05论文写作参考
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Then make a structure for each section (dot points)
Decide what you wish to describe in each section
Place your results in a wider context Compare your results with those in the literature Then start writing Finish with a paragraph in which you tell the
Explain meaning of statistical information
*, **, ***
Make sure you use acceptable units, not ones that are “out-of-date”
SI or recommended/preferred units
mg g-1, mmol mol-1
Kelvin, K; Celcius, oC
mol m-2 s-1, nmol g-1 s-1 (and up and down by factors of thousand)
Siemens per meter, S m-1 (and up and down by factors of thousand) mmol m-2 s-1; W m-2, MJ m-2 day-1
Non-SI or discouraged / unacceptable units
Length Area Volume
Mass Time Concentrations
Temperature Transpiration, photosynthesis, respiration Electrical conductivity, electricity and magnetism Irradiance Pressure, water potential
All figures and tables require appropriate legends
Describe what is shown Do not discuss what is shown Explain abbreviations, if you use any in figures
s; also acceptable: h, day, year
mol m-3 (and up and down by factors of thousand); also acceptable: M (and up and down by factors of thousand); molc kg-1 g kg-1
millimho per centimeter, mmho cm-1 lux hPa, atmosphere
The Results
Figure 1
Describe what it shows Number figures in order of appearance in the text
Decide which figure/table comes first Decide the order of all other figures/tables Make a structure for your Results
Decide what you wish to describe Design the sections in the Results
Lindsay, D. (1984) A guide to scientific writing. Longman, Cheshire.
Begin with the Results section
Arrange your data in figures and tables
Are the data best presented as figures or as tables?
Table 1
Describe what it shows
Lead the reader through your data
From one Figure (Table) to the next
Arrange a logical flow from section to section
or table
Even when you use the same abbreviations throughout text
WUE = water-use efficiency
Explain errors bars: SE or SD; add n (number of observations)
The Introduction is next
Briefly review the literature that is relevant for your manuscript (use your Discussion as a guideline)
A bit more about the Discussion
A good researcher is excited about the results
Make sure the reader also gets excited
Explain why your work is important and exciting
Now the Materials and Methods
Once you know which data you will include, you write up all the Materials and Methods used to acquire the data
Methods
Check if your methods work (recoveries, standards) Reference, details of all modifications
Equipment, chemicals
Manufacturer, city, country
Growing conditions, treatments Species
第一章 科学与研究论文介绍
第一节 论文写作的重要性
Scientists, starting as graduate students, are measured primarily not by their dexterity in laboratory manipulation, not by their innate knowledge of either broad or narrow scientific subjects, and certainly not by their wit or charm; they are measured, and become known (or remain unknown), by their publications.
Explain what they show
Place your results in a wider context How do your data compare with those
in the literature? Finish with the “take-home-message”
done” Do not use “modified after”, but describe
the modifications Describe so that someone else can repeat
your experiments Be precise
“Room temperature” is not an accurate description
nm, mm, mm, m, km (i.e. m, and up and down by factors of thousand) nm2, mm2, mm2, m2, km2 (i.e. m, and up and down like for length) m3 (and up and down like for length); also acceptable L (and up and down by factors of thousand) g (and up and down by factors of thousand)
The structure of a scientific paper
Title, running title Authors + addresses Abstract Keywords, abbreviations Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Acknowledgments References Tables and Figures
Latin name Authority, e.g., Linnaeus (L.) Cultivar
Materials and Methods
Include all relevant details Check your chosen journal for “how it is
Pa, kPa, MPa
cm, dm, dam, hm; inch, foot, yard, mile cm2, ha / acre cm3, gallon, cubic feet
bushel, tonne min cmol kg-1
% ppm, ppb Fahrenheit mol cm-2 h-1, mol dm-2 min-1
My first visit to Beijing will always be remembered by me. (passive voice)
This rule does not mean that you should entirely discard the passive voice
Then continue with writing the Discussion
Make a structure for your Discussion
Decide what you wish to discuss Design the sections in the Discussion (dot points)
reader what are the main points (“take-homemessage”)
The Discussion
The order in the Discussion may differ from that in Results
Figure 1, TableLeabharlann Baidu1etc.
Then make a structure for each section
Decide what you wish to describe in each section
Then start writing
The style in the Results section
Write your results in the past tense Avoid double negatives
The rate of photosynthesis was not very fast.
The rate of photosynthesis was slow.
Use the active voice
I shall always remember my first visit to Beijing. (active voice)
Decide what you wish to describe in each section
Place your results in a wider context Compare your results with those in the literature Then start writing Finish with a paragraph in which you tell the
Explain meaning of statistical information
*, **, ***
Make sure you use acceptable units, not ones that are “out-of-date”
SI or recommended/preferred units
mg g-1, mmol mol-1
Kelvin, K; Celcius, oC
mol m-2 s-1, nmol g-1 s-1 (and up and down by factors of thousand)
Siemens per meter, S m-1 (and up and down by factors of thousand) mmol m-2 s-1; W m-2, MJ m-2 day-1
Non-SI or discouraged / unacceptable units
Length Area Volume
Mass Time Concentrations
Temperature Transpiration, photosynthesis, respiration Electrical conductivity, electricity and magnetism Irradiance Pressure, water potential
All figures and tables require appropriate legends
Describe what is shown Do not discuss what is shown Explain abbreviations, if you use any in figures
s; also acceptable: h, day, year
mol m-3 (and up and down by factors of thousand); also acceptable: M (and up and down by factors of thousand); molc kg-1 g kg-1
millimho per centimeter, mmho cm-1 lux hPa, atmosphere
The Results
Figure 1
Describe what it shows Number figures in order of appearance in the text
Decide which figure/table comes first Decide the order of all other figures/tables Make a structure for your Results
Decide what you wish to describe Design the sections in the Results
Lindsay, D. (1984) A guide to scientific writing. Longman, Cheshire.
Begin with the Results section
Arrange your data in figures and tables
Are the data best presented as figures or as tables?
Table 1
Describe what it shows
Lead the reader through your data
From one Figure (Table) to the next
Arrange a logical flow from section to section
or table
Even when you use the same abbreviations throughout text
WUE = water-use efficiency
Explain errors bars: SE or SD; add n (number of observations)
The Introduction is next
Briefly review the literature that is relevant for your manuscript (use your Discussion as a guideline)
A bit more about the Discussion
A good researcher is excited about the results
Make sure the reader also gets excited
Explain why your work is important and exciting
Now the Materials and Methods
Once you know which data you will include, you write up all the Materials and Methods used to acquire the data
Methods
Check if your methods work (recoveries, standards) Reference, details of all modifications
Equipment, chemicals
Manufacturer, city, country
Growing conditions, treatments Species
第一章 科学与研究论文介绍
第一节 论文写作的重要性
Scientists, starting as graduate students, are measured primarily not by their dexterity in laboratory manipulation, not by their innate knowledge of either broad or narrow scientific subjects, and certainly not by their wit or charm; they are measured, and become known (or remain unknown), by their publications.
Explain what they show
Place your results in a wider context How do your data compare with those
in the literature? Finish with the “take-home-message”
done” Do not use “modified after”, but describe
the modifications Describe so that someone else can repeat
your experiments Be precise
“Room temperature” is not an accurate description
nm, mm, mm, m, km (i.e. m, and up and down by factors of thousand) nm2, mm2, mm2, m2, km2 (i.e. m, and up and down like for length) m3 (and up and down like for length); also acceptable L (and up and down by factors of thousand) g (and up and down by factors of thousand)
The structure of a scientific paper
Title, running title Authors + addresses Abstract Keywords, abbreviations Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Acknowledgments References Tables and Figures
Latin name Authority, e.g., Linnaeus (L.) Cultivar
Materials and Methods
Include all relevant details Check your chosen journal for “how it is
Pa, kPa, MPa
cm, dm, dam, hm; inch, foot, yard, mile cm2, ha / acre cm3, gallon, cubic feet
bushel, tonne min cmol kg-1
% ppm, ppb Fahrenheit mol cm-2 h-1, mol dm-2 min-1
My first visit to Beijing will always be remembered by me. (passive voice)
This rule does not mean that you should entirely discard the passive voice
Then continue with writing the Discussion
Make a structure for your Discussion
Decide what you wish to discuss Design the sections in the Discussion (dot points)
reader what are the main points (“take-homemessage”)
The Discussion
The order in the Discussion may differ from that in Results
Figure 1, TableLeabharlann Baidu1etc.
Then make a structure for each section
Decide what you wish to describe in each section
Then start writing
The style in the Results section
Write your results in the past tense Avoid double negatives
The rate of photosynthesis was not very fast.
The rate of photosynthesis was slow.
Use the active voice
I shall always remember my first visit to Beijing. (active voice)