非谓语动词ing

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非谓语动词

动词- ing Forms

新课程标准把传统语法中的“动名词”和“现在分词”统称为动词- ing 形式。在句中可以做谓语之外的所有句子成分，包括主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。

1. 动词- ing 形式的构成

2. 动词- ing 形式短语

3. 动词- ing 形式的句法功能

4. 动词- ing 形式的时态、语态及否定式 5．动词- ing 形式的逻辑主语

1. 动词- ing 形式的构成

由动词加-ing 构成。

2. 动词- ing 形式短语

是非谓语动词的一种形式，但它仍保留动词的一些特征，可以带自己的宾语和状语，如果不定式来自连系动词，它也可以跟表语 He sat there, reading a newspaper. She stood leaning against a tree.

Being ill, he didn ’t go to school yesterday.

3. 动词- ing 形式的句法功能

A ．动词- ing 形式做主语 直接做主语

①Playing with fire is dangerous.

Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. ②用it 做形式主语

为了保持句子的平衡，避免头重脚轻，在下面一些结构中，常用it 做形式主语，而把真正的主语动词- ing 形式后置。

a. It is 后接no use/no good/fun/ a waste of 等名词。

b. It is 后接useless/good/等形容词。

It is no use trying to persuade him. It is a waste time arguing about it

B ．动词- ing 形式做表语

做表语常用来说明主语的性质、特征或具体内容。 The dinner looks inviting.

His job is delivering newspapers.

C ．动词- ing 形式做定语

做定语时，放在它所修饰的名词或代词的前面,叫前置定语；放在它所修饰的名词或代词的后面,叫后置定语。

a. 前置定语 单个v.-ing 形式做定语，一般前置。 作用有：说明被修饰的名词的用途和性能；

a smoking room , a sleeping car ,a walking stick, drinking water, drawing board, teaching method

说明被修饰的人活事物的动作或状态；

a sleeping baby, a walking dictionary, a puzzling question, boiling water

b.后置定语 做定语的动词-ing 形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰的词之后

The building being built now is a hospital.

Those wishing to join this club should sign here. A novel is a mirror walking along a main road.

D ．动词- ing 形式做宾语

可以充当部分及物动词的宾语，也可以充当介词的宾语 ①做动词宾语

You had better avoid going there.

The teacher suggested doing the experiment in another way. ②做介词的宾语

A parrot learns new words by copying what people say.

We insisted on your leaving the place before the enemy came. He has little hope of passing the examination. What about going to the park?

E．动词- ing 形式做宾语补足语

①做“致使”类动词的宾语补足语：catch / have / keep / set / leave

I am sorry to have kept you waiting for me so long.

The joke set everybody laughing.

What she has told left us thinking that she experienced much when she was young.

②做感觉心理状态类动词的宾语补足语

He saw the children playing in the yard.

I must say I don’t like to hear you talking like that.

F．动词- ing 形式做状语

可以做状语修饰谓语动词或整个句子，表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随情况等。

①表时间

相当于一个时间状语从句

While reading the book, he nodded from time to time.

Turning around, she saw a car driving up.

②表原因

一般位于句首，相当于一个原因状语从句

Being tired out, he could not walk any further.

Having lived in London for years, I almost know every place quite well.

Not knowing how to work out this maths problem, she turned to the teacher for help.

③表结果

可扩展为一个含有并列谓语的简单句。

The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable.

④表条件

相当于一个条件状语从句

Being more careful, you can make fewer mistakes.

Knowing anything about it, I will tell you all.

⑤表让步

Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.

Admitting what you say, I still think you are wrong.

⑥表行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明

一般位于句末，可以扩展为一个并列成分。

I stood by the door, not daring to say a word.

He was walking along the street, looking this way and that.

*为了使动词-ing形式做状语所表达的时间、条件、让步意思更明确，我们可在动词-ing形式前加上适当的连词（如while /when /once /although/ even if 等）。

G．动词- ing 形式做插入语

在句中作独立成分，用来表明说话人的态度

Generally speaking, the Chinese prefer tea to coffee.

Judging from this fact, he must be an honest man.

Judging from/by…从------来判断

Considering （that）…考虑到

Allowing for---- 考虑到

Taking…into consideration

Generally speaking…

Properly speaking…

Frankly speaking…坦白地讲

Concerning--- 关于---

Talking of--- 说到------

Supposing that…如果------

According to…

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