英语词汇与结构
专升本《英语》词汇与语法结构
专升本《英语》词汇与语法结构以下是专升本英语词汇与语法结构的重点内容：
一、词汇：
1.同义词和反义词
2.同根词和派生词
3.合成词和短语
4.难以理解的词汇
5.常见的词组和习惯用语
6.常见的英语缩写和缩略词
二、语法结构：
1.时态和语态
-现在时态
-过去时态
-将来时态
-完成时态
-进行时态
-被动语态
2.语法句型
-倒装句
-条件句
-间接引语和直接引语
-强调句
3.从句和复合句
-名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）-定语从句
-状语从句
-表语从句
4.代词和词性
-人称代词和物主代词
-反身代词和相互代词
-指示代词和疑问代词
-不定代词和关系代词
5.形容词和副词
-基本形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
-修饰方式、程度、时间和频率的副词
-形容词和副词的转化
6.名词和数词
-可数名词和不可数名词
-单数名词和复数名词
-名词的所有格
-基数词和序数词
以上是专升本英语词汇与语法结构的主要内容，希望对你的学习有帮助。
结构常用英语专业词汇
结构专业STRUCTURE目录a. LOAD 荷载b. GROUND BASE AND FOUNDATION 地基及基础c. REINFORCEMENT CONCRETE STRUCTURE 钢筋混凝土结构d. STEEL STRUCTURE 钢结构e. DESIGN FOR ANTISEISMIC 抗震设计f. GENERAL WORDS FOR DESIGN 设计常用词汇g. GENERAL WORDS FOR CONSTRUCTION 施工常用词汇正文a. Load 荷载拔力pulling force标准值standard value残余应力residual stress冲击荷载impact load, punch load残余变形residual deformation承压bearing承载能力bearing capacity承重bearing, load bearing承重结构bearing structure脆性材料brittle material脆性破坏brittle failure抵抗力resisting power, resistance吊车荷载crane load分布荷载distributed load风荷载wind load风速wind velocity, wind speed风压wind pressure风振wind vibration浮力buoyance, floatage符号symbol, mark负弯矩negative moment, hogging moment 附加荷载additional load附加应力additional stress副作用side effect, by-effect刚度rigidity刚度比ratio of rigidity刚度系数rigidity factor刚接rigid connection刚性节点rigid joint恒载dead load荷载传递transmission of load固端弯矩fixed-end moment活荷载live load积灰荷载dust load集中荷载concentrated load加载, 加荷loading剪力shear, shearing force剪切破坏shear failure剪应变shear strain剪应力shear stress简支simple support静定结构statically determinate structure截面模量modulus of section, section modulus 静力static force静力分析static analysis局部压力local pressure, partial pressure局部压屈local bulkling绝对值absolute value均布荷载uniformly distributed load抗拔力pulling resistance抗剪刚度shear rigidity抗剪强度shear strength, shearing strength抗拉强度tensile strength抗扭torsion resistance抗扭刚度torsional rigidity抗弯bending resistance抗弯刚度bending rigidity抗压强度compressive strength, compression strength 可靠性reliability可靠性设计reliability design拉力tensile force拉应力tensile stress, tension stress拉应变tensile strain, tension strain临界点critical point临界荷载critical load临界应力critical stress密度density离心力centrifugal force摩擦力friction force摩擦系数frictional factor挠度deflection内力internal force, inner force扭矩moment of torsion, torsional moment疲劳强度fatigue strength偏心荷载eccentric load, non-central load偏心距eccentric distance, eccentricity偏心受拉eccentric tension偏心受压eccentric compression屈服强度yield strength使用荷载working load水平力horizontal force水平推力horizontal thrust弹塑性变形elastoplastic deformation弹性elasticity, resilience, spring塑限plastic limit弹性变形elastic deformation塑性变形plastic deformation弹性模量modulus of elastic, elastic modulus体积volume, bulk, cubature, cubage土压力earth pressure, soil pressure弯矩bending moment, moment弯曲半径radius at bent, radius of curve位移displacement温度应力temperature stress温度作用temperature action系数coefficient, factor雪荷载snow load压应变compression strain压应力compression stress应力集中concentration of stress预应力prestressing force, prestress振动荷载vibrating load, racking load支座反力support reaction自重own weight作用action, effect作用点point of application, application jointb. Ground Base and Foundation 地基及基础板桩sheet pile, sheeting pile板桩基础sheet pile foundation饱和粘土saturation clay冰冻线frost line, freezing level不均匀沉降unequal settlement, differential settlement 残积土residual soil沉积物deposit, sediment沉降settlement沉降差difference in settlement沉降缝settlement joint沉井sinking well, sunk well沉箱caisson持力层bearing stratum冲积alluviation锤夯hammer tamping档土墙retaining wall, breast wall底板base slab, base plate, bed plate地板floor board地基ground base, ground地基承载力ground bearing capacity地基处理ground treatment, soil treatment地基稳定base stabilization地梁ground beam, ground sill地漏floor drain地下工程substructure work, understructure work地下室basement, cellar地下水ground water地下水位groundwater level, water table地下水压力ground water pressure地质报告geologic report垫层bedding, blinding独立基础isolated foundation, individual foundation端承桩end-bearing pile筏式基础raft foundation粉砂silt, rock flour粉质粘土silty clay粉质土silty soil扶壁式档土墙buttressed retaining wall腐蚀corrosion覆土earth covering刚性基础rigid foundation沟盖板trench cover固结consolidation灌注桩cast-in-place pile, cast in site pile护坡slope protection, revetment护桩guard pile环墙ring wall灰土lime earth回填backfill, backfilling回填土backfill, backfill soil混凝土找平层concrete screed火山灰水泥trass cement基槽foundation trench基础foundation, base基础底板foundation slab基础埋深embedded depth of foundation基础平面图foundation plan地基勘探site exploration, site investigation 基坑foundation pit集水坑collecting sump阶形基础stepped foundation结合层binding course, bonding course井点well point井点排水well point unwatering开挖excavation, cutting勘测exploration and survey勘测资料exploration data沥青bitumen, asphalt, pitch联合基础combined foundation卵石cobble, pebble埋置embedment毛石基础rubble foundation锚筋anchor bar锚桩anchor pile密实度compactness, density, denseness摩擦桩friction pile, floating pile粘土clay粘质粉土clay silt碾压roller compaction, rolling排水drainage, dewatering排水沟drainage ditch排水孔weep hole, drain hole排水设备dewatering equipment普通硅酸盐水泥ordinary Portland cement 群桩grouped piles容许沉降permissible settlement容许承载力allowable bearing软土soft soil砂垫层sand bedding course, sand cushion砂土sandy soil, sands砂质粉土sandy silt设备基础equipment foundation水泥搅拌桩cement injection素土夯实rammed earth, packed soil碎石桩stone columns弹性地基elastic foundation弹性地基梁beam on elastic foundation填方fill, filling填土earth-fill, earth filling, filling条形基础strip foundation土方工程earthwork挖方excavation work, excavation箱形基础box foundation压实compaction, compacting压实系数compacting factor验槽check of foundation subsoil预制混凝土桩precast concrete pile中砂medium sand重力式档土墙gravity retaining wall桩承台pile cap钻孔桩bored pile钻探exploration drilling, drilling,最终沉降final settlement基础梁ground beamc. Reinforcement Concrete Structure 钢筋混凝土结构板缝slab joint板厚thickness of slab板式楼梯cranked slab stairs板跨度span of slab薄壁结构thin-walled structure薄腹梁thin wedded girder保护层protective coating臂式吊车boom crane, boom hoist边梁edge beam, boundary beam变截面variable cross-section变形缝movement joint变形钢筋deformed bar初凝initial setting, pre-setting次梁secondary beam大型屋面板precast ribbed roof slab单层厂房one-storied factory单筋梁beam with single reinforcement 单跨single span单向板one-way slab垫块cushion block垫梁template beam吊车梁crane beam, crane girder顶棚抹灰ceiling plastering端跨end span, tail bay多跨连续梁multi-span beam翻边upstand反梁upstand beam分布钢筋distribution-bar封闭式箍筋closed stirrup附加钢筋additional bar刚架rigid frame, stiff frame钢筋reinforcement, steel bar, bar钢筋表Bar Schedules钢筋笼steel reinforcement cage钢筋间距spacing of bars, bar spacing钢筋网bar-mat reinforcement, mesh reinforcement 钢筋砖reinforced brick勾缝joint pointing构架frame, gallows构件member, structural member构造construction构造钢筋constructional reinforcement构造柱onstructional column, tie column构筑物structure箍筋hoop reinforcement, hooping箍筋间距stirrup spacing固定端fixed end, retained end固端梁fixed-end beam, fixed beam过梁lintel, breast summer混凝土强度等级grade of concrete机制砖machine-made brick剪力墙shear wall简支梁simply supported beam经济跨度economic span经济配筋率economic ratio of reinforcement劲性钢筋stiff reinforcement劲性钢筋混凝土结构steel composite construction 径向钢筋radial reinforcement抗剪钢筋shear reinforcement抗拉钢筋tension reinforcement受压钢筋compression reinforcement可见裂缝visible crack刻痕钢丝indented steel wire坑pit, hollow, delve空斗墙rowlock cavity wall, rolock wall空心板hollow slab空心砖隔墙hollow tile partition跨度span框架frame框架剪力墙结构frame-shear wall structure 拉接钢筋tie bar栏杆railing, banister栏杆立柱railing post老化aging累积误差accumulated error肋形楼板ribbed floor slab冷拔低碳钢丝cold-drawn low-carbon wire 冷脆性cold shortness, cooling brittleness 冷弯cold bending冷轧cold rolling离析segregation梁垫beam pad, template, pad梁挠度beam deflection楼梯斜梁string, stringer螺旋楼梯spiral stair, winding staircase马鞍形壳saddle shell锚固anchoring门式刚架portal frame面砖, 墙面砖facing tile, wall tile耐火混凝土fire-resisting concrete排架bent, bent frame女儿墙parapet wall, parapet配筋率reinforcement ratio配箍率stirrup ratio砌块block圈梁ring beam, tie beam, bond beam山墙gable深梁deep beam伸缩缝expansion joint实腹梁solid web girder实腹柱solid web column竖向钢筋vertical reinforcement双向配筋two-way reinforcement素混凝土plain concrete筒中筒结构tube-in-tube structure网状钢筋steel mesh reinforcement围堰cofferdam, coffer无梁楼盖flat slab, flat plate系梁tie beam预应力钢筋混凝土prestressed reinforced concrete 预应力构件prestressed component预制prefabrication预制板precast slab预制构件prefabrication component预制装配式结构prefabricated construction折板folded plate, folded slab折板结构folded-plate structure主筋main reinforcement, main bar主梁main beam, girder柱距column spacing, post spacing装配式结构fabricated structure纵梁longitudinal beam纵剖面longitudinal section纵向钢筋longitudinal bard. Steel Structure 钢结构薄壁型钢light-gauge steel section, hollow steel section 不等肢角钢unequal angle steel槽钢channel, channel steel背对背角钢组合angles back to back不锈钢stainless steel除锈rust-removal粗制螺栓rough bolt, black bolt带钢strip steel, band iron单面焊single weld, one-side welding地脚螺栓foundation bolt, anchor bolt,holding down bolt 点焊spot welding, point welding电动葫芦electric hoist等边角钢equal angle, equal leg angle对接焊, 对焊butt welding腹板web plate, web腹杆web member腹板加劲件web stiffener杆rod, bar钢板steel plate钢管steel tube, steel pipe钢桁架steel truss钢框架steel frame钢梯, 爬梯steel ladder高强度螺栓high strength bolt格构柱lattice column工字梁I-girder, I-beam工字钢I-steel工字形截面I-shaped cross-section 焊缝welding seam焊接welding焊接长度weld length焊条welding rod桁架truss红丹底漆red lead primer红丹漆red lead paint加劲肋stiffening rib, rib stiffener 加劲板stiffening plate角钢angle steel节点joint, node节点板gusset plate, gusset节点位移joint displacement节间长度panel length紧固螺栓clamp bolt, fastening bolt 精制螺栓turned bolt可焊性weldability空腹桁架open-web truss肋板ribbed panel, ribbed slab连接板connecting plate, joint plate檩条purline螺母screw nut, nut螺栓bolt螺栓孔bolt hole螺纹screw thread, thread螺纹长度length of thread螺纹钢screw-threaded steel, twisted steel拉杆tie rod, tension rod满焊full weld铆钉rivet锰钢manganese steel喷砂sand blasting轻钢结构lightweight steel construction三角架tripod上弦top chord, upper chord上弦横向水平支撑upper lateral bracing上弦纵向水平支撑upper longitudinal bracing 平面桁架plane truss实腹刚架solid web rigid frame塔架pylon bent特种钢special steel调和漆mixed paint贴角焊fillet weld, fillet welding托架bracket网架结构grid structure屋架roof truss, principal无缝钢管seamless steel pipe系杆tie rod, tie bar, tie下弦bottom chord, lower chord下弦横向水平支撑bottom lateral bracing斜撑diagonal brace, diagonal bracing型钢section steel, shaped steel悬索suspended cable, suspension cable压力焊pressure welding仰焊overhead welding, inverted welding翼缘flange翼缘板flange plate, cover plate轧制型钢rolled steel section支撑bracing, strutting铸铁管cast iron pipe组合槽钢built-up channel组合截面built-up section,compound section自动焊接automatic weldinge. Design for Antiseismic 抗震设计鞭梢效应whipping effect场地类别site classification场地土site soil单自由度体系single-degree of freedom system 底部剪力法equivalent base shear method地震earthquake, seism地震烈度earthquake intensity, seismic intensity 地震烈度区划图map of seismic intensity zoning 地震影响系数seismic influence coefficient地震作用earthquake action多自由度体系multi-degree of freedom system反应谱response spectrum抗震earthquake resistance抗震缝seismic joint, aseismic joint抗震构造aseismic construction抗震设防earthquake fortification抗震设计seismic design共振resonance基本周期foundamental period里氏震级Richter magnitude烈度intensity设计近震design near earthquake设计远震design far earthquake时程分析法time history method液化liquefaction振型vibration mode振型分解法modal analysis method震源earthquake focus震中earthquake epicenter自由度degree of freedom自振周期natural period of vibrationf. General Words for Design 设计常用词汇安装installation, erection报价offer, quoted price报价单quotation壁柱pilaster, mural column变更alteration, variation, modification变形deformation标高elevation, level标准standard, criterion标准大样standard detail标准图standard drawing补充规定additional regulations补充说明additional remarks补充条件supplementary conditions 不对称asymmetry布置arrangement, layout布置图layout plan, layout材料material材料表bill of materials材料强度strength of materials参见详图referring to detail drawing 参考点reference point参数parameter操作平台operating platform草图sketch, draft, rough drawing侧向刚度lateral rigidity侧向稳定lateral stability侧向约束lateral restraint侧向支撑lateral bracing, side bracing 拆除demolition, removal长细比slenderness ratio厂房factory building, mill building 超静定statical indetermination承包contract承包商contractor底标高bottom elevation电梯lift, elevator, electric lift电梯井elevator hoistway, lift well, lift shaft 电梯机房elevator machine room方案scheme, plan, programme方案设计schematic plan方案图schematic drawing防爆explosion protection,explosion-proofing 防潮层damp-proof course防冻freezing prevention, frost protection防冻剂antifreeze compound防腐preservation防腐剂preservative, preservative agent防滑slip-resistance防滑处理deslicking treatment防滑条non-slip insert防火fire prevention, fire proofing防火材料fireproof material防火分区fire compartment防水waterproofing防水材料waterproof material防水砂浆waterproof mortar防酸acid proofing方形square防锈rust prevention防锈剂anti-rust agent防振vibration protection分配系数distribution coefficient风化weathering, efflorescence风向wind direction附图attached drawing附注note, annotation高层建筑high-rise building高差difference in elevation高跨比ratio of rise to span高宽比depth-width ratio高耸结构high-rise structure隔断partition, divider工程project, engineering工程量quantities工程量表bill of quantities工业厂房industrial factory building 工业建筑industrial architecture公称直径nominal diameter公式formula公司company, corporation拱arch共振resonance, sympathetic vibration 管架pipe rack规范regulation, code规格specifications, standards规模scale, scope国家规范national regulation国家标准national standards合同contract横向变形transverse deformation横向刚度lateral rigidity化工厂chemical plant货梯freight elevator, goods lift极限承载能力ultimate bearing capacity纪要summary计算书calculation sheet技术资料technical data剪刀撑, 交叉撑X-brace, cross brace简图sketch, diagram简支梁simple beam交叉intersection, crossing交点intersection point铰接hinged connection, hinge joint, pin connection 结构变形structural deformation结构图structural drawing结构形式structural style结构稳定性structural stability结论conclusion, verdict截面section界限limits, bounds, demarcation line紧急出口emergency exit精确度accuracy, precision, excatitude,局部破坏local failure, partial failure矩形rectangular抗冻frost resisting抗风柱wind resistance column立面elevation, facade粒径particle diameter连续梁continuous beam两铰拱two-hinged arch裂缝rift, crack, crevice楼梯stair楼梯间staircase楼梯扶手stair rail楼梯净空stair headroom楼梯平台, 休息平台landing, pace, stair landing 楼梯坡度pitch of stair, slope of stair楼梯踏步stair step铝合金aluminum alloy铝合金窗aluminum alloy window民用建筑civil architecture摩擦friction耐火等级fire resistance rating耐久性durability, endurance爬梯cat ladder疲劳破坏fatigue failure频率frequency平面布置plan layout平台terrace, platform, deck平台栏杆platform railing剖面section剖面图sectional drawing侵蚀corrosion, erosion倾覆overturning, toppling人孔manhole容许误差allowable error, permissible error容许值permissible value, allowable value晒图blueprinting上部结构superstructure设计要求design requirements设计资料design data伸缩缝expansion joint室外楼梯exterior stair, outside stairway双向板two-way slab水平撑horizontal brace踏步step踏步板tread弹簧spring填充材料filling material填充墙filler wall挑板cantilever slab挑檐projecting eaves, overhang eaves停车场car park, parking lot通用构件standard member通用图standard drawing通用详图standard detail统一标准unified standards统一构件unified structure element投标bid, tender招标bidding图集collective drawings,collection of drawings 图签title block温差temperature difference稳定性stability, steadiness污水处理sewage disposal, sewage treatment 先张法预应力pretensioned prestressing现行标准currently effective standards详图, 大样detail drawing, detail橡胶止水带rubber waterstop消防firefighting, fire protection斜率slope卸荷unloading卸货平台discharging platform, unloading platform 悬臂cantilever悬臂板cantilever slab悬臂梁cantilever beam, overhanging beam悬挂hanging suspension压缩机compressor压缩模量modulus of compression延性ductility, ductileness业主client, owner一览表table, schedule, list有效截面effective section预应力损失loss of prestress,prestressing loss圆形circular shape, round圆柱circular column, round column约束confinement, restraint, constraint约束条件constrain condition展开图developed drawing栈桥landing stage, loading bridge罩棚awning折减系数reduction factor折算高度reduced height支座support, pedestal直爬梯vertical ladder止水带water stop中和轴neutral axis重心center of gravity周期period, cycle转弯半径turning radius转动惯量rotational inertia装卸平台loading and unloading platformg. General Words for Construction 施工常用词汇拌和料mixture标准级配standard grading补强strengthening, stiffening测量survey, measurement拆模form removal尺寸dimension, size抄平leveling处理treatment搭接lap joint, lapping, overlap joint搭接长度splicing length打底bedding, priming打夯, 夯实ramming, tamping打桩pile driving, piling, driving粗砂coarse sand捣实rodding, tamping地质勘测geological exploration,geological survey吊装hoisting定位locating, positioning堆料区stacking area洞口opening放大enlargement, amplification放线setting out放样lofting, setting out分层夯实compaction in layers分层回填back-filling in layers蜂窝麻面voids and pits改建reconstruction, alteration改造transformation, remodeling钢模steel mould钢套管steel thimble, steel sleeve工厂预制构件factory-made component骨料, 集料aggregate骨料级配gradation of aggregate骨料粒径aggregate size贯入度penetration灌浆grouting, grout jection和易性workability后张法post-tensioning method含水量water content, moisture content混凝土剥落scaling of concrete混凝土外加剂concrete additive, concrete agent 混凝土浇筑pouring of concrete级配gradation, grading加固reinforcement, strengthening加腋haunching间距spacing, pit建设building, construction建筑安装工程construction and installation work建筑材料building materials建筑结构building structure建筑设计院architecture design institute建筑施工building construction检修人孔inspection manhole浇筑pouring, placing, depositing脚手架scaffold, scaffolding结构标高structural elevation进度估计progress estimate净高clear height净距clear distance净空clearance绝对标高absolute elevation, absolute level 竣工completion竣工图“As Built” drawing开工commencement of work扩建extension, enlargement离析segregation临时设施construction site facilities临时道路temporary road麻面hungry spots埋入长度embedment length面层coat, coating抹灰plastering, rendering抹灰面层finish plaster模板form, shutter board模板工程formwork喷涂spray coating, spraying膨胀螺栓expansion bolt, expansion anchor平整leveling平整场地leveling of ground坡道, 斜坡道ramp, slope ramp, slope way 起吊hoisting砂浆mortar升板lift slab升板法施工lift slab construction施工construction施工单位construction organization施工缝construction joint, working joint施工图construction drawing时效aging试样sample, test sample收缩shrinkage, contraction水灰比water-cement ratio水泥cement水泥抹面cement plaster水泥砂浆cement mortar水泥砂浆找平cement mortar screeding坍落度slump梯子ladder, stepladder提升模板climbing form,climbing shuttering 温度缝temperature joint误差error, inaccuracy细骨料fine aggregate细石混凝土fine concrete现场预制site prefabrication现浇混凝土cast-in-place concrete相对标高relative elevation, relative level徐变creep养护curing永久变形permanent deformation预留孔preformed hole, prepared hole预埋件embedded parts, embedded inserts预埋螺栓embedded bolt, inserted bolt找平leveling, screeding找平层leveling coat, leveling course振捣vibration振捣棒poker vibration, vibrating needle, vibrator 支模form erecting, erection of shuttering最佳级配optimum gradation坐标coordinate粉状粘土Powdery clay soil车棚Bicycle shelter混凝土条形基础RC strip foundation。
词汇和结构题型
词汇和结构题型
词汇和结构题型是英语考试中常见的一种题型，主要考察学生对英语词汇和语法的掌握情况。
这种题型通常会给出四个选项，其中三个是干扰项，一个是正确答案。
在词汇和结构题中，学生需要从四个选项中选择一个最合适的词汇或表达方式来填空，使句子完整、语法正确、意思清晰。
这种题型要求学生具备扎实的英语基础，包括词汇、语法和表达能力。
同时，学生还需要具备一定的推理和分析能力，能够从四个选项中选出最合适的答案。
为了提高词汇和结构题型的正确率，学生可以采取以下策略：
1. 熟练掌握英语词汇和语法知识，这是做题的基础。
2. 增强阅读和理解能力，有助于更好地理解句子含义和语境。
3. 学会分析句子结构，判断需要填入空格的词汇或表达方式。
4. 注意题目中的提示信息，如关键词、修饰语等，这些信息有助于缩小答案范围。
5. 多做练习题，熟悉题型和解题技巧，提高解题速度和正确率。
总之，词汇和结构题型是英语考试中很重要的一部分，学生需要注重英语基础知识的积累和练习，以提高正确率和成绩。
英语语法结构与词汇1
通常作不可数名词，随后的动词用单数。
Along the northern border of Italy ___ seen
the Alps, mighty in ____ splendor. A. are their B. is its C. are its D. is their 答案是A， 这是个倒装句。一般语序是The Alps, mighty in their splendor, are seen along the ....
关系代词
限定性 vs 非限定性 She married Joe, which surprised everyone.
This company has now introduced a policy
____ pay rises are related to performance at work.(1996, 44) Which where whether what
There ought to be less anxiety over the
perceived risk of mountain climbing than __ in the public mind today. (1999 46) A exists B exist C existing D to exist 登山具有危险性，但是由此产生的恐惧没 有像如今公众心里所想象的那么严重。
order proposal suggestion preference recommendation demand necessity request
通常情况下，在非真实条件句中主
大学英语B词汇与结构
Unit 1 语法概述1. 词法英语的词有实词和虚词两种：实词都有实义，在句中可以独立担任成分；虚词没有实义，不能在句中独立担任成分。
根据词义、句法作用和形式特征，词可以分为10类，成为词类，如下表：分清词类非常重要，因为只有分清词类，才能正确地使用它。
英语里有不少词可以属于几个不同词类，例如：double 可以用做不同的词性，有adj./v./n./adv.I know a man with a double character.（adj.）我认识一个有双重性格的人。
His income doubled in one year. (v.) 他的收入一年增加了一倍。
She is the double of her mother. (n.) 她和她妈妈长得一模一样。
He paid double for the customized car. (adv.) 他付双倍的价钱购买订制的车辆。
2. 句法句子由不同组成部分构成，它们在句子中起一定的功用，这些组成部分叫做句子的成分。
句子的成分通常分为主语、谓语（或谓语动词）、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、独立成分等，见下表：3. 短语短语或词组是具有一定意义但不构成从句或句子的一组词。
短语在句中可以单独作为一种句子成分。
短语的种类有8种，如下表所示：分清词类非常重要，因为只有分清词类，才能正确地使用它。
英语里有不少词可以属于几个不同词类，例如：double 可以用做不同的词性，有adj./v./n./adv.I know a man with a double character.（adj.）我认识一个有双重性格的人。
His income doubled in one year. (v.) 他的收入一年增加了一倍。
She is the double of her mother. (n.) 她和她妈妈长得一模一样。
He paid double for the customized car. (adv.) 他付双倍的价钱购买订制的车辆。
英语词汇与结构范文
英语词汇与结构范文
"英语词汇与结构"通常指的是学习英语的两个方面：词汇和语法结构。
1. 词汇（Vocabulary）：英语的词汇非常丰富，学习者需要掌握大
量的单词，以便在交流中能准确表达自己的意思。
词汇包括基础词汇、扩
展词汇和专业词汇等。
为了提高词汇量，学习者可以通过背单词、阅读英
文文章和听力等方式进行训练。
2. 结构（Structure）：英语语法结构规则严谨，学习者需要掌握句
子的基本结构、词类和句子成分的用法，以及时态、语态、语气等各种语
法规则。
掌握好英语的语法结构，可以帮助学习者构建正确的句子，避免
用词和语法上的错误。
在学习英语的过程中，词汇和结构是相辅相成的，学习者既要注重词
汇的积累，也要注重结构的运用。
只有词汇和结构都得到充分掌握，学习
者才能够流利地表达自己的意思，并与他人进行有效的交流。
英语结构词汇
contra．missile反导弹导弹；counterclcckwise逆时针的
de-
away，down，negative离开，分，否定，使低下
decompose分解；
decompression减压；
degrade使降级；
demobilize复员；
degenerate堕落的；
proposal提案；
professional专业人员；
signal信号；
approval同意；
refusal拒绝；
arrival到达
-age
加在动词后
(n．)state；quality，act表状态，性质，行为，情况
(n．)表示特性或情况
(n．)state，quality，act表状态，性质，行为
disassemble拆开：divest脱衣，剥夺；
differentiate区分
il-
加在以“l”开头的词前
不
illegal不合法的；
illiterate文盲；illegitimate非法的
im-
in-
ir-
加在字母m，b，p之前
not，in，into否定，加强或引申意义
impracticable行不通的；invisible不可见的；
passage通道；
breakage破损；
shortage缺乏；
courage勇气；
shrinkage收缩；
-ance
-ence
加在形容词后
importance重要性；confidence自信心；
independence独立；appearance外貌；
existence存在
英语二、词汇与结构
二、词汇与结构1、(As a rule ),we keep records on all the experiments so that we may have enough data.2、(Above)all we should put the theory into practice.3、(Until)you told me,I had heard nothing of what happened.4、(What)they are doing has never been done before.5、(The)majority of people are highly against the pollution in this city6、Ancient Greece is the (origin)of western civilization7、After stopping for a few minutes.the bus moved (on)to its next stop.8、A lecture hall is (one)where students.attend lectures.9、Although I am a good swimmer,I don’t like (swimming)in the sea.10、An adviser said in China (a sandwich)course should be developed in some Universites…11、A 15-year-old boy was (arrested)for stealing 22 charity boxes form local shops.12、All the team members tried their best.We lost the game, (however )13、At present,the most important thing is that Britain needs (to do)more to improve the…14、 Before she left on the trip, she (had trained)hard.15、By next year he (will have worked)in New York for five years.16、Before I got to the cinema,the film (had begun )17、Bush’s farm (lane)is said to be at bottom of the state of Texas in north America.18、Boggis’ little secret was that she wanted to see herself the (twelve-year-old)gril.19、Do you know who are (conducting)the survey?20、Do you feel like (having something to eat)today?21、Don’t worry,your watch (is being repaired)and you can have it in no time.22、Dr.Hoffman proposed that we (put off)the meeting until next week.23、Did you have a neighbor who was always (getting above)your business?24、Don’t you think the small donkey can really pull the heavy (cart )25、Edgar began (work)as an office boy years ago.26、Everything (would have been destroyed)if Albert hadn’t called the fire brigade.27、Frank plays (a lot better than)Alex28、”Good-bye,Miss Liu.I’m very pleased (to have met you )”29、 He keeps (looking)at himself in the mirror.30、 He is the man (whose)dog bit me.31、His attitude toward us seems (friendly )32、He,as well as I ,(is)a student.33、He seldom does his homework at school on weekdays, (does)he?34、He speaks so quickly that I didn’t(catch)what he said.35、He (treated)the children so badly that they were terrified of him36、How the fire in the dance hall started (remains)a mystery.37、History is the story of (whatever)happened to the people before today.38、He is a kind-hearted and (respectable)gentleman.39、He (adjusted)himself quickly to the new condition of his work.40、He is over fifty,but he looks as though he (were )only in his thirties.41、He was (over the room )about his new job.42、He was (engaged in)the preparation of an international conference when I arrived in Beijing.43、Hardly (had I got)home when it began to rain.44、 It is very convenient (living)here.45、 I have lived here (since)1997.46、 I broke my leg when I (was)skiing in America.47、 It happen (on)a winter night.48.I know this is the secret between you and me,and I promise never to(mention)it to anyone else49、In addition to rice,we need to (supplement)our diet with fish,meat and vegetable.50、I’d like to know what you (did with)the plants I gave you.51、If the man (is to)succeed,he must work as hard as he can.52、It is (such a big job)that he has to ask for help.53、If there were life on Mars,such life forms (would be)unable to survive on earth.54、If you want to learn something,you had better pay (attention)in class55、I don’t think this kind of medicine has any (effect )56、It (happened)that I met one of my old classmates on my way home yesterday.57、In this factory each worker must receive a (two-month)training course.58、I prefer to live in the countryside.Country life has a lot of (advantages)over city life.59、It was well know that Thomas Edison (invented)the electric lamp60、I don’t think he will be back in an hour,(will he )?61、I saw she was in a difficulty with all those parcels,so I offered my (services )62、It is hoped that the weather will (stay)warm for three more days.63、If you want to visit someone in England,you’d better make arrangement (in advance ).64、I’d rather stay at home than (take)a walk.65、I am pleased to take (this opportunity)to exchange views with you.66、I don’t want you to make any trouble, (on the contrary) ,I urge you to solve the problem.67、In China,children (have to start)school at seven.68、In the fifties last cuntury many,new cities (grew up) in the desert.69、I haven’t read (the whole)book,but I read half of it,At least I know something about the ….70、It is assumed that students at an intermediate level will have a good (command)of the basic71、I tried (finishing)the book in a few days,but actually I couldn’t, just because of too much…72、I thought that this would be a funny trick (to play on) Jim.73、If you have made a dicision,please stice(to) what you want.74、I prefer classic music (to) pop music.75、If I had more money,I (would) travel around the world.76、If you go to America, you will find that there are better (communications)by road…..77、I was busy with my paper when I heard someone (moving about)in the room above.78、I am very surprised thaat even an expert on foreign affairs can know the…(Moreover)…79、If you don’t promise to help build more houses,ordinary people (will not benefit)80、John Preston was tired (of)living in east London,in which had moved after his wife’s death81、Jean could be a very attractive girl,but she (pays no attention) to her clothes.82、John and Mary (had been in love) for years before they got married.83、John (used) tp be a teacher before the war,but now he works in a hospital.84、Let me (look into) the case carefully before I draw a conclusion.85、Last month,he paid a visit to the village (where) he had once worked for five years.86、Let’s not wait any longer,he might not (turn up) at all.87、Last week I bought a flat (whose) biggest room faced south.88、 Mary forgot (to write) a letter to her mother, so she wrote to her just now.89、Mr.Smith (played) a most important part in the development of our city.90、Mr.Smith,together with his wife and children,(is) going to the party this weekend.91、Mother was busy,Although she was not watching the basketball on TV,she (was listening to)92、Mark is a clerk (with) a job in a top bookstrore.93、My parents are not interested in modern music、They are (behind) the times.94、Mr.Liu,(whose wife I met) at imoversotu om Changchun,works at Changhou Company now.95、My aunt has lived in New York (since) 1995.96、More and more people in China now (drive) to work regularly.97.No one can possibly recall any detail about the meeting.It is at least five years since it(took place )98、Not until most of the people had left the airport (did he see) his sister was there99、Not always (can people do what) they want(to ).100、On his first sea (voyage ),he was stillquite young but showd great courage to face the storms. 101、Once he starts a job,he won’t stop (until) it is finished.102、One of the benefits of the new model is that it is easier (to operate) than the old one.103、One day while Mr.King was working,he had an (accident)and his left leg was badly injured. 104、Once you’re into basketball,you’ll find (it) great fun to play as a way to relax.105、Our Lab was being (rebuilt) when we visited the university.106、Of you have made a dicision,please stick (A) what you want.107、Please leave the key under the door (in case) you go out.108、Please stop (shouting),It cannot help the situation.109、People wandering in the fairground or park area (don’t have to) wear a uniform.110、Parliament didn’t think the Prime Minister did enough in the improvement…(therefore )…111、 She was convicted (of) murder.112、She (owes) her success to hard work and strong will.113、She has always (looked up) to her father,although he did not graduate from a famous university.114、Some of the citizens have been (awarded) medals for bravery.115、Sadam (was married) for 25years.116、Smith drove all the (way) to Los Angeles and was just in time for the opening ceremony of 117、Silk (has been used) by Chinese for thousands of years now.118、 The bedroom needs (decorating)119、The farmer caught the boys (stealing) his apples.120、These plants are rather difficult (to look after)121、That’s the (veru) gentlemean I’ve been telling you about.122、The picture is pleasant (to look at)123、The refrigerator is (empty) ;we must buy some food.124、The teacher spoke so fast that it was hard for the students to (take in)what he was staying. 125、Three people,(including a child),were injured in the accident.126、They handed in theire paper (in trun)127、The population of the earth (is;are) increasing fast.One third of the population here…128、This is the problem (to which) we have no good solution as yet.129、The work (will have been done) by the time you get there.130、The patient acted on the doctor’s(advice) and finally recovered.131、The sun heats the earth,(which) is very important to living things.132、The definition leaves (much room) for disagreement.133、The heavy rain stopped us (from arriving) at the station on time.134、The president claimed the terrorists should be held responsible (for) the explosions that…135、The public transport system in many cities in the world (is still run) by the local authority. 136、The (politician) is concerned with successful election,whereas the statesman is …137、The big man has always been eating ont the go,(so) he has got stomachache.138、The beef I ate at the restaurant yesterday is delicious.i’d like to have it again (twice as much ) 139、The man (made for) the gate when he realized that we had spotted him.140、The act of speaking will also help to improve listening comprehension (to some extent ) 141、There are nations whose lack of contact with the outside world has (resulted in)poverty. 142、The mistake was (caused) by the carelessness of the assistant.143、The ancient letter was written (with) a pen.144、The roof of our house is broken ,so it needs (repairing).145、The volunteers started looking after other children (whose) parents died of AIDS last year. 146、They are (such diligent)students that they all performed well in the nationwide examinations 147、 You must explain (to us, in) how they succeeded ()the experiment.148、You should make (sure)your house or flat is secure.149、You (ought) to lock the door at night.150、We advised him to give up smoking,(and do) a lot of exercise.151、What (type) of blood does Tom have?152、We consider (is necessary that) the instrument be adjusted each time it is used.153、When a fire (broke out) at the National Exhibition,at least ten priceless paintings…154、We are (confident) int eh future of our motherland.155、We failed in our (attempt) to climb the mountain.156、We lived on a (side street)when my wife studied in Oxford,It is quiet there,so very suited for 157、Why (is…begin)the old block of flats()demolished next month?158、We are told that it is (where) we are born that decides our nationality.159、We have kept (up) our friendship by writing to each other, so we are true friends160、While (raising) money,he had worked very long hours.161、We have our house (cleaned) every week by a cleaner.162、When we were having a meeting, the director (was told) the bad news by telephone.163、What’s happened to Tom?(He’s been taken )to hospital.。
英语四级考试语法结构与词汇
英语四级考试语法结构与词汇一、语法结构部分。
1. 时态。
- 一般现在时。
- 用法：表示经常发生的动作、存在的状态或客观事实。
- 结构：主语 + 动词原形（第三人称单数主语时动词加 -s或 -es）。
例如：I play football every Sunday.（play，动词原形，[pleɪ]）He plays football every Sunday.（plays，动词第三人称单数形式，[pleɪz]）- 一般过去时。
- 用法：表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
- 结构：主语+动词的过去式。
例如：I saw a movie yesterday.（saw，see的过去式，[sɔː]，动词）- 现在进行时。
- 用法：表示现在正在进行的动作。
- 结构：主语+be动词（am/is/are）+动词的 -ing形式。
例如：She is reading a book.（is，be动词第三人称单数形式，[ɪz]；reading，动词的 -ing形式，['ri ːdɪŋ]）- 过去进行时。
- 用法：表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。
- 结构：主语+be动词（was/were）+动词的 -ing形式。
例如：He was watching TV at 8 o'clock last night.（was，be动词第一、三人称单数过去式，[wɒz]；watching，动词的 -ing形式，['wɒtʃɪŋ]）2. 从句。
- 定语从句。
- 概念：在句中作定语，修饰名词或代词。
- 关系代词：who（指人，主格，[huː]），whom（指人，宾格，[huːm]），which（指物，[wɪtʃ]），that（指人或物，[ðæt]）。
例如：The boy who/that is standing there is my brother.（这里who/that引导定语从句修饰the boy）- 名词性从句。
大学英语复习指导——词汇和语法结构
What a beautiful house! Especially there are many ______.
A. furniture B. furnitures C. pieces of furniture D. pieces of furnitures
（4）the others特指范围内的另一些（范围总数通常多于两个）。
e.g. There are forty students in our class. Twenty-eight of us are boys, the others are girls.
（5）another指同类中（三个或三个以上）的“另一个”，是指不确定的另一个。
这样，将同类词汇放在一起记忆，当遇到其中一个词时，头脑中出现的就是一组词，效率大大提高了。
（三）比较记忆法
把同义词或形似词放在一起，加以区别、说明来掌握单词的方法。记忆的过程是一组组，一对对单词同时记忆。这种记忆方法可以记住单词拼写的同时，还掌握了词与词的区别和各自特殊的用法，清楚地区分平时极易混淆的单词。如：admit和confess是同义词，均表示“承认”。但confess，含有“坦白、忏悔”的意思， 而admit却无此意。admit除含有“承认”之意外， 还含有“允许，接纳”的意思。acquire、inquire、require是三个形似词，但意思却完全不同：acquire（取得，获得）。 inquire（打听，查询）、require（需要，要求，命令）。
统考语法部分主要涉及到连接词、动词形式与时态、主谓语一致、虚拟语气等内容，为方便考生对语法知识的复习，现将考试重点涉及内容总结如下：
（一）名词
A. 知识要点
名词可分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单、复数之分。
专升本《英语》词汇与语法结构
三、语法结构问题
语法结构主要是时态、语态、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、从句(包
future 前途，例如 a job with plenty of future 有很大发展前途的工
作，常与介词 with 搭配，且不用 considerable 来修饰; C. possibility
可能性与 D. opportunity 机遇通常不用来修饰人。
3.短语辨析
例1
In my opinion, he's
其他三项均不合乎语法要求，不予选择。
例2
To our ，Geoffrey's illness proved not to be as serious as we
had feared.
A. anxiety
B. relief C. view D. judgment
【句意】令我们感到欣慰的是，杰弗里的病不像我们担心的 那样严重。
通过英文释义去把握单词的确切内涵。
例2
The neighborhood boys like to play basketball on the lot.
A. valid
B. vain
C. vacantFra bibliotekD. vague
【句意】附近的男孩子们喜欢在那块空地上打篮球。
【精析】C 本题是一道词义辨析题。所给的四个单词从形式
【句意】 这本书旨在促进科研 与教学，尤其是研究人 员与
结构专业常用英语词汇
结构专业常用英语词汇1. 一般术语房屋建筑工程building engineering 土木工程civil engineering 建构筑物construction works 结构structure基础foundation地基ground; foundation soils 木结构timber structure 砌体结构masonry structure 钢结构steel structure 混凝土结构concrete structure 特种结构special engineering structure房屋建筑building 工业建筑industrial building 民用建筑civil building 水工建筑物marine structure 剪力墙结构shear wall structure 混合结构mixed structure 板柱结构slab-column system 框架结构frame structure 壳结构shell structure 拱结构arch strucuture桁架结构truss网架结构space grid structure 悬索结构cable-suspended structure框架-剪力墙结构frame-shear wall structure筒体结构tube structure 高耸结构high-rise structure 斜拉桥cable stayed bridge 悬索桥suspension bridge 桁架桥trussed bridge 拱桥arch bridge 引桥approach span 桥墩pier隧道tunnel 混凝土坝concrete dam渠道channel2. 结构构件构件member 部件component; assembly parts 梁beam截面section 板slab; plate 柱column 墙wall 壳shell 桁架truss框架frame刚架rigid frame排架bent frame 简支梁simply supported beam 悬臂梁cantilever beam 连续梁continuous beam 叠合梁superposed beam 伸缩缝expansion and contraction joint截水沟(天沟)catch ditch;intercepting channel 排水沟drainage ditch 护坡slopeprotection;revetment 挡土墙retaining wall 止水sealing; seal;节点joint桩pile沉降缝settlement joint 防震缝aseismic joint施工缝construction joint基础梁foundation beam 桩承台pile cap;bearing platform底板 bottom slab水池顶板basin top slab现浇墙板cast-in-place wallpanel预制墙板pre-cast wall panel 钢筋混凝土框架reinforced concreteframe 钢筋混凝土柱reinforced concrete column先张法预应力混凝土管桩pretensioned spun concrete piles 钢筋混凝土现浇板 cast-in-placereinforced concrete slab斜梁 stringer 平台梁 beams of platform 女儿墙 parapet人孔盖板 manhole cover集水坑catchment pit 溢流槽 flood relief channel 爬梯ladder牛腿 bracket仪表槽盒支架instrument trench support 电缆支架cable trench support 支撑brace支架support3. 结构材料预埋件embedded plate 钢板steel plate 钢圆环 steel ring plate 雨水篦子板 rain water grating 钢筋reinforcing bar I 级 grade I热轧光圆钢筋hot rolled plain steel bars 热轧带肋钢筋hot rolled ribbed steel bars插筋anchor rebar 钢筋锚固长度bond length of rebars 钢筋搭接bar splicing 箍筋stirrup 纵向钢筋longitudinal bar 弯起钢筋bent-up bar钢筋间距rod spacing;bar spacing搭接长度overlapping length 胀锚螺栓 expansion bolts 螺母nut锚栓anchor bolt地脚螺栓foundation boltM30六角螺帽M30 six angle screw cap 外露100，丝扣80outcrop 100mm，thread 80mm垫片 washerC40混凝土C40 concrete: class 40早强剂early-strength admixture细石混凝土fine aggregate concrete 防冻附加剂antifreeze admixture 配合比mixture ratio抗渗等级P8 seepage class:抗压强度compression strength 混凝土保护层厚度minimum concrete cover 普通硅酸盐水泥ordinary portland cement 砂sand卵石pebble 碎石crushed stone砾石gravel骨料aggregate 水泥cement 粘土砖clay brick 垫层cushion4. 地基基础扩展基础spread foundation 地基ground,foundation soils 刚性基础rigid foundation 独立基础single footing 联合基础combined footing 条形基础strip founcation 壳体基础shell foundation 箱形基础box foundation 筏形基础raft foundation 桩基础pile foundation沉井基础open caisson foundation大直径桩基础cylinder pile foundation 土岩组合地基soil-rock composite ground地基允许变形值allowable subsoil deformation地基处理ground treatment 复合地基composite foundation 强夯dynamic compaction 支档结构retaining structure 基坑工程excavation engineering 高应变动力检测high strain dynamic testing of piles单桩竖向抗压静载试验vertical compressionbearing capacity static test forsingle pile 单桩水平静载试验lateral bearing capacity static test for single pile单桩竖向抗拔静载试验vertical up-lifting bearing capacitystatic test forsingle pile 单桩竖向抗压极限承载力vertical ultimate compress bearing capacity of a single pile桩侧摩阻力skin frictionresistance 桩顶水平位移lateral displacement 桩端阻力end bearingresistance单桩静载试验static test of single pile单桩水平极限承载力ultimate lateralbearing capacity fora single pile单桩竖向抗拔极限承载力ultimate vertical up-lifting bearing capacity for a single pile 素填土 Plain Fill 粉土Silt粉质粘土 Silty Clay 淤泥质粉质粘土Sludgy Silty Clay 粉砂Silty Sand 高压缩性 high compressibility 中粗砂medium sand 中等压缩性 medium compressibility 中细砂fine sand低压缩性 low compressibility 可塑~硬塑状态 plastic-hard plastic 泥质粉砂岩 Muddy Silty stone 流塑状态 flow plastic粉砂质泥岩 Silty mudstone 局部软塑状态 partly soft plastic 泥岩 Mudstone饱和saturated 强风化 high weathered 松散incompact中等风化 medium weathered 轻微裂缝 slight defective pile 断桩 breakage of pile桩身完整pile of body integrity缩颈pile diameter reduction缺陷 defect压缩系数coefficient of compressibility 渗流 seepage flow内聚力（粘聚力）cohesion5. 钢结构钢结构 steel structure 底漆paint primer涂层coating 中间漆intermediate painting 油漆，涂料 paint 面漆 finish coat 流坠hanging透底 disclosure皱皮 wrinkle 漏涂 miss painting 返锈 rust again漆膜厚度 film thickness 结构构件 structural member 垂直支撑vertical bracing 桁架truss小立柱 post WA325钢格栅板 WA325 grating 斜梁 stringer踏步板 treads钢梯 steel stairway 踏步钢格板 grating for stair tread 斜梯栏杆 guard rails不锈钢栏杆 stainless steel handrail预制场地 prefabrication area 平台栏杆 GR of platform原材料 raw material半成品 semi-finished goods 除锈 remove rust, cleaning 切割 cutting 喷砂 sand blasting 打磨坡口 grinding型钢 section steel 热轧工字钢hot-rolled I-beam steel 热轧钢板 hot-rolled plates 热轧不等边角钢hot-rolled unequal-legangle steel热轧等边角钢hot-rolled equal-leg angle steel热轧H型钢hot-rolled H steel 热轧槽钢hot-rolled channel steel 无缝钢管 seamless steel pipes扁钢 strap steel 不锈钢板stainless steelplate 垂直度 verticality 分片组装be assembled bysections现场成框framed at site焊缝 weld seam V型坡口V-type bevel 焊缝高度 weld height 焊枪 welding gun 焊缝长度 weld length 焊机 welding machine 气焊 gas welding 焊炬welding torch 电焊 electric welding 自动和半自动电弧焊automatic andsemi-automatic welding 手工焊 hand welding对焊 butt welding 焊条 weld rod, electrode 角焊缝 fillet 间断焊接 gap welding 咬边 undercut 针孔 pinhole 夹渣 slag裂纹 crack烧穿 burning out 漏焊 losing welding 弧坑 concavity 未焊透lack of fusion 打磨 grind火焰切割 torch cutting 喷砂除锈The sand blasting 机械钻孔drill by machine预拉力 prestressed 高强度大六角头螺栓连接副Set of big hexagonal high-strength bolt 抗滑移系数Slide coefficient of faying surface 扭矩系数torsional moment coefficient终拧扭矩final torsional moment6. 荷载、强度、可靠度剪力shear 剪切变形shear deformation压力pressure延伸率percentage of elongation 剪切模量shear modulus 拉力tension 应力stress应变strain应力集中concentration of stress应力松弛stress relaxation 应力图stress diagram 应力状态state of stress位移 displacement 弹性变形 elastic deformation 变形 deformation 塑性变形 plastic deformation 应变 strain剪应变 shear strain 线应变 linear strain 主应变 principal strain 轴向力 normal force 主应力 principal stress 正应力normal stress预应力prestress应力应变曲线stress-strain curve 裂缝crack抗压强度compressive strength 抗弯强度bending strength 抗扭强度torsional strength 抗拉强度tensile strength 屈服yield屈服点yield point屈服荷载yield load 屈服极限limit of yielding屈服强度yield strength 屈服强度下限lower limit of yield 荷载load横截面section, cross 承载力bearing capacity 承重结构bearing structure 弹性模量elastic modulus 塑性plasticity延性ductileity受弯构件member in bending 轴向拉力axial tension 受拉区tensile region 可靠性reliability 受压区compressive region 粘结力cohesive force 配筋率reinforcement ratio 偏心受拉eccentric tension 配箍率stirrup ratio 偏心受压eccentric compression 泊松比Poisson’s ratio 偏心距eccentric distance 跨度span疲劳强度fatigue strength 跨高比span-to-depth ratio 偏心荷载eccentric load设计限值 limiting design value截面宽度 breadth of section 截面高度 height of section 截面厚度 thickness of section 截面直径 diameter of section 截面面积area of section 截面周长 perimeter of section 截面模量（抵抗矩）section modulus截面惯性矩 second moment of area截面极惯性矩polar second moment of area截面回转半径 radius of gyration 长细比 slenderness ratio 偏心矩 eccentricity 偏心率 relative ecdentricity 振动 vibration 自振频率 natural frequency 加速度 acceleration 振周期natural period of vibration频率 frequency振幅 amplitude of vibration 自由度 degree of freedom 振型 mode of vibration 阻尼 damp共振resonance强迫振动 forced vibration 设计荷载design load 挠度deflection 设计强度design strength 构造construction 脆性破坏brittle failure 延性破坏ductile failure 可靠性 reliability适用性 serviceability安全性 safety耐久性 durability设计基准期 design reference period可靠概率 probability of survival 可靠指标 reliability index 失效概率probability of failure 概率设计法 probabilistic method极限状态设计法 limit states method 容许应力设计法permissible stresses method正常使用极限状态 serviceability limit states承载能力极限状态 ultimate limit states 极限状态 limit states分项系数partial safety factor体分布力 force per unit volume 作用 action力矩moment of force线分布力 force per unit length永久作用 permanent action 面分布力 force per unit area 可变作用 variable action 偶然作用 accidental action 静态作用 static action 固定作用 fixed adtion 动态作用 dynamic action 自重 self weight 温度作用 temperature action 施工荷载 site load地震作用 earthquake action 土压力 earth pressure 水压力 water pressure 风荷载 wind load雪荷载 snow load 风振wind vibration 吊车荷载crane load 屋面活荷载floor live load 浮力 buoyance浪压力（波浪力） wave pressure 泥沙压力 silt pressute 冰压力 ice pressure 冻胀力 frost heave force 静水压强 hydro-static pressure 静水总压力total hydro-static pressure动水压强 hydro-dynamic pressure压力水头 pressure head 作用代表值 representative value of an action作用准永久值quasi-permanent value of an action作用标准值 characteristic valueof an action作用组合值combination value of actions作用设计值design value of an action作用效应 effects of actions 作用组合值系数coeffcient forcombination value ofactions作用效应系数 coefficient of effects of actions作用效应基本组合fundamentalcombination foraction effects 短期效应组合 combination for short-term action effects 作用效应偶然组合accidentalcombination foraction effects 长期效应组合combination for long-term action effects 轴线axes标高elevation; datum mark 坐标coordinate基准点，标高datum mark中心标高center elevation 绝对标高absolute elevation 相对标高relative elevation 平面控制plane control 高程控制elevation control 水准点bench mark经纬仪transit坐标控制点coordinate control points水准仪surveyor level 测杆surveying rod 钢卷尺steel tape测距仪range finder7. 土建施工挖掘 excavate 履带式推土机crawler dozer 挖土机 excavator 履带式起重机crawler crane 反铲挖土机back digger 压路机 road roller挖沟机 trench digger 翻斗车 tipping skip 铲运机 scraper自卸卡车 dumping truck 洒水车 sprinkler 回填back fill 土方工程 earth work 蛙式打夯机 frog rammer 钢筋切断机 bar cutter 钢筋弯曲机 angle--bender基坑foundation pit 双排竖管脚手架independent scaffold 脚手架scaffold管子脚手架pipe scaffold 单排竖管脚手架putlog scaffold 满堂脚手架full framing 立杆 the standing pole 扫地杆 ground bars 横杆 ledger脚手板 scaffold board 防护栏 protective barrier,guard rail 隔离剂 isolating agent 扣件 coupler旋转扣件swivel coupler 十字扣件double coupler 套筒扣件sleeve coupler 钢筋加工 rebar fabrication 铁丝 iron wire钢筋连接 rebar connection 绑扎lashing 搭接 lap焊接 welding搭接接头 lap joint 焊接接头 welded joint 搭接焊lap welding 砂浆垫块mortar block制模，模板工程formwork 组合钢模板 combined steel formwork 模板form模板配板 formwork configuration 模板支设 formwork erection 安装偏差 installation deviation 模板接缝the formwork joint泵送混凝土pumping of concrete 混凝土中心搅拌站 centralized concretemixing plant 浇灌混凝土concrete pouring, depositing concrete,模板拆除 formwork removal 混凝土搅拌汽车concrete mixer truck 混凝土搅拌concrete agitation 插入式振捣器 insertion type vibrator 振捣混凝土 vibrated concrete 平板振动器 plate vibrator 抹子，泥刀 trowel 抹灰，抹光 toweling坍落度slump两组试块two sets of testing blocks混凝土取样witness sampling of concrete混凝土施工缝处理treatment of concrete construction joint 初凝 initial set终凝final set初凝时间 initial setting time 终凝时间final setting time 混凝土养护concrete curing 草垫 straw mattress回填back fill回填夯实backfill consolidation 1:2水泥砂浆20厚1:2 cenment mortar thickness 20mm 找平层leveling blacket 抹灰plastering 抹平，找平screeding 抹灰底层rendering coat 抹光，压光trowel finish灌缝；灌浆grout抹灰罩面层setting coat二次灌浆post-grouting填料filling翼环plate ring套管pipe sleeve石棉水泥asbestos cement油麻oil-- hemp橡胶止水带rubber water stop密封胶joint sealant沥青涂层asphalt coating填缝板joint filler镀锌铁皮galvanized iron sheet。
英语试题题型包括词汇与结构选择、完型填空、阅读理解、单
英语试题题型包括词汇与结构选择、完型填空、阅读理解、单词汉译英、词形转换、汉译英(句子)和英译汉(短文)。
I. 词汇与结构题 (Vocabulary and Structure ) 1分/题。
本题用来测验语法(主要为句子结构)和词的用法(主要为词的搭配、惯用语)，比例各占一半。
此题型所考查的重点主要包括以下几个方面：1. 搭配题：搭配题型主要考核固定搭配的词组，主要是介词与其他词形成的固定的、习惯性的、成语性的搭配关系。
一般来说这类题型比较容易，复习和备考时要注意教材后面的词组表，我们的课件中也有分析的。
搭配题型在历年考试中都占有一定比例。
2.词义辨析题：这种题型主要考查词义相近或词型相近的词的辨析，或者是不相关的一些词的词义辨析。
主要考核对词汇的掌握程度。
3 语法结构题：语法结构题主要考查非谓语动词(主要是分词作状语，分词的独立结构)，引导从句(状语从句、定语从句、主语从句)的关联词或关系代词、关系副词等，强调句、倒装句。
有时也考查动词的时态、被动语态、虚拟语气等。
做语法题时，要仔细分析句子的结构，是简单句，并列句，还是复合句。
是复合句，则要根据句子的性质、句意、上下文选择合适的连接手段。
大家一定要着重看精华版课件中考题比较多的这些语法考点。
在复习的过程，不要花过多的时间去关注词汇的拼写，而应该把重点放在词汇的含义、搭配和用法上。
主要需要注意形容词、动词、副词和名词，包括与之搭配的介词(介词总是以一种明显的身份出现的试题中，用这种办法来考察学员对词组搭配的熟悉程度)。
II. 完型填空 (Cloze Test ) 10分，1分/题完形填空题的考查重点是语法，包括一致关系，动词时态、语态，名词的数，代词，形容词和副词的级，连词，介词等。
从最近的几次考试看，完形填空题的语法重点仍在连接各种从句的关联词上，除此之外，也有一部分题是考查介词和代词的。
在词汇方面，也可能考查一些常用词和习惯用语的用法。
完型填空的题型分为：搭配题，语法题，词汇辨析题，逻辑关系题等。
英语2词汇与结构
第二部分词汇与结构6. A: What did you have for breakfast?B: Coffee and toast.7. l began to learn French when he was 11.8. John enjoys jogging while his brother prefers to go skiing.9. A: Would you like to go to the cinema with me?B: I’d rather stay at home.10.There wasn’t anybody in the house when she got home.11.A: Which picture do you like?B: I think the big one is better.12.I’m tired. I haven’t got enough energy （精力）to go to the gym today.13. She told the children not to make a noise.14. Neither of her brothers came to the wedding. They don’t like her new husband.15. John didn’t turn up until the meeting had finished.16. My plant died. I should have watered (浇水）it.17.The gifts he brought from Britain were sent out last week.18.Sorry, I’m not free this evening.I’m having dinner with Mike.19. I saw him reading a book in his office when everyone was looking for him.20. He said that he would try his best to help me.21.We’re going on holiday in the autumn this year.22.He said he hadn’t got enough money.23.He used to shout at me when I was a child.24. He asked the waiter for a glass of water.25. A: What a nice day!B: Yes. Let’s go camping, shall we ?6. Stop ! That fire is dangerous.7. Her article is the best in her class.8.When I saw him, I asked, him for some money.9. She didn’t answer my phone call yesterday.10.Table tennis is the most popular sport in this country.11.Mary would like to buy the handbag, which is very beautiful but also rather expensive.12. My brother who lives in America is visiting next week.13. A: Could I see the manager now?B: I’m sorry you can’t. He has gone to Hong Kong.14.I have no idea where the cat went. She could have gone anywhere.15. If I were you, I would buy a house at the seaside.16.A: Where does Mark get his hair cut? B: He cuts it himself .17. A: Would you like to go to the cinema with me?B: I’d rather stay at home.18. If it rains tomorrow, we’ll go to the cinema.19. It’s quite fine today. Would you like to play basketball with me?20.Tianjin is a two-hour journey from Beijing.21. John didn’t turn up until the meeting finished.22.We’re going to eithe r to France or Spain next year.23. In spite of the rain, they went to work as usual.24.I didn’t go anywhere in the summer.25. With his help, you will have nothing to worry about.6.Today is too busy. Let’s discuss it some time next week.7.A: I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.B: Oh, not at all, I have been here only a few minutes.8.His grandfather is very healthy. He neither, drinks nor smokes.9.As she was reading the newspaper, Granny fell asleep.10.The book was rather expensive, but I bought it anyway.11.The buses, which were full of people, couldn’t go very fast.12.I have no idea who stole his wallet. It could have been anyone.13.Mary said she had been to all over the world.14.Mary’s father is very pleased with her.15.You’d better have your hair cut before going to your friend’s wedding.16.He stopped watching TV when the dinner was ready.17.Nice weather, isn’t it ?18.Mike offered to help and so did John.19.Mary told Little Tom not to spend all the money.20.A: Have you finished your homework?B: No, I haven’t..21.He used to work very hard when he was young.22.He has just gone out.23.We enjoy swimming very much, because it is good to our health.24.March the 8th is Women’s Day.25.A concert will be held in the school hall at 4 pm on Tuesday.6.Sally is looking for a new job. She has been bored with her job as a secretary.7. A: Have you seen my glasses?B: Yes, I saw them on your bed a minute ago.8.An application form will be sent to you on request .9.I was watching TV when the telephone rang.10.They named the island after its discoverer.11.Could you please tell us what kind of work in which you have got experience?12.You can remember what you do if you keep a diary .13.This morning I had my finger cut when I was preparing breakfast.14.A:Thank you for lending me yourdictionary.B: You’re welcome. But could you give it back to me tomorrow?15.He is really good man, isn’t he?16.I’m going to buy Mary a birthday gift. Do you have anything special in mind?17.My father told me about his trip to Xin Jiang.18.I’ve always enjoyed swimming .19.We used to ride bicycles to go to work.20.Don’t disturb him. He is writing a letter now.21.A car hit her when she was walking across the road.22.A: Have you typed the letter for me?B: Yes, I have. .23.We haven’t seen such a beautiful film for the past four years .24.My parents have never been to the Great Wall.25. Shirley was writing a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished it.6. The boys got up very late this morning. They watched too much TV last night.7.They decided to leave next Friday.8.They named the island after its discoverer.9.The child speaks fluent French.10.A car hit her when she was walking across the road.11.I was walking along the street when he shouted at me.12.He bought two books. So did I.13.The buses, which were full of people, couldn’t go very fast.14.Tomorrow is my mother’s birthday. I want to buy something special for her.15.He is really good man, isn’t he?16. He stopped watching TV when the dinner was ready.17.The children are enjoying themselves at the party.18.I don’t know where the key is, but I suppose I could have left it at home.19.Mary said she had been to all over the world.20.I play table tennis quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the New Year.21.We used to ride bicycles to go to work.22.This morning I had my finger cut when I was preparing breakfast.23.This jacket is not big enough for me. I need a bigger size.24.A: I didn’t have time for lunch today.B: I didn’t either .25.Mother told Little Tom not to spend all the money.词汇与结构Vocabulary and Structure1.The house was made of wood.2.You can remember what you do if you keep a diary .3.An application form will be sent to you on request .4.The book was rather expensive, but I bought it anyway .5.He failed in spite of all his efforts.6.They decided to leave next Friday.7.Don’t disturb him. He is writing a letter now.8.The boys got up very late this morning. They watched too much TV last night.9.Is the supermarket on the right or left?10.Mary’s father is very pleased with her.11.The child speaks fluent French.12.Tom helped her mother with the cooking.13.Could you tell me how to improve my English?14.This idea hit me when I woke up this morning.15.Today is too busy. Let’s discuss it some time next week.16.You should be more patient with your children.17.They named the island after its discoverer.18.Sally is looking for a new job. She has been bored with her job as a secretary.19. I was on my way to school when I saw the accident.20.You won’t get better if you don’t give up smoking.21.She goes jogging every morning.22.A: Thank you for lending me your dictionary.B: You’re welcome. But could you give it back to me tomorrow?23.He is a good friend of ours .24.I’m going to buy Mary a birthday gift. Do you have anything special in mind?25.I don’t know how to explain it.26. Neither her mother nor she was at home when the thief came in.27.He bought two books.So did I.28.This red bicycle is his and that blue one is Tom’s .29.Tomorrow is my mother’s birthday. I want to buy something special for her.30.A:Who is at the door?B: It must be our new neighbour, Mrs Jones.31.It’s very easy to clean up the room. Anyone can do it.32. Which of these books are yours?33.You’d better stop talking . We’re listening to the news.34.We built the house ourselves . Nobody helped us.35.Can Mary express herself in Chinese?36.Let’s go to the Great Wall by bike, shall we ?37. Have you ever seen a tiger?38.You’re driving too fast , slow down!39.Is it difficult to learn to do Tai Chi?40. If I don’t have to work late on Friday, I might go dancing with friends.41. A:Have you had your breakfast?B:No, I haven’t had it yet .42.I’ve always enjoyed swimming .43.My aunt was angry with her family and went away by herself .44.She can hardly wait to hear the news, can she ?45.A: Have you ever seen the film The Day After Tomorrow?B: No, I haven’t..46.A: Have you typed the letter for me?B: Yes, I have..47.He stopped watching TV when the dinner was ready.48.The children are enjoying themselves at the party.49.I don’t know where the key is, but I suppose I could have left it at home.50.A:I haven’t eaten all day.B:You must be very hungry.51.A: Have you finished your homework?B:No, I haven’t..52. After they finished playing football, they went for a drink in a pub.53.Be careful! Don’t cut yourself with the knife.54.I have no idea who stole his wallet. It could have been anyone.55.A: Have you sent the fax to the travel agent?B:Yes, I have .56. She went to town last week.57.The film was so boring that I fell asleep in the cinema.58.Mike offered to help and so did John.59.Where’s today’s newspaper?60.I didn’t buy the book because I didn’t have any money on me.16. On her way to the office, she stopped to buy a newspaper.16.Tomorrow is my mother's birthday. I want to buy something special for her.18. Jack used to take a walk after supper when the weather was fine.19. He is a doctor, so is his wife.20. Learning English well isn't easy but __ I like it very much.21. I was watching TV when _ the telephone rang.22. She won't leave_ until _ her friends come back.23. A: Have you seen the film Life Without Steve?B: No, I haven't seen it yet l24. Do you know the people who came here this morning?25. If I had a lot of money, I would buy a boat.16．Did you get Up early this morning?17.Someone stole his camera while he is lying On the beach．18. The baby is named aher the nurse who was looking after her．19．Afterthey hnished playing football，theywent fora drink ina pub．20．Shewillhavethecurtain(窗帘) Changed beforetheguestscome．21，Shall we fix a“me for our next meeting?22I have no idea who st01e his wallet．It could have been anyone．23．I have been 1iving here foralmost 20 years．24．DaUaniseast Of Beiing，on thecoast．25．He was taken to the hospital after the accident．16. He went out with his friends last weekend.17. I’m going to buy Mary a birthday gilt. Do you have. anything special in mind?18. The police arrived quickly, but it was too late.19. A:How about another piece of chicken, Sally?B: No, thanks. It was delici0t~s, but Um really full.20. If I don't have to work lat& on Friday, I might go dancing with friends. .21. I~ve always enjoyed. swimming22. Tell her I'll pick up the airline tickets tomorrow.23. He was interviewed by different people in the company. .24. A: I haven't sat down all day. MustB: You be very tired.25. I've lived in Chongqing for twenty years.二、词汇与结构A1.After stopping for a few minutes,the bus moved(on) to is~~2.All the team members tried their best,we lost the game,(however)B3.By next yeat,he (will have worked) in NewYork for five years4.Boggis’little~~~herself the (twelve-year-old)girlD5.Don’t worry,your watch(is being repaired) and you can~~6.Do you think tommy is (telling)the truth7.Don’t forget to write to me,(will you)8.Dr,hoffman proposed that we(put off)the meeting~next week.E9.Everything(would have been destroyed)if albert hadn’t~~10.Edgar began(work)as an office boy years agoH11.Hardly (had I got )home when it began to rian12.He has lived here for years(though)nobody knows what he is13.Having heard so much about~~they were(eager)to meet and14.He, a well as I,(is) astudent.15.He spoke so quickly that I didn’t(make out )what he said16.How the fire in the ~started(remains) a mysteryI17.I tried( finishing)the book in a few days~~`18.I didn’t know what to do but then an ~(occurred to)me19.I spent half an hour (woking on )t his difficult~~20.It is difficylut to (carry on) a conversation ~~21.I hope he’s remembered(to buy)some bread~~22.It is because English is useful(what we study hard)23.If there were life on mars,such life forms (would be) unable24.I(scarcely) know himl,so I can’t tell you ~~25.If you don’t promise to ~~houses,ordinary people(will not benefit).26.I’m old enough to wash(my,yours)chothes by myself~~27.I wonder why they (charged)you so much~~a book28.It was unwise of him to (refer to )the unreliable ~29.In this factory each~~ a(two-month) training course.30.In china,children (have to start)school at seven31.I must tell you how(pleased I was to receive)a letteer from32.I will never forget the time(when) we both stayed~~33.I haven’t read(the whole)book,but I read half of it ~~~34.If we (adopt) the plan you suggest,we are~35.If you go to America,you will~~better(communications),by road,rail~~london36.I don’t want you to make any touble,(on the contrary),I urge~`37.I know this ie the sedret~~~,and I promise never to(mention)it to anyone else. J38.John,(having lost)t he bet ,had to pay ~~39.John fell asleep(while)he was listenoing to the music40.John(used)to be a teacher before the warL41.Let’s finish our homework in a few seconds;it’s time we(played football)42.Let’s not wait any longer, he~not(turn up)43.Look at the terrible~~only I(had followed)your advicest month,he paid a visit to ~~(where)he had once five yearsM45.Mother was busy,although she was~~on tv,she(was listening to )in on the radio 46，Mark is a clerk (with) a job in a top bookstotrN47.Now Helen works(more carefully)than before.48.No one can possibly recall~~,since it (took place)49.No sooner hand they got ~~up(than)it started raining hard50.Not always(pople cannot do what)they wants toO51.On his first sea (voyage), he was52.One day while mr.king wa~,he had a/an(accident)and~~P53.Please look after my parents during my (absence)54.Peter often makes himself(understood)by ~~55.Please leave the key~door (in case)you go outS56.Since this road is wet and sliooery this morning ,it(must have rained)last nighr57.Some pop singers have much influence(on)the young~~58.Sorry, I didn’t know he is a friend of (your brother’s)59.Sadam (was married) for 25 yearsT60.There people,(including a child),were ~~61.The farmer caught the boys(stealing)his apples62.The children (are taken good care of) by the nurse63.That’s the(very) gentleman I,ve~~64.The teacher spoke so fast~~~student to (take in)what he~~65.The old man is used to (exercising)early in the morning.66.They handed in their paper(in turn)67.The sun heats the earth,(which)is very important68，The heavy rain stopped us (from arriving)at the sraion on time69.The president claimed the~~~responsible (for)the explosions~~70.The mother didn’t know (who) to blame for the broken71.The father wished the twind to be ~,but(neither) of them72.There’s no need to ~~,he’s quite(harmless)73.The population of the city(is;are)increasing fast~74.Tha lab was being(rebuilt) when we visited the university75.The roof of our~~~so it needs(repairing).76.The work(will have been done) by thetime you get there77.The united states is composed of fifty srates,two of(which)are separated78.The mistake was (caused) by the ~~79.Tennis is a (game) invented by an englishman~~80.The hall was almost empty.there were(few)people in it81.The big man has always~~on the go,(so) he has got stomachache.U82.Unfortunately the poor girl can’t ~~but(sell)all her~~W83.We consider (it necessary that) the instrument~84.We are (confident) in the future of~~85.We are going te have our office(rearranged)to make room~~86.Wealthy as he is ,he is not(generous)with his money~~87.We have our house(cleaned)every week~~~88.What time is (last)the train to London89.While(raising)money,he had to work very long hoursY90.You (ought) to lock the door at night91.Young children soon(pick up) words they~~92.Your tutors will be ~~you(keep u whit)your work93.Your brother has made an (appointment)for you to see~94.(What) they are doing has never been~95.(The) majority of people are highly~~96.(What) I saw was two men crossing the street97.(Unless)he studies hard ,he will~~98.(Every) of them has a bedroom and a stuly99.(Having received) an answer,he decided to write~100.(Who do you think) is the richest man in our二.词汇与结构、选择题●(Have you seen) my glasses? B:Yes,I saw them on your bed a minute ago.●(How about)another piece of chicken, Sally?B: No, thanks. It was delici0t~s, but Um really full.●(How much)is this beautiful handbag?●(If)it rains tomorrow,we’ll go to the cinema.●(In spite of)the rain,they went to work as usual.●(Neither)of her brothers came to the wedding. They don’t like her new husband.●(Neither) her mother (nor) she was at home when the thief came in.●(Neither) of her brothers came to the wedding . They don’t like her new husband.●(Someone) stole his camera while he is lying on the beach.●(Stop)!That fire is dangerous.●(Tell) her I'll pick up the airline tickets tomorrow.●(Which) of these books are yours?●(Which) one is yours, Julie? B:The bule one with white flowers on it.●(Who) is at the door? B: It must be our new neighbour, Mrs Jones.A●After they finished (playing) football, they went for a drink in a pub.●Afterthey hnished (playing)football，theywent fora drink ina pub．●An application form will be sent to you (on request).●As a news reporter,James(A has been to )many places in the world.●As she (Bwas reading)the newpaper,Granny(fell)asleep.B●Be careful! Don’t cut (yourself) with the knife.C●Can I speak to Franco,please?（One moment,please.）●Can Mary express(herself) in Chinese?●car hit her when she was walking (B across) the road.●concert will be held in the school hall(C at)4 Pm(on)Tuesday.●Could I see the manager now?B:I’m sorry you can’t.He has(B gone)to Hong Kong.●Could you please tell us what kind of work (B in wihich) you have got experience?●Could you tell me how to (B improve) my English?D●DaUaniseast(Of)Beiing，(on)thecoast．●Did you(get Up)early this morning?●Do you know the people (who) came here this morning?●Don’t (disturb) him. He is writing a letter now.●David is a manager .Now he（is reading ）the emails in his office.F●Football is so popular that it is played (B by)more than 20million people in mor than 140 countries.G●Get up! Mary, Tom has (B already) called you three times this morning.●Guilin is (C in) the west of China.H●Have you (C ever) seen a tiger?●Have you ever seen the film The Day After Tomorrow? B: (No, I haven’t).●Have you finished your homework? B: (No, I haven’t.).●Have you had your breakfast? B:No, I haven’t had it (B yet).●Have you seen the film Life Without Steve? B: No, I haven't seen it(yet) l●Have you sent the fax to the travel agent? B: (Yes, I have).●Have you typed the letter for me? B: (Yes, I have).●He asked the waiter (for) a glass of water.●He bought two books. (So did) I.●He failed (C in spite of) all his efforts.●He has(Ajust)gone out.●He is a doctor, so(is his wife).●He is a good friend of (ours).●He is really a good man,( B isn’t he)?●He loved (B playing) basketball when he was young.●He said he (hadn’t) got enough money.●He said that he (would) try his best to help me.●He stopped (watching) TV when the dinner was ready.●He used to shout (at) me when I was a child.●He used to(B work)very hard when he was young.●He (was interviewed) by different people in the company. .●He(was taken)to the hospital after the accident．●He (went) out with his friends last weekend.●Her article is(C the best)in the class.●His grandfather is very healthy.He(B neither)drinks(or)smokes.I●I (A lent) him my bike last weekend.●I (B was walking)along the street when he shouted at me.●I (C play)table tennis quite well,but I haven’t had time to play since the New Year.●I am having the TV (A repaired) tomorrow.●I didn’t buy the book because I didn’t have (any) money on me.●I didn’t go(C anywhere)in the summer.●I didn’t have time for lunch today.B:I didn’t(C either).●I don’t know (C how) to explain it to her.●I don’t know (how) to explain it.●I don’t know where the key is, but I suppose I (could have left) it at home.●I don’t want to watch (A anything sad).●I had a sandwich before I played basketball, (A but) I’m very hungry now.●I (have been 1iving)here foralmost 20 years．●I have no idea where the cat went.She(A could have)gone anywhere.●I have no idea who stole his wallet. It (could have been) anyone.●I have no idea who stole his wallet.It(Acould have been)anyone.●I have to go now. I have to pick (C up) my son form school.●I haven’t eaten all day. B:You (must) be very hungry.●I haven't sat down all day. (Must)B: You be very tired.●I love traveling. I (A have been to) most places in the world.●I saw him (reading a book) in his office when everyone was looking for him.●I was (A on) my (way) to school when I saw the accident.●I was watching TV (B when) the telephone rang.●I was(on) my (way) to school when I saw the accident.●I~ve always enjoyed. (swimming)●I’m going to (C rent) a flat near the company I’m working at.●I’m going to buy Mary a birthday gift. Do you have (anything special) in mind?●I’m really looking forward to (B hearing) from you.●I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.Oh,not at all,I(C will be)here only a few minutes.●I’m tired. I haven’t got (enough) energy （精力）to go to the gym today.●I’ve always enjoyed (swimming).●If I (A were)you,I would buy a house at the seaside.●If I don’t have to work late on Friday, I might (C go) dancing with friends.●If I had a lot of money, I (would) buy a boat.●Is it difficult to learn to (A do) Tai Chi?●Is the supermarket (on) the right or left?●It’s a long way to get there. This is (A why) we started so early.●It’s quite fine today.Would you like to(A play)basketball with me?●It’s very easy to clean up the room. (Anyone) can do it.●I've lived in Chongqing (for)twenty years.J●Jack(used to take) a walk after supper when the weather was fine.●John didn’t turn up(C until)the meeting had finished●John enjoys (jogging) while his brother prefers to go skiing.L●l(began) to learn French when he was 11.●Last Sunday,Jane had the windows(C cleaned)●Learning English well isn't easy (but) __ I like it very much.●Let’s go to the Great Wall by bike, (shall we)?N●Nice weather,( C isn’t it)?M●March the 8th is(B women’s)Day.●Mary is very hard-working,( B isn’t she)?●Mary said she(Ahad been to)all over the world.●Mary told little Tom not(C to spend)all the money.●Mary would like to buy the handbag,( B which)is very beautiful but also rather expensive.●Mary’s father is very pleased (with) her.●Mike offered to help and so (did) John.●Mother told Little Tom not (to spend) all the money.●Mr Hilton is not good a music. Neither (A are) his children.●Mr Smith has (A just) gone out to meet an old friend.●Mr Smith told Mary(C to come)to the office next Monday morning.●My aunt was angry with her family and went away (by herself).●My brother (who) lives in America is visiting next week.●My brother told me (C about) his trip to Scotland.●My buother (B who) lives in America is visiting next week.●My father told me (B about) his trip to Xin Jiang.●My parents have (C never) been to the Great Wall.●My plant died. I (should have)watered (浇水）it.O●On her way to the office, she (stopped) to buy a newspaper.P●Paul (began ) to learn French when he was 11.R●Richard works really hard,and(A so do)you.S●Sally is looking for a new job. She has been bored (with) her job as a secretary.●Shall we(fix)a“me for our next meeting?●She (B didn’t)answer my phone call yesterday.●She (goes) jogging every morning.●She (went) to town last week.●She can hardly wait to hear the news, (can she)?●She orderer the fish, (B didn’t she)?●She told the children (not to) make a noise.●She (went)to town last week.●Shewillhavethecurtain(窗帘) (Changed)beforetheguestscome．●She won't leave_(until) _ her friends come back.●Shirley(C was writing)a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finishedit.●Sorry, I’m not free this evening, (B I’m having) dinner with Mike.T●Table tennis is (B the most) popular sport in this country.●Thank you for lending me your dictionary. B: You’re welcome. But could you (give it back) to me tomorrow?●The baby is named (aher)the nurse who was looking after her．●The book was rather expensive, but I bought it (anyway).●The boy is wearing a (B long baggy) T-shirt.●The boy(B speaks)fluent French.●The boys got (up) very late this morning. They watched too much TV last night.●The boys got(up)very late this morning. They watched too much TV last night.●The buses,( B which)were full of people,couldn’t go very fast.●The child (speaks)fluent French.●The child was named(A after)his grandfather.●The child(speaks ) fluent French.●The children are enjoying (themselves)at the party.●The children,( B who)we met in the morning,were very good at singing.●The doctor told Mr Smith that he wouldn’t get better if he didn’t (A give up)smoking.●The film was (so boring) that I fell asleep in the cinema.●The gifts he brought from Britain (were sent out) last week.●The girl stopped (A crying)when her mum came in.●The hotel is famous (C for) its delicious food.●The house was made (of)wood.●The manager told all the employees(C not to be)late for meetings.●The police arrived quickly, (but) it was too late.●There was n’t (C anybody) in the house when she got home.●They (decided to) leave next Friday.●They are building a bringe(B across)the river.●They are friends of (B mine). Please be nice to them.●They named the island (after) its discoverer.●They(B decided to)leave next Friday.●This idea hit me when I (C woke up) this morning.●This jacket is not(C big enough)for me.I need a bigger size.●This morning I had my finger (C cut) when I was preparing breakfast.●This red bicycle is (his) and that blue one is (Tom’s).●Tianjin is a two-hour journey(B from)Beijing.●Today is too busy. Let’s discuss it (some time) next week.●Tom helped her mother (with) the cooking.●Tomorrow is my mother’s birthday. I want to buy (something special) for her.W●We (A used to live)in a small village in the countryside.Now we all live in cities.●We built the house (A ourselves). Nobody helped us,●We built the house (ourselves). Nobody helped us.●We enjoy(C swimming)very much,because it is good to our health.●We haven’t seen such a beautiful film (B for the past four years).●We used to (A ride) bicycles to go to work.●We’re going (on) holiday in the autumn this year.●We’re going to(A either)to France or Spain next year.●What a nice day!B: Yes. Let’s go camping, (shall we)?●What did you have for breakfast?B: (Coffee and toast).●When I saw him, I (asked), him (for) some money.●When I saw him,I(C asked)him(for)some money.●Where does Mark get his hair cut?B:He cuts it(B himself).●Where’s (today’s) newspaper?●Which jacket do you like? B: The blue (A one) over there.●Which picture do you like?B: (I think the big one is better).●Whose book is this?B:It’s (B mine)●With his help,you will have(A nothing)to worry about.●Would you like to go the ciema with me?B:I’d (C rather)stay at home.●Would you like to go to the cinema with me?B: I’d (rather) stay at home.Y●You can remember what you do if you (keep a diary).●You should be more patient (C with) your children.●You won’t get better if you don’t (give up) smoking.●You’d better have your hair(B cut)befor going to friend’s wedding.●You’d better stop (talking). We’re listening to the news.●You’re driving (A too fast), slow down!。
06 学位英语 词汇和结构样题分析(有文字)
b). 动词短语的处理 动词短语应作为一个及物动词看待。主动变 被动时，动词短语不管是两个词还是三个词 都不能分家。例如： They have sent for the doctor. The doctor has been sent for. 需要说明的是，并不是所有的动词短语都能 变成被动语态。
b). 当题句中没有明显的时间状语时，应注意句子 中已出现的时态，以此作为参照物。 例如：Neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university ____. A. has been accepted B. have been accepted C. was accepted D. were accepted
c). should (ought to) have done用来表示 本来应该做却没有做的事情。 例如：I’m sorry I couldn’t get in touch with him before he left, I ____ him earlier. A. had a telephone B. have phoned C. should have phoned D. should be phoned （答案是C。中文意思是“我很抱歉我没能 在他走之前和他联系上，我本应早点儿给他 打电话的。”）
有些词汇测试题，从词的意义去考虑，填入多个选 择项都可以。在这种情况下，如果借助语法对题目进 行分析，往往可以找到正确答案。 例如：
Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to ____ healthy. A. preserve B. stay C. maintain D. reserve （从四个选项动词的词义来看，哪个都行。但 动词后面直接跟形容词作表语的只有stay，其 它三个动词都是及物动词，后面应当接宾语。 因此答案是B。）
词汇和语法结构题型中常考词汇
词汇和语法结构题型中常考词汇：1 虚拟语气宾语从句：order，demand，require，request，direct，command，urge，rule，suggest，advise，vote，propose move，recommend，prefer，decide，insist，desire，decree 主语从句：vital，important，essential，imperative，obligatory，necessary，unnecessary，impossible，sad，strange，natural，advisable，fitting，proper，appropriate，desirable 2 不定式1）通常只接动词不定式作宾语的常考动词：agree，attempt，claim，decide demand，ask，hesitate，beg ，fail，care，consent，promise，desire，hope，intend，learn，offer，plan，refuse，prepare，pretend，strive，require，appear，arrange，expect，manage，tend，afford，wish，want，seem ，struggle，swear，threaten，wait，undertake，venture，seek ，resolve，aim，determine，endeavor，apply，claim，pledge，pretend，profess，refuse，volunteer，vow，happen ，guarantee，neglect，proceed，prove，condescend，consent，trouble，bother（negative），care（negative），choose，fail etc 2）用于动词宾语不定式结构的常考动词：force，hire，tell，require，teach，warn ，allow，ask，inform，beg，convince，expect，invite，order，permit，promise，instruct，prepare，urge，remind，want，advise，persuade，dare，forbid，like，challenge，request，get，need ，oblige，encourage，enable，compel，recommend，declare，prove，command，encourage，enable，lead，press，etc1）用于be 形容词不定式结构的常考形容词anxious，boring，dangerous，pleased，hard，eager，easy，fortunate，strange，good，ready，usual，prepared，surprised，common，useless，asked，lucky，difficult，likely satisfied，careful，sure，glad，bored，certain，etc2）用于名词不定式结构的常考名词：failure，offer，plan，ability，decision，desire，chance，permission，occasion，fun，honor，capacity，wish，pleasure，opportunity，demand，way ，refusal，responsibility，freedom，promise，etc.3）后面跟省去“to”的不定式作宾补的常考动词：see watch，notice，observe，hear，listen to，feel ，get，make，have，let ，help，bid，know，look at ，smell，etc成人学位英语备考词汇中易混淆词一成人本科学位英语考试，除了《成人英语三级词汇手册》列出的词之外，我们学习词汇时还应注意容易混淆的词。
结构力学英语词汇
结构力学结构力学structural mechanics 结构分析structural analysis结构动力学structural dynamics拱Arch三铰拱three-hinged arch抛物线拱parabolic arch圆拱circular arch穹顶Dome空间结构space structure空间桁架space truss雪载［荷］snow load风载［荷］wind load土压力earth pressure地震载荷earthquake loading弹簧支座spring support支座位移support displacement支座沉降support settlement超静定次数degree of indeterminacy机动分析kinematic analysis结点法method of joints截面法method of sections结点力joint forces共轭位移conjugate displacement影响线influence line三弯矩方程three-moment equation单位虚力unit virtual force刚度系数stiffness coefficient柔度系数flexibility coefficient力矩分配moment distribution力矩分配法moment distribution method力矩再分配moment redistribution分配系数distribution factor矩阵位移法matri displacement method单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix单元应变矩阵element strain matrix总体坐标global coordinates贝蒂定理Betti theorem高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan elimination Method屈曲模态buckling mode复合材料力学mechanics of composites复合材料composite material纤维复合材料fibrous composite单向复合材料unidirectional composite泡沫复合材料foamed composite颗粒复合材料particulate composite层板Laminate夹层板sandwich panel正交层板cross-ply laminate斜交层板angle-ply laminate层片Ply多胞固体cellular solid膨胀Expansion 压实Debulk 劣化Degradation 脱层Delamination脱粘Debond 纤维应力fiber stress 层应力ply stress 层应变plystrain 层间应力interlaminar stress 比强度specific strength 强度折减系数strength reduction factor 强度应力比strength -stress ratio 横向剪切模量transverse shear modulus 横观各向同性transverse isotropy 正交各向异Orthotropy 剪滞分析shear lag analysis 短纤维chopped fiber 长纤维continuous fiber 纤维方向fiber direction 纤维断裂fiber break 纤维拔脱fiber pull-out纤维增强fiber reinforcement 致密化Densification最小重量设计optimum weight design 网格分析法netting analysis混合律rule of mixture失效准则failure criterion蔡--吴失效准则Tsai-W u failure criterion达格代尔模型Dugdale model断裂力学fracture mechanics概率断裂力学probabilistic fracture Mechanics格里菲思理论Griffith theory线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracture mechanics, LEFM弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracture mecha-nics, EPFM断裂Fracture脆性断裂brittle fracture解理断裂cleavage fracture蠕变断裂creep fracture延性断裂ductile fracture晶间断裂inter-granular fracture准解理断裂quasi-cleavage fracture穿晶断裂trans-granular fracture裂纹Crack裂缝Flaw缺陷Defect割缝Slit微裂纹Microcrack折裂Kink椭圆裂纹elliptical crack深埋裂纹embedded crack［钱］币状裂纹penny-shape crack预制裂纹Precrack短裂纹short crack表面裂纹surface crack裂纹钝化crack blunting裂纹分叉crack branching裂纹闭合crack closure裂纹前缘crack front裂纹嘴crack mouth裂纹张开角crack opening angle,COA裂纹张开位移crack opening displacement, COD裂纹阻力crack resistance裂纹面crack surface裂纹尖端crack tip裂尖张角crack tip opening angle, CTOA裂尖张开位移crack tip opening displacement, CTOD 裂尖奇异场crack tip singularity Field裂纹扩展速率crack growth rate稳定裂纹扩展stable crack growth定常裂纹扩展steady crack growth亚临界裂纹扩展subcritical crack growth 裂纹［扩展］减速crack retardation止裂crack arrest止裂韧度arrest toughness断裂类型fracture mode滑开型sliding mode张开型opening mode撕开型tearing mode复合型mixed mode撕裂Tearing撕裂模量tearing modulus断裂准则fracture criterionJ 积分J-integralJ 阻力曲线J-resistance curve断裂韧度fracture toughness应力强度因子stress intensity factor HRR 场Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren Field 守恒积分conservation integral有效应力张量effective stress tensor应变能密度strain energy density能量释放率energy release rate内聚区cohesive zone塑性区plastic zone张拉区stretched zone热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ延脆转变温度brittle-ductile transition temperature固体力学弹性力学elasticity弹性理论theory of elasticity均匀应力状态homogeneous state of stress应力不变量stress invariant应变不变量strain invariant应变椭球strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态homogeneous state of strain应变协调方程equation of strain compatibility拉梅常量Lame constants各向同性弹性isotropic elasticity旋转圆盘rotating circular disk楔wedge开尔文问题Kelvin problem布西内斯克问题Boussinesq problem艾里应力函数Airy stress function克罗索夫--穆斯赫利什维利法Kolosoff-Muskhelishvili method 基尔霍夫假设Kirchhoff hypothesis板Plate矩形板Rectangular plate圆板Circular plate环板Annular plate波纹板Corrugated plate加劲板Stiffened plate,reinforced Plate中厚板Plate of moderate thickness弯［曲］应力函数Stress function of bending 壳Shell扁壳Shallow shell旋转壳Revolutionary shell球壳Spherical shell［圆］柱壳Cylindrical shell锥壳Conical shell环壳Toroidal shell封闭壳Closed shell波纹壳Corrugated shell扭［转］应力函数Stress function of torsion 翘曲函数Warping function半逆解法semi-inverse method瑞利--里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method松弛法Relaxation method莱维法Levy method松弛Relaxation量纲分析Dimensional analysis自相似［性］self-similarity影响面Influence surface接触应力Contact stress赫兹理论Hertz theory协调接触Conforming contact滑动接触Sliding contact滚动接触Rolling contact压入Indentation各向异性弹性Anisotropic elasticity颗粒材料Granular material散体力学Mechanics of granular media 热弹性Thermoelasticity超弹性Hyperelasticity粘弹性Viscoelasticity对应原理Correspondence principle褶皱Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity 滑动Sliding微滑Microslip粗糙度Roughness非线性弹性Nonlinear elasticity大挠度Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through有限变形Finite deformation格林应变Green strain阿尔曼西应变Almansi strain弹性动力学Dynamic elasticity运动方程Equation of motion准静态的Quasi-static气动弹性Aeroelasticity水弹性Hydroelasticity颤振Flutter弹性波Elastic wave简单波Simple wave柱面波Cylindrical wave水平剪切波Horizontal shear wave竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave体波body wave无旋波Irrotational wave畸变波Distortion wave膨胀波Dilatation wave瑞利波Rayleigh wave等容波Equivoluminal wave勒夫波Love wave界面波Interfacial wave边缘效应edge effect塑性力学Plasticity可成形性Formability金属成形Metal forming耐撞性Crashworthiness结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthiness 拉拔Drawing破坏机构Collapse mechanism回弹Springback挤压Extrusion冲压Stamping穿透Perforation层裂Spalling塑性理论Theory of plasticity安定［性］理论Shake-down theory运动安定定理kinematic shake-down theorem 静力安定定理Static shake-down theorem率相关理论rate dependent theorem载荷因子load factor加载准则Loading criterion加载函数Loading function加载面Loading surface塑性加载Plastic loading塑性加载波Plastic loading wave简单加载Simple loading比例加载Proportional loading卸载Unloading卸载波Unloading wave冲击载荷Impulsive load阶跃载荷step load脉冲载荷pulse load极限载荷limit load中性变载nentral loading拉抻失稳instability in tension加速度波acceleration wave本构方程constitutive equation完全解complete solution名义应力nominal stress过应力over-stress真应力true stress等效应力equivalent stress流动应力flow stress应力间断stress discontinuity应力空间stress space主应力空间principal stress space静水应力状态hydrostatic state of stress对数应变logarithmic strain工程应变engineering strain等效应变equivalent strain应变局部化strain localization应变率strain rate应变率敏感性strain rate sensitivity应变空间strain space有限应变finite strain塑性应变增量plastic strain increment累积塑性应变accumulated plastic strain永久变形permanent deformation内变量internal variable应变软化strain-softening理想刚塑性材料rigid-perfectly plastic Material 刚塑性材料rigid-plastic material理想塑性材料perfectl plastic material材料稳定性stability of material应变偏张量deviatoric tensor of strain应力偏张量deviatori tensor of stress应变球张量spherical tensor of strain应力球张量spherical tensor of stress路径相关性path-dependency线性强化linear strain-hardening应变强化strain-hardening随动强化kinematic hardening各向同性强化isotropic hardening强化模量strain-hardening modulus幂强化power hardening塑性极限弯矩plastic limit bending Moment塑性极限扭矩plastic limit torque弹塑性弯曲elastic-plastic bending弹塑性交界面elastic-plastic interface弹塑性扭转elastic-plastic torsion粘塑性Viscoplasticity非弹性Inelasticity理想弹塑性材料elastic-perfectly plastic Material 极限分析limit analysis极限设计limit design极限面limit surface上限定理upper bound theorem上屈服点upper yield point下限定理lower bound theorem下屈服点lower yield point界限定理bound theorem初始屈服面initial yield surface后继屈服面subsequent yield surface屈服面［的］外凸性convexity of yield surface 截面形状因子shape factor of cross-section沙堆比拟sand heap analogy屈月艮Yield屈服条件yield condition屈服准则yield criterion屈服函数yield function屈服面yield surface塑性势plastic potential能量吸收装置energy absorbing device能量耗散率energy absorbing device塑性动力学dynamic plasticity塑性动力屈曲dynamic plastic buckling塑性动力响应dynamic plastic response塑性波plastic wave运动容许场kinematically admissible Field静力容许场statically admissible Field流动法则flow rule速度间断velocity discontinuity滑移线slip-lines滑移线场slip-lines field移行塑性铰travelling plastic hinge塑性增量理论incremental theory of Plasticity 米泽斯屈服准则Mises yield criterion普朗特--罗伊斯关系prandtl- Reuss relation特雷斯卡屈服准则Tresca yield criterion洛德应力参数Lode stress parameter莱维--米泽斯关系Levy-Mises relation亨基应力方程Hencky stress equation赫艾--韦斯特加德应力空间Haigh-Westergaard stress space 洛德应变参数Lode strain parameter德鲁克公设Drucker postulate盖林格速度方程Geiringer velocity Equation连续过程continuous process碰撞截面collision cross section通用气体常数conventional gas constant燃烧不稳定性combustion instability稀释度dilution完全离解complete dissociation火焰传播flame propagation组份constituent碰撞反应速率collision reaction rate燃烧理论combustion theory浓度梯度concentration gradient阴极腐蚀cathodic corrosion火焰速度flame speed火焰驻定flame stabilization火焰结构flame structure着火ignition湍流火焰turbulent flame层流火焰laminar flame燃烧带burning zone渗流flow in porous media, seepage达西定律Darcy law赫尔-肖流Hele-Shaw flow毛［细］管流capillary flow过滤filtration爪进fingering不互溶驱替immiscible displacement不互溶流体immiscible fluid互溶驱替miscible displacement互溶流体miscible fluid迁移率mobility流度比mobility ratio渗透率permeability孑匕隙度porosity多孔介质porous medium比面specific surface迂曲度tortuosity空隙void空隙分数void fraction注水water flooding可湿性wettability地球物理流体动力学geophysical fluid dynamics 物理海洋学physical oceanography大气环流atmospheric circulation海洋环流ocean circulation海洋流ocean current旋转流rotating flow平流advection埃克曼流Ekman flow埃克曼边界层Ekman boundary layer大气边界层atmospheric boundary layer大气-海洋相互作用atmosphere-ocean interaction 埃克曼数Ekman number罗斯贝数Rossby unmber罗斯贝波Rossby wave斜压性baroclinicity正压性barotropy内磨擦internal friction海洋波ocean wave盐度salinity环境流体力学environmental fluid mechanics斯托克斯流Stokes flow羽流plume理查森数Richardson number污染源pollutant source污染物扩散pollutant diffusion噪声noise噪声级noise level噪声污染noise pollution排放物effulent工业流体力学industrical fluid mechanics流控技术fluidics轴向流axial flow并向流co-current flow对向流counter current flow横向流cross flow螺旋流spiral flow旋拧流swirling flow滞后流after flow混合层mixing layer抖振buffeting风压wind pressure附壁效应wall attachment effect, Coanda effect简约频率reduced frequency爆炸力学mechanics of explosion终点弹道学terminal ballistics动态超高压技术dynamic ultrahigh pressure technique 流体弹塑性体hydro-elastoplastic medium热塑不稳定性thermoplastic instability空中爆炸explosion in air地下爆炸underground explosion水下爆炸underwater explosion电爆炸discharge-induced explosion激光爆炸laser-induced explosion核爆炸nuclear explosion点爆炸point-source explosion殉爆sympathatic detonation强爆炸intense explosion粒子束爆炸explosion by beam radiation 聚爆implosion起爆initiation of explosion爆破blasting霍普金森杆Hopkinson bar电炮electric gun电磁炮electromagnetic gun爆炸洞explosion chamber轻气炮light gas gun马赫反射Mach reflection基浪base surge成坑cratering能量沉积energy deposition爆心explosion center爆炸当量explosion equivalent火球fire ball爆高height of burst蘑菇云mushroom侵彻penetration规则反射regular reflection崩落spallation应变率史strain rate history流变学rheology聚合物减阻drag reduction by polymers 挤出［物］胀大extrusion swell, die swell 无管虹吸tubeless siphon剪胀效应dilatancy effect孑L压［误差］效应hole-pressure［error］effect 剪切致稠shear thickening剪切致稀shear thinning触变性thixotropy反触变性anti-thixotropy超塑性superplasticity粘弹塑性材料viscoelasto-plastic material滞弹性材料anelastic material本构关系constitutive relation麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model沃伊特-开尔文模型Voigt-Kelvin model宾厄姆模型Bingham model奥伊洛特模型Oldroyd model幂律模型power law model应力松驰stress relaxation应变史strain history应力史stress history记忆函数memory function衰退记忆fading memory应力增长stress growing粘度函数voscosity function相对粘度relative viscosity复态粘度complex viscosity拉伸粘度elongational viscosity拉伸流动elongational flow第一法向应力差first normal-stress difference第二法向应力差second normal-stress difference 德博拉数Deborah number魏森贝格数Weissenberg number动态模量dynamic modulus振荡剪切流oscillatory shear flow宇宙气体动力学cosmic gas dynamics等离［子］体动力学plasma dynamics电离气体ionized gas彳亍星边界层planetary boundary layer阿尔文波Alfven wave泊肃叶-哈特曼流］Poiseuille-Hartman flow哈特曼数Hartman number生物流变学biorheology生物流体biofluid生物屈服点bioyield point生物屈服应力bioyield stress电气体力学electro-gas dynamics铁流体力学ferro-hydrodynamics血液流变学hemorheology, blood rheology血液动力学hemodynamics磁流体力学magneto fluid mechanics磁流体动力学magnetohydrodynamics, MHD磁流体动力波magnetohydrodynamic wave磁流体流magnetohydrodynamic flow磁流体动力稳定性magnetohydrodynamic stability生物力学biomechanics生物流体力学biological fluid mechanics生物固体力学biological solid mechanics宾厄姆塑性流Bingham plastic flow开尔文体Kelvin body沃伊特体Voigt body可贴变形applicable deformation可贴曲面applicable surface边界润滑boundary lubrication液膜润滑fluid film lubrication向心收缩功concentric work离心收缩功eccentric work关节反作用力joint reaction force微循环力学microcyclic mechanics微纤维microfibril渗透性permeability生理横截面积physiological cross-sectional area 农业生物力学agrobiomechanics纤维度fibrousness硬皮度rustiness胶粘度gumminess粘稠度stickiness嫩度tenderness渗透流osmotic flow易位流translocation flow蒸腾流transpirational flow过滤阻力filtration resistance压扁wafering风雪流snow-driving wind停滞堆积accretion遇阻堆积encroachment沙漠地面desert floor流沙固定fixation of shifting sand流动阈值fluid threshold通类名词力学mechanics牛顿力学Newtonian mechanics经典力学classical mechanics静力学statics运动学kinematics动力学dynamics动理学kinetics宏观力学 macroscopic mechanics,macromechanics 细观力学mesomechanics微观力学 microscopic mechanics,micromechanics 一般力学general mechanics固体力学solid mechanics流体力学fluid mechanics理论力学theoretical mechanics应用力学applied mechanics工程力学engineering mechanics实验力学experimental mechanics计算力学computational mechanics理性力学rational mechanics物理力学physical mechanics地球动力学geodynamics力force作用点point of action作用线line of action力系system of forces力系的简化reduction of force system 等效力系equivalent force system刚体rigid body力的可传性transmissibility of force 平行四边形定则parallelogram rule力三角形force triangle力多边形force polygon零力系null-force system平衡equilibrium力的平衡equilibrium of forces平衡条件equilibrium condition平衡位置equilibrium position平衡态equilibrium state分析力学analytical mechanics拉格朗日乘子Lagrange multiplier拉格朗日［量］Lagrangian拉格朗日括号Lagrange bracket循环坐标cyclic coordinate循环积分cyclic integral哈密顿［量］Hamiltonian哈密顿函数Hamiltonian function正则方程canonical equation正则摄动canonical perturbation正则变换canonical transformation正则变量canonical variable哈密顿原理Hamilton principle作用量积分action integral哈密顿--雅可比方程Hamilton-Jacobi equation 作用--角度变量action-angle variables 阿佩尔方程Appell equation 劳斯方程Routh equation拉格朗日函数Lagrangian function 诺特定理Noether theorem 泊松括号poisson bracket边界积分法boundary integral method 并矢dyad运动稳定性stability of motion 轨道稳定性orbital stability 李雅普诺夫函数Lyapunov function 渐近稳定性asymptotic stability 结构稳定性structural stability 久期不稳定性secular instability 弗洛凯定理Floquet theorem 倾覆力矩capsizing moment 自由振动free vibration 固有振动natural vibration 暂态transient state环境振动ambient vibration 反共振anti-resonance 衰减attenuation库仑阻尼Coulomb damping 同相分量in-phase component 非同相分量out-of -phase component 超调量overshoot参量［激励］振动parametric vibration模糊振动fuzzy vibration临界转速critical speed of rotation阻尼器damper半峰宽度half-peak width集总参量系统lumped parameter system相平面法phase plane method相轨迹phase trajectory等倾线法isocline method跳跃现象jump phenomenon负阻尼negative damping达芬方程Duffing equation希尔方程Hill equationKBM 方法KBM method, Krylov-Bogoliu-bov-Mitropol'skii method 马蒂厄方程Mathieu equation平均法averaging method组合音调combination tone解谐detuning耗散函数dissipative function硬激励hard excitation硬弹簧hard spring, hardening spring谐波平衡法harmonic balance method久期项secular term自激振动self-excited vibration分界线separatrix亚谐波subharmonic软弹簧soft spring ,softening spring软激励soft excitation邓克利公式Dunkerley formula瑞利定理Rayleigh theorem分布参量系统distributed parameter system优势频率dominant frequency模态分析modal analysis固有模态natural mode of vibration同步synchronization超谐波ultraharmonic范德波尔方程van der pol equation频谱frequency spectrum基频fundamental frequencyWKB 方法WKB method, Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin method 缓冲器buffer风激振动aeolian vibration嗡鸣buzz倒谱cepstrum颤动chatter蛇行hunting阻抗匹配impedance matching机械导纳mechanical admittance机械效率mechanical efficiency机械阻抗mechanical impedance随机振动stochastic vibration, random vibration隔振vibration isolation减振vibration reduction应力过冲stress overshoot喘振surge摆振shimmy起伏运动phugoid motion起伏振荡phugoid oscillation驰振galloping陀螺动力学gyrodynamics陀螺摆gyropendulum陀螺平台gyroplatform陀螺力矩gyroscoopic torque陀螺稳定器gyrostabilizer陀螺体gyrostat惯性导航inertial guidance姿态角attitude angle方位角azimuthal angle舒勒周期Schuler period机器人动力学robot dynamics多体系统multibody system多刚体系统multi-rigid-body system机动性maneuverability凯恩方法Kane method转子［系统］动力学rotor dynamics转子［一支承一基础］系统rotor-support-foundation system 静平衡static balancing动平衡dynamic balancing静不平衡static unbalance动不平衡dynamic unbalance现场平衡field balancing不平衡unbalance不平衡量unbalance互耦力cross force挠性转子flexible rotor分频进动fractional frequency precession 半频进动half frequency precession油膜振荡oil whip转子临界转速rotor critical speed自动定心self-alignment亚临界转速subcritical speed涡动whirl。
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重点词汇与结构1. I’m enjoying the long summer evenings. ---__________ am I A. So2.-----____________ you like a drink? Wine? Beer ?一A beer , please B. Would.3. How about _______ out for a walk? C. going4. I don't clean my son's bedroom. He has to do it__________. C. himself5. ---- I have got a pain in my chest.---- You __________ to see the doctor A. need6. He ____ for an IT company. B. works7. I have coffee ____ breakfast time. A. at 9. She is _____ only accountant in my son’s company. C. the 15. Polly enjoys ______ the guitar in a band in her free time. C. playing 17. I work in _____ IT Department of ______ large bank. A. the, a 7. How many _____ would you like to buy? C. oranges8. I don't need ______ coffee, thanks. B. any11. It _____ heavily here at this moment. C. is raining12. – I haven't got a car. – Neither ______ I. A. have12. I think there will ____ 50 people at tomorrow’s party. A. be13. Carlos ____ serve the drinks and take the orders. C. has to14. Hurry up. We don’t have ____ time. B. enough 16. I am not feeling very well. I ____ to see the doctor. A. need 18. She ____ a teacher in Shanghai last year. B. was21. I have an English class ____ a week. C. three times22. Chris usually go to the gym ____ the weekend. C. at23. I’m bad at spelling, but Jane is ____ than me. B. worse25. – The classroom is not big enough for 50 students. A. too small–Yes, I agree. It’s ____.6. I work in ____ office in Shanghai. B. an7. There ____ four children in the picture. B. are8. We often have _____ supper at home. B. our9. ______ Chris worried about the presentation last week? B. Was10. This is my new watch. It was a present _______ my wife. B. from14. I have two brothers. One is a driver, _____ is a policeman. C. the other17. I’m sorry she’s not in. Would you like to ____ a message? C. leave8. He goes to work ___ foot but comes back home __ taxi. A. on, by21. Rose is ____ than Frank. C. much more easy–going reen is now _______ a holiday. C.on10.I'd like to _______ you to a party this Saturday. B.invite12.Hurry up. We don't have _______ time. B.enough13.—_______ time do you have lunch? B.What—I usually have lunch at 12.14.I'm a deputy manager. I work _______ an IT compa A. for15.This radio is _______ than that one. A more expensive16.—The second bedroom isn't big enough. B. too small—Yes, I agree. It is _______.17._______ any computers in your office? A.Are there19.—I don't have tea in the morning?—Neither _______ I. B. do20.Mark is responsible ____ the international market. B.for21.The IT Department is on the top floor. That's _______ floor B. the twentieth22. —Does "am" _______afternoon?—No, it _______ morning. C.mean, means23.—I'm tired.—_______ taking a holiday? A.What aboutA.24.My aunt _______ for her friends at home. C.enjoys cooking25. —_______will the meal take?—It'll take two hours, I think. C.How long14．John is good at training．Mary is ____________than him． B．better17．She has a problem ____________ the flat advertisement． A．with10．— How long does the bus __________? C．take, takes — It __________ about an hour．21．I don ’ t need ____ mineral water, but I ’ d like _____ tea, thanks． C．any, some1. Can I use the cooker in the kitchen? B. can notSorry, I’m afraid you _______.2. Jane is quite outgoing and _________-very friendly. A. talkative3. Thank you for replying ________ my email . A. to4. I like sitting in the cafes, ___the newspapers and ____ people . B. reading, watching5. I can hear the noise from cars ________ B. at night6. You can ask questions about any detail________ to this meeting . C. relating7. Do you need any rice? I can get some _____ you ____the supermarket. C. for, from8. Do you come here ________?Yes, I’m a member of the health club. I come twice a week to swim A. much9. Look, I'm getting too fat. I must do more exercise. _ A. Yes , you should work out.10. -Would you like something to drink? , please. C. Two cups of water11. I don't like the weather here. It ' s often__________ . A. depressing12. I ___reading novels ____watching movies. I like my own imagination when I read them. B. prefer , to13. I usually have breakfast_____________ about a quarter past seven. A. at14. I have a reservation for a___________ room. A. double15. The microwave oven isn't working at the moment , but I' ll repair ___________soon.? A. it16. -How long does the bus _____________?-About half an hour . B. take17. How___________ time are you going to spend with me? C. much18. You need to make an appointment with a doctor before the doctor_______you. B. examines19. Who's going to_____________ the washing-up? A. do20. They will meet again __________ tonight . C. each other21. Banks open ____________Monday__________ Friday . A. from , to22. Would you like to have __________ice cream? B. an23. I have a sandwich _______ lunch. A. for24. I always drive _________ to work . C. myself25. You like swimming, but we________________. B. don’t非重点8. _____ name is Wang Hua. C. His_______ name is Jocelyn. C. HerMaria often has a walk with _____ parents in the morning . C. her11. _____ you got any family? B. Have12. He’s responsible ______ the central computer system. B. for13. The Business Banking Department is on ______ floor. C. the second14. Wang Li is _____ a new marketing campaign at the moment. C. planning16. There ______ three plants in the corners of the room. B. are18. What ______ ―nr‖ mean? B. does19. I sometimes go to the pub ______ Friday. B. on20. ____ people are my friends. ____ people are my husband’s friends. A. These, Those21. He _______ in Beijing, but his parents ________ in Hangzhou. B. lives, live22. My husband doesn’t ______, but I like it very much . A. like shopping23. – _______ are you from? – I'm from Nanjing. C. Where24. He _______ lunch in the canteen right now. C. is having25. __________ children has his brother got? A. How many6. – __ Singapore like? – It's small and well–organised. B. What is9. ____ rice do you want to buy? A. How much10. I _____ buy any wine. C. don’t need to13. He can ______ good English. A. speak14. – What about Wednesday evening? – Sorry, _______ then. A. I'm too busy15. I'm interested ______ cooking. A. in16. It often ______ in winter in the north of China. B. snows17. ____ come to dinner tonight? A. Would you like to18. I don't need ______ mineral water, but I'd like _____ tea, thanks. B. any, some19. I am not keen _____ sports. A. on20. You can paint the walls and ______ posters. You can do what you want. A. put up21. – I prefer watching TV. – ____ do I . A. So22. How much does it cost _____ bus? C. by23. – The area is too dirty. – Yes, I agree. It's _____. A. not clean enough24. He goes to work ____ foot but comes back home _____ taxi. B. on, by25. How about _____ a taxi? C. taking6. _____any yoga classes in the evenings? B. Are there7. Which is ___, the Yangtze River or the Yellow River? B. longer8. I’m _____ a list of things to buy. B. making9. Rose is experienced _____ training. B. of10. She is making _____ a cup of coffee. A. herself11. When are you _____ London ____ Paris? B. leaving, for 15. I’ll give _____. A.the man the book 17. Tim ____ make a cake for the party. B. is going to19. My housewarming party is ____ Mary’s. A. different from11. Paul is in ____ canteen on ____ third floor. B. a, the12. I don't want _____ tea, thanks. B. a, the13. Lily and Lucy are ______ a picture–book in their room. C. reading20. ____ prepare everything today? B. Why don’t we 24. ____ of these two books do you prefer? A. Which15. ____ do I get to the bus station? C. How16. She is __ than him. C. faster19. My aunt ____ for her friends at home. A. enjoys cooking20. – __ do you prefer watching TV?– Because it helps my English a lot. B. Why22. He is ____ on the 6 o'clock train on Friday evening. C. travelling23. – I think the parks are lovely.– So _____ I. B. do24. ____ wine do you need for the party? A. How much25. When ____ for London? A. is she flying6.She works in _______ school near my office . C.the7.Maria often has a walk with _______ parents in the morning. B.her8.Have you got _______ lychees？ B.any9.6．She is _______ o nly accountant in my son’s company． C．the7．I go swimming on Tuesdays _________ two hours． A．for8．I’m sorry she’s not in．Would you like to _________a message? C．leave 9．It often __________ in winter in the north of China． B．snows 11．The house is very close to the railway station, so it’s very ____for transport．C．convenient 12．－ __________was your day?－ Well, I was very busy． A．How 13．－ I think the parks are lovely．－ So_________ I． B．do 15．－ The living room is too old－fashioned．－ Yes, I agree．It’s ____________． C．not modern enough 16．Has the flat ____________ a pretty garden? C．got18．We have two children．____________ names are Peter and Paul． C．Their 19．David ____________ a holiday on Scotland at the moment． A．is having20．_____ people are my friends．______ people are my husband’s friends．A．These，Those 23．－ Should I take some medicine?－ No, you__________ to take any medicine． B．don’t need24．My housewarming party is __________ Mary’s．A．different from 25．__________ does he flat cost a month? B．How much。