激光辐射对人眼的危害 中英版

ns 58.0uJ ≤10J/cm2 ＞10J/cm2
Nd:YAG
倍频 frequency ＞
400～700nm multiplication ns ≤0.2uJ ＞0.2uJ 85mJ/cm2
Nd:YAG
≤85mJ/cm2
红宝石 ruby
＞ ms ≤0.4uJ ＞0.4uJ
3.1J/cm2
≤3.1/cm2
原因与教训 Reason and lesson
一、 工作中未采取眼防护措施 1. Without adopting eyes protective measures during working. 二、 缺乏安全的工作环境 2. Lack of security working atmosphere. 三、 思想麻痹 3. Slackening of vigilance. 四、 激光器误触发 4. Laser false triggering. 五、 在激光临床眼科治疗中，未能严格控制治疗能量 5. When under clinical ophthalmology laser treatment, it can not strictly control the curing energy.
(nm)
media(%) absorptivity(%)
钕激光
Neodymium 1064
12
laser
42
5.04
红宝石
694.4
56
Ruby
96
53.7
氩离子
488-514
70
80
56
Argon ion
倍频
Frequency
532
74
88
65
doubling
Nd:YAG
包括视网膜色素上皮和脉络膜的吸收 Including the absorption/absorptivity of retinochrome epithelium and choroid.
激光眼事故损伤照射统计 The statistics of eyes’injury accident by laser radiation.
激光器 Laser
发射方式 Radiation pattern
波长 wavelength
（nm）
Nd：YAG
超短脉冲 Utrashort
pulse
1064
Nd：YAG
protecting human eyes required.
激光器 Laser
发射方式 输出功率/能量 Radiation delivered
pattern power/energy
照射限值 Irradiate limit value
光密度 optical density
倍频 frequency multiplication
激光损伤事故的主要症状 The main symptom of injury accident by laser.
事故发生时，多数受伤者感到眼前突然闪光，继而出现一个不同颜色、不同大小的光 斑或暗影，个别人眼部有冲击感，与此同时，视力出现不同程度的下降，重者短时间内不 能分清眼前物体，有的伤后出现数小时的目弦及畏光。
损伤眼次 Number of injury on
eyes 1
24
1
12
3
1
连续
He-Cd
441.6
1
1
continuous
不详
不详
不详
4
4
unknown unknown
unknown
合计 summation
45
47
数据摘自《激光辐射伤医学防护》 Data taken from
《Laser radiation injury protection in medicine》
随着激光技术在军事、民用领域的广泛应用，激光防护技术越来越受到人们的重视， 激光防护材料的种类日益增多。从防护原理来看，目前激光防护材料可分为三大类：一是 基于线性光学原理的激光防护，它包括吸收型、反射型和吸收/反射复合型；二是基于非线 性光学原理的激光防护，它主要利用三阶非线性光学效应，包括非线性吸收、非线性折射、 非线性散射和非线性反射；三是基于相变原理的激光防护。 As the laser technology is widely used in military and civilian areas, peoples pay more and more attention to the laser protection technology, and the types of materials to make laser protection also increase. Now, there are three types of laser protection materials from the point of view of the protection principle: first, the laser protection based on the linear optics, which contains the absorption-type, the reflection-type, and the absorption-reflection-type. Second, the laser protection based on the nonlinear optics, which’s principle is third-order nonlinear optical effect, and it includes nonlinear absorption, nonlinear refraction, nonlinear scattering, and nonlinear reflection. Third, laser protection based on the phase transition theory.
Nd：YAG
巨脉冲 Giant pulse
100 mJ
5.0×107J/cm2 6.0
连续
Cu smoke
5W
continuous
1.8×10-3W/cm2 4.1
连续
Ar+
5W
1.8×10-3W/cm2 4.1
continuous
连续 continuous
50 mW
1.8×10-3W/cm2 2.1
染料可调谐 Tunable dye
＞ us ≤0.2uJ ＞0.2uJ
0.31J/cm2
700～1mm
Nd:YAG
＞ ns ≤2uJ ＞2uJ
0.42J/cm2
≤0.42J/cm2
Er Laser
ns ≤8.0mJ ＞8.0mJ ＞10J/cm2
CO2
ns ≤80uJ ＞80uJ ＞10J/cm2
几种典型激光源人眼防护所要求的最低光密度值 The minimum optical density value of some typical lasing light emitter that
Nd：YAG
连续 continuous
80 mW
9.6×10-3W/cm2 4.6
Long pulse 400 mJ 5.0×10-6J/cm2 5.6
Giant pulse
100 mJ
5.0×10-6J/cm2 5.0
连续
CO2
80 W
5.6×10-1W/cm2 2.9
continuous
激光防护镜的选择
激光辐射对人眼的危害 The harms of Laser radiation to human eyes
由于激光的特性，可使能量在空间和时间上高度集中。通过眼的屈光介质聚焦在视网膜 上形成影像，而使视网膜上的能量密度较角膜上入射能量密度提高 104～105；激光单色性好， 在眼底的色差小。上述特点致使极低的激光能量照射即可引起眼角膜或视网膜的损伤。 Because the characteristic of laser, it can make energy highly concentrated in space and in time. Through the eye’s refracting media that focusing on retina to form an image, then the incident energy density on retina can increase 104～105 than the incident energy density on cornea; The monochromaticity of laser is good, and the chromatic aberration is small on the ocular fundus. The above features can cause the damage of cornea or retina by very low laser radiation.
180-400
400-700
近红外激光 700-1400
Near-infrared laser
中、远红外激光 mid-infrared laser, far infrared laser
1400-106
主要损伤部位 Mian Injured Part
角膜、晶状体 Cornea, lens
视网膜、脉络膜 Retina, choroid 视网膜、脉络膜、晶状 体 Retina, choroid, lens
巨脉冲 Giant pulse
1064
Nd：YAP
巨脉冲 Giant pulse
1064
长脉冲 红宝石
Long pulse
694.4
染料
巨脉冲 Giant pulse
560～590
连续
Ar+
488～514.5
continuous
受伤人数 Number of
injured people
1
23
1
11
3
1
When the accident happens, most of wounded persons feel that flash suddenly appear before their eyes, then appear a facula or shadow of different colour and different size, few people feels impact on eyes. At the same time, their vision decline in different degrees. Severe cases can not see objects before their eyes clearly, some people appears dizzy and photophobia for many hours after injured.
典型脉冲激光器危害类别 Typical harm classification of pulsing laser
波长范围 Wavelength
range
180～400nm
激光器 Laser
四倍频 quadruple frequency
脉宽 Impulse 1 class
width
2 class
4 class
角膜 cornea
眼底对几种激光的有效吸收率 The effective absorptivity of several lasers by ocular fundus.
激光器 Laser
波长(nm)
介质透过率 有效吸收率
吸收率(%)
wavelength
Transmission Effective
absorptivity(%)
长期在激光操作环境中工作者眼睛受到长期的影响。在操作和使用激光器时，即使没 有直接被激光照射，造成伤害事故的发生。可是激光器所放出的射线通过其他物体或者墙 壁等产生的微量反射，长期在这种环境中工作的人群，白内障的发病率极高。
Working under operating laser environment for long time, the eyes of operator will have long term effect. When operating and using laser, even there is no injury accident happens by laser radiation directly, but the rays emitted by laser can cause micro reflection through other objects or walls, people who working long term under this environment will cause high incidence of cataract.
不同波长激光眼损伤部位 The injureavelength lasers.
波长分区 Wavelength Division
紫外激光 UV laser 可见激光 Visible laser
波长范围(nm) Wavelength Range(nm)