英国文学简史期末重点
英国文学史期末复习重点
英国文学史Part one: Early and Medieval English LiteratureChapter 1 The Making of England1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts.2. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar.The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years.It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain.And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.3. The English ConquestAt the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates（海盗）. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles.And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo -Saxon, or Old English.4. The Social Condition of the Anglo -SaxonTherefore, the Anglo -Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.5. Anglo -Saxon Religious Belief and Its InfluenceThe Anglo -Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century. Chapter 2 Beowulf1. Anglo -Saxon PoetryBut there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf.3. Analysis of Its ContentBeowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo -Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century.4. Features of BeowulfThe most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements.Chapter 3 Feudal England1）T he Norman Conquest2. The Norman ConquestThe French -speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England.The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.3. The Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English LanguageBy the end of the fourteenth century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was once more the dominant speech in the country.3) The Romance1. The Content of the RomanceThe most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance.4. Malory L'e sMorte D 'ArthurThe adventures of the Knights of the Round Table at Arthur 's courtChapter 5 The English Ballads2. The BalladsThe most important department of English folk literature is the ballad. A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4 -line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.Of paramount importance are the ballads of Robin Hood.3. The Robin Hood Ballads Chapter 6 Chaucer1. LifeGeoffrey Chaucer, the founder/father of English poetry.3. Troilus and CriseydeTroilus and Criseyde is Chaucer 's longest complete poem and his greatest artistic achievement. But the poet shows some sympathy for her, hitting that her fault springs from weakness rather than baseness of character.4. The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales is Chaucer 's masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.6. His LanguageChaucer 's language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact.Chaucer 's contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the “ the heroic couplet ” ) to English poetry, instead of the-SoladxAo n galolliterative verse.The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Part Two: The English RenaissanceChapter 1 Old England in Transition1. The New MonarchyThe century and a half following the death of Chaucer was full of great changes.And Henry 7, taking advantage of this situation, founded the Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy of a totally new type, which met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie and so won its support.2. The ReformationProtestantismThe bloody religious persecution came to a stop after the church settlement of Queen Elizabeth.3. The English BibleWilliam TyndallThen appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James I and so was sometimes called the King James Bible.The result is a monument of English language and English literature.The standard modern English has been fixed and confirmed.4. The Enclosure Movement5. The Commercial Expansion Chapter 2 More1. LifeThomas More2. UtopiaUtopia is More 'smasterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and Hythlody, a returned voyager.The name “ Utopia ” comes from two Greek words meaning “no place ”.3. Utopia , Book OneBook One of Utopia is a picture of contemporary England with forcible exposure of the poverty among the laboring classes.4. Utopia , Book TwoIn Book Two we have a sketch of an ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean, where property is held in common and there is no poverty.Chapter 3 The Flowering of English Literature3. Edmund Spenser1) LifeThe Poet 's Poet of the period was Edmund Spenser.In 1579 he wrote The Shepher s 'Calendar , a pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month of the year.2) The Faerie Queene (masterpiece)Spenser 's greatest worTkh, e Faerie Queene (published in 1589 -1596), is a long poem plannedin 12 books, of which he finished only 6.iambic feet Spenserian Stanza4. Francis Bacon (father/founder of English essay) the founder of English English materialistphilosophyBacon is also famous for his Essays. When it included 58 essays.Bacon is the first English essayist.Chapter 4 Drama7. The PlaywrightsThere was a group of so-called “ universitywits ”(Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash).Chapter 5 Marlowe1. LifeThe most gifted of the “ university wits ” was Christopher Marlowe.2. WorkMarlowe 's best includes three of his playsT,amburlaine , The Jew of Malta and Doctor Faustus.3. Doctor FaustusMarlowe 's masterpiece Tishe Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.5. Marlowe 's Literary AchievementMarlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama.It is Marlowe who first made blank verse (rhymeless iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama.Chapter 6 Shakespeare1. LifeWilliam Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford -on-Avon.After his death, two of his above-mentioned fellow -actors, Herminge and Condell, collected and published Shakespeare 'plasys in 1623. To this edition, which has been known as the First Folio.4. The Great ComediesA Midsummer Night s 'Dream , The Merchant of Venice , As You Like It and Twelfth Night have been called Shakespeare 's “ great comedies ”.6. The Great TragediesShakespeare created his great tragedies,Hamlet , Othello , King Lear and Macbeth .7. Hamletthe son of the Renaissance9. The Poems1) Venus and Adonis2) The Rape of Lucrece3) Shakespeare 's Sonnets10. Features of Shakespeare 's DramaShakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two greatest treasuries of the English language.Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance. Part Three: The Period of the English Bourgeois Revolution Chapter 1 The English Revolution and the Restoration5. The Bourgeois Dictatorship and the Restorationin 1688 Glorious Revolution6. The Religious Cloak of the English RevolutionPuritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during the English Revolution. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work and unceasing labour in whatever calling one happened to be, but with no extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labour.Chapter 2 Milton1. Life and WorkParadise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.2. Paradise Lost1) Paradise LostParadise Lost is Milton 's masterpiece.blank verse.Chapter 3 Bunyan1. LifeThe Pilgrim s P'rogress was published in 1678.2. The Pilgrim s P'rogress1) The Pilgrim s P'rogress is a religious allegory.Chapter 4 Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poetsa school of poets called “ Metaphysical ” by Samuel Johnson.by mysticism in content and fantasticality in formJohn Donne, the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.Chapter 6 Restoration Literature2. John DrydenThe most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period was John Dryden.Dryden was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the next century.Part Four: The Eighteenth CenturyChapter 1 The Enlightenment and Classicism in English Literature1. The Enlightenment and 18th Century England2) The Enlightenment in EuropeThe 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.3) The English EnlighternersThe representatives of the Enlightenment in English literature were Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists, and Alexander Pope, the poet.Chapter 2 Addison and Steele1. Steele and The TatlerRichard SreeleIn 1709, he started a paper, The Tatler , to enlighten, as well as to entertain, his fellow coffeehouse-goers.His appeal was made to “ coffeehouses, tha”t is to say, to the middle classes, for whose enlightenment he stood up.“ Issac Bickerstaff ”2. Addison and The SpectatorThe general purpose is “ to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality.They ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.Chapter 3 Pope1. LifeAlexander Pope, the most important English poet in the first half of the 18th century.3. Workmanship and LimitationPope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century.Pope is the most important representative of the English classical poery.But he lacker the lyrical gift.Chapter 4 Swift3. Bickersta f f Almanac (1708)Swift wrote his greatest work Gulliver s T'ravels in Ireland.Chapter 5 Defoe and the Rise of the English Novel1. The Rise of the English Novelthe realistic novel: Defoe, Swift, Richardson and FieldingSwift 's wo-rfldamous novel Gulliver s T'ravelsDefoe 'Rsobinson Crusoe (the forerunner of the English realistic novel)Richardson: Pamela , Clarissa and Sir Charles GrandisonFielding was the real founder of the realistic novel in England.The novel of this period … spoke the truth about life with an uncompromising courage.novelists of this period understood that “the job of a novelist was to tell the truth about life as hesaw it. ” (Ibid.) This explains the achievement of the English novel in the 18th century.4. Robinson Crusoe1) Today Defoe is chiefly remembered as the author of Robinson Crusoe, his masterpiece.Chapter 6 RichardsonSamuel RichardsonPamela was, in fact, the first English psycho -analytical novel.After Pamela, Richardson wrote two other novels: Clarissa Harlowe and Sir Charles Grandison.Clarissa is the best of Richardson 's novel.Chapter 7 Fielding (the father of English novel)1. LifeHis first novel Joseph Andrews was published in 1742.His Jonathan Wild appeared in 1743. It is a powerful political satire.In 1749, he finished his great novel Tom Jones.Amelia was his last novel. It is inferior to Tom Jones, but has merits of its own.3. Joseph Andrews4. Tom Jones 1) The StoryFielding 's greatest worTk hise History of Tom Jones , a Foundling .6. Summary2) Fielding as the Founder of the English Realistic NovelAs a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary creation.He has been rightly called the “ father of the English novel. ”Chapter 10 Johnson1. LifeSamuel Johnson, lexicographer, critic and poet.2. Johnson D'ictsionaryIn 1755 his Dictionary was published.His Dictionary also marked the end of English writers 'reliance on the patronage of noblemenfor support.Chapter 13 Sentimentalism and Pre -Romanticism in Poetry1. LifeThomas Gray2. Pre-RomanticismIn the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival.Pre-Romanticism was ushered in by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns. Chapter 14 Blake1. LifeWilliam Blake2. Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience4. Blake 's Position in English LiteratureFor these reasons, Blake is called a Pre -Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century. Chapter 15 Burns1. LifeHis Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect were printed. (masterpiece)The Scots Musical Museum and Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs2. The Poetry of Burns1) Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.3. Features of Burns 'PoetryBurns is the national poet of Scotland.becausePart Five: Romanticism in EnglandChapter 1 The Romantic Periodthe Industrial Revolution the French RevolutionAmid these social conflicts romanticism arose as a new literary trend. It prevailed in England during the period 1798 -1832.These were the elder generation of romanticists, sometimes called escapist romanticists, including Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who have also been called the Lake Poets.Active romanticists represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.The general feature of the works of the romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a revolt against or an escape from the prosaic, sordid daily life, the “ prison of the actual ” under capitalism.Poetry, of course, is the best medium to express all these sentiments.The only great novelist in this period was Walter Scott.Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it. Chapter 2 Wordsworth ColeridgeIn 1798 they jointly published the Lyrical Ballads .The publication of the Lyrical Ballads marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, i.e., with classicism, and the beginning of Romantic revival in England.The Preface of the Lyrical Ballads served as the manifesto of the English Romantic Movement in poetry. Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned as the“ Lake Poets they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England.His deep love for nature runs through such short lyrics as Lines Written in Early Spring , To the Cuckoo, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud , My Heart Leaps Up , Intimations of Immortality and Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey. The last is called his “ lyricalhymn of thanks to nature ”.Wordsworth 's poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language. Chapter 3 Coleridge and Southey1. ColeridgeColeridge 's best poeTmhse, Rime of the Ancient Mariner .Chapter 4 Byron1. LifeChilde Harold s P 'ilgrimageHe finished Childe Harold , wrote his masterpiece Don Juan.2. Childe Harold s P 'ilgrimage This long poem contains four cantos. It is written in the Soenserian stanza.3. Don Juan Byron remains one of the most popular English poets both at home and abroad.Chapter 5 Shelley4. Promethus UnboundShelley 's masterpiecePrisomethus Unbound, a lyrical drama in 4 acts.6. Lyrics on Nature and LoveOde to the West WindChapter 6 Keats2. Long PoemsKeats wrote five long poems: Endymion , Isabella , The Eve of St. Agnes, Lamia and Hyperion .5) The unfinished long epic Hyperion has been regarded as Keat 's greatest achievement in poetry.3. Short Poems1) His leading principle is: “ Beauty in truth, truth in beauty. ”3) Ode to Autumn, Ode on Melancholy , Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode to a NightingaleChapter 10 Scott2. His Historical NovelsScott has been universally regarded as the founder and great master of the historical novel.According to the subjet-matter, the group on the history of Scotland, the group on English history and the group on the history of European countries.In fact, Scott 'litserary career marks the transition from romanticism to realism in English literature of the 19th century.Part Six: English Critical RealismChapter 2 DickensCharles Dickens critical realismDickens: Pickwick Papers , American Notes, Martin Chuzzlewit and Oliver Twist4) Dickens has often been compared Shakespeare for creative force and range of invention.and Shakespeare are the two unique popular classics that England has given to the world, and they are alike in being remembered not for one masterpiece but for creative world. ”David CopperfieldChapter 3 Thackeray2. Vanity Fair : A Novel Without a HeroVanity Fair is Thackeray 'msasterpiece. characters: Amelia Sedley and Rebecca (Becky)SharpThackeray can be placed on the same level as Dickens, as one of the greatest critical realists of 19th-century Europe.Chapter 4 Some Women Novelists1. Jane Austen (1775-1817)She herself compared her work to a fine engraving made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square.Jane Austen wrote 6 novels: Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility , Pride and Prejudice , Mansfield Park , Emma and Persuasion.2. The Bronte SistersCharlotte 's maiden attempt at prose writing, the novPerlofessor, was rejected by the publisher, but her next novel Jane Eyre, appearing in 1847, brought her fame and placed her in the ranks of the foremost English realistic writers. Emily Wutherin'g sHeniogvhetsl appeared in 1847.Anne: Agnes Grey4. George Eliot Mary Ann Evans three remarkable novels: Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner3) Silas Marner : Critical realism was the main current of English literature in the middle of the 19th century.Part Seven: Prose-Writers and Poets of the Mid and Late 19th CenturyChapter 1 Carlylethe Victorian AgeChapter 3 Tennyson the Victorian Age prose especially the novel1. Tennyson 's Life and Career Alfred Tennyson, the most important poet of the Victorian Age.In the same year (1850) he was appointed poet laureate in succession to Wordsworth. Chapter 7 Literary Trends at the End of the Century1. NaturalismNaturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the second half of the 19th century.2. Neo-Romanticism Stevenson was a representative of neo-romanticism in English literature. Treasure Island(masterpiece)3. Aestheticism Aestheticism began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. The theory of art 's sake ” was first put forward by the French poet Theophile Gautier.The two most important representatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.2) Oscar Wilde dramatistLady Windermere s 'Fan, 1893; A Woman of No Importance , 1894; An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest , 1895The Importance of Being Earnest is his masterpiece in drama.Part Eight: Twentieth Century English Literature(Modernism)Chapter 2 English Novel of Early 20th Century3. Henry JamesHe is regarded as the forerunner of the “ stream of consciousness ” literature in the 20thcenturyChapter 3 Hardy1. Life and WorkAmong his famous novels, Tess of the D 'UrbervailnliedsJude the Obscure.2. Tess of the D 'Urbervilliescharacters: Tess, Alec D 'Urbervillies and Angel ClareChapter 6 Bernard ShawChapter 8 Modernism in Poetry1. ImagismEzra PoundThe two most important English poets of the first half of 20th century are W. B. Yeats and T. S. Eliot. 2. W. B. YeatsThe Wild Swans at Coole , Michael Robartes and the Dancer , The Tower and The Winding StairT. S. Eliot has referred to Yeats as “the greates-tcpeorteatinolfyotuhreaggr e atest in this (i.e. English) language. ”3. T. S. EliotThe Waste Land (1922) is dignifying the emergence of Modernism.T. S. Eliot was a leader of the modernist movement in English poetry and a great innovator of verse technique. He profoundly influenced 20th -century English poetry between World Wars 1 and 2.Chapter 9 The Psychological FictionModernist fiction put emphasis on the description of the character p'syschological activities, sometimes has been called modern psychological fiction. One of its pioneers is wrence.1. D. H. LawrenceSons and Lovers (1913), the first of Lawrence 's important novels, is largely autobiographical.This shows the influence of Freud 's theory of psychoanalysis, especially that of thecomplex. ”The Rainbow , Women in Love and Lady Chatterley s Lo'ver3. James JoyceUlysses (1922)June 16, 1904character: Leopold BloomJames Joyce was one of the most original novelists of the 20th century.His masterpiece Ulysses has been called “a modern prose epic ”.His admirers have praised him as “ second only to Shakespeare in his mastery of the Englishlanguage. ”4. Virginia Woolf“ hig-hbrows ” the Bloomsbury GroupVirginia Wolf 's first two novTehlse, Voyage Out and Night and Day .Jacob s'Room, Mrs. Dalloway , To the Lighthouse and OrlandoPart Nine: Poets and Novelists Who Wrote both before and after the Second World War Chapter 5 E. M. ForsterEdward Morgan Forster the Bloomsbury Groupfour novels: Where Angels Fear to Tread, The Longest Journey , A Room with a View andHowards EndA Passage to India , published in 1924, is Forster 's masterpiece.In 1927, Forster published a book on the theory of fiction, Aspects of the Novel.Chapter 10 William GoldingWilliam Gerald GoldingHis first novel Lord of the FliesChapter 11 Doris LessingGolden Notebook。
英国文学简史复习资料
A SHORT HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE1. the Angles, Saxons and Jutes were three tribes from Northern Europe.2.English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement in England. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people.3.Features of Beowulf 贝奥武普: the most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration头韵.（definition）In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound. Other features of Beowulf are the use of metaphors and of understatements.4. The French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066.(the Norman Conquest)5. The Romance 罗曼司---the most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England. It was a long composition, sometimes in prose, describing the life and a adventures of a noble hero.Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table6. The Class Nature of the RomanceThe theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romance , as loyalty was the corner-stone of feudal morality, without which the whole structure of feudalism would collapse.They were composed for the noble, of the noble, and in most cases by the poets patronized by the noble.7.the Ballads 民谣The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad. A ballad is a story told in song; usually in 4-line, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.8. The Robin Hood Ballad --- the various ballads of Robin Hood are gathered into a collection called The Geste of Robin Hood.绿林好汉罗宾汉的故事9. The founder of English poetry is Geoffrey Chaucer. 乔叟The Canterbury Tales ---(1) a collection of 24 stories (2)close links---stories are closely connected to each other (3)stories into groups on different subjects -- story-tellers, from ranks, professions, religions (4)variation in form三大著名教堂：Westminster Cathedral 西敏寺大教堂Saint Pail’s Cathedral 圣保罗大教堂Canterbury Cathedral 坎特布雷大教堂10.The Renaissance and HumanismThe rise of the bourgeoisie soon showed its influence in the sphere of cultural life. The result is an intellectual movement known as the Renaissance, or, the rebirth of letters. It spang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. Two features are striking of this movement. The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. Old manuscripts were dug out. There arose a current for the study of Greek and Latin authors. While people learned to admire the Greek and Latin works as models of literary form, they caught something in spirit very different from the medieval Catholic dogma. So the love of classics was but an expression of the generation dissatisfaction at the Catholic and feudal ideas.Another feature of the Renaissance is the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.Humanism reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class. According to the humanists, both man and world are hindered onlyby external checks from infinite improvement. Man could mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks by the exercise of reason.11.Edmund Spenser 斯宾塞The poet’s poet of the period was Edmund Spenser.The Faerie Queene : nationalism, humanism , puritanismThe Faerie Queene (definition)i s written in a special verse form that consists of eight iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet(an alexandrine), with the rhyme scheme ababbcbcc. This form has since been called the Spenserian Stanza.12.Drama 戏剧: the Miracle Play 奇迹剧, The Morality Play 道德剧, The Interlude 幕间剧, The Classical Drama 古典剧12.Marlowe（马洛）’s best includes three of his plays, Tamburlaine 帖木耳(1587), The Jes of Malta马耳他的犹太人(1592), and Doctor Faustus浮士德博士(1588).13.Social significance of Marlowe’s Plays:These plays show, in various ways, the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie , its eager curiosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable, appetite for power whether that be won by military might, knowledge, or gold.In Tamburlaine, it is ambition; in Doctor Faustus, desire for knowledge; in The Jew of Malta, greed for wealth. They were typical images of the era of the primitive accumulation of capital.14.William Shakespeare莎士比亚was born on April 23, 1564, died on April 23, the anniversary of his birth, in 1616.A Chronological List of Shakespeare’s Plays: 四大悲剧Hamlet 哈姆雷特,Macbeth麦克白,Othello 奥赛罗,King Lear 李尔王.The reasons of the Melancholy（忧郁）of Hamlet: (1)he seems to understand that his mere revenge upon his uncle would in no way solve the problems that trouble and upset him.(2)he does not want to include the Britain into the chaos.(3)the crisis of humanism---the root of the murder is the political system.ton米尔顿--Paradise Lost 失乐园，Samson Agonistes 力士参孙16.Bunyan 班扬---the Pilgrim’s Progress 天路历程17.Metaphysical玄学派PoetsThe works of the Metaphysical Poets are characterized, generally speaking, by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.John DonneAnother school of poetry prevailing in the period was that of Cavalier Poets.18.The Enlightenment 启蒙运动in Europe:The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place al branches of science at the service of mankind by by connecting them with the actual needs and requirements of people.Steele and The Tatler闲话者Addison and The Spectator观察家To sum up Steele’s and Addison’s contribution to the English literature:1. Their writings afford a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie/2. They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century.3. In the hands of Addison and Steele, the English essay had completely established itself as a literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story -telling, they ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.19.Jonathan Swift 乔纳森斯威夫特---Gulliver’s Travels 格列佛游记Pamphlets on Ireland 关于爱尔兰问题的小册子--A Modest Proposal 一个温柔的建议20.Richardson--he was noted as a storyteller, letter writer and moralizer.Pamela:Pamela was a new thing in three ways,firstly,it discarded the “improbable and marvelous”accomplishments of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people. Secondly,its intention was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction. Thirdly, it described not only the sayings and doings of the characters but also their secret thoughts and feelings.22. Fielding 菲尔丁---Joseph Andrews(a parody 戏仿to Pamela)23.（约翰逊）Johnson’s Dictionary:(1)it marked an epoch in the study of the English language.(2)also marked the end of English writers’reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support.24.Sentimentalism感伤主义: it came into being as the result of a bitter discontent among the enlightened people with social reality. The representatives of Sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism, but they sensed st the same time the contradictions in the process of capitalist development. Dissatisfied with reason, which classicists appealed to, sentimentalists appealed to sentiment, “to the huamn heart.”25.Blake 布莱克----Songs of Innocence contains poems which were apparently written for children, using a language which even little babies can learn by heart, and in Songs of Experience, a much maturer work,entirely different themes are to be found, for in this collection of poems the poet drew pictures of neediness and distress and showed the sufferings of the miserable.The contrast between Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience is of great significance. It marks a progress in the poet’s outlook on life.26.Burns 彭斯peasant poet 农民诗人（前浪漫主义诗人）27.Romanticism 浪漫主义prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832. Generally speaking, the romanticists expressed the ideology and sentiment of those classes and social strata who were discontent with, and opposed to, the development of capitalism. But owing to difference in social and political attitudes, they split into two schools. Some romantic writers reflected the thinking of classes ruined by the bourgeoisie, and by way of protest against capitalist development turned to the feudal past, i.e. The “”merry Old England,”as their ideal, or “frightened by the coming of industrialism and the nightmare towns of industry, they were turning to nature of protection.”These were the elder generation of romanticists, sometimes called escapist romanticists, including Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who have also benne called the Lake Poets because they had lived in the Lake District in the northwest of England and shared acommunity of literary and social outlook in their work. Other expressed the aspirations of the classes created by capitalism and held out an ideal, though a vague one, of a future society free from oppression and exploitation. These were the younger generation of romanticists and sometimes called active romanticists represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.So the general feature if the works of the romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a revolt against or an escape from the prosaic, sordid daily life, the “prison of the actual”under capitalism. Their writings are filled with strong-willed heroes, formidable events, tragic situations, powerful conflicting passions, and exotic pictures. Sometimes they resort to symbolic methods. With the active romanticists, symbolic pictures represent a vague idea of some future society, while with the escapist romanticists, these often take on a mystic color. In contrast to the rationalism of the enlighteners and classicists in the 18th century, the romanticists paid great attention to the spiritual and emotional life of man. Nature, often personified, also plays an important role in their works. The passions of man and the beauties of nature appealed strongly to the imagination of the Romantic writer, and the glory of the lakes and mountains, the little joys or sorrows of children, the weal and woe of ordinary, uncultured peasants, the wonder of the fairy world, and the splendor of the Greek art all because the fountain-heads of the writer’s inspiration. Poetry, of course, is the best medium to express all these sentiments. In fact, all the romanticists mentioned above were poets. The Romantic Period was one of poetical revival.28.Wordsworth: in 1798 Wordsworth and Coleridge jointly published the Lyrical Ballads. The publication marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, i.e. With classicism, and the beginning of the Romantic revival in England. “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling.”His “Lucy” poems are a series of short pathetic lyrics on the theme of harmony between humanity and nature.29.Shelley 雪莱: Queen Mab 麦布女王The Revolt of Islam 伊斯兰暴动Prometheus Unbound 解放了的普罗米修斯30.Keats济慈: ode 颂Ode to Autumn, Ode on Melancholy, Ode on a Grecian Urn 古瓮颂, Ode to a Nightingale 夜莺颂An Analysis of Jane EyreThe novel is rich in poetry, symbolism and metaphor. It does not fit easily into a definite pattern, being neither a novel of "manners" in the tradition of Austen, or a straightforward Gothic Romance in the style of Mrs Radcliffe. What Charlotte Bronte did was to create a work which cleverly blends elements of the two styles, and which remains uniquely independent of them at the same time, since it addresses issues which were at the time rather controversial.The novel is written in the first person, and thus magnifies the central character - the reader enters the world of Jane Eyre and is transported through her experiences at first hand. This at once makes the work subjective, especially since we know that Charlottes Brontes own life and experiences were so closely interwoven with the heroine's. As well as this we learn only at the end of the novel that the events are being related to us ten years after the reconciliation with Rochester - thus the narrative is RETROSPECTIVE (looking back). CB is clever in blending the narrative so that at times Jane seems to be speaking as an adult with adult hindsight , while at others she she is "in the middle" of them, as a child or young woman. The indecision which is a central issue in the book, is heightened by this device. We never know, as readers, whether to be entirely trustful of Janes actions and thoughts, because we are never sure wheher she is speaking impulsively or maturely.This intensifies the readers dilemma as to what is "right" and "wrong" in the dramatic relationships which are part of JE's life. Can we believe what the heroine says, or is she deceiving herself? The novel is primarily a love story and a "romance" where wishes come true but only after trials and suffering. The supernatural has its place, as do dreams, portents and prophesies. The heroine begins poor and lonely and ends up rich and loved; the orphan finds a good family to replace the wicked one; all the basic ingredients of classic romantic fairytale are present.The romantic element is present in two forms in Jane Eyre; the "family" aspect is dealt with in the Gateshead, Lowood and Moor House episodes, which involve the exchanging of the wicked Reed family for the benevolent Rivers one; and the Love romance is dealt with in the Thornfield and Ferndean episodes. Both aspects are, of course linked and interwoven throughout the novel.There is also a strong element of realism in the novel, which, married to the romantic aspect, enhances the novel's strength.The sense of place is very strong; we are able to experience both exterior and interior settings with startling clarity throughout the story, in a series of vivid deive passages. The central characters are also realistic and their confrontations and sufferings change them in a believable way.Even the unlikely is made plausible, with a unique blend of high drama and perceptive low comedy (the attack on Mason, for instance)The more fantastic romantic aspects; the coincidences; the secrets; the supernatural occurrences, are balanced by the realism, and this is of course a major strength.The Gothic influence cannot be ignored, although CB has refined the technique considerably from the "authentic" Gothic of the 1790's. In the original genre, the heroine would typically be abductedand threatened with seduction, or worse!. There would be a lover - a respectable, well-bred young man - who would endeavor to rescue the heroine and would succeed after many trial. the seducer would be a brigand "Know that I adore Corsairs!" and he would lock the girl up in a remote castle.There was little freedom for middle class women during the period of the Gothic novel, and this was still the case in the time of CB. Marriage especially was often a bargain, whereby fortunes were secured by using the female as a pawn. A woman's value largely depended therefore on her sexual purity and she was guarded and secured as a result. Men, on the contrary, were potent and free; lovers and mistresses were common. Ironically the women who provided their services were social outcasts as a result.In Jane Eyre we see elements of the Gothic romance, in that Thornfield Hall and Rochester are described very much in the brigand/castle style BUT Jane Eyre is not abducted by R. On the contrary she chooses to go there of her own free will. AND she is clear in her determination to have Rochester as a husband. Neither is there a gentleman rescuer; St John Rivers may look like a Greek God, but he is neither kind nor benevolent; driving Jane back to Ferndean, not rescuing her from it.The trials which the hero is supposed to undergo in a Gothic romance are in fact undergone by the heroine in Jane Eyre. The bandit Rochester is only skin-deep. Underneath the brooding exterior is a sensitive soul, which a WOMAN frees. In this way we see that CB created rather a daring departure from conventional fiction, although there are still many aspects of the novel which remain true to Victorian convention.!3. The Joys of Writing (by Winston Churchill)【导读】温斯顿·丘吉尔(Winston Churchill), 英国首相、保守党领袖。
英国文学简史复习资料（整理版）
英国文学简史复习资料（整理版）第一篇：英国文学简史复习资料(整理版)I.Old English Literature & the Late Medieval Ages 贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsGeoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟1340(?)~1400 The father of English poetry.① 坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use …heroic couplet‟(双韵体)by middle English ②特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德③ 声誉之宫II The Renaissance Period A period of drama and poetry.The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival: 1.new discoveries in geography and astrology 2.the religious reformation and economic expansion 3.rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture The most famous dramatists:Christopher Marlowe William Shakespeare Ben Johnson.William Shakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616① Historical plays: Henry VI 亨利六世;Henry IV : Richard III 查理三世;Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII ②Four Comedies: 皆大欢喜;第十二夜;< A Midsummer Night‟S Dream>仲夏夜之梦;威尼斯商人③Four Tragedies: 哈姆莱特;奥赛罗;李尔王;麦克白④Shakespeare Sonnet :154Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggA sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually iniambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.⑤the comedy of errors 错中错，Titus Andronicus泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯，The Taming of the shrew 驯悍记Love's labour's lost（爱的徒劳）Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶Much ado about nothing（无事生非）The merry wives of Windsor.温莎的风流娘们King John 约翰王All's well that ends well 终成眷属Measure for measure（一报还一报）Bacon: Of Studies;Of Beauty;Of Marriage and Single Life English Bourgeois Revolution，学术的推进 III：the period of the English bourgeois ton：1608~1674Paradise Lost;Samson Agonistes(力士参孙);On the morning of Christ’s Nativity，复乐园我的失明论出版自由为英国人民声辩Bunyan: 1628~1688 ①Religionary Allegory:天路历程Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinner;the Holy War John Don: the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual,(形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）The Flea;跳蚤Forbbiding Mourning，Songs And Sonnets歌与十四行诗，emergent occasions 突变引起的诚念Hely sonnets IV The 18th Century：EnlightenmentA revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感)and accuracy The Age ofEnlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel现实主义小说)Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家 a master satirist。
英国文学简史期末考试复习要点-刘炳善版
英国文学史资料British Writers and WorksI。
Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages<Beowulf>贝奥武夫：the national epic of the Anglo—SaxonsEpic： long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated。
e。
g。
Homer's Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features：ing alliterationDefinition of alliteration： a rhetorical device， meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）Some examples on P5ing metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement： expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟1340（?)~1400（首创“双韵体"，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden)称其为“英国诗歌之父"。
代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》.)The father of English poetry。
英国文学期末重点总结
英国文学期末一.The contributions of Geoffrey Chaucer.1.The first to present a comprehensive and realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all works of life in his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales.2.Introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to replace the Old English alliterative verse the first to use heroic couplet.3.Contributed to the establishment of English as the literary language of England, based on London dialect. He raised the language to the higher literary level by writing with a polish and ease.二.The feature of humanism.1.It believed that man is the measure of all things, it stands for devotion to the humane values represented in classical literature.2.Against the medieval feudal value and blind faith in after-life, the humanists believed in man's capability of self perfection and emphasized the importance of personal worth and the joy of the present life.三.The character of Shylock.1.Shylock's demand for a pound of flesh has made him one of literature's most memorable villains, but many readers and play gores have found him a powerful and sympathetic figure.Shakespeare makes him seem more human by showing that his hatred is born of the mistreatment he has suffered in a christian society.2.At the same time, when the Merchant of Venice was created, anti-semitism prevailed in England.Traits of the stereotyped Jews:greedy, miserly, cruel, full of hatred and revenge, devoid of gentility and interests in music and poetry.3.In a word,he is a Jews usurer,mean, greedy,cunning,cruel,vengeful,merciless,a,sophist,but also a victim of racial discrimination and religious persecution.四.Metaphysical conceit.A conceit is a figure of speech which makes an unusual and sometimes elaborately sustained comparison between two dissimilar things.五.Features of Neoclassicism.1.Reason emphasized: it is inartistic to show unrestrained emotion in lit,reason,order,regularity are admired rather than fancy and imagination.2.Form is stressed rather than content: craftsmanship, balance,proportion,harmony,grace,poetic diction; "what oft was thought, but never so well expressed."(pope)3.Didactic and satirical: writer had the duty to educate as well as entertain people, satire being an effective means of correcting people's folly and weakness.4.City life and man-made object preferred: city life gives a sense of order while rural wild life, natural landscape were coarse, chaotic and disorderly.六.The character of Robinson Crusoe.A real hero, a typical 18th century English middle class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against hostile natural environment and also against human fate.七.Gulliver's Travels.1.Four travels:a. Lilliput (6-inch high people):An allegory of English politics in the early 18th century when the Whigs and Tories were fighting bitterly for the control of the country.Exposure of the corruption,political and religious strife and social vices.b.Brobdingnag,a mock utopia. The inhabitants of the country are gentle and peace,loving and ruled by a fair and merciful king; Gulliver,in contrast,seems petty,vindictive and cruel;The giants are superior the human beings both in wisdom and in humanity.c.The kingdom of Laputa, a flying island and its colonies;the so called philosophers and scientists engrossed in abstract speculation and useless experiments;containing criticism of the malpractices and false illusions about science,philosophy,history and immortality in early 18th C.d.The land of the Houyhnms,the horse are governed totally by reason and created a society perfectly ordered and peaceful the Yahoos are greedy,envious,cruel anddisgusting bruts.The Yahoos represent the worst traits in human nature,and the lowest level to which man might sink.2.The significance of this book.Gulliver's Travel is a biting satire,both humorous and critical,attacking British and European society through its description of imaginary countries.As a whole,the book is one of the most effective and devastating satires of all aspects in the English and European life......socially,politically,religiously, philosophical scientifically and morally.Caused critical controversy,often mistaken for a misanthropist.八.The significance of Tom Jones.The novel is admirable for the panoramic view of the 18th C English society;about 40 characters are portrayed from nearly all classes of society;the setting is wide-ranging and varied, shifting from the country to the city.The superb plot contruction; 18 books equally divided into 3 sections,clearly marked out by the change of scenes; classical effect of balance.九.The features of Romanticism.1.A strong reaction and protest against the bondage of rules and conventions;favored innovations in subject and form.2.Turned the nature,particularly the rural,wild landscape, for its poetic imagery and subject matter.3.Admired passion and imagination;regarded passion, imagination and originality as something crucial for true poetry.4.Interested in the ancient, the exotic,the uncivilized way of life;turned the the primitive literature for inspiration and models.5.Emphasis upon the individuality of people as against the neoclassicist s’ stress on social virtues.十.Wordsworth's Theory.In the preface the the second edition of lyrical Ballads he explained his poetic theory.It is regarded as the declaration of Romanticism.1.Good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.mon life as subject,scenes and events of everyday life,joys and sorrows of thecommon people most suitable for poetry.3.Simple language:the fresh ,living everyday speech is most suitable for poetry.4.Return the nature,nature as a teacher,the stepping stone between God and Man.十一.What's Byronic Hero?1.The Byronic Hero is an idealized but flawed character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron.2.This Byronic Hero would shoulder the burden of righting all the wrongs in the world and fight alone against any type of tyranny.十二.What's the author's opinion about marriage in Pride and Prejudice?1.We must have good judgment if we want to form good relationships in life.2.Our first impression ually wrong.Maturity is achieved through the loss of illusions.3.She regarded love and marriage as the typical theme of her novel,her ideal marriage have three elements:true love ,personal merits and money.十三.Features of Dickens' work.1.His works offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English society of his age.2.He believed in the moral self-perfection of class contradictions.There is a tendency for a reconciliation of class contradictions.3.Almost all his novels have happy endings.4.He drew a lot from the experiences of his childhood.5.As a humorist, his novel are full of humor and laughter.十四.Theme of the Vanity Fair.Selfishness and corruption of the upper classes;Showing a society which judges people on money and appearance and ignores the true virtues.十五.The character of Jane Eyre.1.Jane is intelligent,well educated,industrious,compassion:ate,and morally upright,with an independent spirit.2.A woman of high principle,religious faith self-respect and moral strength.3.Desire for independence,self-identification and self-fulfilment.4.For this Charlotte is considered a forerunner of feminism and Jane Eyre a feminist novel.十六．有特殊地位的作家1.Geoffrey Chaucer:Father of English Literature.2.William Shakespeare:The master of language.3.John Donne: Father of the Metaphysical poetry.4.John Milton：The greatest poet of 17th C.5.Three poet laureate:William Wordsworth ; Alfred Lord Tennyson ; Southey6.Daniel Defoe: Father of English novel.7.Charles Dickens: The greatest representative of critical realism.8.James Joyce: Father of stream of consciousness novel.9.Henry Fielding: Father of English realistic novel.10.William Blake: The forerunner of Romanticism.ke poets:William Wordsworth; Coleridge; Southey十七．各个时期的文学潮流1.The Anglo-Saxon period and The Anglo-Norman period: epic and romance.2.The renaissance:humanism.3.The period of revolution and restoration: metaphysical poets.4.The age of Enligtenment: neoclassicism; Gothic novel ; sentimentalism ; Pre-romantic poetry ; drama ; chivalry.5.The romantic period: lake poets ; Byronic hero ; ode6.The victorian age: critical realism; romantically and realistically; novel。
《英国文学简史》重点笔记(完整版)
英国文学简史完全版A Concise History of British LiteratureChapter 1 English Literature of Anglo-Saxon PeriodI.Introduction1. The historical background（1）Before the Germanic invasion（2）During the Germanic invasiona. immigration;b. Christianity;c. heptarchy.d. social classes structure: hide-hundred; eoldermen （lord）– thane - middle class （freemen）- lower class （slave or bondmen: theow）;e. social organization: clan or tribes.f. military Organization;g. Church function: spirit, civil service, education;h. economy: coins, trade, slavery;i. feasts and festival: Halloween, Easter; j. legal system.2. The Overview of the culture（1）The mixture of pagan and Christian spirit.（2）Literature: a. poetry: two types; b. prose: two figures.II.Beowulf.1. A general introduction.2. The content.3. The literary features.（1）the use of alliteration（2）the use of metaphors and understatements（3）the mixture of pagan and Christian elementsIII.The Old English Prose1.What is prose?2.figures（1）The Venerable Bede（2）Alfred the GreatChapter 2 English Literature of the Late Medieval Ages I.Introduction 1. The Historical Background.（1）The year 1066: Norman Conquest.（2）The social situations soon after the conquest.A. Norman nobles and serfs;B. restoration of the church.（3）The 11th century.A. the crusade and knights.B. dominance of French and Latin;（4）The 12th century.A. the centralized government;B. kings and the church （Henry II and Thomas）;（5）The 13th century.A. The legend of Robin Hood;B. Magna Carta （1215）;C. the beginning of the ParliamentD. English and Latin: official languages （the end）（6）The 14th century.a. the House of Lords and the House of Commons—conflict between the Parliament and Kings;b. the rise of towns.c. the change of Church.d. the role of women.e. the Hundred Years' War—starting.f. the development of the trade: London.g. the Black Death.h. the Peasants' Revolt—1381.i. The translation of Bible by Wycliff.（7）The 15th century.a. The Peasants Revolt （1453）b. The War of Roses between Lancasters and Yorks.c. the printing-press—William Caxton.d. the starting of Tudor Monarchy（1485）2. The Overview of Literature.（1）the stories from the Celtic lands of Wales and Brittany—great myths of the Middle Ages.（2）Geoffrye of Monmouth—Historia Regum Britanniae—King Authur. （3）Wace—Le Roman de Brut.（4）The romance.（5）the second half of the 14th century: Langland, Gawin poet, Chaucer. II.Sir Gawin and Green Knight.1. a general introduction.2. the plot.III.William Langland.1. Life2. Piers the PlowmanIV.Chaucer1. Life2. Literary Career: three periods（1）French period（2）Italian period（3）master period3. The Canterbury TalesA. The Framework;B. The General Prologue;C. The Tale Proper.4. His Contribution.（1）He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types.（2）He is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language. （3）The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.V. Popular Ballads.VI.Thomas Malory and English ProseVII.The beginning of English Drama.1. Miracle Plays.Miracle play or mystery play is a form of medieval drama that came from dramatization of the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church. It developed from the 10th to the 16th century, reaching its height in the 15th century. The simple lyric character of the early texts was enlarged by the addition of dialogue and dramatic action. Eventually the performance was moved to the churchyard and the marketplace.2. Morality Plays.A morality play is a play enforcing a moral truth or lesson by means of the speech and action of characters which are personified abstractions – figures representing vices and virtues, qualities of the human mind, or abstract conceptions in general.3. Interlude.The interlude, which grew out of the morality, was intended, as its name implies, to be used more as a filler than as the main part of an entertainment. As its best it was short, witty, simple in plot, suited for the diversion of guests at a banquet, or for the relaxation of the audience between the divisions of a serious play. It was essentially an indoors performance, and generally of an aristocratic nature.Chapter 3 English Literature in the Renaissance I.A Historical Background II. The Overview of the Literature （1485-1660）Printing press—readership—growth of middle class—trade-education for laypeople-centralization of power-intellectual life-exploration-new impetus and direction of literature.Humanism-study of the literature of classical antiquity and reformed education.Literary style-modeled on the ancients.The effect of humanism-the dissemination of the cultivated, clear, and sensible attitude of its classically educated adherents.1. poetryThe first tendency by Sidney and Spenser: ornate, florid, highly figured style.The second tendency by Donne: metaphysical style—complexity and ingenuity.The third tendency by Johnson: reaction——Classically pure and restrained style.The fourth tendency by Milton: central Christian and Biblical tradition.2. Dramaa. the native tradition and classical examples.b. the drama stands highest in popular estimation: Marlowe – Shakespeare –Jonson.3. Prosea. translation of Bible;b. More;c. Bacon.II.English poetry.1. Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard （courtly makers）（1）Wyatt: introducing sonnets.（2）Howard: introducing sonnets and writing the first blank verse.2. Sir Philip Sidney—poet, critic, prose writer（1）Life:a. English gentleman;b. brilliant and fascinating personality;c. courtier.（2）worksa. Arcadia: pastoral romance;b. Astrophel and Stella （108）: sonnet sequence to Penelope Dvereux—platonic devotion.Petrarchan conceits and original feelings-moving to creativeness—building of a narrative story; theme-love originality-act of writing.c. Defense of Poesy: an apology for imaginative literature—beginning of literary criticism.3. Edmund Spenser（1）life: Cambridge - Sidney's friend - “Areopagus” –Ireland - Westminster Abbey.（2）worksa. The Shepherds Calendar: the budding of English poetry in Renaissance.b. Amoretti and Epithalamion: sonnet sequencec. Faerie Queene:l The general end——A romantic and allegorical epic—steps to virtue.l 12 books and 12 virtues: Holiness, temperance, justice and courtesy.l Two-level function: part of the story and part of allegory （symbolic meaning）l Many allusions to classical writers.l Themes: puritanism, nationalism, humanism and Renaissance Neoclassicism—a Christian humanist.（3）Spenserian Stanza.III.English Prose1. Thomas More（1）Li fe: “Renaissance man”, scholar, statesman, theorist, prose writer, diplomat, patron of artsa. learned Greek at Canterbury College, Oxford;b. studies law at Lincoln Inn;c. Lord Chancellor;d. beheaded.（2）Utopia: the first English science fiction.Written in Latin, two parts, the second—place of nowhere.A philosophical mariner （Raphael Hythloday）tells his voyages in which he discovers a land-Utopia.a. The part one is organized as dialogue with mariner depicting his philosophy.b. The part two is a description of the island kingdom where gold and silver are worn by criminal, religious freedom is total and no one owns anything.c. the nature of the book: attacking the chief political and social evils of his time.d. the book and the Republic: an attempt to describe the Republic in a new way, but it possesses an modern character and the resemblance is in externals.e. it played a key role in the Humanist awakening of the 16th century which moved away from the Medieval otherworldliness towards Renaissancesecularism.f. the Utopia（3）the significance.a. it was the first champion of national ideas and national languages; it created a national prose, equally adapted to handling scientific and artistic material.b. a elegant Latin scholar and the father of English prose: he composed works in English, translated from Latin into English biography, wrote History of Richard III.2. Francis Bacon: writer, philosopher and statesman（1）life: Cambridge - humanism in Paris – knighted - Lord Chancellor –bribery - focusing on philosophy and literature.（2）philosophical ideas: advancement of science—people:servants and interpreters of nature—method: a child before nature—facts and observations: experimental.（3）“Essays”: 57.a. he was a master of numerous and varied styles.b. his method is to weigh and balance maters, indicating the ideal course of action and the practical one, pointing out the advantages and disadvantages of each, but leaving the reader to make the final decisions. （arguments）IV.English Drama1. A general survey.（1）Everyman marks the beginning of modern drama.（2）two influences.a. the classics: classical in form and English in content;b. native or popular drama.（3）the University Wits.2. Christopher Marlowe: greatest playwright before Shakespeare and most gifted of the Wits.（1）Life: first interested in classical poetry—then in drama.（2）Major worksa. Tamburlaine;b. The Jew of Malta;c. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.（3）The significance of his plays.V. William Shakespeare1. Life（1）1564, Stratford-on-Avon;（2）Grammar School;（3）Queen visit to Castle;（4）marriage to Anne Hathaway;（5）London, the Globe Theatre: small part and proprietor;（6）the 1st Folio, Quarto;（7）Retired, son—Hamnet; H. 1616.2. Dramatic career3. Major plays-men-centered.（1）Romeo and Juliet——tragic love and fate （2）The Merchant of Venice.Good over evil.Anti-Semitism.（3）Henry IV.National unity.Falstaff.（4）Julius CaesarRepublicanism vs. dictatorship.（5）HamletRevengeGood/evil.（6）OthelloDiabolic characterjealousygap between appearance and reality.（7）King LearFilial ingratitude（8）MacbethAmbition vs. fate.（9）Antony and Cleopatra.Passion vs. reason（10）The TempestReconciliation; reality and illusion.3. Non-dramatic poetry（1）Venus and Adonis; The Rape of Lucrece.（2）Sonnets:a. theme: fair, true, kind.b. two major parts: a handsome young man of noble birth; a lady in dark complexion.c. the form: three quatrains and a couplet.d. the rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg.VI.Ben Jonson1. life: poet, dramatist, a Latin and Greek scholar, the “literary king” （Sons of Ben）2.contribution:（1）the idea of “humour”.（2）an advocate of classical drama and a forerunner of classicism in English literature.3. Major plays（1）Everyone in His Humour—“humour”; three unities.（2）V olpone the FoxChapter 4 English Literature of the 17th Century I.A Historical BackgroundII.The Overview of the Literature （1640-1688）1. The revolution period（1）The metaphysical poets;（2）The Cavalier poets.（3）Milton: the literary and philosophical heritage of the Renaissance merged with Protestant political and moral conviction2. The restoration period.（1）The restoration of Charles II ushered in a literature characterized by reason, moderation, good taste, deft management, and simplicity. （school of Ben Jonson）（2）The ideals of impartial investigation and scientific experimentation promoted by the newly founded Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge （1662）were influential in the development of clear and simple prose as an instrument of rational communication.（3）The great philosophical and political treatises of the time emphasize rationalism.（4）The restoration drama.（5）The Age of Dryden.III.John Milton1. Life: educated at Cambridge—visiting the continent—involved into therevolution—persecuted—writing epics.2. Literary career.（1）The 1st period was up to 1641, during which time he is to be seen chiefly as a son of the humanists and Elizabethans, although his Puritanism is not absent. L'Allegre and IL Pens eroso （1632）are his early masterpieces, in which we find Milton a true offspring of the Renaissance, a scholar of exquisite taste and rare culture. Next came Comus, a masque. The greatest of early creations was Lycidas, a pastoral elegy on the death of a college mate, Edward King.（2）The second period is from 1641 to 1654, when the Puritan was in such complete ascendancy that he wrote almost no poetry. In 1641, he began a long period of pamphleteering for the puritan cause. For some 15 years, the Puritan in him alone ruled his writing. He sacrificed his poetic ambition to the call of the liberty for which Puritans were fighting.（3）The third period is from 1655 to 1671, when humanist and Puritan have been fused into an exalted entity. This period is the greatest in his literary life, epics and some famous sonnets. The three long poems are the fruit of the long contest within Milton of Renaissance tradition and his Puritan faith. They form the greatest accomplishments of any English poet except Shakespeare. In Milton alone, it would seem, Puritanism could not extinguish the lover of beauty. In these works we find humanism and Puritanism merged in magnificence.3. Major Works（1）Paradise Losta. the plot.b. characters.c. theme: justify the ways of God to man.（2）Paradise Regained.（3）Samson Agonistes.4. Features of Milton's works.（1）Milton is one of the very few truly great English writers who is also a prominent figure in politics, and who is both a great poet and an important prose writer. The two most essential things to be remembered about him are his Puritanism and his republicanism.（2）Milton wrote many different types of poetry. He is especially a great master of blank verse. He learned much from Shakespeare and first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.（3）Milton is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style noted for its dignity and polish, which is the result of his life-long classical and biblical study.（4）Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.IV.John Bunyan1. life:（1）puritan age;（2）poor family;（3）parliamentary army;（4）Baptist society, preacher;（5）prison, writing the book.2. The Pilgrim Progress（1）The allegory in dream form.（2）the plot.（3）the theme.V. Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets.1. Metaphysical PoetsThe term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to designate the works of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Pressured by the harsh, uncomfortable and curious age, the metaphysical poets sought to shatter myths and replace them with new philosophies, new sciences, new words and new poetry. They tried to break away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry, and favoured in poetry for a more colloquial language and tone, a tightness of expression and the single-minded working out of a theme or argument.2. Cavalier PoetsThe other group prevailing in this period was that of Cavalier poets. They were often courtiers who stood on the side of the king, and calledthemselves “sons” of Ben Jonson. The Cavalier poets wrote light poetry, polished and elegant, amorous and gay, but often superficial. Most of their verses were short songs, pretty madrigals, love fancies characterized by lightness of heart and of morals. Cavalier poems have the limpidity of the Elizabethan lyric without its imaginative flights. They are lighter and neater but less fresh than the Elizabethan's.VI.John Dryden.1. Life:（1）the representative of classicism in the Restoration.（2）poet, dramatist, critic, prose writer, satirist.（3）changeable in attitude.（4）Literary career—four decades.（5）Poet Laureate2. His influences.（1）He established the heroic couplet as the fashion for satiric, didactic, and descriptive poetry.（2）He developed a direct and concise prose style.（3）He developed the art of literary criticism in his essays and in the numerous prefaces to his poems.Chapter 5 English Literature of the 18th Century I.Introduction1. The Historical Background.2. The literary overview.（1）The Enlightenment.（2）The rise of English novels.When the literary historian seeks to assign to each age its favourite form of literature, he finds no difficulty in dealing with our own time. As the Middle Ages delighted in long romantic narrative poems, the Elizabethans in drama, the Englishman of the reigns of Anne and the early Georges in didactic and satirical verse, so the public of our day is enamored of the novel. Almost all types of literary production continue to appear, but whether we judge from the lists of publishers, the statistics of public libraries, or general conversation, we find abundant evidence of the enormous preponderance of this kind of literary entertainment in popular favour.（3）Neo-classicism: a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. John Dryden and Alexander Pope were major exponents of the neo-classical school.（4）Satiric literature.（5）SentimentalismII.Neo-classicism. （a general description）1. Alexander Pope（1）Life:a.Catholic family;b.ill health;c.taught himself by reading and translating;d.friend of Addison, Steele and Swift.（2）three groups of poems:e.An Essay on Criticism （manifesto of neo-classicism）;f. The Rape of Lock;g.Translation of two epics.（3）His contribution:h.the heroic couplet—finish, elegance, wit, pointedness;i.satire.（4）weakness: lack of imagination.2. Addison and Steele（1）Richard Steele: poet, playwright, essayist, publisher of newspaper. （2）Joseph Addison: studies at Oxford, secretary of state, created a literary periodical “Spectator” （with Steele, 1711）（3）Spectator Club.（4）The significance of their essays.a. Their writi ngs in “The Tatler”, and “The Spectator” provide a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.b. They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century.c. In their hands, the English essay completely established itself as aliterary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story telling, they ushered in the dawn of the modern novel.3. Samuel Johnson—poet, critic, essayist, lexicographer, editor.（1）Life:a.studies at Oxford;b.made a living by writing and translating;c.the great cham of literature.（2）works: poem （The Vanity of Human Wishes, London）; criticism （The Lives of great Poets）; preface.（3）The champion of neoclassical ideas.III.Literature of Satire: Jonathan Swift.1.Life:（1）born in Ireland;（2）studies at Trinity College;（3）worked as a secretary;（4）the chief editor of The Examiner;（5）the Dean of St. Patrick's in Dublin.2. Works: The Battle of Books, A Tale of a Tub, A Modest Proposal, Gulliver's Travels.3. Gulliver's Travels.Part I. Satire—the Whig and the Tories, Anglican Church and Catholic Church.Part II. Satire—the legal system; condemnation of war.Part III. Satire—ridiculous scientific experiment.Part IV. Satire—mankind.IV.English Novels of Realistic tradition.1. The Rise of novels.（1）Early forms: folk tale – fables – myths – epic – poetry – romances –fabliaux – novelle - imaginative nature of their material. （imaginative narrative）（2）The rise of the novela.picaresque novel in Spain and England （16th century）: Of or relating to a genre of prose fiction that originated in Spain and depicts in realistic detail the adventures of a roguish hero, often with satiric or humorous effects.b.Sidney: Arcadia.c. Addison and Steele: The Spectator.（plot and characterization and realism）（3）novel and drama （17the century）2. Daniel Defoe—novelist, poet, pamphleteer, publisher, merchant, journalist.）（1）Life:a.business career;b.writing career;c.interested in politics.（2）Robinson Cusoe.a. the story.b. the significance of the character.c. the features of his novels.d. the style of language.3. Henry Fielding—novelist.（1）Life:a.unsuccessful dramatic career;b.legal career; writing career.（2）works.（3）Tom Jones.a.the plot;b.characters: Tom, Blifil, Sophia;c.significance.（4）the theory of realism.（5）the style of language.V. Writers of Sentimentalism.1. Introduction2. Samuel Richardson—novelist, moralist （One who is unduly concerned with the morals of others.）（1）Life:a.printer book seller;b.letter writer.（2）Pamela, Virtue Rewarded.a.the storyb.the significancePamela was a new thing in these ways:a）It discarded the “improbable and marvelous” accomplishments of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people. b）Its intension was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction.c）It described not only the sayings and doings of characters but their also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.3. Oliver Goldsmith—poet and novelist.A. Life:a.born in Ireland;b.a singer and tale-teller, a life of vagabondage;c.bookseller;d.the Literary Club;e.a miserable life;f. the most lovable character in English literature.B. The Vicar of Wakefield.a.story;b.the signicance.VI.English Drama of the 18th century1. The decline of the drama2. Richard Brinsley SheridenA. life.B. works: Rivals, The School for Scandals.C. significance of his plays.a. The Rivals and The School for Scandal are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.b. In his plays, morality is the constant theme. He is much concerned with the current moral issues and lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.c. Sheridan's greatness also lies in his theatrical art. He seems to have inherited from his parents a natural ability and inborn knowledge about the theatre. His plays are the product of a dramatic genius as well as of a well-versed theatrical man.d. His plots are well-organized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues and neat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays. Chapter 6 English Literature of the Romantic Age I.Introduction1. Historical Background2. Literary Overview: RomanticismCharacteristics of Romanticism:（1）The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings（2）The creation of a world of imagination（3）The return to nature for material（4）Sympathy with the humble and glorification of the commonplace （5）Emphasis upon the expression of individual genius（6）The return to Milton and the Elizabethans for literary models （7）The interest in old stories and medieval romances（8）A sense of melancholy and loneliness（9）The rebellious spiritII.Pre-Romantics1. Robert Burns（1）Life: French Revolution（2）Features of poetrya. Burns is chiefly remembered for his songs written in the Scottish dialect.b. His poems are usually devoid of artificial ornament and have a great charm of simplicity.c. His poems are especially appreciated for their musical effect.d. His political and satirical poems are noted for his passionate love forfreedom and fiery sentiments of hatred against tyranny.（3）Significance of his poetryHis poetry marks an epoch in the history of English literature. They suggested that the spirit of the Romantic revival was embodied in this obscure ploughman. Love, humour, pathos, the response to nature –all the poetic qualities that touch the human heart are in his poems, which marked the sunrise of another day – the day of Romanticism.2. William Blake（1）life: French Revolution（2）works.l Songs of Innocencel Songs of Experience（3）featuresa. sympathy with the French Revolutionb. hatred for 18th century conformity and social institutionc. attitude of revolt against authorityd. strong protest against restrictive codes（4）his influenceBlake is often regarded as a symbolist and mystic, and he has exerted a great influence on twentieth century writers. His peculiarities of thought and imaginative vision have in many ways proved far more congenial to the 20th century than they were to the 19th.III.Romantic Poets of the first generation1. Introduction2. William Wordsworth: representative poet, chief spokesman of Romantic poetry（1）Life:a.love nature;b.Cambridge;c.tour to France;d.French revolution;e.Dorathy;f. The Lake District;g.friend of Coleridge;h.conservative after revolution.（2）works:a. the Lyrical Ballads （preface）: significanceb. The Prelude: a biographical poem.c. the other poems（3）Features of his poems.a.ThemeA constant theme of his poetry was the growth of the human spirit through the natural description with expressions of inward states of mind.b.characteristics of style.His poems are characterized by a sympathy with the poor, simple peasants, and a passionate love of nature.3. Samuel Taylor Coleridge: poet and critic（1）Life:a.Cambridge;b.friend with Southey and Wordsworth;c.taking opium.（2）works.l The fall of Robespierrel The Rime of the Ancient Marinerl Kubla Khanl Biographia Literaria（3）Biographia Literaria.（4）His criticismHe was one of the first critics to give close critical attention to language. In both poetry and criticism, his work is outstanding, but it is typical of him that his critical work is very scattered and disorganized.IV.Romantic Poets of the Second Generation.1. Introduction2. George Gordon Byron（1）Life:a.Cambridge, published poems and reviews;b.a tour of Europe and the East;c.left England;d.friend with Shelley;e.worked in Greece: national hero;f. radical and sympathetic with French Revolution.（2）Works.l Don Juanl When We Two Partedl She Walks in Beauty（3）Byronic Hero.Byron introduced into English poetry a new style of character, which as often been referred to as “Byronic Hero” of “satanic spirit”. People imagined that they saw something of Byron himself in these strange figures of rebels, pirates, and desperate adventurers.（4）Poetic style: loose, fluent and vivid3. Percy Bysshe Shelley: poet and critic（1）Life:a.aristocratic family;b.rebellious heart;c.Oxford;d.Irish national liberation Movement;e.disciple of William Godwin;f. marriage with Harriet, and Marry;g.left England and wandered in EUrope, died in Italy;h.radical and sympathetic with the French revolution;i. Friend with Byron（2）works: two types – violent reformer and wanderer （3）Characteristics of poems.a.pursuit of a better society;b.radian beauty;c. superb artistry: imagination.（4）Defense of Poetry.4. John Keats.（1）Life:a.from a poor family;b.Cockney School;c.friend with Byron and Shelley;d.attacked by the conservatives and died in Italy.（2）works.（3）Characteristics of poemsa.loved beauty;b.seeking refuge in an idealistic world of illusions and dreams. V. Novelists of the Romantic Age.1. Water Scott. Novelist and poet。
英国文学期末考试复习要点
英国文学期末考试复习要点1 .英国最早的居民：凯尔特人Celts2 .英语语言起源于盎格鲁萨克斯ANGLO-SAXON部落融合统一之后，发展于诺曼征月艮NormanConquest之后。
3 .古代文学两个分支（异教徒文学Pagan和基督文学Christian EOWULF文学地位（英国的民族史诗nationalepicof England）,人物角色（Beowulf,Grendel,Grendel'smother,Fire Dragon,Wiglef），修辞手法（头韵法alliteration,暗喻metaphor,低调陈述understatement）4 .诺曼征服人物WilliamtheConqueror,骑土Romance文学年代（中世纪14th-16TH）,《高文和绿衣骑士的故事》SirGawain andtheGreenKnight（亚瑟王传说最佳作品）mattersof Fitain。
骑士的优良传统美德P.21选段，反映的是英国的故事（忠诚loyalty）5 .威廉朗莱德WilliamLangland作品《耕者皮尔斯》PiersthePlowman（十四世纪以梦境dreamvision呈现的作品）6 .乔叟Chaucer地位（诗歌之父Fatherof EnglishPoetry）,主要作品TheCanteberryTales,文学贡献（英雄双行体HeroicCouplet,净化purifiedLONDON音dialect）,葬于西敏寺大教堂WestminsterAbbey,为此建立诗人角Poet'sCorner；《坎特伯雷故事集》主要人物（32朝圣者pilgrims）,选作P45（时间April,地点TabardInn,人物，巴斯妇人的故事WifeofBath）,抑扬五步格iambicpentameter （轻音unstressedsyllable+t音stressedsyllable7 .实行政教分离者（亨利八世HenryVIII）ReligiousReformation:TheKingbroke.托马斯摩尔ThomasMore的《乌托邦》offwiththePope.Utopia,宣扬财产property与困境poverty分离和建立理想国度idealstate。
《英国文学简史》完整版笔记
英国文学简史完全版A Concise History of British LiteratureChapter 1 English Literature of Anglo-Saxon PeriodI. Introduction1. The historical background（1）Before the Germanic invasion（2）During the Germanic invasiona. immigration;b. Christianity;c. heptarchy.d. social classes structure: hide-hundred; eoldermen （lord）– thane - middle class （freemen）- lower class （slave or bondmen: theow）;e. social organization: clan or tribes.f. military Organization;g. Church function: spirit, civil service, education;h. economy: coins, trade, slavery;i. feasts and festival: Halloween, Easter; j. legal system.2. The Overview of the culture（1）The mixture of pagan and Christian spirit.（2）Literature: a. Poetry: two types; b. prose: two figures.II. Beowulf.1. A general introduction.2. The content.3. The literary features.（1）the use of alliteration（2）the use of metaphors and understatements（3）the mixture of pagan and Christian elementsIII. The Old English Prose1. What is prose?2.figures（1）The Venerable Bede（2）Alfred the GreatChapter 2 English Literature of the Late Medieval Ages I.Introduction 1. The Historical Background.（1）The year 1066: Norman Conquest.（2）The social situations soon after the conquest.A. Norman nobles and serfs;B. restoration of the church.（3）The 11th century.A. the crusade and knights.B. dominance of French and Latin;（4）The 12th century.A. the centralized government;B. kings and the church （Henry II and Thomas）;（5）The 13th century.A. The legend of Robin Hood;B. Magna Carta （1215）;C. the beginning of the ParliamentD. English and Latin: official languages （the end）（6）The 14th century.a. the House of Lords and the House of Commons—conflict between the Parliament and Kings;b. the rise of towns.c. the change of Church.d. the role of women.e. the Hundred Years' War—starting.f. the development of the trade: London.g. the Black Death.h. the Peasants' Revolt—1381.i. The translation of Bible by Wycliffe.（7）The 15th century.a. The Peasants Revolt （1453）b. The War of Roses between Lancaster and Yorks.c. the printing-press—William Caxton.d. the starting of Tudor Monarchy（1485）2. The Overview of Literature.（1）the stories from the Celtic lands of Wales and Brittany—great myths of the Middle Ages.（2）Geoffrye of Monmouth—Historia Regum Britanniae—King Authur. （3）Wace—Le Roman de Brut.（4）The romance.（5）the second half of the 14th century: Langland, Gawin poet, Chaucer. II. Sir Gawin and Green Knight.1. A general introduction.2. The plot.III. William Langland.1. Life2. Piers the PlowmanIV. Chaucer1. Life2. Literary Career: three periods（1）French period（2）Italian period（3）master period3. The Canterbury TalesA. The Framework;B. The General Prologue;C. The Tale Proper.4. His Contribution.（1）He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types.（2）He is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language. （3）The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.V. Popular Ballads.VI. Thomas Malory and English ProseVII. The beginning of English Drama.1. Miracle Plays.Miracle play or mystery play is a form of medieval drama that came from dramatization of the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church. It developed from the 10th to the 16th century, reaching its height in the 15th century. The simple lyric character of the early texts was enlarged by the addition of dialogue and dramatic action. Eventually the performance was moved to the churchyard and the marketplace.2. Morality Plays.A morality play is a play enforcing a moral truth or lesson by means of the speech and action of characters which are personified abstractions – figures representing vices and virtues, qualities of the human mind, or abstract conceptions in general.3. Interlude.The interlude, which grew out of the morality, was intended, as its name implies, to be used more as filler than as the main part of an entertainment. As its best it was short, witty, simple in plot, suited for the diversion of guests at a banquet, or for the relaxation of the audience between the divisions of a serious play. It was essentially an indoors performance, and generally of an aristocratic nature.Chapter 3 English Literature in the Renaissance I.A Historical Background II. The Overview of the Literature （1485-1660）Printing press—readership—growth of middle class—trade-education for laypeople-centralization of power-intellectual life-exploration-new impetus and direction of literature.Humanism-study of the literature of classical antiquity and reformed education.Literary style-modeled on the ancients.The effect of humanism-the dissemination of the cultivated, clear, and sensible attitude of its classically educated adherents.1. poetryThe first tendency by Sidney and Spenser: ornate, florid, highly figured style.The second tendency by Donne: metaphysical style—complexity and ingenuity.The third tendency by Johnson: reaction——Classically pure and restrained style.The fourth tendency by Milton: central Christian and Biblical tradition.2. Dramaa. the native tradition and classical examples.b. the drama stands highest in popular estimation: Marlowe – Shakespeare –Jonson.3. Prosea. translation of Bible;b. More;c. Bacon.II. English poetry.1. Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard （courtly makers）（1）Wyatt: introducing sonnets.（2）Howard: introducing sonnets and writing the first blank verse.2. Sir Philip Sidney—poet, critic, prose writer（1）Life:a. English gentleman;b. brilliant and fascinating personality;c. courtier.（2）worksa. Arcadia: pastoral romance;b. Astrophel and Stella （108）: sonnet sequence to Penelope Dvereux—platonic devotion.Petrarchan conceits and original feelings-moving to creativeness—building of a narrative story; theme-love originality-act of writing.c. Defense of Poesy: an apology for imaginative literature—beginning of literary criticism.3. Edmund Spenser（1）life: Cambridge - Sidney's friend - “Areopagus” –Ireland - Westminster Abbey.（2）worksa. The Shepherds Calendar: the budding of English poetry in Renaissance.b. Amoretti and Epithalamion: sonnet sequencec. Faerie Queen:l The general end——A romantic and allegorical epic—steps to virtue.l 12 books and 12 virtues: Holiness, temperance, justice and courtesy.l Two-level function: part of the story and part of allegory （symbolic meaning）l Many allusions to classical writers.L Themes: puritanism, nationalism, humanism and Renaissance Neoclassicism—a Christian humanist.（3）Spenserian Stanza.III. English Prose1. Thomas More（1）Life: “Renaissance man”, scholar, statesman, theorist, prose writ er, diplomat, patron of artsa. learned Greek at Canterbury College, Oxford;b. studies law at Lincoln Inn;c. Lord Chancellor;d. beheaded.（2）Utopia: the first English science fiction.Written in Latin, two parts, the second—place of nowhere.A philosophical mariner （Raphael Hythloday）tells his voyages in which he discovers a land-Utopia.a. The part one is organized as dialogue with mariner depicting his philosophy.b. The part two is a description of the island kingdom where gold and silver are worn by criminal, religious freedom is total and no one owns anything.c. the nature of the book: attacking the chief political and social evils of his time.d. the book and the Republic: an attempt to describe the Republic in a new way, but it possesses an modern character and the resemblance is in externals.e. it played a key role in the Humanist awakening of the 16th century which moved away from the Medieval otherworldliness towards Renaissance secularism.f. the Utopia（3）the significance.a. it was the first champion of national ideas and national languages; it created a national prose, equally adapted to handling scientific and artistic material.b. a elegant Latin scholar and the father of English prose: he composed works in English, translated from Latin into English biography, wrote History of Richard III.2. Francis Bacon: writer, philosopher and statesman（1）life: Cambridge - humanism in Paris – knighted - Lord Chancellor –bribery - focusing on philosophy and literature.（2）philosophical ideas: advancement of science—people: servants and interpreters of nature—method: a child before nature—facts and observations: experimental.（3）“Essays”: 57.a. he was a master of numerous and varied styles.b. his method is to weigh and balance maters, indicating the ideal course of action and the practical one, pointing out the advantages and disadvantages of each, but leaving the reader to make the final decisions. （arguments）IV. English Drama1. A general survey.（1）Everyman marks the beginning of modern drama.（2）two influences.a. the classics: classical in form and English in content;b. native or popular drama.（3）the University Wits.2. Christopher Marlowe: greatest playwright before Shakespeare and most gifted of the Wits.（1）Life: first interested in classical poetry—then in drama.（2）Major worksa. Tamburlaine;b. The Jew of Malta;c. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.（3）The significance of his plays.V. William Shakespeare1. Life（1）1564, Stratford-on-Avon;（2）Grammar School;（3）Queen visit to Castle;（4）marriage to Anne Hathaway;（5）London, the Globe Theatre: small part and proprietor;（6）the 1st Folio, Quarto;（7）Retired, son—Hamlet; H. 1616.2. Dramatic career3. Major plays-men-centered.（1）Romeo and Juliet——tragic love and fate （2）The Merchant of Venice.Good over evil.Anti-Semitism.（3）Henry IV.National unity.Falstaff.（4）Julius CaesarRepublicanism vs. dictatorship.（5）HamletRevengeGood/evil.（6）OthelloDiabolic characterjealousygap between appearance and reality.（7）King LearFilial ingratitude（8）MacbethAmbition vs. fate.（9）Antony and Cleopatra.Passion vs. reason（10）The TempestReconciliation; reality and illusion.3. Non-dramatic poetry（1）Venus and Adonis; The Rape of Lucrece.（2）Sonnets:a. theme: fair, true, kind.b. two major parts: a handsome young man of noble birth; a lady in dark complexion.c. the form: three quatrains and a couplet.d. the rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg.VI. Ben Jonson1. life: poet, dramatist, a La tin and Greek scholar, the “literary king” （Sons of Ben）2.contribution:（1）the idea of “humor”.（2）an advocate of classical drama and a forerunner of classicism in English literature.3. Major plays（1）Everyone in His Humor—“humor”; three unities.（2）V olpone the FoxChapter 4 English Literature of the 17th CenturyI.A Historical BackgroundII. The Overview of the Literature （1640-1688）1. The revolution period（1） The metaphysical poets;（2） The Cavalier poets.（3） Milton: the literary and philosophical heritage of the Renaissance merged with Protestant political and moral conviction2. The restoration period.（1） The restoration of Charles II ushered in a literature characterized by reason, moderation, good taste, deft management, and simplicity. （school of Ben Jonson）（2） The ideals of impartial investigation and scientific experimentation promoted by the newly founded Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge （1662） were influential in the development of clear and simple prose as an instrument of rational communication.（3） The great philosophical and political treatises of the time emphasize rationalism.（4） The restoration drama.（5） The Age of Dryden.III. John Milton1. Life: educated at —visiting the continent—involved into the revolution—persecuted—writing epics.2. Literary career.（1） The 1st period was up to 1641, during which time he is to be seen chiefly as a son of the humanists and Elizabethans, although his Puritanism is not absent. L'Allegre and IL Pens eroso （1632） are his early masterpieces, in which we find Milton a true offspring of the Renaissance, a scholar of exquisite taste and rare culture. Next came Comus, a masque. The greatest of early creations was Lycidas, a pastoral elegy on the death of a college mate, Edward King.（2） The second period is from 1641 to 1654, when the Puritan was in such complete ascendancy that he wrote almost no poetry. In 1641, he began a long period of pamphleteeringfor the puritan cause. For some 15 years, the Puritan in him alone ruled his writing. He sacrificed his poetic ambition to the call of the liberty for which Puritans were fighting.（3） The third period is from 1655 to 1671, when humanist and Puritan have been fused into an exalted entity. This period is the greatest in his literary life, epics and some famous sonnets. The three long poems are the fruit of the long contest within Milton of Renaissance tradition and his Puritan faith. They form the greatest accomplishments of any English poet except Shakespeare. In alone, it would seem, Puritanism could not extinguish the lover of beauty. In these works we find humanism and Puritanism merged in magnificence.3. Major Works（1） Paradise Losta. the plot.b. characters.c. theme: justify the ways of God to man.（2） Paradise Regained.（3） Samson Agonistes.4. Features of 's works.（1） Milton is one of the very few truly great English writers who is also a prominent figure in politics, and who is both a great poet and an important prose writer. The two most essential things to be remembered about him are his Puritanism and his republicanism.（2） Milton wrote many different types of poetry. He is especially a great master of blank verse. He learned much from Shakespeare and first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.（3） Milton is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style noted for its dignity and polish, which is the result of his life-long classical and biblical study.（4） Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.IV.John Bunyan1. Life:（1） puritan age;（2） poor family;（3） parliamentary army;（4） Baptist society, preacher;（5） prison, writing the book.2. The Pilgrim Progress（1） The allegory in dream form.（2） the plot.（3） the theme.V. Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets.1. Metaphysical PoetsThe term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to designate the works of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Pressured by the harsh, uncomfortable and curious age, the metaphysical poets sought to shatter myths and replace them with new philosophies, new sciences, new words and new poetry. They tried to break away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry, and favoured in poetry for a more colloquial language and tone, a tightness of expression and the single-minded working out ofa theme or argument.2. Cavalier PoetsThe other group prevailing in this period was that of Cavalier poets. They were often courtiers who stood on the side of the king, and called themselves “sons” of Ben Jonson. The Cavalier poets wrote light poetry, polished and elegant, amorous and gay, but often superficial. Most of their verses were short songs, pretty madrigals, love fancies characterized by lightness of heart and of morals. Cavalier poems have the limpidity of the Elizabethan lyric without its imaginative flights. They are lighter and neater but less fresh than the Elizabethan's.VI. John Dryden.1. Life:（1） the representative of classicism in the Restoration.（2） poet, dramatist, critic, prose writer, satirist.（3） changeable in attitude.（4） Literary career—four decades.（5） Poet Laureate2. His influences.（1） He established the heroic couplet as the fashion for satiric, didactic, and descriptive poetry.（2） He developed a direct and concise prose style.（3） He developed the art of literary criticism in his essays and in the numerous prefaces to his poems.Chapter 5 English Literature of the 18th CenturyI. Introduction1. The Historical Background.2. The literary overview.（1） The Enlightenment.（2） The rise of English novels.When the literary historian seeks to assign to each age its favourite form of literature, he finds no difficulty in dealing with our own time. As the Middle Ages delighted in long romantic narrative poems, the Elizabethans in drama, the Englishman of the reigns of Anne and the early Georges in didactic and satirical verse, so the public of our day is enamored of the novel. Almost all types of literary production continue to appear, but whether we judge from the lists of publishers, thestatistics of public libraries, or general conversation, we find abundant evidence of the enormous preponderance of this kind of literary entertainment in popular favor.（3） Neo-classicism: a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. John Dryden and Alexander Pope were major exponents of the neo-classical school.（4） Satiric literature.（5） SentimentalismII. Neo-classicism. （a general description）1. Alexander Pope（1）Life:a. Catholic family;b. ill health;c. taught himself by reading and translating;d. friend of Addison, Steele and Swift.（2）three groups of poems:e. An Essay on Criticism （manifesto of neo-classicism）;f. The Rape of Lock;g. Translation of two epics.（3）His contribution:h. the heroic couplet—finish, elegance, wit, pointedness;i. satire.（4） weakness: lack of imagination.2. Addison and Steele（1） Richard Steele: poet, playwright, essayist, publisher of newspaper.（2） Joseph Addison: studies at Oxford, secretary of state, created a literary periodical “Spectator” （with Steele, 1711）（3） Spectator Club.（4） The significance of their essays.a. Their writings in “The Tatler”, and “The Spectator” provide a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.b. They give a true picture of the social life of in the 18th century.c. In their hands, the English essay completely established itself as a literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story telling, they ushered in the dawn of the modern novel.3. Samuel Johnson—poet, critic, essayist, lexicographer, editor.（1）Life:a. studies at ;b. made a living by writing and translating;c. the great cham of literature.（2） works: poem （The Vanity of Human Wishes, London）; criticism （The Lives of great Poets）; preface.（3） The champion of neoclassical ideas.III. Literature of Satire: Jonathan Swift.1. Life:（1）born in Ireland;（2）studies at Trinity College;（3）worked as a secretary;（4）the chief editor of The Examiner;（5）the Dean of St. Patrick's in .2. Works: The of Books, A Tale of a Tub, A Modest Proposal, Gulliver's Travels.3. Gulliver's Travels.Satire—the Whig and the Tories, Anglican Church and Catholic Church.Part II. Satire—the legal system; condemnation of war.Part III. Satire—ridiculous scientific experiment.Part IV. Satire—mankind.IV. English Novels of Realistic tradition.1. The Rise of novels.（1）Early forms: folk tale – fables – myths – epic –poetry –romances –fabliaux –novella - imaginative nature of their material. （imaginative narrative）（2）The rise of the novela. picaresque novel in Spain and England （16th century）: Of or relating to a genre of prose fiction that originated in Spain and depicts in realistic detail the adventures of a roguish hero, often with satiric or humorous effects.b. : .c. Addison and Steele: The Spectator.（plot and characterization and realism）（3） novel and drama （17the century）2. Daniel Defoe—novelist, poet, pamphleteer, publisher, merchant, journalist.）（1）Life:a. business career;b. writing career;c. interested in politics.（2） Robinson Crusoe.a. the story.b. the significance of the character.c. the features of his novels.d. the style of language.3. Henry Fielding—novelist.（1）Life:a. unsuccessful dramatic career;b. legal career; writing career. （2） works.（3） Tom Jones.a. the plot;b. characters: Tom, Blifil, Sophia;c. significance.（4） the theory of realism.（5） the style of language.V. Writers of Sentimentalism.1. Introduction2. Samuel Richardson—novelist, moralist （One who is unduly concerned with the morals of others.）（1）Life:a. printer book seller;b. letter writer.（2） Pamela, Virtue Rewarded.a. the storyb. the significancePamela was a new thing in these ways:a） It discarded th e “improbable and marvelous” accomplishments of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people.b） Its intension was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction.c） It described not only the sayings and doings of characters but their also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.3. Oliver Goldsmith—poet and novelist.A. Life:a. born in ;b. a singer and tale-teller, a life of vagabondage;c. bookseller;d. the Literary Club;e. a miserable life;f. the most lovable character in English literature.B. The Vicar of .a. story;b. the signicance.VI. English Drama of the 18th century1. The decline of the drama2. Richard Brinsley SheridenA. life.B. works: Rivals, The School for Scandals.C. significance of his plays.a. The Rivals and The School for Scandal are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.b. In his plays, morality is the constant theme. He is much concerned with the current moral issues and lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.c. 's greatness also lies in his theatrical art. He seems to have inherited from his parents a natural ability and inborn knowledge about the theatre. His plays are the product of a dramatic genius as well as of a well-versed theatrical man.d. His plots are well-organized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues and neat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays.Chapter 6 English Literature of the Romantic AgeI. Introduction1. Historical Background2. Literary Overview: RomanticismCharacteristics of Romanticism:（1） The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings（2） The creation of a world of imagination（3） The return to nature for material（4） Sympathy with the humble and glorification of the commonplace（5） Emphasis upon the expression of individual genius （6） The return to Milton and the Elizabethans for literary models（7） The interest in old stories and medieval romances （8） A sense of melancholy and loneliness（9） The rebellious spiritII. Pre-Romantics1. Robert Burns（1） Life: French Revolution（2） Features of poetrya. Burns is chiefly remembered for his songs written in the Scottish dialect.b. His poems are usually devoid of artificial ornament and have a great charm of simplicity.c. His poems are especially appreciated for their musical effect.d. His political and satirical poems are noted for his passionate love for freedom and fiery sentiments of hatred against tyranny.（3） Significance of his poetryHis poetry marks an epoch in the history of English literature. They suggested that the spirit of the Romantic revival was embodied in this obscure ploughman. Love, humor, pathos, the response to nature –all the poetic qualities that touch the human heart are in his poems, which marked the sunrise of another day – the day of Romanticism.2. William Blake（1） life: French Revolution（2） works.l Songs of Innocencel Songs of Experience（3） featuresa. sympathy with the French Revolutionb. hatred for 18th century conformity and social institutionc. attitude of revolt against authorityd. strong protest against restrictive codes（4） his influenceBlake is often regarded as a symbolist and mystic, and he has exerted a great influence on twentieth century writers. His peculiarities of thought and imaginative vision have in many ways proved far more congenial to the 20th century than they were to the 19th.III. Romantic Poets of the first generation1. Introduction2. William Wordsworth: representative poet, chief spokesman of Romantic poetry（1） Life:a. love nature;b. ;c. tour to ;d. French revolution;e. Dorathy;f. The ;g. friend of Coleridge;h. conservative after revolution.（2） works:a. the Lyrical Ballads （preface）: significanceb. The Prelude: a biographical poem.c. the other poems（3） Features of his poems.a. ThemeA constant theme of his poetry was the growth of the human spirit through the natural description with expressions of inward states of mind.b. characteristics of style.His poems are characterized by a sympathy with the poor, simple peasants, and a passionate love of nature.3. Samuel Taylor Coleridge: poet and critic（1） Life:a. ;b. friend with Southey and Wordsworth;c. taking opium.（2） works.l The fall of Robespierrel The Rime of the Ancient Marinerl Kubla Khanl Biographia Literaria（3） Biographia Literaria.（4） His criticismHe was one of the first critics to give close critical attention to language. In both poetry and criticism, his work is outstanding, but it is typical of him that his critical work is very scattered and disorganized.IV. Romantic Poets of the Second Generation.1. Introduction2. George Gordon Byron（1） Life:a. , published poems and reviews;b. a tour of and the East;c. left ;d. friend with Shelley;e. worked in : national hero;f. radical and sympathetic with French Revolution.（2） Works.l Don Juanl When We Two Partedl She Walks in Beauty（3） Byronic Hero.Byron introduced into English poetry a new style of character, which as often been referred to as “Byronic Hero” of “satanic spirit”.People imagined that they saw something of Byron himself in these strange figures of rebels, pirates, and desperate adventurers.（4） Poetic style: loose, fluent and vivid3. Percy Bysshe Shelley: poet and critic（1） Life:a. aristocratic family;b. rebellious heart;c. ;d. Irish national liberation Movement;e. disciple of William Godwin;f. marriage with Harriet, and Marry;g. left and wandered in EUrope, died in ;h. radical and sympathetic with the French revolution;i. Friend with Byron（2） works: two types – violent reformer and wanderer （3） Characteristics of poems.a. pursuit of a better society;b. radian beauty;c. superb artistry: imagination.（4） Defense of Poetry.4. John Keats.（1） Life:a. from a poor family;b. ;c. friend with Byron and Shelley;d. attacked by the conservatives and died in .（2） works.（3） Characteristics of poemsa. loved beauty;b. seeking refuge in an idealistic world of illusions and dreams.V. Novelists of the Romantic Age.1. Water Scott. Novelist and poet（1） Life:a. ;b. ;c. poem to novel;d. unsuccessful publishing firm;e. great contribution: historical novel.（2） three groups of novels。
英国文学史期末复习重点总结
English LiteratureReviewTypes of questions●Ⅰ. Choose from the given choices the correct one. (2’X15=30’)●Ⅱ. Define the following terms. (10’X3=30’)●Ⅲ. III. Answer one of the following questions. (20’X1=20’)●Ⅳ. Write no less than 100 words on one of the following topics in English. (20’X1=20’)What we’ve learned?BeowulfSir Gawain and the Green Knight●The Anglo-Saxon Period●The Anglo-Norman Period●The 14th century●The Renaissance●The 17th century●The 18th century●The 19th century●The 20th centuryGeoffrey ChaucerWilliam Shakespeare4 Johns: John Milton & John BunyanNeo-classicism; Realistic Novel; Sentimentalism，Pre-romanticismRomanticism; Critical RealismStream of ConsciousnessAnglo-Saxon 449-1066●Three pagan Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, from Denmark and northern Germany camearound 450---600 AD●England’s natinal epic:●The song of Beowulf●Alliteration is a device with certain accented words in a line beginning with the sameconsonant sound.●p3Anglo-Norman Period●1066, The Norman Conquest● the battle of Hastings● William, Duke of Normandy win● P17-18●Metrical Romance:●the culmination of the Arthurian romances●Sir Gawain and the Green KnightGeoffrey Chaucer●The Middle Class Author●“Father of English poetry”: Chaucer introduced from France the rhymedstanzas---heroic couplet.●heroic couplet: is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter.●Forerunner of English Renaissance and humanism●The founder of English realism/ The first realistic writer●first to be buried in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey●The Canterbury Tales p43-45English Renaissance(1520s---1620s) P67●Poet: Thomas Wyatt, Edmund Spenser●Thomas Wyatt was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.●Edmund Spenser: (epic) The Fairy Queen●Essayist: Francis Bacon●Playwright: Christopher Marlowe●William Shakespeare●Christopher Marlowe is the greatest o the pioneers of English drama. Hemakes blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama.f●P67-68The Renaissance and humanism●was an intellectual movement. It sprang from first in Italy in the 14th century andgradually spread all over Europe. Two features are striking. The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature of the Greek and Latin. Another feature is the keen interest in the activities of humanity.●Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.● Blank verse is a verse with unrhymed (rhymeless) iambic pentameter.● Sonnet is a fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter with a carefullypatterned rhyme scheme.William Shakespeare●Great comedies: ?●Great tragedies: ?●p71-72●Sonnet 18 p118The Merchant of Venice●Great comedies:● A Midsummer Night’s Dream●The Merchant of Venice●As You Like It●Twelfth Night●Portia’s characteristics●Shylock’s characteristics●ThemeHamlet●Great tragedies:●Hamlet●Othello●King Lear●The Tragedy of Macbeth●The image of Hamlet●The Melancholy of HamletThe 17th century●The Period of Revolution：●the Glorious Revolution in 1688●P130-131●Metaphysical poet: John Donne;●John Milton●John Bunyan●John DrydenJohn Donne and the Metaphysical Poets●Metaphysical School:●They are a school of poets at the beginning of the 17th century, with JohnDonne as the founder.●Their works are generally characterized by mysticism and obscurity in contentand fantasticality and conceit in form.●They are known for their excessive use of philosophy and deliberate show-offof their cleverness and learning.John Dryden (1631-1700)● A poet, playwright and critic●The Poet Laureate/ The Laureate●He established the heroic couplet as one of the principal English verse forms●The forerunner of the English classicism.●John Milton’s works●Paradise Lost 《失乐园》●Paradise Regain《复乐园》●Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》●It’s all based on the story of the Old Testament●of the Bible● a long epic in 12 books, written in blank verse●Paradise Lost 《失乐园》● a long epic in 12 books, written in blank verse●Image of Satan●Theme●Bunyan●The Pilgrim’s Progress● a religious allegory●The journey of a man named ChristanThe 18th Century :The Age of Enlightenmentthe age of reasonthe age of proseThe Enlightenment●The Enlightenment is a progressive intellectual movement that celebrates reason,equality, science and human ability to perfect themselves and their society. Literature of the 18th century●It is an age of prose rather than poetry.●p166●Literal trends:●Neoclassicism:●The novel:●Sentimentalism:●pre-romanticism:Addison，Steele，PopeDefoe, Fielding, Smollet, Richardson, SwiftGoldsmith, Sterne, GrayBlake, BurnsPope: authority in matters ofliterary art;made heroic coupletpopular in poem writing;master of satire and heroic coupletp1671. Neo-Classicism★Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order.-- control literary creation by fixed law and rules (order, logic, restrained emotions and accuracy)★Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.2. The 18th century novel p167-168●Daniel Defoe●Robinson Crusoe●Henry Fielding (real founder)●Tom Jones●Samuel Richardson: Pamela●Jonathan Swift (a master of satire)●Gulliver’s Travels●Play: Richard Brinsley Sheridan●The school for scandal●The significance (theme) of the novel Robinson CrusoeJonathan Swift●works:●The Battle of the Books 《书的战争》●The Tale of a Tub 《木桶的故事》●Gulliver’s Travels 《格列佛游记》●Lilliput●Brobdingnag●The flying island of Laputa●Houyhnhnms3. Sentimentalism; Pre-romanticism P169●Gothic novel●-- flourished in the last decades●-- mystery and terror——“novel of horrors”●Pre-romanticism (poem)●-- William Blake●-- Robert BurnsEnglish Romanticism●begins in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s The LyricalBallads●ends in 1832 with Walter Scott’s death.●The French Revolution and the English Industrial Revolution exert greatinfluence on English Romanticism.P1-2Romantic Literature p4●Poetry:●Lake poets●Romantic poets●(Satanic School)●●essays●Charles Lamb●novel:●Walt Scott●Jane AustenconservativeWordsworth, Coleridge, SoutheyrevolutionaryByron, Shelley, and KeatsHazlitt, De Quincey, Hunt p13227 Historical novelsGeneral Features of Romanticism● 1. An emphasis on subjectivism (feeling, imagination, intuition)● 2. A love for nature● 3. A belief in individuality and freedom● 4. The glorification of the commonplace● 5. An interest in the past, the unusual, the unfamiliar, the mysterious, thesupernatural…(imagination)● 6. A feeling of loneliness (dissatisfaction with the reality)●Romanticism is a revolt against authority and tradition.Jane Austen (1775-1817)●Pride and Prejudice (1796)●Northanger Abbey (1798) 《诺桑觉寺》●Sense and Sensibility (1811)《理智与情感》●Emma (1815) 《爱玛》●Mansfield Park 《曼斯菲尔德公园》●Persuasion 《好事多磨》●Different kinds of attitude towards marriageThe 19th century●Victorian period (1832-1902) Chartism p151●Critical Realist●Charles Dickens●William Makepeace Thackeray●Charlotte Bronte●Elizabeth Gaskell●George Eliot●poets: Tennyson, Browning, Swinburne p155●Thomas HardyCritical realism● 1. Criticize● 2. Sympathy● 3. humor and satire● 4. weaknessWilliam Makepeace Thackeray●1811-1863● A satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society●P191 Vanity Fair 《名利场》George Eliot p.211●Adam Bede 《亚当·比德》●The Mill on the Floss 《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》●Silas Marner 《织工马南传》Charlotte Bronte●The Professor 《教授》●Jane Eyre 《简·爱》●Shirley 《雪丽》●Villette 《维洛特》Emily Bronte●1818-1848●Her only novel:●Wuthering HeightsThe 20th Century●Thomas Hardy● D. H. Lawrence●Playwrights:●Oscar Wilde, “art for art’s sake”p374-376●G. B. Shaw●Stream of Consciousness novelist:●Virginia Woolf●James Joyce●The local-colored works are known as “novels of character and environment.”●1891: Tess of the D’Urbervilles 《德伯家的苔丝》●1896: Jude the Obscure 《无名的裘德》●(the last two being the most famous)Virginia Woolfa representative of the stream-of-consciousness school P.439●1925: Mrs. Dalloway 《达洛威夫人》(the 1st completely successful novel inher new style)●1927: To the Lighthouse 《到灯塔去》●1931: The Waves 《浪》James Joyce P.455●the founder of the “stream of consciousness”school of novel writing●Works:●Masterpiece: 1922: Ulysses 《尤利西斯》●1916: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 《青年艺术家的画像》D.H. Lawrence 劳伦斯 P416The White Peacock 《白孔雀》Sons and Lovers 《儿子与情人》The Rainbow 《虹》Lady Chatterlay’s Lover 《恰泰莱夫人的情人》Sons and Lovers： Oedipus ComplexHe combines psychological analysis and social criticism.George Bernard Shaw ●1892: Widower’s Houses 《鳏夫的房产》●1894: Mrs. Warren’s Profession 《华伦夫人的职业》●1912: Pygmalion 《皮格马利翁》/《卖花女》●1919: Heartbreak House 《伤心之家》●1923：Saint Joan《圣女贞德》●The Nobel Prize。
英国文学史期末总结复习重点
英国文学史Part one: Early and Medieval English LiteratureChapter 1 The Making of England1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons,a tribe of Gelts.2. In 55 ., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar.The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years.It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain.And in 410 ., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.3. The English ConquestAt the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates( 海盗). They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles.And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English.4. The Social Condition of the Anglo-SaxonTherefore, the Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribalsociety to feudalism.5. Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Its InfluenceThe Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century.Chapter 2 Beowulf1. Anglo-Saxon PoetryBut there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf.3. Analysis of Its ContentBeowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century.4. Features of BeowulfThe most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements.Chapter 3 Feudal England1) The Norman Conquest2. The Norman ConquestThe French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England.The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.3. The Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English LanguageBy the end of the fourteenth century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was once more the dominant speech in the country.3) The Romance1. The Content of the RomanceThe most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance.4. Malory ’s Le Morte D ’ArthurThe adventures of the Knights of the Round Table at Arthur ’s courtChapter 5 The English Ballads2. The BalladsThe most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the secondand fourth lines rhymed.Of paramount importance are the ballads of Robin Hood.3. The Robin Hood BalladsChapter 6 Chaucer1. LifeGeoffrey Chaucer, the founder/father of English poetry.3. Troilus and CriseydeTroilus and Criseyde is Chaucer’s longest complete poem and his greatest artistic achievement.But the poet shows some sympathy for her, hitting that her fault springsfrom weakness rather than baseness of character.4. The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales is Chaucer ’s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.6. His LanguageChaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact.Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact thathe introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especiallythe rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the “the heroic couplet ”)to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucerdid much in making dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Part Two: The English RenaissanceChapter 1 Old England in Transition1. The New MonarchyThe century and a half following the death of Chaucer was full of great changes.And Henry 7, taking advantage of this situation, founded the Tudor dynasty,a centralized monarchy of a totally new type, which met the needs of therising bourgeoisie and so won its support.2. The ReformationProtestantismThe bloody religious persecution came to a stop after the church settlementof Queen Elizabeth.3. The English BibleWilliam TyndallThen appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James I and so was sometimes called the King James Bible.The result is a monument of English language and English literature.The standard modern English has been fixed and confirmed.4. The Enclosure Movement5. The Commercial ExpansionChapter 2 More1. LifeThomas More2. UtopiaUtopia is More ’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conversationbetween More and Hythlody, a returned voyager.The name “Utopia ”comes from two Greek words meaning “no place ”.3. Utopia , Book OneBook One of Utopia is a picture of contemporary England with forcibleexposure of the poverty among the laboring classes.4. Utopia , Book TwoIn Book Twowe have a sketch of an ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean, where property is held in common and there is no poverty.Chapter 3 The Flowering of English Literature3. Edmund Spenser1) LifeThe Poet ’s Poet of the period was Edmund Spenser.In 1579 he wrote The Shepher’s Calendar, a pastoral poemin twelve books, one for each month of the year.2) The Faerie Queene (masterpiece)Spenser ’s greatest work, The Faerie Queene (published in 1589-1596), isa long poem planned in 12 books, of which he finished only 6.iambic feet Spenserian Stanza4. Francis Bacon (father/founder of English essay)the founder of English English materialist philosophyBacon is also famous for his Essays. When it included 58 essays.Bacon is the first English essayist.Chapter 4 Drama7. The PlaywrightsThere was a group of so-cal led “university wits ”(Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash).Chapter 5 Marlowe1. LifeThe most gifted of the “university wits ”was Christopher Marlowe.2. WorkMarlowe’s best includes three of his plays, Tamburlaine , The Jew of Malta and Doctor Faustus.3. Doctor FaustusMarl owe’s masterpiece is The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.5. Marlowe ’s Literary AchievementMarlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama.It is Marlowe who first made blank verse (rhymeless iambic pentameter)the principal instrument of English drama.Chapter 6 Shakespeare1. LifeWilliam Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-on-Avon.After his death, two of his above-mentioned fellow-actors, Herminge and Condell, collected and published Shakespeare ’s plays in 1623. To this edition, which has been known as the First Folio.4. The Great ComediesA Midsummer Night ’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice , As You Like It and Twelfth Night have been called Shakespeare ’s “great comedies ”.6. The Great TragediesShakespeare created his great tragedies, Hamlet, Othello , King Lear and Macbeth.7. Hamletthe son of the Renaissance9. The Poems1) Venus and Adonis2) The Rape of Lucrece3) Shakespeare’s Sonnets10. Features of Shakespeare ’s DramaShakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two greatest treasuries of the English language.Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance.Part Three: The Period of the English Bourgeois RevolutionChapter 1 The English Revolution and the Restoration5. The Bourgeois Dictatorship and the Restorationin 1688 Glorious Revolution6. The Religious Cloak of the English RevolutionPuritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisieduring the English Revolution. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work and unceasing labour in whatever calling one happened to be, but with no extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labour.Chapter 2 Milton1. Life and WorkParadise Lost , Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.2. Paradise Lost1) Paradise LostParadise Lost is Milton ’s masterpiece.blank verse.Chapter 3 Bunyan1. LifeThe Pilgrim ’s Progress was published in 1678.2. The Pilgrim ’s Progress1) The Pilgrim ’s Progress is a religious allegory.Chapter 4 Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poetsa school of poets called “Metaphysical ”by S amuel Johnson.by mysticism in content and fantasticality in formJohn Donne, the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.Chapter 6 Restoration Literature2. John DrydenThe most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period was John Dryden.Dryden was the forerunner of the English classical school of literaturein the next century.Part Four: The Eighteenth CenturyChapter 1 The Enlightenment and Classicism in English Literature1. The Enlightenment and 18th Century England2) The Enlightenment in EuropeThe 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movementin Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners foughtagainst class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.3) The English EnlighternersThe representatives of the Enlightenment in English literature were Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists, and Alexander Pope, the poet.Chapter 2 Addison and Steele1. Steele and The TatlerRichard SreeleIn 1709, he started a paper, The Tatler , to enlighten, as well as to entertain, his fellow coffeehouse-goers.His appeal was made to “coffeehouses, ”that is to say, to the middle classes, for whose enlightenment he stood up.“Issac Bickerstaff ”2. Addison and The SpectatorThe general purpose is “to enliven morality with wit, and to temper witwith morality. ”They ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.Chapter 3 Pope1. LifeAlexander Pope, the most important English poet in the first half of the18th century.3. Workmanship and LimitationPope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century.Pope is the most important representative of the English classical poery.But he lacker the lyrical gift.Chapter 4 Swift3. Bickersta f f Almanac (1708)Swift wrote his greatest work Gulliver ’s Travels in Ireland.Chapter 5 Defoe and the Rise of the English Novel1. The Rise of the English Novelthe realistic novel: Defoe, Swift, Richardson and FieldingSwift ’s world -famous novel Gulliver ’s Travel sDefoe’s Robinson Crusoe (the forerunner of the English realistic novel) Richardson: Pamela, Clarissa and Sir Charles GrandisonFielding was the real founder of the realistic novel in England.The novel of this period ⋯spoke the truth about life with an uncompromising courage. ”The novelists of this period understood that “the job of a novelist was to tell the truth about life as he saw it. ”(Ibid.)This explains the achievement of the English novel in the 18th century.4. Robinson Crusoe1) Today Defoe is chiefly remembered as the author of Robinson Crusoe, his masterpiece.Chapter 6 RichardsonSamuel RichardsonPamela was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.After Pamela, Richardson wrote two other novels: Clarissa Harlowe and Sir Charles Grandison .Clarissa is the best of Richardson ’s novel.Chapter 7 Fielding (the father of English novel)1. LifeHis first novel Joseph Andrews was published in 1742.His Jonathan Wild appeared in 1743. It is a powerful political satire.In 1749, he finished his great novel Tom Jones.Amelia was his last novel. It is inferior to Tom Jones, but has meritsof its own.3. Joseph Andrews4. Tom Jones1) The StoryFielding ’s greatest work is The History of Tom Jones , a Foundling . 6. Summary2) Fielding as the Founder of the English Realistic NovelAs a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary creation.He has been rightly called the “father of t he English novel. ”Chapter 10 Johnson1. LifeSamuel Johnson, lexicographer, critic and poet.2. Johnson ’s DictionaryIn 1755 his Dictionary was published.His Dictionary also marked the end of English writers ’reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support.Chapter 13 Sentimentalism and Pre-Romanticism in Poetry1. LifeThomas Gray2. Pre-RomanticismIn the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival.Pre-Romanticism was ushered in by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns.Chapter 14 Blake1. LifeWilliam Blake2. Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience4. Blake ’s Position in English LiteratureFor these reasons, Blake is called a Pre-Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century.Chapter 15 Burns1. LifeHis Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect were printed. (masterpiece)The Scots Musical Museum and Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs 2. The Poetry of Burns1) Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialecton a variety of subjects.3. Features of Burns ’PoetryBurns is the national poet of Scotland.Part Five: Romanticism in EnglandChapter 1 The Romantic Periodthe Industrial Revolution the French RevolutionAmid these social conflicts romanticism arose as a new literary trend.It prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832.These were the elder generation of romanticists, sometimes called escapist romanticists, including Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who have alsobeen called the Lake Poets.Active romanticists represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.The general feature of the works of the romanticists is a dissatisfactionwith the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a revolt against oran escape from the prosaic, sordid daily life, the “prison of the actual ”under capitalism.Poetry, of course, is the best medium to express all these sentiments.The only great novelist in this period was Walter Scott.Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it.Chapter 2 WordsworthColeridgeIn 1798 they jointly published the Lyrical Ballads .The publication of the Lyrical Ballads marked the break with theconventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, ., with classicism,and the beginning of Romantic revival in England.The Preface of the Lyrical Ballads served as the manifesto of the English Romantic Movement in poetry.Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets”because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern partof England.His deep love for nature runs through such short lyrics as Lines Writtenin Early Spring , To the Cuckoo, I WanderedLonely as a Cloud, My Heart LeapsUp, Intimations of Immortality and Lines Composeda FewMiles Above Tintern Abbey. The last is called his “lyrical hymn of thanks to nature ”.Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language.Chapter 3 Coleridge and Southey1. ColeridgeColeridge ’s best poems, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner .Chapter 4 Byron1. LifeChilde Harold ’s PilgrimageHe finished Childe Harold , wrote his masterpiece Don Juan.2. Childe Harold ’s PilgrimageThis long poem contains four cantos. It is written in the Soenserianstanza.3. Don JuanByron remains one of the most popular English poets both at home and abroad.Chapter 5 Shelley4. Promethus UnboundShelley ’s masterpiece is Promethus Unbound, a lyrical drama in 4 acts.6. Lyrics on Nature and LoveOde to the West WindChapter 6 Keats2. Long PoemsKeats wrote five long poems: Endymion, Isabella , The Eve of St. Agnes , Lamia and Hyperion .5) The unfinished long epic Hyperion has been regarded as Keat ’s greatest achievement in poetry.3. Short Poems1) His leading principle is: “Beauty in truth, truth in beauty. ”3) Ode to Autumn , Ode on Melancholy , Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode to a NightingaleChapter 10 Scott2. His Historical NovelsScott has been universally regarded as the founder and great master ofthe historical novel.According to the subjet-matter, the group on the history of Scotland, thegroup on English history and the group on the history of European countries.In fact, Scott ’s literary career marks the transition from romanticismto realism in English literature of the 19th century.Part Six: English Critical RealismChapter 2 DickensCharles Dickens critical realismDickens: Pickwick Papers , American Notes , Martin Chuzzlewit and Oliver Twist4) Dickens has often been compared Shakespeare for creative force and range of invention. “He and Shakespeare are the two unique popular classics that England has given to the world, and they are alike in being remembered notfor one masterpiece but for creative world. ”David CopperfieldChapter 3 Thackeray2. Vanity Fair : A Novel Without a HeroVanity Fair is Thackeray ’s masterpiece. characters: Amelia Sedley and Rebecca (Becky) SharpThackeray can be placed on the same level as Dickens, as one of the greatest critical realists of 19th-century Europe.Chapter 4 Some Women Novelists1. Jane Austen (1775-1817)She herself compared her work to a fine engraving madeupon a little pieceof ivory only two inches square.Jane Austen wrote 6 novels: Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility , Pride and Prejudice , Mansfield Park , Emma and Persuasion.2. The Bronte SistersCharlotte ’s maiden attempt at prose writing, the novel Professor , was rejected by the publisher, but her next novel Jane Eyre, appearing in 1847, brought her fame and placed her in the ranks of the foremost English realistic writers. Emily ’s novel Wuthering Heights appeared in 1847.Anne: Agnes Grey4. George EliotMary Ann Evansthree remarkable novels: AdamBede, The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner 3) Silas Marner: Critical realism was the main current of English literaturein the middle of the 19th century.Part Seven: Prose-Writers and Poets of the Mid and Late 19th CenturyChapter 1 Carlylethe Victorian AgeChapter 3 Tennysonthe Victorian Age prose especially the novel1. Tennyson ’s Life and CareerAlfred Tennyson, the most important poet of the Victorian Age.In the same year (1850) he was appointed poet laureate in succession to Wordsworth.Chapter 7 Literary Trends at the End of the Century1. NaturalismNaturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in Franceand Germany, in the second half of the 19th century.2. Neo-RomanticismStevenson was a representative of neo-romanticism in English literature.Treasure Island (masterpiece)3. AestheticismAestheticism began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century.The theory of “art for art ’s sake ”was first put forward by the Frenchpoet Theophile Gautier.The two most important representatives of aestheticists in Englishliterature are Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.2) Oscar Wilde dramatistLady Windermere’s Fan, 1893; A Woman of No Importance , 1894; An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest , 1895The Importance of Being Earnest is his masterpiece in drama.Part Eight: Twentieth Century English Literature(Modernism)Chapter 2 English Novel of Early 20th Century3. Henry JamesHe is regarded as the forerunner of the “stream of consciousness ”literature in the 20th century.Chapter 3 Hardy1. Life and WorkAmong his famous novels, Tess of the D’Urbervillies and Jude the Obscure.2. Tess of the D ’Urbervilliescharacters: Tess, Alec D ’Urbervillies and Angel ClareChapter 6 Bernard ShawChapter 8 Modernism in Poetry1. ImagismEzra PoundThe two most important English poets of the first half of 20th centuryare W. B. Yeats and T. S. Eliot.2. W. B. YeatsThe Wild Swans at Coole , Michael Robartes and the Dancer , The Tower and The Winding StairT. S. Eliot has referred to Yeats as “the greatest poet of ourage-certainly the greatest in this . English) language. ”3. T. S. EliotThe Waste Land (1922) is dignifying the emergence of Modernism.T. S. Eliot was a leader of the modernist movement in English poetry anda great innovator of verse technique. He profoundly influenced 20th-century English poetry between World Wars 1 and 2.Chapter 9 The Psychological Fiction1. D. H. LawrenceSons and Lovers (1913) , the first of Lawrence ’s important novel s, islargely autobiographical.This shows the influence of Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis, especiallythat of the “Oedipus complex. ”The Rainbow, Women in Love and Lady Chatterley ’s Lover3. James JoyceUlysses (1922)June 16, 1904character: Leopold BloomJames Joyce was one of the most original novelists of the 20th century.His masterpiece Ulysses has been called “a modern prose epic ”.His admirers have praised him as “second only to Shakespeare in hismastery of the English language. ”4. Virginia Woolf“high-brows ”the Bloomsbury GroupVirginia Wolf ’s first two novels, The Voyage Out and Night and Day .Jacob’s Room, Mrs. Dalloway , To the Lighthouse and Orlando PartNine: Poets and Novelists Who Wrote both before and after the Second WorldWarChapter 5 E. M. ForsterEdward Morgan Forster the Bloomsbury Groupfour novels: WhereAngels Fear to Tread, The Longest Journey, A Roomwitha View and Howards EndA Passage to India , published in 1924, is Forster ’s masterpiece . In 1927, Forster published a book on the theory of fiction, Aspects of the Novel .Chapter 10 William GoldingWilliam Gerald GoldingHis first novel Lord of the FliesChapter 11 Doris LessingGolden Notebook。
英国文学简史期末考试复习要点
-------------精选文档-----------------一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485）•《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）•《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight )杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer)“英国诗歌之父”。
（Father of English Poetry）《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初）•托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More ）《乌托邦》（Utopia）•埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser）《仙后》（The Faerie Queene)•弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）《论说文集》（Essays)克里斯托弗·马洛Christopher Marlowe•《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine）•《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus）•《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta）威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare ）《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet）SONNET18三、17世纪文学约翰·弥尔顿John Milton《失乐园》（Paradise Lost）•约翰·班扬（John Bunyan）《天路历程》（The Pilgrim’s Progress）四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期）18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。
新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。
亚历山大·蒲柏（Alexander Pope）是新古典主义诗歌的代表。
•乔纳森·斯威夫特Jonathan Swift《格列佛•丹尼尔·笛福Daniel Defoe 英国小说之父《鲁滨孙漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe）•亨利·菲尔丁Henry Fielding《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones）•乔纳森·斯威夫特Jonathan Swift《格列佛游记》Gulliver’s Travels•亨利·菲尔丁Henry Fielding《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones）-------------精选文档-----------------托马斯·格雷Thomas Gray《墓园哀歌》（Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard）五、浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832）•罗伯特·彭斯Robert Burns•威廉·布莱克William Blake•威廉·华兹华斯William Wordsworth•塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治Samuel Taylor Coleridge《抒情歌谣集》（Lyrical Ballads）一. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485)<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic:long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.e.g. Homer’s Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:ing alliterationDefinition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）Some examples on P5ing metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟1340(?)~1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
(完整版)英国文学简史期末测验考试复习要点刘炳善版(英语专业大必备)
英国文学史资料British Writers and Works一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485）•《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）•《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight )杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer)“英国诗歌之父”。
（Father of English Poetry）《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初）•托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More ）《乌托邦》（Utopia）•埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser）《仙后》（The Faerie Queene)•弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）《论说文集》（Essays)克里斯托弗·马洛Christopher Marlowe•《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine）•《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus）•《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta）威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night’s Dream）、《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of Venice）悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）、《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet）、《奥赛罗》（Othello）、《李尔王》（King Lear）、《麦克白》（Macbeth）历史剧《亨利四世》（Henry IV）传奇剧《暴风雨》（The Tempest）本·琼生Ben Johnson•《人人高兴》（Every Man in His Humor）•《狐狸》（V olpone）•《练金术士》（The Alchemist）三、17世纪文学约翰·弥尔顿John Milton《失乐园》（Paradise Lost）《复乐园》（Paradise Regained）诗剧《力士参孙》（Samson Agonistes）•约翰·班扬（John Bunyan）《天路历程》（The Pilgrim’s Progress）•威廉·康格里夫（William Congreve）《以爱还爱》（Love for Love）《如此世道》（The Way of the World）四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期）18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。
英国文学简史重点汇总及简答题(完整)
英国文学简史Conquests & InfluencesA. Early period: The Roman conquest(1) The Roman civilization 罗马文明(2) Christianity 基督教(3) Flouring (兴旺) of towns along military roadsB. The English conquest:(1) Three tribes : the Angles, Saxons and Jutes(2) Tribal society-feudalism 社会封建制度C. Medieval period: The Danish and Norman conquest(1) The French-Speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066(2) Establishment of feudalism 封建制度(3) French words came to EnglishD. Anglo-Saxon Poetry (499-1066)1.Anglo-Saxons: the ancestors of today’s Englishmen2.The beginning of history of English literature3.Features: Alliteration 头韵Rhymes metaphors押韵的比喻Understatements保守陈述4.The only great work: Beowulf【Beowulf】贝奥武夫( A folk song or poem )1. A national epic (史诗般的作品) of the English people.2. Pagan (异教徒的) poetry & No representative figure(没有代表性人物)3. A folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxon from Northern Europe.4. Praises man’s energy, intellect and love of life; and exposes the social vices. (社会的黑暗面)Features of Beowulf: 1.Alliteration 2.Metaphors 隐喻3.UnderstatementsThe significance of Beowulf1.This glorious (辉煌的) epic presents us a vivid picture of the life of Anglo-Saxon people and highly praises the brave and courageous spirit of the fighting against the vices.2.The epic reflects the situations the pagan tribalism (部落文化) and of the era of the Christianized (基督教化) feudal society.3.The epic gives the vivid portrayal (写照) of a great national hero, strong andcourageous people and his kinfolk. (亲属)Feudal England1.The chief features of the society was division into two classes: Landlords and peasants. ( 地主和农民)2.The peasants’ rising shook the feudal system in England to the root.The Romance1.The code of manners and morals of a knight is known as chivalry (骑士精神).2.The English versions of romances were translated from French or Latin.3.The romance of King Arthur is the most important for the history of English literature.4.The romance’s culmination (顶点) in 《Sir Gawain and the Green Knight》国王与他的圆桌骑士(metrical romance 有韵侓的浪漫)5.The romance’s summing up in （托马斯·马洛里）Tho mas Malory’s《Le Morte D’Arthur》亚瑟王之死(in English prose散文)6.《Le Morte D’ Arthur》is a collection of stories about King Arthur, and translated from French by Sir Thomas Malory.【Langland】朗格兰《Piers the plowman》农民皮尔斯written by William Langland shows the existence of English popular literature.The English Ballads 英国民谣Ballad：a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. （The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.）The various ballads of Robin Hood(罗宾汉) are gathered into a collection called: The Geste of Robin Hood 罗宾汉事迹【Chaucer】乔叟（the founder of English poetry）The three periods of C haucer’s career1. Works translated from French, as《The Romaunt of the Rose》玫瑰传奇2. Works adapted from the Italian, as《Troilus and Criseyde》特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达3.《The Canterbury Tales》坎特伯雷故事集which is purely EnglishThe Canterbury Tales’ Social Significance1. A true-to-life picture of Chaucer’s time2. Taking the stand of the rising bourgeoisie资产阶级, Chaucer affirms men’s rights to pursue their earthly happiness and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the church3. As a forerunner先驱者of humanism, he pr aises man’s energy, intellect and love of life4. Attack social evils of his timeChaucer’s Language，now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. He is a master of world-pictures. His verse (诗) is among the smoothest in English. There are pages where, in spite of trifling (微不足道的) differences in spelling and grammar, hardly a single word will offer difficulties to a man of tolerable (可容忍的) readingin modern English.Chaucer’s Contribution1. He introduced heroic couplet to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.2. He was the first great poet who wrote in English language (Middle English) , thus establishing English as the literary language.3. He did much in making the London dialect the foundation for modern English language.名词解释1．Alliteration is regular repetition of the same sounds---usu. Initial consonants of words or of stressed syllables----in Old and Middle English verse:’ Kindest to kinsmen and keenest for fame’ in Beowulf Alliteration is also known as ‘initial rhyme’or ‘head rhyme’.2．Epic史诗is a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.3．Ballad : a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.4．Heroic Couplet：A traditional form for English poetry: it reflects to rhymed iambic pentameter lines in pairs. Use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer in the Canterbury Tales.Part two：Old English in Transition (P27)1.The New Monarchy 新君主制（the Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy 都铎王朝：君主集中制）2.The Reformation(the Protestant Reformation 新教改革；宗教文化精神改革)3. The English Bible：Then appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James Ⅰ and so was sometimes called the King James Bible. (The result is a monument (不朽的作品) of English language and English literature.)3. The Enclosure Movement (圈地运动)4. The Renaissance (文艺复兴) and Humanism （人道主义）(1). The Renaissance: an intellectual movement sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.(2). People had a thirsting curiosity好奇心for the classical literature.(3) People showed the keen interest in the activities of humanity.(4). People ceased to look upon themselves as living only for God and a futureworld.5. Humanism is the essence（本质）of the Renaissance.A. The Renaissance, therefore, is a history period in which the Europe humanistthinkers and scholars tried to get rid of those old feudalistic ideas in MedievalEurope, to introduce new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Romancatholic church.B. Humanism(1).Humanism emphasized the dignity and potential of the individual and theworth of life in this world.(2) .Man is the measure of all things.(3) .Man has ability to perfect themselves, to develop the individual.(4) .Man should enjoy the present life.【Thomas More】托马斯·莫尔1.《Utopia》is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation（dialogue）between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager (航海者).2. The name ‘Utopia’ comes from two Greek words meaning ‘no place’ and wasadopted by More as the name of his ideal commonwealth.The Flowering of English Literature （P38Drama and Prose 散文)【Sir Philip Sidney】西德尼Sir Philip Sidney is well-known as a poet and critic of poetry.His collection of love sonnets (十四行诗),《Astrophel and Stella》1591爱星者与星星, contains his best poetic compositions of 108 sonnets and 11 songs.His《Apology for Poetry》为诗辩护is one of the earliest English literary essays. It was written to answer an attack on poetry and drama as “the school of abuse.”【Edmund Spenser】斯宾塞( The Poet’s Poet of the period )The Shepheardes Calendar 《牧羊人日历》1579Spenser’s greatest work, The Faerie Queene 《荣光女王》/《仙后》It is an allegorical work（寓言作品）dedicated to Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ.Spenserian stanza 斯宾塞诗节：A nine-line stanza of 8 lines in iambic pentameter plus an iambic hexameter 6-foot line. 一共九行诗，前八行行扬格五步音，第九行抑格六步音（abab baba c）Spenser’s position in English literature : Spenser has held his position as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can betraced in the works of Milton, Shelley and Keats.【Francis Bacon】培根（famous for his Essays；Of Studies随笔集）The founder of English materialist philosophy. 唯物主义哲学1)his inductive method of reasoning and learning(归纳推理法) proved to be seminaland critically important to the development of modern science and the progress of humankind2)his thought system represented the beginnings of materialism in Englishphilosophy（英国唯物主义哲学）Bacon was the founder of modern science in England.The English version of his part forms his《Advancement of Learning》学问的发展.Then followed his《New Instrument》新工具论.A wide variety of subjects: love, truth, friendship, studies, youth and many others.作品文风：Clearness, brevity and forceEnglish Drama : the miracles（神迹剧）—the morality（道德剧）—the interlude （幕间剧）—the classical dramaThere was a group of so-called “university wits”大学才子（Lyly，Peele，Marlowe，Greene，Lodge and Nash）who wrote for the stage of the time.【Marlowe】马洛：the most gifted of the “university wits”works:《Tamburlaine》帖木耳大帝《The Jew of Malta》马耳他岛的犹太人《Doctor Faustus》浮士德博士（Marlowe’s masterpiece）Marlowe was the greatest of the pioneers（拓荒者）of English drama.Marlowe first made blank verse（留白：对莎士比亚影响重大）the principal medium of English drama.P55【William Shakespeare】Drama:37四大悲剧Great tragedies:《Hamlet》《Macbeth》麦克白《King Lear》李尔王《Othello》奥赛罗四大喜剧Great comedies: 《A Midsummer Night’s Dream》仲夏夜之梦《The Merchant of Venice》威尼斯商人(“grave comedy”) 《As You Like It》皆大欢喜《Twelfth Night》第十二夜In Sonnet 18, he eulogizes the power of artistic creationBlank verse is the principal form of his dramasShakespeare’s sonnets, 154 in total, were first published as a collection in 1609 The Shakespearean or English sonnet rhymed “abab cdcd efef gg”Themes: love、Beauty、mortality、the effects of timeStyle: grace in form, depth in thought, and vivacity in toneFeatures of Shakespeare’s Drama:(1)Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature.(2)Shakespeare was a great master of the English language.(3)Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms：the song, the sonnet, the couple, and the dramatic blank verse.(4)Shakespeare’s dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation.(5)Shakespeare’s long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting.评价：1.Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest playwright or poet in the whole world.2.All English writers of any importance cannot escape from Shakespeare’sinfluence.(影响单一：文艺复兴)【Ben Jonson】本·琼森（他的去世标志着伊丽莎白时代的结束）✧he was the last great Elizabethan and probably the first poet laureate（桂冠诗人）and the first literary dictator（文学泰斗）in English history.Roman Tragedies:Sejanus 《席阶纳斯》Cateline 《克蒂琳》Comedies:Every Man in His Humor《个性互异》V olpone, or the Fox 《福尔彭奈，或狐狸》The Alchemist 《炼金术士》Bartholomew Fair 《巴梭罗缪市集》✧ his reputation as a playwright was established by the success of his first comedy,Every Man in His Humour《个性互异》Jonson’s comedies are “comedies of humours”幽默的喜剧（behaviour, thoughts and manner of speech）✧In 1616 he published his Works《作品》, the complete collection of his poetry✧bring the classic form of the tree unities——unity of action, unity of time, andunity of place——back to the stage（把古典的三一原则——情节一致，时间一致和地点一致带回舞台）✧the heroic couplet（英雄双韵体）that he used in the poem was to become atyrannical bogue in the next century, and his emphasis on “nature” the basicprinciple in 18th century literary criticism【King James’ Bible】(最终形成于3世纪初)1)consists of 2 parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament旧约和新约2)The Old Testament: history and religious beliefs of the Jews3)The New Testament: the life of Jesus Christ and the birth and the growth of theChristian faith (创世)4）the authorized bible came into being in 1611【The 17th Century】✧basic features of the literature of the period:Seek certainty and intellectual harmony on the one hand, and to address thequestion of values through violence and sexuality✧The main literary form of the early 17th century was poetry.P116【John Donne】约翰邓恩Metaphysical Poetry/Poe t 玄学派诗歌/诗人Basic features: wit or conceit巧智&奇思妙喻The Flea《跳蚤》Valediction: Forbidden Mourning 《告别》The novelty consists in the comparison of two separate lovers to the legs of acompass圆规【John Milton】约翰弥尔顿The third greatest English poet after Chaucer and Shakespeare, and the greatest to come out of the 17th century.His life can be roughly divided into three phrases:1）The early phase of reading and lyric writing 抒情2）The middle phrase of service in the Puritan Revolution （清教）andpamphleteering（小册子）for it3）The last phrase of epic writing史诗( the greatest)作品：Two influential writings in Latin:In Denfense of the British People《为英国人民辩护》More in Defense of the British People《再为英国人民辩护》Paradise Lost《失乐园》：religious work, blank verse；One notable feature of the epic is evident ambiguity in the poet’s attitude toward God, the devil, and man.Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》：Verse drama, can be seen as objectifying（物化）the poet’s own unflinching spirit 诗人自己坚定精神的客观写照；Samson is Milton.Lycidas《利西达斯》【John Dryden】约翰德莱顿：第一位新古典主义作家✧He was notorious for his frequent face-about in face of the changing politicalclimate of his day.✧In historical retrospect, Dryden is remembered for 2 things he did admirablywell for his country’s literature.His successful effort to prune the Elizabethan language of its formless exuberance and turn it into a cool, lucid, plain and natural medium for English writing.He was the first Neoclassic writer in English literary history.第一位新古典主义作家He made the heroic couplet(英雄双韵体)almost the one poetic medium acceptable for poetry.English literary criticism英语文学批评：The father of English criticism✧H is tragedy All for Love deals with the same story as William Shakespeare’sAntony and Cleopatra.【John Bunyan】约翰班扬✧When he was in prison he wrote--The Pilgrim’s Progress.《天路历程》is areligious allegory. 宗教寓言The Celestial City in The Pilgrim’s Progress is the vision of an ideal happy society dreamed by a poor tinker in the 17th century, through a veil of religious mist.One of the most remarkable passages is that in which Vanity Fair.名利场It is popular speech ennobled by the solemn dignity and simplicity of the language of the English Bible. 《天路历程》被称为“英国人的圣经”Chapter 6P127【Neo-classicism】新古典主义：18世纪中期到19世纪盛行【Alexander Pope】亚历山大蒲柏Essay on Criticism《论批评》The Rape Of the Lock 《卷发遇劫记》：Mock epic讽刺史诗: of five cantos about “a Homeric struggle of the tea cups”Essay on Men《人论》An Epistle to Dr.Arbuthnot《致阿布斯诺医生书》The Dunciad《群愚史诗》P178【Richard Brinsley Sheridan】谢立丹：He is considered to be the only important English dramatist of the 18th century.作品：The Rivals《情敌》The School for Scandal《造谣学校》:a great comedy of mannersa great comedy of manners (风俗喜剧)【Romanticism】浪漫主义P195【William Blake】布莱克pre-romantic writerHis major works, Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》and Songs of Experience《经验之歌》are his voluminous prophetic and mystical writings.天真：The Little Black Boy and The Chimney Sweeper扫烟囱的孩子经验：A Little Boy Lost and The Tiger 老虎【Robert Burns】罗伯特·彭斯pre-romantic writer （regard as the national ofScotland）His Poems : Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect 《苏格兰方言诗集》Numerous are Burn’s songs of love and friendship ：A Red, Red RoseMain Works：“John Anderson, my Jo ”约翰.安德生，我的爱人The Tree of Liberty 自由树A Red Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰Auld Lang Syne 友谊地久天长My Heart's in the Highland 我的心在高原P138【Jonathan Swift】乔纳森斯威夫特1) one of the realist writers.2) expresses democratic ideas in his works.3 ) one of the greatest masters of English prose.The Battle of the Books《书战》A Tale of a Tub 《一只木桶的故事》, one of his greatest satires Pamphlets: The Drapier’s Letters 《布商来信》A Modest Proposal 《一个温和的建议》Gulliver’s T ravels 《格列夫游记》：the novel is a bitter satire and harsh criticism of all aspects in the then English and European life philosophically, socially, politically, scientifically, religiously, and morally.Swift: a man intensively critical of his fault, and believing in progress and the goodness of human nature and all the 18th century values.Swif t is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous.P146【Daniel Defoe】丹尼尔·笛福Pamphleteer 政治宣传册作家Defoe was a kind of jack-of –all-trades. 多才多艺He was a radical nonconformist (不信奉国教的人) in religion.His works：Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨孙漂流记》, Captain Singleton , Moll Flanders and Colonel Jacque (adventure)P153【Samuel Richardson】查理孙epistolary novel 书信体小说Pamela《帕梅拉》became a “best-seller” of the day .Clarissa is the best of Richardson’s novel.His main achievement as a novelist lies in his technique to show characters as personalities, thinking and feeling for themselves.P156【Henry Fielding】亨利菲尔丁“Father of the English realistic novel”He was the first to give the modern novel its structure and genre (style). Joseph Andrews 《约瑟夫安德鲁斯》The History of Jonathan Wild the Great《伟大的乔纳森·王尔德》Tom Jones the Founding《弃儿汤姆琼斯》H e n r y F i e l d i n g’s m e t h o d o f r e l a t i n g a s t o r y i s t e l l i n g t h e s t o r y d i r e c t l y b y t h ea u t h o r.S a t i r e ab o u n d s e v e r y w h e r e i n h i s w o r k.Fielding is a master of style. His style is easy, smooth and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.P128【Addison and Steele】The two names linked together because of their life-long friendship and the partnership in literary career.Steele and The Tatler闲谈者Addison and The Spectator旁观者1)They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century. Intheir hands, English essay has completely established itself as a literature genre.2)Literary Term: Free EssayP265【Scott】司各特W a l t e r S c o t t was a prolific Scottish historical novelist and poet popular throughout Europe during his time. Many of his works remain classics of both English-language literature and of Scottish literature.O n t h e h i s t o r y o f S c o t l a n dWaverleyOld MortalityRob RoyThe Heart of MidlothianO n E n g l i s h h i s t o r yIvanhoeO n t h e h i s t o r y o f F r a n c e a n d o t h e r E u r o p e a n c o u n t r i e sQuentin DurwardP244【Keats】济慈His aesthetic theory of “negative capability”Main Works：Poems，《诗集》，his first book.Five long poemsEndymion,《恩底弥翁》his first long poemIsabella《伊莎贝拉》The Pot of Basil芳香的草本植物The Eve of St. Agnes《圣·爱格尼斯节前夕》Lamia 《莱米亚》Hyperion 《赫坡里昂》Ode on a Grecian Urn 希腊古瓮颂Ode To A Nightingale 夜莺颂Ode to Autumn 秋颂Ode on Melancholy 忧郁颂Ode to Psyche 心灵颂Ode on Indolence 懒惰颂【Shelley】雪莱Shelley is one of the greatest English lyrical poets. He expresses his love for freedom and his hatred towards tyranny. Shelley is one of the most important dramatists of English Romanticism. His greatest achievement in theater lies in his poetic drama Prometheus Unbound.His Works：Ode to the West Wind西风颂To a Skylark云雀颂The Cloud云Prometheus Unbound 《解放了的普罗米修斯》Queen Mab 麦布女王The Masque of Anarchy 《专治魔王的化装游行》The Necessity of Atheism《无神论的重要性》A Defence of Poetry《诗辩》【Byron】拜伦Main Works：Don Juan（Byron’s masterpiece）《唐•璜》Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德•哈罗德游记》When We Two Parted 《昔日依依别》She walks in Beauty《她在美中行》Poetic Drama:ManfredCainThe Two FoscariOriental Tales：The GiaourThe CorsairLaraB y r o n i c H e r o：a proud revolutionary figure of noble origin, rising single handed against any kind of tyrannic rules in government or religion or moral society with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.His hero is known as “Byronic Hero”, a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. . For such a hero, the conflict is usually one of rebellious individual against outworn social systems and conventions.【Coleridge】柯勒律治In 1797 he began his friendship with Wordsworth. In 1798 they published The Lyrical Ballads.Demonic poems神祗诗The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子吟》Kubla Khan 《忽必烈汗》ChristabelConversational poems 对话诗Frost at MorningDejection: An OdeEssaysBiographia Literaria 文学传记Lectures on Shakespeare.Coleridge is a great Romantic poet. His poetic imagination is unique. He is fond of unusual and supernatural things.【William Wordsworth】威廉·华兹华斯1)L y r i c a l B a l l a d s《抒情歌谣集》f o l l o w e d b y“T h e P r e f a c e t o t h e L y r i c a lB a l l a d s”—s e r v e d a s t h e m a n i f e s t o o f t h e E n g l i s h R o m a n t i c M o v e m e n t i n p o e t r y.2)f a m o u s s h o r t p o e m s：A b o u t n a t u r e：“I w o n d e r e d L o n e l y a s a C l o u d”“独自漫游似浮云”，o r“T h eD a f f o d i l s”“咏水仙”“I n t i m a t i o n o f I m m o r t a l i t y”“不朽颂”【George Eliot】(Victorian era)She is the author of seven novels, including Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss , Silas Marner , Middlemarch , and Daniel Deronda , most of themset in provincial England and known for their realism and psychologicalinsight.【Thackeray】1.Thackeray was a representative of critical realists of the 19th century England2.Thackeray is a satirist. His satire is caustic(刻薄的，尖锐的) and hishumor subtle(精妙的).3.Thackeray is a moralist. His aim is to produce a moral impression in all hisnovels.1) The Book of Snobs《势利人脸谱》2) Vanity Fair《名利场》(A Novel Without a Hero)3) The History of Pendennis《彭登尼斯》4) The Newcomes《纽克姆一家》5) The History of Henny Esmond《亨利•埃斯蒙德》6) The Virginians《弗吉尼亚人》P277【Dickens】The Pickwick Papers《匹克威克先生外传》Oliver Twist《奥列佛•特维斯特》：FaginNicholas Nickleby《尼古拉斯•尼克尔贝》The Old Curiosity Shop《老古玩店》Barnaby Rudge《巴纳比•拉奇》American Notes《游美札记》Martin Chuzzlewit《马丁•朱什尔维特》A Christmas Carol《圣诞欢歌》Dombey and Son《董贝父子》David Copperfield《大卫•科波菲尔》Bleak House《荒凉山庄》Hard Times《艰难时事》Little Dorrit《小杜丽》A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》(Dickens takes the French Revolution as the subject of his novel, and the “two cities” are Paris and London in the time of that revolution) Great Expectations《远大前程》Our Mutual Friend《我们共同的朋友》Dickens’ novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. Dickens is a great humorist. His novels are full of humor and laughter.【Charlotte Bronte】Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte’s masterpiece, tells the story of an orphan girl.S h i r l e y,《舍丽》V i l l e t t e,《维莱特》【Emily Bronte】Emily Bronte published only one novel, Wuthering Heights .【Jane Austen】简•奥斯丁Works：Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》Pride and PrejudiceMansfield ParkEmmaNorthanger AbbeyPersuasionRomanticism has five prominent characteristics:1. The Romantic Movement was a strong reaction and protest against the bondage of rule and custom, which generally tend to fetter the free human spirit.2. Romanticism returned to nature and to plain humanity for its material.3. It is marked by renewed interest in medieval ideals and literature.4. Romanticism was marked by intense human sympathy, an understanding of the human heart. The sympathy for the poor, and the cry against oppression grew stronger.5. The Romantic Movement was the expression of individual genius rather than of established rules.A Comparison Between Byron, Shelley, Keats：1. Under the influence of the ideas behind the revolutions in America,especially in France, all three looked at the world in a new and striking way.Their poetry reflected discontent against outworn tradition and conditions.But their attitudes, resulted from frustrations of their efforts in revoltingagainst the established code and the ugliness of society, are different. Byron turned somewhat pessimistic, even cynical; Keats showed certain aloofness from the interests of worldly life and seemed seeking refuge in an idealistic world of illusions and dreams; only Shelley never lost his optimism. All his life he cherished the hope for a better world.2.All of their poetry excels in imagery. In Byron’s poems, the imagelargely created through allusions; in Keats’s poems they are createdchiefly through elaborate and decorative description of nature, showingthe beauty of line, color, shape, odor and taste; in Shelley’s theexquisiteness of figurative language and symbolism extols 赞美thevisionary scenes, while the spontaneous flow from the poet’s heart isfull of youthful freshness and enthusiasm.3. Their poetry has a powerful musical effect. The stirring rhythms of Byron’s poems grip and hold the reader like martial 战争的music; in Keats’s it is touching melody; Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind is a wild symphony交响乐, and his many other poems are like some ethereal 天上的music, seemly descending from some heavenly place, appealing profoundly to the heart.4.Byron employs a manly and racy有活力的style, Shelley’s poetry shows excellence of artistry and the unification of ideas and form; in many aspects, Keats’s the best workman of t hem all. His poetry shows the mastery of artistic form, and the harmony of word and thoughts shows more perfection of artistic finish 完美.Lake Poets 湖畔派诗人In English literature Lake Poets refer to such romantic poets as William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the Lake District. They came to be known as the Lake School or “Lakers”.18～19世纪的英国浪漫主义诗歌流派。
(完整word版)英国文学史上期末复习
英国文学简史General introduction of English literature1。
1) Old English Literature (449-1066）古英语时期文学——The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》2) Medieval English Literature (1066-15th century）中世纪英语时期文学—-Geoffrey Chaucer (1340_1400）杰弗里·乔叟代表作:French influence:Romance of the Rose《玫瑰传奇》The Book Of Duchess《公爵夫人之书》Italian influence:The Legend of Good Women《良妇传说》The House of Fame《声誉之堂》The Parliament of Fowls《百鸟议会》Troilus and Criseyde 《特罗勒斯与克莱西》Maturity:The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》2.Renaissance English literature (late 15th century ～early 17th century）文艺复兴-—-———-Thomas More 托马斯。
莫尔Utopia 乌托邦(1516）-——he gave a profound and truthful picture ofthe people’s sufferings and put forward hisideal of a future happy society.-—Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯·培根(1561——1626)The philosophical——-The Advancement of Learning《学术的推进》The literature —---—Essays《随笔》The professional works——-—--Thomas Wyatt托马斯怀亚特（1503-—1542)The first to introduce the sonnet into English literature(引入十四行诗的第一人）Lyrical poetry---—-—Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙斯宾塞(1552--1599）Poet's poet 诗人中的诗人The Faerie Queene 《仙后》（the greatest epic poem 史诗)The Shepheardes Calendar《牧人月历》——William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚(1564-—1616)The most popular and the most wildly respected writer in all English literature四大悲剧：HamletOthelloKing LearMacbeth四大喜剧：A Midsummer Night’s DreamThe merchant of VeniceAs you like itTwelfth Night-—Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗·马洛The greatest of the pioneers of English dramaThe one who first made blank verse the principal instrument of English dramaEnglish Literature of the Revolution and Restoration Period (1640-1688）资产阶级革命与王朝复辟时期的文学--———-—John Donne约翰多恩(a metaphysical poet 玄学诗人）代表作：”the flea"（跳骚)—love poem“Song”(歌)“A Valediction: Forbidden Morning”（别离辞：节哀）“Death be not proud”(死神，你莫骄傲)死亡时永恒的，不要害怕死亡，人死后可以超生，到天堂“The Canonization"（封圣）-—John Milton约翰·弥尔顿(puritan)Paradise Lost《失乐园》Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》On his blindnessOn His Deceased Wife《悼念我的亡妻》-—John Bunyan 约翰·班扬The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》—-—is written in theold-fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.4。
《英国文学简史》期末考试复习
英国文学史期末复习要点
一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作:The Song of Beowulf贝奥武甫(national epic民族史诗)采用了暗喻、押头韵手法。
勇士贝奥武甫与怪物格伦德尔搏斗，使其断臂而死。
怪物之母为子复仇，又被他追踪杀死。
后来他做了国王。
一次火龙来犯，他挺身斩龙，伤重而死。
人民为他举行了隆重的葬礼。
3、The ancestors of the English are Angles, Saxons and Jutes.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)1、The Roman Conquest: In 1066, the Duke of Normandy William led the Norman army to invade England. The result of this war was William became the king of England. After the conquest, feudal system was established in English society. Chivalry was introduced by the Normans into England. 1066年诺曼人入侵，带来了欧洲大陆的封建制度，也带来了一批说法语的贵族。
古英语受到了统治阶层语言的影响,本身也在起着变化,12世纪后发展为中古英语。
文学上也出现了新风尚，盛行用韵文写的骑士传奇，它们歌颂对领主的忠和对高贵妇人的爱，其中艺术性高的有Sir Gawain and the Green Knight高文爵士与绿衣骑士。
它用头韵体诗写成，内容是古代亚瑟王属下一个“圆桌骑士”的奇遇。
2、传奇：描写骑士的冒险精神和典雅爱情，表现骑士为获得荣誉、保护宗教或为了赢得贵妇人的爱情而到处冒险的骑士精神的文学。
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P50Marlowe’s literature achievementHe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama.He reformed the English drama and perfected the language and verse（韵文，诗节）of dramatic works.It is Marlowe who first made blank verse(rhymeless iambic抑扬格pentameter五步格诗)the principal instrument of English drama.His blank verse is a living thing;it is vigorous,fluid and precise精确的.It translates thoughts and emotions into rhythmical speech with happy exactness,thus interpreting the restlessly moving and questing spirit of the Renaissance.His blank verse has been described as ‘titanic’and compared to“a swollen river sweeping down on its dried-up channel,filing its broad banks and moving on majestically雄伟的”.Marlowe’s dramatic achievement lies chiefly in his epical,and at times lyrical,verse.He rarely supplies a model in dramatic technicalities.In his plays there is lack of variety in characterization and construction.But he was famous for his “mighty line”。
It is mighty and plastic.His work paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist----Shakespeare---whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance.P85“be”反更容易传达哈姆雷特的感情，“be”是生存又不完全是生存，是活着又不完全是或活着，是发散式的充满张力的语言，所蕴含的丰富而又复杂的意义，超越了生死的解读，是它千愁万绪无处诉时的倾诉，是对生死，存在，善恶的思考以及对真伪的思考。
The character of HamletHamlet is neither a frail 脆弱的and week-minded youth or a thought-sick book-worm.1 Hamlet is a humanist,a man who is free from medieval prejudices and superstitions迷信.He has an unbounded love for the world instead of the heaven.2 Starting from his humanist love of man,he turns to those around him with the same eagerness.He loves good and hates evil.In his contact with the people around him,he cares for nothing but human worth and shows a contempt for rank and wealth.3 His intellectual genius is outstanding.He is a close observer of man and manners.He easily sees through people.His quick perception drives him to penetrate below the surface of things and question what others take for granted.Hamlet is not a mere scholar,and his nature is by no means simply meditative.On the contrary,Hamlet is a man of genius,highly accomplished and educated,a man of far-reaching perception and sparkling wit.He is a scholar,soldier and statesman.His image reflects the versatility多功能性of the men of the Renaissance.The Melancholy（忧郁）of HamletThere can be no Hamlet without melancholy.But his melancholy is not the negative,hair-splitting and fruitless kind.It is rather the result of his penetrating habit of mind.The delay in action延宕复仇的原因In his repeated meditation upon the crime of his uncle,he perceives something rotten in the country affairs,and his sense of personal wrong grows deeper and deeper until it becomes at last a disgust for a world in which such crime prevails.Now,he sees that cruel and unjust rulers are tyrannizing(欺压，施行暴政) the country and his beloved country is a prison forthe people.He seems to understand the mere revenge on his uncle would in no way solve the problems that trouble and upset him.Revenge is easy,but it is not merely personal revenge that Hamlet seeks.What is more important is to expose the root of the evil and to establish a reign of justice.His responsibility is thus enlarged into a radical transformation of society.Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)His Robinson Crus oe was one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel. His best-known pamphlet was The Trueborn Englishman---A Satire['sætaɪə]讽刺诗。
Which contains a caustic exposure of the aristocracy and the tyranny of the church.1 The writers of the Enlightenment（启蒙运动）attached great importance to the moulding(浇筑) of character and to education through the influence of varied environment.Defoe traces the development of Robinson Crusoe from a naive and artless youth into a clever and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.2 In describing Robinson’s life on the island,Defoe glorifies human bour saves Robinson from despair,and is a source of pride and happiness.He toils（辛苦地工作）for the sake of subsistence（生存），and the fruits of his work are his own.3 The character of Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie （[,bʊəʒwɑː'ziː]资产阶级；中产阶级）at the earlier stages of its development.He is most practical and exact,always religious and at the same time mindful of his profit.Sentimentalism(感伤主义) Pre-Romanticism(先浪漫主义) critical realism(批判现实主义)（for poverty-stricken people in English countryside of the common people ）John Keats leading principle:“beauty in truth,truth in beauty”It is said that Keats’s personality seems to be breathed into his odes。