.The water looked like sweet, so people called those “Sweet Qing”or “Sha Qing”.The “Guo Ling Ding Yang”of Wen Tianxiang said that “Since ancient times, who has no death? Remaining sincere heart to finish ‘Sweet Qing’.Bamboo Tablets of Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms at Changsha has very strong historical value, article value and scientific value, so the provincial leaders, city leaders and related experts decided to set up an exhibition of bamboo tablets and wooden slips.第二篇：湖南长沙博物馆三国吴简导游词the exhibition of inscribed bamboo tablets of wu kingdom of the three kingdoms at changsha ladies and gentlemen, 长沙世界之窗: 浏阳河大桥东湖南第一师范: 书院路妙高峰下刘少奇故居: 宁乡花明楼镇长沙海底世界: 浏阳河大桥东岳麓公园: 河西岳麓山南郊公园: 新开铺79号雷锋纪念馆:望城县雷锋镇烈士公园: 东风路1号石燕湖旅游风景区:长沙县跳马乡贾谊故居: 太平街19号开福寺:福寺路樱花温泉:机场大道距黄花机场1.5公里处长沙世界之窗长沙世界之窗文化旅游景区位于长沙市东北郊浏阳河畔，占地40万平方米，投资3亿元人民币，是迄今为止湖南省最大的文化旅游项目之一，也是湖南省重要的精神文明建设基地。

马王堆一号汉墓古尸研究英文版

马王堆一号汉墓古尸研究英文版English:The Mawangdui Han Tomb No. 1 is one of the most significant archaeological discoveries in China, revealing valuable insights into Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) burial practices, daily life, and medical knowledge. Located in Changsha, Hunan Province, the tomb was excavated in the early 1970s and unveiled a well-preserved burial site dating back over 2,000 years. The tomb contained the remains of Lady Dai, also known as Xin Zhui, a noblewoman from the Western Han Dynasty, along with numerous artifacts, manuscripts, and textiles. The body of Lady Dai was remarkably well-preserved due to the unique conditions inside the tomb, which included layers of charcoal and white clay that effectively sealed and protected the contents from decay. This exceptional preservation allowed researchers to study the ancient body and its accompanying artifacts in great detail, providing unprecedented insights into ancient Chinese culture, medicine, and society. The medical manuscripts found in the tomb are particularly noteworthy, as they include some of the earliest known texts on acupuncture and herbal medicine, demonstrating advanced medical knowledge and practices duringthe Han Dynasty. The artifacts and textiles discovered in the tomb also shed light on the sophisticated craftsmanship, artistic styles, and daily life of the Han Dynasty elite. Overall, the Mawangdui Han Tomb No. 1 offers a fascinating glimpse into the rich history and cultural heritage of ancient China, making it a crucial site for archaeological research and study.中文翻译:马王堆一号汉墓是中国最重要的考古发现之一，揭示了汉代（公元前206年至公元220年）的葬礼习俗、日常生活和医学知识。

浅谈历史文化景点解说词英译的失误及对策

浅谈历史文化景点解说词英译的失误及对策摘要：旅游景点的英文解说是一个城市的名片，它的好坏将直接影响这个城市对外交流的成败。

此研究以金华历史文化景点为例，通过对景点解说词英译现状的调查，将主要翻译失误划分为功能和语言失误两大类，并在分析失误原因的基础上提出了如何改进这些翻译失误的对策。

关键词：历史文化景点英译；功能翻译失误；语言翻译失误中图分类号：F270文献标志码：A文章编号：1671-7740(2010)01-0062-04旅游景点的英文简介及英文标识乃一个城市的名片。

正确、流畅、文化信息量丰富的译文不仅能给参观访问的外国友人留下良好印象，同时对于提升城市品位，加大与国际接轨的力度都能起到非常积极的作用。

然而，笔者在对金华一些历史文化景点的英文翻译或简介进行调查后发现，其中因语言或对历史文化背景不清等原因造成的翻译失误比比皆是。

因此，本文旨在对金华历史文化景点的英文简介或英文资料进行收集整理，发现错误，分析原因，并提出修改意见，以期为其他城市的景点英译提供借鉴。

一、研究方法笔者参观了金华各处具历史文化特色的景点，如太平天国侍王府、天宁寺、八咏楼、八咏公园、黄宾虹公园、艾青纪念馆等，并将各景点内所有中英文双语材料进行数码采集，形成了较为完整的第一手素材，其中景点内中文解说2 993字，其相关英文翻译2 897字；然后对收集的双语资料进行分析，找出翻译失误。

为了使分析更加客观可信，笔者还参考了英美国家一些旅游网站的景点介绍文本，总计6 780字，作为用英语原语写成的平行文本(parallel texts)，即“不同文化中相同类型或体裁的本土文本”；最后在两相比较的基础上提出可行的修改方法和参考译文。

由于景点内的双语材料多集中在八咏楼和侍王府两大古迹中，下文的分析将以这两个景点的例子为主。

二、英译失误分析旅游解说翻译中出现的问题多种多样，问题的根源也涉及甚广，包括中西方语言差异、文化差异和思维差异等等，因此对错误的分类也存在着很大困难，研究者们采用的分类方法也有所不同。

马王堆汉墓英文导游词Changsha Mawangdui Han Tomb

马王堆汉墓英文导游词Changsha Mawangdui Han Tomb各位朋友大家好，欢迎参观长沙马王堆汉墓出土文物陈列馆。

马王堆汉墓位于长沙市东部地区原来的马王堆乡，距市中心大约有4千米。

1971年底，我们对此进行了考古发掘，这才揭开了这座千年地宫的神秘面纱。

Hello, everyone, welcome to visit Changsha Mawangdui Han Tomb. Mawangdui HanTomb is located in the eastern of Changsha, about four kilometers from the center of the city, at the end of 1971, Chinese archaeological workers excavated and unveiled the mystery of this tomb with thousands of years.经过考古发掘，我们发现马王堆是西汉初期軑侯家族的墓地，马王堆共有三座墓，其中一号墓中出土各类文物1800余件以及一具保存得十分完整的女尸。

一号墓之所以保存得如此完整，主要原因在于采取了深埋密封的筑墓方式。

加上2000多年以来长沙地区没有发生大的地震，因此一号墓中的尸体以及大量的随葬器物才能够完整地保存下来。

大家看到的这件衣服可是我们陈列馆的镇馆之宝了。

After archaeological workers excavation, we have found Mawangdui is the tomb of Tuohou family of early Han, there are three tombs at Mawangdui, more than1,800 cultural relics and a well-preserved female corpse unearthed from No.1 tomb, it preserved so well mainly due to its closed sealing and deep buried, and there’s no big earthquake in Changsha area for 2000 years, so the corpse in Tomb No. 1 and a l arge amount of remains was preserved completely. Now let’s see this clothes, it’s our museum’s representative piece of the collection.它的名字叫素纱襌衣，素纱是指没有染色的纱，襌衣是指没有衬里的衣服。

湖南省博物馆马王堆英文讲解词

An Introduction to Mawangdui Han TombsHistoric relics unearthed from Han Tombs at Mawangdui are relevant to many legendary and touching stories, therefore it’s not easy to introduce them thoroughly to our reverend visitors. But we can still enjoy the deli cate articles of ancient civilization to our eyes’ content as well as to our heart’s content. Next, we are to explore the historical and artistic wonders made by ancient Chinese people more than 2100 years ago.This picture shows the outside scene of Han Tombs at Mawangdui. The Han Tombs are located at Wulipai in the eastern suburb of Changsha. They are about 4 kilometers from the downtown area. In the flat extending fields are two mounds of tombs. They are of similar size and are linked to form the shape of a saddle. It was recorded that this site was once the family graveyard for Ma Yin, King of the Chu State during the Five Dynasties Period, and therefore acquired the name Mawangdui meaning Mound of King Ma. But according to Tai Ping Huan Yu Ji’s recordi ng about Changsha, Mawangdui was the graveyard of Lady Cheng and Lady Tang, two concubines of Emperor Jingdi of the Han Dynasty. They were buried by Liu Fa, Prince of the Changsha State. Thus this graveyard was called “Shuang Nv Zhong” meaning the Tomb of Two Ladies. The authentic owner of this mysterious graveyard has been uncertain before Mawangdui Tombs were unearthed.At the end of 1971, No.366 Hospital of Hunan Provincial Military Region was to construct underground wards and storerooms at Mawangdui. Before the construction, Hunan Provincial Museum excavated these tombs, revealing the myths buried in this thousand-year underground palace.Here are Models of Tomb pits of the three Han Tombs at Mawangdui. They are numbered in the sequence of excavation. Tomb No.1 and Tomb No.2 lie aside from east to west. Tomb No.3 is located to the south of Tomb No.1. The opening of Tomb No.1 is of square shape, measuring 19.5 meters by 17.8 meters, with a dipper-shaped pit underneath. It is typical of western Han period. The pit measured from the sealing soil is 20.5 meters deep with 4 steps extending downward from the opening. A slope tomb channel leads directly from the ground to the pit bottom at the north of the tomb chamber. Over 1800 cultural relics of lacquer wares, textiles and paintings on silk as well as a well-preserved female corpse were unearthed. The opening and middle layer of Tomb No.2 are of round shape. Due to the fact that the tomb was not compactly sealed, it had been robbed several times and the outer coffin chamber had collapsed. Only around 200 cultural relics were left behind. Tomb No.3 is similar in shape with Tomb 1. It is well preserved with more than 1,000 cultural relics of inscriptions and paintings on silk, inscribed on bamboo slips, lacque r wares and textiles unearthed. The corpse in this tomb, however, was only a skeleton. It’s identified that the corpse belongs to a man who died in his early thirties. He was 1.85 meters tall.Model of Filling Materials in Tomb No.1Tomb No.1 is well-preserved due to several reasons. At the bottom of the tomb is a 15cm-thick layer of white filling clay. Covering the whole outer coffin chamber is a layer of 40cm thick charcoal weighing more than 5 tons. On top of the charcoal is a 1.3cm thick layer of white filling clay. Then earth is rammed every 0.5 meter on its top. Charcoal serves as a moisture-proof substance. It takes in the small amount of water in the chamber. White filling clay is termed montmorillenite, a material for porcelains. It has high plasticity and low permeability. Thus with effective burying and sealing, the corpse, coffins and abundant burial objects are kept impact in the tomb.Wooden Tablet with Burial DateThe inscription on the wooden tablet unearthed from Tomb No.3 reads, “On the f irst wu-chen day of yi-si, the second month of the twelfth year, the chamberlain in charge of funeral service, on holding a memorial with funeral articles, presents a list of the delivery for inspection.” Accordingly the date inscribed on the tablet is equ ivalent to the twenty-fourth of lunar February of the twelfth year in the reign of Emperor Wendi of Han, or 168 B.C. It is the exact burial date of the tomb-owner.Part II: Walking into the Family of the Marquis of DaiLi Cang’s Jade SealIt’s archeologically established that Mawangdui was the family graveyard of the Marquis of Dai in the early Western Han Dynasty. Based on the unearthed jade seals inscribed with “Li Cang”, the bronze seals with Seal of theMarquis of Dai” and “Prime Minister of Changsha State”, we conclude that the owner of Tomb No.2 is the first generation Marquis of Dai and the Prime Minister of Changsha State—Li Cang. He was born in the later years of the Warning States period and died in 186B.C. or the second year of the reign of Empress Gaohou. In his youth, he participated in the Peasants’ Revolution against the Qin Monarch and also in the warfare between Chu and Han. Due to his outstanding contribution to the western Han, he was appointed Prime Minister of Changsha State in the beginning years of the Western Han. He continued his efforts in consolidating the central government’s ruling and keeping unification of the country. It’s recorded in Shi Ji and Han Shu that he was conferred the rank Marquis of Dai in the fourt h lunar month of the second year of Emperor Hudi’s reign or in 193B.C. Dai is the name of his fief which is located between Luoshan county and Guangsha county in present-day Henan Province. He had 700 families under his jurisdiction in his fief. Compared with marquises with a fief of 10,000 families like Chen Ping and Zhang Liang, Marquis of Dai was not of the highest rank. However, owing to the peculiar location of his Changsha State, his family had sumptuous means and clothes, leading a life of extravagance. Even after their demise, they were buried with lavish funerals.Seal with the legend “Qie Xin Zhui”Xin Zhui buried in Tomb No.1 was Li Cang’s wife. Her name is known to us because of a seal unearthed from her tomb. Though she was a woman of prominent status, she saw the death of her husband in her youth and the death of her son in her later years, which must have greatly pained her. She died in the first year of Houyuan reign of Emperor Wendi or 163 B.C. at the age of 50 or so. Hunan Provincial Museum made a wax figure of Xin Zhui to show her graceful bearing with the help of Xi’an Superman Sculpture Research Institute, on the basis of her corpse and her painting on a piece of T-shaped silkBoxwood CombsXin Zhui enjoyed high position and lived in comfort before her death. She cared much about her making up. In the two-tiered lacquer cosmetic box with nine smaller boxes and the single-tiered one with five smaller boxes were found rouge, oil paint, white powder and other cosmetics as well as utensils for making up, such as bronze mirror, mirror polisher, powder puff, combs, wooden tweezers, brush, horn knives with ring-ended handle, etc. The wooden tweezers were used for shaving brows and the brush for applying powder to the face. The hair of the brush on excavation was partly reddish, which might be left by rouge. The boxwood comb is worth observing. It is finely polished and the tooth gaps are fine and even. Within a length of 5 centimeters, the comb has 74 teeth. It is much delicate than the general co mbs used nowadays. It’s still amazing how it could be made so fine.Map of GarrisonThe owner of Tomb No.3 was Li Cang’s son, the Marquis of Dai of the second generation. According to the unearthed wooden tablet, he died in the twelfth year of Emperor Wen di’s reign, i.e., 168B.C. in his early thirties. From Tomb No.3 were found 38 weapons as well as a Map of Garrison. During the last years of the reign of Empress Gaohou, Zhao Tuo, King of the Nanyue Kingdom who set up a separatist region to the south of the Southern Ridges, launched an attack on the southern part of the Changsha State. In response, the Han Court and the Changsha State immediately sent troops on a punitive expedition. The war continued until the early years of the reign of Emperor Wendi. This map of garrison in his tomb revealed to us that the tomb owner was once a key military officer of Changsha State. He participated and even was in command of the campaign. Contrary to a modern map, the south is shown at the top of this map and the south a t the bottom. The circles on the map identify the villages, called “Li” then, while the squares stand for the county sites. The barracks are indicated in irregular shapes. The headquarters represented by a triangle is located at the center of the garrison area where several rivers or brooks meet. Within the garrison area, 6 troops are allocated to the front, the left and the right of the headquarters along 2 lines guarding 3 valleys that lead from Nanyue Kingdom to Changsha State. It’s obvious that Changsha State took advantage of preferential geographic sites to defend itself. The distribution of troops shown on the map was proof for the rather high level of military thoughts and commanding art at the early period of Han.Millet CakesA large quantity of food as well as eating and drinking utensils was unearthed from Tomb No1 and No.3. They are enough to prove that high ranking officials and aristocracy of the Western Han led a life of great extravagance. Besides, a total of 11 bags of ice, wheat, barley and other grains as well as various cakes were discovered from the tombs. The millet cakes found in the painted pottery box from Tomb No.1 were made by steaming the paste of ground or pounded millet powder. Ciba and ci-fantuan that are popular today in the south of China may have developed from the millet cakes.Remaining Slices of Locus Root in the Lacquer Tripod with Cloud Design from Tomb No.1 The primary non-staple foods in Hunan area at that time were fish, meat, vegetables, fruits and so on. Abundant samples of these foods were dug out from the Mawangdui Tombs. The vegetables have been carbonized completely. But we can still get the original forms of some. Much to our amazement, on opening the lacquer tripod with cloud design form Tomb No.1, we found soup made over two thousand and one hundred years ago with a contact layer of sliced lotus root floating on its surface. But it’s regretful to see the speedy disappearance of them due to chemical reactions in the air and unavoidable vibration. Experts in seismology said this phenomenon proved that no serious and destructive earthquake had ever taken place in Changsha area in the last 2100 years.Bones of Wild GeeseMeat consumed by the family of the Marquis of Dai came from a variety of animals. From the buried meat in Tomb No.1 and Tomb No.3, we see they ate not only the meat of domestic fowls and animals but also the meat of wild ones. According to the inventory of burial objects, the buried animals included the commonly seen ones like pigs, goats, oxen, chicken, carps and crucian carps and rare animals such as sika deer, cranes, golden pheasants, turtledoves, wild geese, and mandarin fish. In a way, they range from the flying birds to swimming fish to reptile animals. The coverage of the food is really astonishing.Drawing of Daoyin, the Physical Exercise ChartThis physical exercise chart found in Tomb No.3 is the most ancient one in the world on health care and physical exercise. “Dao Yin” means promoting flowing of qi and blood, and stretching the limbs. It is a treatment of therapeutic physical education combining movements of limbs and respiratory movement. On the chart, 44 Daoyin positions are illustrated. Judging from the remaining characters, they are of 3 categories: the movements of a body, the initiated movements of certain animal and the function of such a movement. If you are interested in this exercise, why not have a try with this ancient treatment?“Guan Ren” Male FigurineOver 300 wooden figurines, substitutes of the household servants in the afterlife, were unearthed from Tomb No.1 and No.3. This figurine has a strong built body and is wearing a tall hat and a silk gown. One of its shoe-soles is caved with “Guan Ren” in Chinese characters, meaning male servant. On excavation, there were sc ores of painted wooden figurines behind him in his command. Therefore, he should be the butler of the Marquis of Dai’s family. The maid figurines are crafted with excellent workmanship and extravagantly dressed in laced embroidery gowns. They should be the Maids of Honor attending the Marquise of Dai. Figurines with painted design are a share contrast to the above mentioned ones. They are of large quantity but the smallest in size. Their facial expressions are of unanimous sadness. They represent the servants of the lowest rank engaged in sundry duties in the household of the Marquis of Dai. We’ll see later on wooden figurines of singers, dancers and musicians. Their existence tells us the great variety of them.Wooden Figurines of MusiciansFive figurines of musicians were discovered from the tombs. Two are in the posture of playing the Yu, a wind instrument and the others playing the Se, a string instrument, forming a family orchestra. You can see they are in gowns and seriously preparing for their performance.The figurines of singers have handsome faces. They are also in long robes and seating on the floor, seemingly producing melodious tunes. Figurines of dancers have round faces with rouge and powder. Their bodies are leaningforward with knees slightly bending, seemingly dancing to the music and songs. The Marquise of Dai led a life of comfort and extravagance during her life time and continued to enjoy it after her death with so many figurines buried with her.Yu: An InstrumentEight kinds of instruments were found from Tomb No.1 and No.3 including Qin, Se, Zhu, Di, Yu, Xulv, Bian-Zhong (chimes) and Bian-Qing(stone chimes). They are of great value in Chinese history of music, offering precious materials for the study on Western Han’s music. There was once a story about an incompetent musician named Nanguo. He passed himself as one of the Yu players in an assembly. Thus came into being the Chinese idiom: “Lan Yu Chong Shu”, which means being there just to make up the number. The instrument “Yu” in this story is like what you see now. This Yu was unearthed from Tomb No.1. Well-preserved, it has the whole set of 22 tubes. But it is of no practical use, for it is just a model.A Set of Liubo ChessA set of game utensils was unearthed from Tomb No.3. It consists of a chessboard, 6 black chessmen and 6 white ones, 20 chess pieces, 42 counting chips and a dice. A special lacquer box is made to hold these utensils. The rules of this game are shown on the carved stones. Two players sitting opposite each other would choose black or white chessmen, and put them accordingly along twelve L-shaped and T-shaped tracks. They would alternately cast the dice, on two sides of which are carved “Jiao” meaning beneficial movement and on the opposite side, meaning disadvantageous movement. On the other sides of the dice are carved cardinals from 1 to 16. One moved his chessman according to the number he got and the one who obtained more chips would be the winner. Liubo chess was a fashionable game during the Han Dynasty at the Court or among civilians. But its popularity waned after the Jin Dynasty and after Tang it became the now popular Chinese chess.The Beauty of Lacquer waresLacquer Tray with Cloud DesignThe tray was designed for passing food. It’s in rectangle shape wi th 4 curved short feet under each corner. Ancient Chinese used the expression “Ju An Qi Men”—holding the tray level with the brows to show that husband and wife are treating each other with courtesy. On the exterior bottom are carved “Household of the Marquis of Dai”, proving the ownership of the tray. On excavation, the tray carried 5 small lacquer dishes containing remnant of beef and thin bamboo strips, two lacquer goblets and one flanged cup with a pair of bamboo chopsticks placed on top of it. The meal set on this tray reveals that the nobles of the Han Dynasty were served meals in individual sets.Lacquer Flanged Cup with Inscription “Jun Xing Shi”The flanged cup was used to hold food, wine, soup or porridge. It is named “Flanged Cup” due to the two handles for holding. During the Warring States Period, the two handles were seen as the two swings of a bird, so they called the vessel “Swung Cup”. The inscriptions in official script on the inside bottom “Jun Xing Shi” means “Help Yourself to some food”.Rectangular Lacquer Cosmetic Box with Raised DecorationThis kind of box was exclusively designed for precious things; therefore its shape and decorations are more exquisite and tasteful. The cover is in peculiar shape. The exterior is painted with black lacquer while the interior with red lacquer. The designs on this box are outlined with bulging white lines between which are filled with scrolled cloud in red, green and yellow. The rich colors in several layers present a three-dimensional effect. This method of painting is named “raised lacquer decoration” in documents. A black lacquer gauze hat was found in the box when unearthed.Lacquer Cosmetic Box with Incised DesignIncised design or the incising technique is to incise, with an awl or a needle, patterns on the lacquer coating when it is not yet thoroughly dried. The incised lines on the box are finer than hair and they can only be seen in bright light. On the cover and the bottom are incised running rabbits, swimming fishes, flying birds and crouching squirrels surrounded by cloud and mist and several sets of cloud and phoenix patterns. On the exterior surface of thebox are incised cloud, an immortal on a dragon’s back, flying birds and a hunting scene. The hunting scene is a vivid presentation: a hunter is running after two deer, holding a long spear in his hand. One deer is just running for life, while the other has leapt into air.Two-tiered Lacquer Cosmetic Box with Painted Design and Nine Small BoxesIt is an ancient cosmetic box with two tiers. The lacquer on the exterior surface is finely painted in dark brown, to which is applied a film of gold powder, mixed with little amount of silver powder. Finally, cloud and mist patterns are painted in yellow, white and red on the surface, which shines brightly with magnificent decorations. The upper layer of the box contains mitts, silk scarf, mirror bag and so on. The bottom of the lower layer is thicker, with nine concaves of various shapes carved in it. Smaller boxes of different shapes are inserted into the concaves. In these delicate boxes we found perfume, a powder puff, combs, a brush, rouge, powder, a wig and so on.Lacquer Tripod with Cloud DesignThe tripod called “Ding” in Chinese is a sacrificial utensil for holding food. It had been adopt ed as symbols of a state’s power and a person’s authority from the Xia Dynasty to the Han Dynasty. There was a set of rigid rules for the using of Ding: the emperor used 9 Ding, dukes or princes used 7 while general officials used only 5. From Mawangdui Tomb No.1 were discovered 7 Ding, which embodies the social status of the tomb owner. Well-preserved, each Ding was shaped by rotating a single piece of wood against a knife. They have grave shapes with black lacquer painted on the exterior surface. On the brim of the mouth of each Ding you can find a band of lozenge pattern. Red and gray green whorl and connected squares form geometric cloud on the surface of the cover and the body. On the feet are painted red beast mask and the handles are decorated with cloud. The interior surface is in red lacquer and has “Er Dou” inscribed on it indicating its capacity.Lacquer Ji-table with a Dragon DesignIn ancient times, people used to sit on the floor and used the Ji-table to support their hand for comfort or to support things they need for convenience. This Ji-table has a flat surface in black lacquer on which is patched a dragon souring among the cloud and mist. The Ji has a pair of fixed short legs and a pair of long moveable legs that can be folded up to the underside of the table. To raise the table higher, unfold the long legs and fasten the thatches; to lean on the table, the person just need fold up the long legs and put the short ones on the ground. The design of this Ji-table is really unique and practical.The Brilliance of the Silk Country“Xin Qi Embroidery” on Damask with Lozenge DesignThe amount of Xin Qi embroidery is the largest among the unearthed pieces. Twenty of its kinds were unearthed from just Tomb No.1. Damask with lozenge design is a light textile woven with interwove warps of different thickness. The patterns are clear and elegantly simple. The embroidery on such light damask shows superior workmanship. This kind of embroidery has reasons to be named “Xin Qi Embroidery”. “Xin Qi” in Chines e means “at fixed time”. The motif of the embroidery is the swallow, which is a kind of migratory bird that come in spring and leaves in fall. You see here on the textile are embroidered stylized swallows with long tails flying among clouds. They have bright red head and beak and brown or deep green swings.Brocade with Piled Circles in Geometric PatternBrocade is a kind of textile with a raised pattern achieved by weaving several warps of different colors. The brocade with piled circles is of the most complex technique among the pieces of textiles from Tomb NO.1. It is obtained by weaving warps of different colors and wefts of single color. The circles on its surface pile in geometric pattern. They vary in size and length and therefore form layers of texture. This kind of brocade looks bright and well-developed, providing a three-dimensional effect. If we cut the circles open and let the threads of the circles spread, we get velvet with raised pattern of later periods. The unearthed textiles at Mawangdui Han Tombs pushed China’s history in making velvet back about three hundred years.Gauze Gown with Printed and Color Painted DesignThis finding is the first ancient silk textile with printed design. It has a surface layer of printed and color paintedgauze, a lining of gauze in a plain color and is padded with silk wadding in between the two layers. The design is stylized climbing plant. The stem and tendrils are finely printed and harmoniously distributed. The connecting area of the stem and tendrils has traces of the printing technique with wooden blocks carved in openwork. The flower buds, petals and leaves are in different patterns and various thicknesses of colors which can not be achieved by printing. Therefore, it is concluded that the color of various thickness were painted by hand after the stem and tendrils were printed. It took great pain to print and paint such a wide gown. The combination of printing and color painting was a breakthrough in technique as well as a masterpiece of ancient Chinese people in printing and painting.Gauze Gown in Plain ColorGauze in plain color needs neither printing nor painting. The gauze gown consisting of a jacket and a skirt has no lining.The two parts weigh respectively 48 grams and 49 grams. The gown has been described “as thin as a cicada’s wing and as light as mist”. Compared with the most light fiber we have nowadays—georgette whose fiber number is 14, the fiber number of this gauze is just between 10.5 and 11.3, which means it is much finer and lighter. In the Han Dynasty, gauze gown of plain color was put on the bright colorful gown to make the magnificent patterns under the thin gauze partly hidden and partly visible.Treasures on Silk and Inscribed SlipsThe ancient nobles hoped to continue their extravagant life after death, for they believed they had an after life. Therefore, innumerous burial projects were buried with their bodies on their death. Before the tombs were sealed inventories of the objects and furnishings were made and put in the tombs. On the day of funeral, the person in charge would read the inventory, telling the dead the listed things were to arrive.Prescriptions for Fifty-two Diseases on SilkIt is the earliest and most complete manuscript on medical prescriptions, involving 103 diseases in various fields of modern medicine such as internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, gynecology and obstetrics, etc. It also includes 283 prescriptions and 254 kinds of medicine. In one prescription, a complete surgery on internal piles was recorded.A dog’s urinary bladder was inserted into the patient’s rectum through anus. Then the bladder was inflated to force the piles out, which was then cut. Then pain-killing and antiphlogistic Chinese medicine---the powder of the root of large flowered skullcap was applied to the cut. But at times the rectum could not draw back to its position. First, lubricating medicine paste was applied to the rectum. Then the patient was hung upside down and cold water was splashed to his belly to make it contract. As a result, the rectum drew back automatically.Divination by Astrological and Meteorological Phenomena or Tian Wen Qi Xiang Za Zhan on Silk About 250 drawings of clouds, mirages, rainbows, stars and comets are contained in this book, which tended to divine catastrophes or results in wars through the interpretation of astrological and metrological phenomena. The most wonderful part of the book is the 29 drawings of comets. Except the last one, each comet was drawn with a head and a tail. The head of the comets was represented with a tiny circle or a dot and inside some heads were found tinier circle or dot, showing the comet core had been found in the head by that time. The tails of the comets were in different lengths and widths. The book is the most ancient work on forms of comets, revealing ancient Chinese people’s outstanding achievement in observing and studying astrological phenomena.Divination by Five Stars on SilkIt should be the earliest writing on astrology in the world. With 8,000 Chinese characters, it made recordings in sections. The first section recorded the movements of five planets: Venus, Jupiter, Mercury, Mars and Saturn, and divined luck through the forms or positions of the constellation.The second section included diagrams about the positions of Jupiter, Saturn and Venues in a period of 70 years from 246 B.C., the first year of the reign of the First Emperor of Qin to 177 B.C., the third year of the reign of the Han Emperor Wendi. It also recorded the period of revolution of the planets through calculation. The recorded results are quite close to those of today. For example, it estimated that it would take the Venus 584.4 days to complete a periodic motion so as to be in line with the Earth and the Sun. That is only 0.4 day in excess of the present dayevaluation of 583.92 days. To our admiration, ancient people got such concrete and exact data without the help of precision instruments we nowadays adopt.Topographic Map on SilkTopographic Map of Southern Changsha State is the earliest map adopting scale in the world. It is on a scale of 1:180,000 with standard legend, but has the south at the top and the north at the bottom. The area covers the southern area of the Changsha State, approximately encompassing the present day Jiuyi Maintain and South Ranges. On the left of the map, scale-like whirl pools were painted to indicate Jiuyi Maintain and 9 columns to indicate its nine peaks. Altogether over 30 rivers including the Xiangjiang River, Zhujiang River and so on were clearly shown on the map. The wide dark lines represent the upper reaches of the Xiangjiang River, called Xiaoshui River. Along the waterways are more than 80 counties and villages indicated by squares and circles, which are connected by dark lines representing roads. The map drawn on the basis of range estimation and rough measuring can not be as precise as those drawn today with the help of aerial photography and advanced measuring tools. But some of its indications can still lead us to several counties. We have to admit the technology in drawing maps during the Han Dynasty had advanced to a rather high level.Drawing of Guard of HonorThis drawing was found on the western wall of the coffin chamber in Tomb No.3. It can be divided in to 4 parts: at top left are two lines of people headed by one in the first line with a high hat and a sword. This man should be the tomb owner, a then military officer of the Changsha State; at bottom left is a phalanx of over a hundred guards, some of which are beating drums and striking bells; at top right there are chariots drawn up in a battle formation. Among them, about 40 chariots drawn by four horses are easily distinguished. At bottom right, there are columns of horsemen forming a grand troop of chariots and horsemen. The drawing presents to us a vivid scene before a war, telling us the troops of the Changsha State are ready to march to the front. Characterized by a strong sense of realism, it is regarded as the earliest-known painting in realistic style.T-shaped Painting on Silk from Tomb No.1This painting is named after its shape by us, but it was called “Non-Garment” in the inventory of burial objects. On excavation, it was found covering the coffin with the painted side downward. Across its top side is a bamboo pole and to the lower side are attached tapes in silk or hemp cloth. It is believed to be a banner carried in the funeral procession to send the death’s soul to the Heaven.The painting has a full length of 205cm and contains three sections from top to bottom, depicting scenes of the heavenly world, the human world and the underworld. At the upper middle of the painting is an immortal in serpent’s shape but with a long-haired human head. According to Shan Hai Jing, it is the immense candlelight dragon, which is in charge of the changes of weather and the shifting of night and day. On the right are painted 9 reddish suns looming among blue Fusang trees. Fusnag trees are legendary mulberry trees located at the extreme eastern limits of the world, from which the sum is supposed to rise. In this painting, it is from these Fusang trees that the ten suns take turns to be on duty. The absent sun may be the one on its shift. In the largest sun is painted a black bird, called Jinwu in ancient times. It reflects actually the observation of sunspots by ancient people. On the left is a crescent moon, under which a beauty in elegant robes is dancing. Some say she’s Goddess of the Moon, and is raising the moon with her hand; others believe she is Chang’er who is fleeing to the Moon Palace after st ealing the pills of immortality. With the lines of the moon, there is a little white rabbit and a round toad with a magic fungus in its mouth. These two animals form a sharp contrast in shape. Two heavenly guardians are making a slight bow to the Marquise of Dai with their hands folded in front at the gate to the heavenly world. In the human world, canopies serve as roofs of houses with rose finches decorated on the tops. Beneath the canopies, the Marquise of Dai extravagantly attired is moving forward with the help of her stick. Three maids of honor are attending her. In front of her, there stand 3 alchemists presenting to her pills of immortality. On both sides of the human images are double dragons symbolizing honorability and fortune. At the lower part of the painting, the scene is probably on the vigil kept by her family, whose facial expressions are of sadness and gloom. In the underworld, God of the Earth—Gun, holds up the earth and tramples on。

湖南景区英文导游词

湖南景区英文导游词湖南景区英文导游词湖南以长江南岸洞庭湖之南而得名。

下面是为大家带来的湖南景区英文导游词，希望可以帮助大家。

湖南景区英文导游词范文1：Hunan in taojiang river lake, beautiful scenery, is famous tourist destination at home and abroad. Hunan has a long history, humanities, person of outstanding ability, "subject chuweicai, to fill in. Hunan rich natural resources, known as the reputation of "HuGuang cooked, the world", is the famous "land of fish and rice".Hunan famous scenic spot: the national famous historical and cultural city, changsha city, yueyang city, fenghuang county. National 5 a grade scenic spot: the capital changsha - j scenic spot, the yueyang yueyang tower, junshan island scenic spot, xiangtan shaoshan scenic spot, hengyang nanyue hengshan scenic area, zhangjiajie wulingyuan, zhangjiajie tianmen mountain scenic spot [. World natural heritage, wulingyuan scenic spot, shaoyang sunnybrook Lang mountain danxia (China) Hunan is continental humid subtropical monsoon climate, climate has three characteristics: first, light, heat, rich in water resource, the high value of basic synchronization again. Second, climate during the year and interannual change is larger. Winter cold, summer heat, temperature is changeable, spring the autumn temperature steep fall, spring and summer rain, autumn and winter drought. Suitable for autumn tourism.Hunan province is located in the Yangtze river in the south of the Yangtze river middle reaches, as most is located in the south of dongting lake in hunan province. The xiangjiang river in hunanprovince on the north-south, so called xiang. Hunan jiangxi province in the east, west chongqing expensive, which the guangdong to the south, north of hubei. The provincial jurisdiction over 14 province, 122 counties (city, area) Hunan province in the south of the Yangtze river south dongting lake the name. The pre-qin period to the chu, "jiangnan" in hunan province, the earliest name; Until the sui dynasty, "jiangnan" for today in hunan province as the main body cover surrounding parts designed said; Tang belong to jiangnan road, Jiang Naxi, after observation, hunan province, as the beginning of the name of hunan; Song said hunan road; Yuan ridge north of hunan road; Ming HuGuang province, after the change of the provinces HuGuang originally department; Clarify HuGuang provincial place in hunan province, the province has not changed.湖南景区英文导游词范文2：Hunan province is located in the south of the Yangtze river middle reaches, the majority of areas in the south of dongting lake, the name of hunan. Within the territory of the xiangjiang river runs through north and south, and hunan for short. Allegedly, the xiangjiang river basin in the past more than planting lotus, the tang dynasty poet Tan Yongzhi have "autumn wind wan li furong country" of words, so it is called the "lotus" of hunan. Sichuan hunan jiangxi province in the east, west, south which the guangdong, hubei province in the north.The dongting lake plain is located in the north of hubei province. East range Mimi, yueyang, west to LinLi, changde, taoyuan, yiyang, Joe, XiangYin mouth, south to the north to the south of jingjiang reach of hubei province. Covers an area of 12690 square kilometers (hunan province). At an altitude of 30-50 meters. Long-term deposition of dongting lake, lake of exposed the fluvial alluvial plain. The dongting lake plain and south-central es on the plain of jianghan plain, hubei province, is one of the three great plains is an important part of the Yangtze river plain.River in hunan province, do so more than 5 km river in 5341, the total length of 90000 km, the basin area in more than 5000 square kilometers of the river article 17. Except a few of the pearl river water system and the gan river in the province, mainly in hunan, endowment, yuan and li four water and its tributaries, along the terrain into dongting lake from the south to the north, the city ling angeles into the Yangtze river and dongting lake water system formed a relatively complete. The largest rivers in the xiangjiang river in hunan province, is also one of the seven major Yangtze river tributaries. Dongting lake's largest lakes in the province. The lake across hunan and hubei provinces. In 1644-1825 in dongting lake area of 6270 square kilometers. In 1937, covering 1937 square kilometers. 1983 measurements, dongting lake water is only 2691 square kilometers, less than half in 1825. Due to the increasing lake sediment loads, 28 years, from 1949 to 1977 in dongting lake shrink 85500 mu per year on average.Hunan is a minority more provinces, are back, tujia, miao, zhuang, manchu, dong, yao, Mongolian, uygur, yi, Tibetan, Korean, etc. 26 ethnic minorities.Changsha in hunan province is located in the eastern north of hunan province, the xiangjiang river downstream, jing railway line, the east and jiangxi tonggu, over load, yichun, pingxiang border, south to xiangtan and zhuzhou city, west and loudi and yiyang region adjacent, north borders on yueyang area.Changsha is the province's political, economic, cultural and transportation center, one is one of the famous historical and cultural city by the state council. About seven thousand years ago, changsha has the original ancestors reproduced here. The name of changsha began in the western zhou dynasty. Dynasty period to the southern town of chu, qingyang, the qin dynasty unified the rear changsha county, the early western han dynasty set up changsha kingdom, han, jin and southern dynasties, changsha as the slag in the county, sui xingsha, tang for tam states, the five dynasties and ten states for capital, and chu yuan to tam state road, and another day in the road, the Ming and qing dynasties for changsha office, set up in 1933 in changsha city. Since the qing dynasty, changsha calendar for hunan. On August 4, 1949, changsha peaceful liberation.After the founding of new China, this economic development soon, has now formed by mechanical, textile, light industry, chemical industry, building materials, food and other industrial comprehensive industrial system, the main products are cotton, cigarettes, industrial pump, blower, coal, steel, cement, etc., traditional industrial products, changsha, hunan embroidery, liuyang grass cloth, firecrackers, chrysanthemum stone, copper officer, pottery, etc. Agricultural and sideline products is given priority to with rice, pig, fish, tea, citrus, tea oil, rapeseed and other also.Hunan province rich in mineral resources, is the national important mineral base, known as "the hometown of nonferrous metals," said, nearly is known as "the hometown of non-metallic" again.A lot of places of interest in hunan, yueyang tower, dongting lake, yuelu academy, writing, as pavilion, orange chau, shaoshanMAO zedong's former residence, xinmin society, water pool revolutionary memorial hall, self-study university site, site of liuyang Wen Gu city meet site, comrade liu shaoqi's former residence, residence of comrade Yang Kaihui, lei feng memorial hall, etc., and hengshan, zhangjiajie national forest park, etc.湖南景区英文导游词范文3：In hunan province is located in the south of the Yangtze river middle reaches, because most of the south of dongting lake area, hunan and said, and because of the largest river in the province xiangjiang river runs through north and south, and referred to as "xiang.H unan province is located in east longitude 108 ° 47 '114 ° 15', north latitude 24 ° to 30 ° 39 8 '. Adjacent to seven provinces and cities, the east of jiangxi, chongqing, sichuan, guizhou in the west, south according to guangdong, guangxi, the north side of hubei. The provincial land with a total area of 21.18 square kilometers, accounting for 2.2% of the total area of the national land and the cultivated land area of 49 million mu, the north plain mountain of 256 million mu, water painting of 20 million mu, is the 11th in the whole country. The province governs 14 cities and states, 136 counties, 2350 townships, 64.65 million people, including agricultural population 53.5 million people, accounting for 83.8% of the total population in the province.Hunan province is located in the yunnan-guizhou plateau to hills and nanling mountains to the south jianghan plain transition zone. Southeast west surrounded on three sides by mountains and faces the east has the luoxiao mountains, south of nanling, wuling, xuefeng mountains on the west, North of dongting lake plain; The central hills, basin. The topography low meteorological north, three facing southwest to the east north central tilt, opentoward the north of the asymmetric horseshoe. Province landscape is given priority to with mountain pool, hilly, mountainous area accounts for 51.25% of the whole province area, hilly basin accounts for 29.3%, plain 13.1%, water 6.4%, form the pattern of "seven hills monohydrate two field soil".A humid subtropical monsoon climate of hunan. Mild climate, four seasons, abundant rainfall, rich heat and determination period is short, no mildew period long climate characteristics. The entire province between the annual average temperature 16 a 18 degrees Celsius, in poorer; Full-year 261 frost-free period 313 days, sunshine 1300 1800 hours, annual total radiation 38.5 a 488000 joules per square centimeter, active accumulated temperature above 10 degrees on 5000 a 5800 Celsius Yin, lasts 238 a 256 day, can meet the needs of crop growth resistance to heat. Hunan is one of the rainy areas in China, annual precipitation in 1200 - a - 1700 mm, the rain, the distribution of precipitation is obvious phases. By the basic same, light, heat, water is good for agriculture, forestry production is very empty.Hunan water resources reserves. Within the territory of the province for many years an average of 253.9 billion cubic meters of water, surface water of 20.88 billion cubic meters, per capita is 2756 cubic meters, is the country's per capita is 1.5 times. Hunan is a province, there are dense rivers drainage of hunan, and main force in yuan and li four water and dongting lake, the basin area of 25 square kilometers, the basin area of the province accounted for 92%. Province have played more than 5 km river in 5341, the total length of 86000 km, the basin area more than 5000 square kilometres of article 17 of the river, including hunan, endowment, yuan and li, Xiao, Lei, Mi, dancing (left le right), such as unitary water of the basin area over 10000 square kilometers. Theprovince's total runoff is 162.3 billion cubic meters, add water, a total of 208.28 billion cubic meters. Hunan the waters not only large water flow, and abundant water, good water quality, sediment concentration, less not freeze in winter. The province's 5341 rivers of water reserves of 15.325 million kilowatts, annual output of 134.24 billion degrees. Total installed capacity of the whole province may develop can be accounted for 70% of total water reserves and about 36.4% of the electricity.The biological resources of hunan province is very rich. Is one of biodiversity more provinces in our country. About 5000 species of higher plants, accounting for 1/6 of the total number of national, the woody plant species make up about a quarter of the country; Have a state protection of rare plants 66 species, level of protection in the three kinds of plants, namely, silver fir, metasequoia, at king (left to right). The provincial forestry land 182.449 million mu, 57.4% of the total area of the province's land; Forest coverage rate of 51.4%, 37.2% higher than the national average, the volume of 251 million cubic meters of forest, in the forefront of the country. Chinese fir, pine, bamboo and other economic forest and timber forest, and woody oil is at the center of the region name is known all over the country. Among them, Chinese fir forest, nanzhu painting about a third of the country, differential area of the country's 40%, tung is one of the four key provinces throughout the country. 23 province forest reserves has been established, zhangjiajie forest park is a national forest park. Pasture resources in hunan province is very rich also, can use existing 84.99 million mu of meadows, grazing capacity can reach 7.04 million cattle units. Abundant plant resources for the growth of animal breeding provides the advantageous conditions, hunan animal variety, therefore, has a widedistribution.A total of 66 species of wild mammals, 500 kinds of birds, 71 species of reptiles, amphibians, 40 species, more than 1000 kinds of insects, and more than 200 kinds of aquatic animals. Including the south China tiger, the clouded leopard, golden cat, crane, baiji and other 18 kinds of national level to protect animals. Hunan is the national famous freshwater region, a total of more than 160 kinds of natural fish. Hunan products especially agricultural products is very rich, is the famous "land of fish and rice". At present, the province's grain production accounts for about 6% of the country's total output of grain, 1/10 of the total output of rice, rice and ramie, tea oil production in the country first; Pigs, tea, orange in the second place; Cotton, tobacco, sugar cane, the yield of oil and water, and the product was ranked among the top nationwide.There are many different kinds of mineral resources in hunan province, is the national famous "hometown of non-ferrous metals" and "the hometown of non-metallic mineral. Hunan mineral variety not only, and grade, paragenetic and associated minerals. Have now discovered 134 kinds of minerals, has proven reserves of 91 kinds, is one of the country there are kinds of mineral provinces. Including antimony, tungsten storage place of the highest in the world, bismuth, rubidium, stone coal, realgar, fluorite, sepiolite, barite, monazite, such as the first in the nation, manganese, vanadium, rhenium, glauber's salt, kaolin and 2nd reserves of manganese ore industry; Zinc, lead, tantalum, graphite, diamond, cement ingredients such as reserves, the third in the nation.Hunan tourism resources. There are ten big tourist area and more than 100 tourist attractions. "The east one line", mounthengshan ancient city of changsha, shaoshan holy land revolution and yueyang tower, emperor yandi mausoleum, etc. "The west", has been protected by the United Nations as a world natural heritage wulingyuan scenic spots and Freud, sandwiched yamadera, fierce hole river scenic area, is the national famous tourist resort.。

湖南景点英文导游词3篇

湖南景点英文导游词3篇湖南景点英文导游词3篇作为一位杰出的导游，编写导游词是必不可少的，导游词是导游员同游客交流思想，向游客传播文化知识的.工具，也是应用写作研究的文体之一。

那么什么样的导游词才是好的呢？以下是小编精心整理的湖南景点英文导游词3篇，希望对大家有所帮助。

湖南景点英文导游词3篇1Hunan assembly product resources and rich. The city has 660000 mu of farmland, and is the commodity grain and lean pig production base, ranks the pig grain production counties (cities). Mineral deposits more than 30, "chess catalpa limestone", natural mineral water containing zinc, dolomite, silica, gypsum, talc, iron, manganese, etc. High quality and more. Formed by building materials (cement), leather, environmental protection equipment, wine, beer, liquor), cast pipe, electronic six pillar industries.Hunan assembly convenient transportation, communications. Multiple electricity xiangqian trunk railway and is building on highway crosses the thing. Wear and the city, 320 state road, LouXiang highway. The total mileage of 3200 kilometers. , mobile phone has more than 50000 door opened more than 4000 households, the Internet accounts for nearly 200 households, famous water conservancy project built in the 60 s of shaoshan irrigation system throughout the whole city 63 kilometers. Hunan assembly has a long history, talents and heroes, build county has been 20xx years since the han dynasty. The three phase jiang wan shu xiang chief zeng guofan, our star Huang Gonglve, Chen Geng, Tan Zheng, proletarian revolutionist zhuo-ran li, international poet xiao, children's literature writer takes are born here. Generation great man x zedong and CAI he-sen bases his party's early leaders, a group of revolutionary martyr in dongshan school.Since the founding of new China, hunan assembly economic construction and social development made great achievements. Present value of GDP reached 4.7 billion yuan in 1998. Industry has formed by metallurgy, building materials, food, electrical and mechanical, chemical, leather as the main body of the modern industry, has more than 5000 enterprises, more than 4000 kinds of products, output value of 5.3 billion yuan. The central and provincial, to belong to enterprise have ShaoFeng cement group co., LTD., hunan assembly aluminum plant, ferroalloy plant in hunan, hunan assembly plant.湖南景点英文导游词3篇2Called "yunmeng ze", as the second largest fresh water lake in China. Across offices, two provinces, it is the Yangtze river in the north, the south of hunan, and yuan, Feng four water, so-called "dongting lake" in eight hundred. The meaning of the dongting lake is the celestial abode of fairies and immortals, its scenery is beautiful and attractive. Dongting lake vast circuitous, mountains, its biggest characteristic is outside the lake lake, the lake there are mountains, fishing sail, LuYeQing green, yt, gulls heron safer. The spring and autumn period and the view of four different, change a lot in the same day. The ancients described the "xiaoxiang eight sights" in the moon "dongting", "pu GuiFan far", "pingsha fall wild goose", "fishing village afterglow", "jiang mu snow", etc., are now the portrayal of east dongting lake.All previous dynasties scholars have a passion for the beauty of the dongting lake in the echo. Northern song dynasty famous statesman, strategist and writer fan zhongyan "the yueyang tower", from the Angle of yueyang tower (down) on the beautifulscenery of the dongting lake change multiterminal, have to do to free, popular. The magnificence of dongting lake, dongting lake magnificent of soft moonlight. Even when the weather getting heavy chardonnay, also give a person the sense of chic, its secret, evoke kid around ska. The dongting lake, white with deserves to be "world monohydrate. To find the scenery pleasing to both the lake, and fun.Dongting lake is a famous land of fish and rice, its product is extremely rich. A specialty of the lake are mussels, eel, dongting crab, rich fish and other precious tree, and junshan island famous tea, bamboo, phyllostachys aurea, chimonobambusa qundrangularis, solid purple bamboo, mottled bamboo, bamboo and other bamboo products, is also very wide range.湖南景点英文导游词3篇3Five jianshan national forest park is located in the xiangbei portal 1 kilometers southwest of linxiang city city, 35 kilometers from yueyang city, and only 2 hours drive from wuhan, changsha, 107 state road, beijing-zhuhai expressway, beijing-guangzhou railway, high-speed wuhan-guangzhou passenger dedicated line and the mountain. Is the back garden of the two big wuhan, changsha urban agglomeration and the radiative zone of the Yangtze river delta, the pearl river delta tourism market.Park is composed of five peaks, so named five jianshan, with a total area of 2879.89 hectares, the highest elevation of 588.1 meters, the forest coverage rate of 98.2%, is located in the subtropical north subtropical transition zone, as the Yangtze river, dongting and urban green lung, is very rich in forest resources, is the north and south of plants and animals gene pool, is a "green, leisure, culture" as the theme of the forest park. Park in history, the humanities, the natural landscape, more than 100. There arequ yuan lived "xianggong" blunt and step into a ying mountain, the three RuJiang tracing the cause plan about the battle of red cliff, emperor qianlong to board the best step ladder, and indifferent to the museum, the museum of the forest of steles, the I ching health park, city of a batch of cultural attractions, etc. Natural landscape can be seen everywhere, among them, the peach blossom brook, hope of rare arboretum, wood is home to the original forest especially representative.Exploration into the original forest, for the world's largest museum of the forest of steles, appreciation, indifferent to the museum of flood disaster, blessing to the china-south Africa's largest open-air guanyin, to I ching garden keeping in good health, to the city for the child... This is your life not to be missed. Don't need to hike, weekend, let me have a mood!。

马王堆英文介绍

Mawangdui Han TombWe all know that China has a long history of 5000 years, but how can we learn our extensive and profound history? There are two main ways. One way is by reading historical documents. The other way is by the exploring of ancient tombs. Therefore, in order to let us know more about our history, I will introduce a tomb called Mawangdui Han Tomb. First，I will give you a brief introduction of this tomb. Mawangdui Han Tomb is located in Changsha Hunan Province in the middle of China, which belongs to the Prime Minister Li Cang and his family members in Changsha State of the early Western Han Dynasty. From 1972 to 1974, archaeologists have excavated 3 tombs of Western Han Dynasty. The structure of the tomb is magnificent and complex. Coffin chamber is at the bottom of the tomb which is composed of outer coffins, inner coffins and crosser. Around and above the wooden coffin filled with charcoal and white plaster. The burial objects are very precious which contain silk manuscripts, silk painting, lacquer, traditional Chinese medicine and other things more than 3000 sets. It also unearthed a well preserved woman’s body and the earliest prescription books copied on silk- "52 sick parties".Then, let us see some details of the tomb.After cleaned up the tomb, people found the coffin. The coffin is actually a huge suite with four layers. The outermost is a solemn plainblack coffin, without any decoration. The second layer is a black lacquer coffin full of mysterious atmosphere, which paints complex cloud scrolls with golden color on a black base, and intersperses with 111 monsters or immortals. The third layer is a vermilion lacquer coffin, which depicts many auspicious patterns with green, brown, yellow and other colors on a red base. There are six dragons, three tigers, three deer, a phoenix and an immortal. Compared with other coffins, this coffin looks more magnificent. The inner coffin is a black lacquer coffin, which is decorated with silk and brocade and the owner’s body is placed in this coffin.Although the 4 layers of coffin are very exquisite, it is not the most exciting thing. When people opened the lid of the inner coffin, all archaeologists were stunned. One woman’s body unearthed from the tomb, which looked like a fresh corpse. Although it has been more than2100 years, the body is still integrity, part of joints is flexible, and soft tissue is elastic. This is not only the wonder in the archaeological history of the world, but also a miracle of human history. Later, when people dissected the woman’s body, they found some melon seeds in her gut, which revealed the real cause of her death - eating too much melon caused a variety of complications, and eventually led to angina. People discovered a seal with the inscription words -" Xinzhui", indicating that the owner's name of this tomb is Xinzhui. After the processing of computer technology, we recovered the appearance of her young age, andit is easy to find that she is a beauty.Mawangdui Tomb has never been stolen and preserved well. Therefore, a large number of cultural relics were unearthed.Now I will say something about them.Lacquer漆器The number of lacquer unearthed in Mawangdui Tomb is total about 500 sets, which have the largest quantity and best preserved of all tombs we have found until now. The decorative patterns are mostly painted in red, black, and gray-green and other colors. Most of the patterns are geometric patterns. Dragon-phoenix and grass patterns are supplementary.Silk Painting帛画Xinzhui’s inner coffin covered an exquisite painting on silk of T-type. The silk painting contains 3 parts, which respectively show us the scene of heaven, earth and underground. Some scholars think it might be made according to local traditions and customs of evocation ceremony, which hopes the deceased soul will not disappear.Textile and Clothes 纺织品和衣物Mawangdui Tomb unearthed a variety of silk and clothing that enriched the historical data of ancient Chinese textile technology. There are 15 fairly complete clothes, and 46 single roll of silk, yarn and embroidery. This clothes is called “the garment of plain silk gauze”素纱禅衣. The length of the clothes is 1.28 meters and it has long sleeves. But the weight is just 49 grams. People cannot copy a same one until today.The excavation of Mawangdui Tomb shocked the world. It not only shows us the wisdom of the ancient people, but also helps us to understand the social life of the early Western Han Dynasty, and our history。

马王堆汉墓英文讲解词

The exhibition of cultural relics from MawangduiGood morning/afternoon everyone. Welcome to the exhibition of the Han dynasty at Mawangdui in Changsha.There are three tombs at Mawangdui. They were excavated from 1972 to 1974; it marks one of the major archaeological discoveries in the twentieth century. Over 3000 cultural relics and a well-preserved female corpse were unearthed, they attracting wide attention both at home and abroad.First of all, let’s have a look at the location of Mawangdui. Mawangdui is located in the eastern of Changsha, about 4 kilometers to the center of Changsha. And this is the model of tomb pits. It is copied on the order of the excavation. But who are the owners of the tombs? Xinzhui, the female corpse is the owner of Tomb No.1, Xinzhui’s husband Licang is the owner of Tomb No.2, he is the chancellor of the prince of Changsha State, and their son is the owner of Tomb No.3.Now, we can turn back to see the scene of the Han tombs at Mawangdui. The two mounds are the Tombs No.1 and No.2. They are linked from east to west in the shape of saddle, thus Mawangdui has also been called “Ma an dui”. (Saddle mound)This is the illustration of the interruption between Tombs No.1 and No.3. The vertical line shows the sealing soil of Tomb No.3, and the parallel line shows the sealing soil of Tomb No.1. You can see, that of Tomb No.1 covered the sealing soil of Tomb No.3. This should serve as evidence that the burial date of Tomb No.1 was later than that of Tomb No.3.This is a photograph taken on the spot during excavation. Over 1000 cultural relics, such as lacquer wares, textiles, painting on silks and a well-preserved female corpse were unearthed. This is the most well preserved tomb in the three tombs. Why the tomb can be preserved so well? Because the way of the burial was very special. At the bottom of the coffin, there were 15cm deep of white filling clay. The white filling clay is a kind of kaolin clay with impurities. It is an excellent sealant，has high plasticity and low permeability. At the top of the coffin and around the coffin, there were over 5000kg (40cm deep) charcoal. It can stop the moisture into the coffin.The picture here shows excavation works in progress at Tomb No.2. This tomb had been robbed several times. Only around 200 cultural relics were left behind. This is a bamboo basket unearthed.Just now we know the burial date of Tomb No.3 was earlier than that of Tomb No.1. But what was the burial date of the Tomb No.3? We had this wooden tablet unearthed with the burial date on it.And this is a wooden spade; it was a tool for building the tomb.We all know, Mawangdui is the family graveyard of the Marquis of Dai of the Western Han dynasty. Let’s walk into the family of the Marqui s of Dai and to know some other things about them.There are three seals here unearthed from Tomb No.2. From the left to the right, the first is a bronze seal with the legend “Seal of the Marquis of Dai”, the second is a jade seal with the legend “Li Cang”, and the third is a bronze seal with the legend “Prime minister of Changsha State”. These seals should serve as evidence of Li Cang’s identity. This is a gold inlaid bronze crossbow trigger. It is one part of crossbow. It might have been used by Li Cang in the Peasant Revolution and the wars between the Chu and the Han.The owner of Tomb No.1 is Xinzhui. From this tomb, there also had a seal with the “Qie Xinzhui” unearthed. “Qie” was a self-depreciatory term that a woman in ancient times used to refer to herself when speaking to her husband. Because of this seal, we know that Li Cang’s wife named Xinzhui. Before Xinzhui’s death, she liked dressing and making up very much. All these cosmeticsare the proof of that. We can see, the first is a mirror polisher, the second is a powder puff. The third is a knife, it is used for peel nail, the fourth one is a brush, the brush is used for applying powder to the face. The fifth one is a wooden tweezers. It could be used as a hairpin, and also for shaving eyebrows. The next two are hairpins. And the last two are the boxwood combs. Especially the one on the right, it is only 5.2cm wild, but it has 74 teeth.This is a bronze mirror with dragon design and this is wig.According to the female corpse and the related materials, we had restituted the statue here. She is 38 years old, and 158cm high. Very beautiful, isn’t she?The owner of Tomb No.3 is Li Cang’s son. There were 38 weapons unearthed from Tomb No.3, the most noteworthy weapon is the crossbow. This is a kind of long-range weapon in the Han dynasty. And we can see this map of garrison. It is unlike a modern map, the south is shown at the top of this map and the north at the bottom.Then, we’ll learn some other things about the food and drink of the Marquis of Dai. Firstly, we can see some staple-food. The variety of grains of the Han dynasty is similar to that of nowadays. A total of 11 bags of rice, wheat, barley and so on unearthed from the Tombs No.1 and No.3. There are some samples of staple-food.This is a bamboo case, and these are wooden tablets. There are some characters on the tablets. In the ancient times, these tablets were originally attached to the bamboo cases. Then people could know what food was inside it. This is a painted pottery box with millet cakes, which were unearthed.Also a large number of meat products were buried in the Tombs No.1 and No.3. The things, which are displayed in this cabinet, are the animals’ bones, such as swan skeleton, duck bones, hare bones and so on.At the household of Marquis of Dai’s leisure, the also eat some fruits and vegetables. We can see some red bayberries in the third bottle. When they unearthed, their colour was fresh. One of our archaeologists was very surprised, so he picked one and had a taste of it, but it was bitter. And please look at the photo on the wall. We had a tripod unearthed, when it unearthed, it contained some slices of lotus root floating in water. But what a pity! When the slices of lotus root touched with the air, they disappeared immediately.Besides the food and drink, we also had some flavoring unearthed. This is the ginger with fermented soybeans.From Tombs No.1 and No. 3，a number of Chinese medicinal herbs and a drawing of Qigong movements were unearthed. It reflects that the household of the Marquis of Dai paid much attention to keeping in good health in daily life. This is a physical exercise chart from the Tomb No.1, we call it “drawing of Daoyin”. According to this drawing, we copied a relief sculpture here. You can see, there are 44 persons on it. Maybe, if you do this excises everyday, you can keep in good health.There were many servants in the household of the Marquis of Dai. Over 300 wooden figurines substitutes of the household servants in the afterlife. The first is a male figurine wearing a hat. One of its shoes carved with “guan ren”. He might be the head servant in the household of the Marquis of Dai, but the figurine’s clothing is a replica. These two are the maid figurines with clothings. They might be the maids of the Marquis of Dai. The third kinds are the maid figurines with carved garments. And the last kinds are the figurines with painted design. They were the lowest rank engaged.These are two bamboo fans.From the tombs, over 10 kinds of Chinese medicinal herbs were unearthed. These are thesamples. And this is a painted pottery brazier. It would have contained some medicinal herbs, they were burnt to purity the air. And the bamboo brazier netting was placed on top of the brazier.There are the funerary money buried in the tombs. They prove that the household of the Marquis of Dai lived an extravagant and wealthy life.These are the wooden figurine of dancers, singers and musicians.From the tombs, we also had some kinds of musical instruments unearthed. The first is the Se with 25 strings. It has 25 strings, each string is made up of silks, but it is only a funerary object.This is a seven-string qin. There some marks on the top surface of the Qin, they can indicate that it might have been used by the tomb owner.This is Yu, but it’s a funerary object. And these are the pitch pipes, they were turning instruments in ancient times. This is a bamboo flute, it is the earliest example of bamboo flute in China.This is a set of wooden bells, and this is a set of wooden chimes.Then, we’ll see a set of liubo chess. It was a fashionable game during the Han dynasty, but it no longer exists. A liubo chess set consists of a chessboard, 20 chess pieces, 42 counting chips, 6 black chessmen, 6 white chessmen, and an ivory scraper, a knife and a dice. The dice has eighteen sides, each is inscribed respectively with the numbers 1 to 16,and two other characters. While played, two players would alternately cast the dice and move the chessman, and then the one who obtained more chips would be the winner.Lacquer ware was one of ancient China’s great inventions. From the three tombs, over 700 pieces of lacquer wares were recovered. Next, we’ll have a look at the lacquer wares.The first one is a lacquer dish with wildcat design. We can see the design, there are 4 wildcats on it. It is a vessel for containing food.These two are the lacquer ladles with cloud design and dragon design. In this hall, except this longer ladle is a funerary object, the others were all unearthed from the tombs.This is a lacquer tray with cloud design. You can see, there are 5 small dishes and 2 cups on it. It likes the self-food in nowadays, is n’t it?These are some cups and dishes. Please look them carefully, do you see some words in the middle of them? Yes, these dishes and cups all have inscription “Jun Xing Shi”, it means, “please have food”, and these cups also have some characters “Jun Xing Jiu”, means “please drin k wine”. It can prove that people in ancient times were very polite.Goblet, is a vessel for wine drinking.This is a lacquer box. When unearthed, it contained a black lacquer gauze hat.This is a lacquer cosmetic box. We saw some cosmetics just now, some of them were put in it when unearthed.This is a pitcher, named Yi. It was a vessel used by the nobles for washing hands.This is a screen. A screen is used as a partition for dividing a room or for keeping the wind off. But it is only a funerary object.These objects are called Ji-table. Especially this Ji, it has fixed short legs and long legs. The long legs can be folded up to the underside of the table. During the Han dynasty, people used to sit on the ground and with their knees under table. When they were tired, they could put their arms on the Ji-table, so it likes the armrest of sofa in nowadays.China was the first country to engage in sericulture, silk reeling and silk weaving. The more than 100 pieces of textiles, embroideries and clothing unearthed from the tombs. These pieces clearly attest to the accomplishments in textile technology of the early Han dynasty.First, we’ll see the embroideries. A total of 50 pieces of embroider ies on clothing and other articles were unearthed from the tombs.This embroidery named “chenyun” embroidery. It with the cloud design. And there are some eyes of phoenix in the red cloud.On this embroidery, there also have some design of birds’ eyes. The bird is a symbol of long-life.This is another kind of embroidery with the tails of swallow design. Do you know swallow? It is a kind of birds.Then, you can see some other embroideries.OK, after see the embroideries, let’s go to see some clothes, which were well preserved. This is a damask g own with “Xinqi embroidery”. It is very large, please look at the photo on the wall, it was worn from body to earth.These are the shoes, the socks and the gloves.This is a gauze gown with printed and colour painted design.The most noteworthy clothes is the gauze gown in plain colour. It is 128cm overall, and the length of sleeves is 190cm, but it only weighs 49g. But you can guess how to wear this clothes? In ancient times, women worn a gown first, then covered this clothes on; the pattern of the gown would penetrate this clothes. Isn’t it fashionable? Or sexy?The manuscripts and paintings on silk, and the inscriptions on bamboo and wooden slips, were among the most prominent treasures recovered from the Han tombs at Mawangdui. Unearthed from the Tombs No.1 and No.3, there were around 40 manuscripts on silk, written in about 100,000 words. In this exhibition hall, you can see some manuscripts and paintings on silk.First, let’s have a look at this wooden slips. These three are about medicine, and so me good ways of sex.These are the manuscripts on sick.And the T-shaped painting on silk is the most important. Then let’s go to have a look at them.This is the T-shaped painting on silk from Tomb No.1. This was a banner carried in the funeral procession, and it was then laid on the innermost coffin at the burial. The painting has three sections from the top to the bottom, the heaven world, the human world and the underworld (lower world).First, we see the heaven world section . On the top of it, there is a man with snake tail, his name is candlelight dragon. He can control the whole world. When he closes his eyes, the world is night; when he opens his eyes, it is day. Maybe he is the god in your mind. On the top left corner, there is a moon, and a huge toad stand on it, you can see there is a special grass in its mouth, and it can cure all the diseases. On the toad, there is a small rabbit. And under the moon, you can see a beautiful woman, she is dancing, maybe she is the owner of the moon. On the right corner, there is a big sun with a black bird in it. You know, China was the first country to discover the sunspot. Maybe it is the symbol of the sun. Under the biggest sun, there are other 8 suns. It said, there are ten suns in the sky during the ancient times. They were on duty by terns. But why are we seeing only 9 suns here? Because the other one was on duty at that time, and the biggest one was waiting for its coming. And can you see two upside-down letters “T” at the bottom of the heaven world? The y are the gatesof the heaven world. And the two men sit on the gates are the heavenly guardians. They were waiting for the old woman Xin Zhui’s ascending. Because the ancients thought, when people died, they would rise to the heavenly world.Then we’ll se e the human world. The woman who holds a crutch is the owner of Tomb No.1. Three maids follow her, they ascending slowly to the heaven. When she was dead, her family members were offering sacrifices. And you can see, there are two dragons through a jade. Somebody thought, it was the symbol of the Marquis of Dai probably. It means, people ascending to the heaven by the dragons.At last, we’ll see the bottom of the painting, the underworld part, there is a giant was holding up the earth, and he is standing on two crossed fishes. It said, the two fishes might cause earthquake. Only the giant could control them.These are the mainly meaning of the T-shaped painting on silk. It is very beautiful, imaginable and romantic, do you think so?There is another T-shap ed painting on silk from Tomb No.3 over there. Let’s have a look at it. The content roughly resembles that from Tomb No.1，only with minor differences in composition. Of course, Xinzhui is instead of his son.OK, now please take this way, we’ll go downstair s to see the coffins and the female corpse.This is the huge outer coffin, we’ll see the whole visage of it on the second floor in a while, first, let’s go to see the innermost coffin.This is the innermost coffin, the female corpse was inside this coffin. Then put this coffin in that bigger coffin, and then put it in the biggest coffin. Around this there was another coffin, but we haven’t displayed here. And at last, put all the four innermost coffins in the huge outer coffin.OK，now let’s go to see the female corpse on the other side immediately.The female corpse of Xinzhui has found in the innermost coffin of Tomb No.1. When unearthed, it measured 154cm and it weighed 34.3kg. Do you know, this female corpse is not the mummy, because, the mummy has a mask on its face, and it has no visceral organs in the body. But the female corpse was found to remain intact and retain a certain degree of moisture. And all the organs were well preserved.An analysis of the anatomy shows that the visceral organs were well preserved. And according to pathological inspection, Xinzhui had suffered from various diseases, including a coronary heart attack, general arteriosclerosis and cholelithiasis. In her esophagus, stomach and intestines, there are 138.5 muskmelon seeds were found. This reveals that she might have died shortly after eating melon. Her sudden death was most probably caused by an acute episode of cholelithiasis, and then triggered a coronary heart attack. She died at the age of around fifty.This female corpse was preserved for over 2000 years, it is a marvel in the history of antiseptic. The excellent preservation could be attributed to the airtight sealing and the deep burial. And it created a low-temperature, anoxic and germ-free environment. In addition, the 80 liters of fluid inside the innermost coffin might have served to inhibit the action of proteolysis enzymes.OK, at last, please follow me to see the huge outer coffin on second floor.Now, you see, this is a replication of the No.1 tomb pit. It has been made according to the original size. The three coffins were put in the middle of it, and the around four boxes were put the cultural relics in it.。

马王堆汉墓英文详细版导览词

湖南主要旅游景点介绍的英译问题

来越重要。旅游资料的介绍是他们了解中国的一个重要途径。
然而，笔者通过对湖南几处著名景区（张家界、山）及其临近衡景区进行实地调查，现旅游景区的翻译工作情况不容乐观。发
不正确、不规范的翻译时有发生。本文旨在指出这些典型的错
ｐｏｅｔｇｆ．（山风景区）ｒｖｎｎｒ ” 衡ｉｉｅ
总之翻译人员和出版部门都应该认真负责译者努力提高自身的业务能力提高翻译质量出版部门严格把关使翻译出版的旅游资料尽可能代表湖南最高的翻译水平塑造良好的形象进一步促进三湘旅游业发展
第９卷第３期
２００９年６月ＪｏＩ
湖南工业职业技术学院学报
ｏＦｍＡ肿Ｕ１ＲｏＩＮｓ１－ＰＩＹ唧ＩＣ玎
ＶＬ９ № ｏ
３
Ｊｎ２ｏｕ．０９
湖南主要旅游景点介绍的英译问题
．
张广鄙
邓天文
４００）１０４
（中南林业科技大学。湖南长沙
［摘
要】目前湖南旅游景点介绍的英译不尽如人意。针对湖南主要旅游景区的调查，对其中的错误翻译提出了修改建议，通过
Байду номын сангаасＬｓｆｔｅＷｏｌｓＨｅｔｇｓｏＮＥＳＯ… … ｉｔｏｈｒｄ’ ｒａｅｆＵｉＣ
例２英语中名词单复数形式复杂，：一些译者可能由于语法知识欠缺，在翻译的过程中不加注意，在这方面出错，影响了翻译质量。例如：
“ ｅｙｎａｅｒｓｏｓｂｌｉｓｆｒｐｏｅｔｇｆｒｓｎＥｖｒｏｅｈｓｔｅｐｎｉｉｔｏｒｔｃｉｏｔａｄｈｉｅｎｅ

马王堆汉墓英文导游词怎么写

马王堆汉墓英文导游词怎么写湖南马王堆汉墓英文导游词怎么写好呢？看看我为大家准备的范文吧，希望你们喜欢我为大家准备的范文，希望你们喜欢哦。

湖南马王堆汉墓英文导游词From 1972 to early 1974, Chinese archaeological workers excavated three tombs of the Western Han Dynasty at Mawangdui and achieved tremendous results which attracted attention at home and abroad. The more than3,000 cultural relics and a well-preserved female corpse unearthed from the tombs are of great value in studying the politics, economy, military, affairs, culture, science and technology of the early Western Han period.Mawangdui is located in the eastern outskirts of Changsha, about four kilometers from the center of the city. For centuries it was said that King Mayin of Chu of the Five Dynasties period was buried here and hence the name "Mawangdui'. Formerly there were two earthen mounds closely linked together in the shape of a horse saddle, thus it also called "Maandui'. In some historical documents it was called "Erfeimu', and "Shuangnvfen'. It was said that Lady Tang, the mother of Liufa, Prince Din of Changsha in the early Han, and another imperial concubine, Lady Cheng, were buried here. Yet another record said that these were the tombs of Prince Liufa and his mother Lady Tang.The opinions about who was buried here varied widely and the truth did not come out until the excavations began in 1792. It turned out that there were three tombs at Mawangdui. The eastern mound was known as Tomb No.1, and the western mound as Tomb No.2. The third Tomb was located to the south of Tomb No.1 and covered up by the sealing soil of the latter so there was no visible trace of its existence. The three seals unearthed from Tomb No.2 "Chancellor to the prince of Changsha', "State the Marquis of the Dai', and "Licang' indicate that Mawangdui was the burial ground of Licang, chancellor to the prince of Changsha Stare and Marquis of Dai in the early Western Han dynasty, and his family. The historical records give Licangs death as occurring in the second year of the reign of Empress Dowager Liu. He occupant in Tom No.3 is believed to be his son. Unearthed form the tomb was a wooden tablet inscribed with the burial date.After careful textual research this was identified as the twelfth year of the reign of the Han emperor Wen Di. The corpse in Tomb No.1 is that of Licangs wife, whose personal name, according to an unearthed seal, was Xingzhui. A study of the stratigraphical relation of the tombs and the burial objects led to conclusion that Tomb No.1 date from about the sixth decade of the second century B.C, a little later than Tomb No.3.The three Han tombs were immense. Tomb No.1 preserved very well. Tomb No.2 the coffins were mostly rotted. Most of the funeralobjects were damaged and the corpse was totally decomposed because the tomb had been robbed in the past. The construction of Tomb No.3 remained that of Tomb No.1 but it was slightly smaller in size and there were only three steps at the mouth of the pit. There were three coffins in the wooden chamber but only a skeleton remained in the in the innermost coffin because the sealing was not tight enough. The funeral objects unearthed are abundant. There are paintings, books, maps, weapons, musical instrument, silk fabrics and so on. Both the innermost coffins of tombs No.1 and No.3 were covered by a T-shaped.Color painting on silk. The two paintings are of similar subjects. The heavenly world, human society and the nether world are depicted. The top section portrays the sun, moon, stars, a big tree of a mythic island, celestial beings, heavenly gate guards, etc. The middle section depicts a scene of the tomb occupant offering sacrifices to gods. The bottom section represents a giant standing on the back of a pair of big mythical fish, holding up the earth. Well balanced and ingeniously composed, the paintings harmoniously interweave fairy tales with reality. The artistic skill of the paintings makes them masterpieces of ancient art. Judging from the shape, content, and the positions where the paintings were placed in the tombs, we know that they were a kind of funeral banner called "Mingjing'. These banners were used in funeral ceremonies to usher the spirit up to heaven, reflecting the superstitious thinking of thefeudal rulers.马王堆汉墓女尸英文导游词Mawangdui is located in the eastern outskirts of changsha, about4km from downtown changsha,In the preceeding centuries, it was bured here, hence the name mawangduiformerly there were two eastern mounds here closely linked together.From 1972 to early 1974, chinese archacological workers unearthed three tombs of the wester han dynasty here and achieved tremendous results that attracted wide attention at home and abroad.they excavated more than 3000 cultural relied and a well-preserved female corpse from the tombs.according to seals unearthed from tomb no2chancellor to the prince to changsha,seal of the marquis of daiwe know that the mawangdui was burial ground of licang , chancellor to the prince of changsha statte and mqrquis of dai in the early western han dynasty and his family.according to the historical records , licang died in the secong year of the reign of Empress lu . the occupants in tomb no3 were believed to be his son. unearthed from the tomb was a wooden tablet with the burial bate, which readsthe first day of the second month in the twelfth year after careful textual research this was indentified as the twelfth year of reign of the han emperor wen ci . the corpse in tomb no1 is that of licang wife, whose personal name , according to an unearthed seal, wasxingzhui, a study of conclusion that tomb no1 dates from about the 6th dacade of the 2nd century B,Ca little later than tomb no3 tomb no1 is the best preserved, and most of the relies showed here were excavated from this tomb.now , i will introduce this thing to you one by one:these are figurines 162 wooden figurines were unearthed from tomb no1 and 104 form tomb no3 , they fall into threecategories:attendants, musicians and odd-jobservants. no doubt , they represent the numerous servants enslaved by the marquis of dai, which reveal the parasitic life of the family.now , pls look at these instuments, an intact zither with 25 strings, pipes composed of 22 pierced bamboo sticks and a set of pitch pipes were found in tomb no1 , in addition , a zither , a T- stringed harp, pipes and bamboo flutes were excavated from tonb no3 . strinkingly bamboo reads were found inside . the pipes found in tomb no3 , there is a silvery point on each reed, which controls the pitch, this is the material evidence of the earliest reeds , ever used in wind instruments in the world.these are weapons:they wre excavated from tomb no3, there are 38 weapons altogether, including bows a crossbow, arrows , an arrow seabbard, a weapon stand , halberds, pared with the weapon of the warring state period, the bow , the crossbow and arrowswere somewhat improved so that arrowscould travel futher, along with the garrison map. they help us to get an idea of the military situation in chansha state.we know that china is a very big agricultural state, and long long ago, when people lived in western han period , there had come into being somewhat developed cultivation and animal husbandry. look ,all these things were excavated from the tombs . the agricultural produce includes rice , wheat , barley, soybean, red peas, hemp seeds, vegetable;the animal produce includes deer , oxen, goats , sheep, pigs, bares ,chickens , fishes and even chicken eggs.well. lacquer ware, so beautiful! 184 pieces of lacquer ware were unearthed from tomb no1 and 316 pieces from tomb no3, they includ tripods vases, square vases, boxes , toilet boxes, pitchers, ladles, cups, caved cup - containers, an armreat, a screen, a game tool and a dustpam , most of them r made of a wood base coated in lacquer, and some of a bamboo or hemp base, the designs, either painted in lacquer or pasted or incised with very fine strokes, were done in smooth and graceful.lines with gorgeous color, the exquisitely wrought lacquer wares indicate the highly developed state of lacquer crafts- manship and a side light on the economic situation of the early han dynasty. now, we have seen the areound parts of the first hall, pls follow me to the central past . here you can see the silk fabrics.。

高中英语选修八(人教版)课件：Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors5.4

写作指导思路点拨素材积累实战成篇
描写一个物品,就是把某一物品的特点呈现在读者面前,使该物品给读者留下生动具体的印象,从而使读者体会到美感或者从中得到知识或启示。
物品介绍类说明文写作时应注意以下几点: 1.抓准特征,说明到位要把一件物品活生生地展现在读者眼前,需要选择物品最具特色的外形和用途来写,这样才能显出物品的独特之处。 2.层次分明,条理清晰,内容连贯在描写物品时,要采用恰当的说明顺序,从物品的外观、构造、功能等方面来分层描述,或从上到下、由里到外,或从整体到局部、由点到面。总的来说,要做到层次分明、条理清晰、内容连贯。
• 1、书籍是朋友,虽然没有热情,但是非常忠实。2022年4月19日星期二下午8时7分28秒20:07:2822.4.19 • 2、科学的灵感，决不是坐等可以等来的。如果说，科学上的发现有什么偶然的机遇的话，那么这种‘偶然的机遇’只能给那些学有素养的人，
给那些善于独立思考的人，给那些具有锲而不舍的人。2022年4月下午8时7分22.4.1920:07April 19, 2022 • 3、书籍—通过心灵观察世界的窗口.住宅里没有书,犹如房间里没有窗户。2022年4月19日星期二8时7分28秒20:07:2819 April 2022
写作指导思路点拨素材积累实战成篇
3.表现手法多样在描写过程中,可采用举例子、列数字、作比较等不同的方法, 以便让读者更好地了解所介绍的物品。
写作指导思路点拨素材积累实战成篇
常用表达: It looks like... ...be located in... ...date back to... ...measure...metres from...to... With a height of...it... It is in good condition. It may be used as/for... It is made from/of...

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

以上。在这样的发展势头下，每年外国游客的比例都在增言、文化、宗教等方面的不解、误解甚至对立，应该马上做出
长。然而，在历史文化厚重的人文景点的解说中，由于涉外改变。这就要求讲解员在翻译讲解实践中，认真研究景点
杨建慧
．
（湖南工业职业技术学院商贸旅游系，湖南长沙４１０２０８）
摘
要：湖南涉外旅游市场上，接待外国游客的英语解说词基本上是从中文解说词翻译过来的。这违背了涉外旅游翻
发展。这些问题主要包括两个方面：（１）因文化历史背景不
的境界，在推介景点的同时，将景点所承载的悠久文化发扬
同于心理契合度不一而导致文化沟通不畅，（２）因伦理道德光大。观念和历史沿袭不同而带来的宗教信仰问题。造成这些结２具体的措施果的原因既有主观因素，也有客观因素。主观上，由于解说２．１采用删减或概述的翻译方法。去掉历史文化因素的困扰人员的语言能力和文化素养不能满足需要，不能确保英语考虑到外国人对中国地理和历史知识的欠缺，有些与讲解意思的准确性、覆盖的全面性和文化历史契合的适度主题关系不大的且容易引起思维混乱的内容，我们可以考性，从而影响了理解和沟通。客观因素是，人文景点承载着虑用删减或概述的翻译方法。深厚的中国文化，中国文化文明史上有许多精华内容还未
西汉早期，距今大约２１００年，当时中国的政治、经济、文化ｆｏｒｍｅｒＭａｗａｎｇｄｕｉＴｏｗｎｓｈｉｐｉｎｔｈｅｅａｓｔｅｒｎｐａｒｔｏｆＣｈａｎｇ — 等对于外国人来说就是一团谜。外国朋友对历史背景的空ｓｈａＣｉｔｙ，ａｂｏｕｔｆｏｕｒｋｉｌｏｍｅｔｅｒｓａｗａｙｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｄｏｗｎｔｏｗｎ． ’ ’ 白直接导致对出土文物的难以理解。如果在解说中能采用外国游客对长沙的地理位置没有概念，对马王堆乡不感兴正确的指导思想，并采取恰当的策略，就能够处理好这些问趣。在译文中没有必要介绍得这么详细。在翻译时做适当题，加深游客对文物及其所承载的文化内涵的理解。的删减，只要笼统地介绍其位于长沙市的东郊，距市中心约
讲解员个人语言能力、文化素质和应变能力的欠缺，导致讲英语解说的语言特点，结合文化元素和文体特点，将翻译技解出现很多的问题，影响到景点的译介，阻碍涉外旅游业的巧和跨文化意识融合在一起。达到翻译讲解的 “ 信、达、美”
纪年方式。（４）以前进的眼光来对待“ 龙” 的文化内涵，用精妙的语言来推介龙文化。（５）选择正确视角，找对切入点，应对
宗教问题。～
关键词：马王堆汉墓；英语解说；文化；宗教；翻译方法中图分类号：Ｆ２７文献标识码：Ａ文章编号：１６７２－３１９８（２０１４）０４－００８４－０３
译应该以旅游者为取向，以旅游者文化为取向的原则，从而带来语言、文化、宗教等方面一系列的理解和沟通障碍。为此，以马王堆汉墓的英文解说为例，探讨如何采取适当的翻译策略来解决这些问题。策略如下：（１）采用删减或概述的翻译方法，去掉历史文化因素的困扰。（２）采用增译或注释法，弥补游客的历史文化空白。（３）采用国际通用的纪年方式来转换原
湖南省众多闻名中外的旅游景点对湖南的经济发展发语解说词是以中国人为取向，是在假定中国游客熟知马王挥了强大的拉动作用，湖南省政府提出５年内实现旅游强堆的历史文化背景的基础上展开的，照搬过来译成英语，这省的目标，到２０１５年，全省接待国内外游客要达到４亿人次种机械的译法显然不适合针对外国人的解说，势必带来语
Ｎｏ．０４，２０１４
现代商贸工业ＭｏｄｅｒｎＢｕｓｉｎｅｓｓＴｒａｄｅＩｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ
２０１４年第０４期
湖南人文景点英语解说问题调查与对策
— —
以马王堆汉墓英语解说为例
被充分译介，外国人对于中华文明了解还很少。．例如：
Hale Waihona Puke （１）解说首先从介绍马王堆的地理位置开始， “ 马王堆以马王堆汉墓为例，从中出土的３０００多件文物所蕴含位于长沙市东郊地区原马王堆乡，距市中心约四千米。 ” 原的文化内涵可谓是博大精深。古墓的时代背景可以追溯到译文是 “ ＴｈｅＨａｎＴｏｍｂｓｏｆＭａｗａｎｇｄｕｉａｒｅｌｏｃａｔｅｄａｔｔｈｅ