小升初英语语法名词

一、名词(一)名词的分类【注】：专有名词(1)专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写，专有名词前一般不加冠词，但由普通名词构成的专有名词前要加定冠词“the”，“the”不大写，例如：Beijing, the People’s Republic of China,the Great Wall(2)姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人（复数含义）,如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。

(3)节日中传统节日前要加“the”，其余不加“the”，如：the Spring Festival, Mother’s Day(二)名词的数：表示可以计算数目的人或物称为可数名词。

1、可数名词有单、复数两种形式：可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加“a或an”；复数形式是在名词后加“-s或-es”。

名词复数形式有规则变化和不规则变化两种，规则变化及其读音可依照下表：【注】：读音变化mouth[mauθ]--mouths[mauðz], house[haus]--houses[hauziz], say[sei]--says[sez]2. 可数名词复数的不规则变化1)不规则变化：tooth--teeth, foot--feet, goose--geese, mouse--mice, child--children, ox--oxen, man--men,woman--women, postman--postmen, policeman--policemen, policewoman--policewomen;mailman--mailmen; Englishman-Englishmen, Frenchman-Frenchmen【注意】：walkman—walkmans，German—Germans2)单复数同形：deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep, goldfish-goldfish, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese3)复合名词：由man和woman构成的复合名词, 前后都要变复数；其他只变后面词例如：a man doctor--men doctors, a woman teacher--women teachersa man scientist-men scientists,a dinner table--dinner tables【注】：a sports shop-sports shops, a clothes shop-clothes shops, a sports car-sports cars4)有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分,在使用时只有复数形式例如：shoes, gloves, socks, trousers, shorts, pants, glasses, scissors, etc;5)有些名词从形式上看是复数, 实际上是单数（其后的谓语动词要用单数）例如：news, maths, phyiscs, politics, works（工厂）6)有些集体名词形式上是单数，而意义上是复数，谓语动词也用复数。

例如：people（人们）, police总为复数，单数分别用person和policeman、policewoman表示例如：family（家庭、家庭成员）, group（组、组成员）, class（班，班里的学生），team（队，队员）等在表示总体时为单数，在表示成员时为复数。

7)某国家人：中日不变、英法变，其他s加后面例如：Chinese-Chinese, Japan-Japanese, Englishman-Englishmen, Frenchman-Frenchmen3. 不可数名词：表示不能计算数目的人或物，称为不可数名词。

他们前面不能用a/an,也不能用数词修饰（如one, two……），没有复数形式。

物质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。

不可数名词一般只有单数形式, 但有其特殊用法:①物质名词在表示数量时, 常用某个量词+of来表示例如：a cup of tea, seven pieces of bread, several bags of rice请区别：可数名词也可用量来表示，如：三箱苹果three boxes of apple s②同一个词,变成复数形式, 意义不同。

（特别是表示种类为可数）例如：food 食物--- foods 各种食物，fish 鱼---fishes 各种鱼类，fruit 水果---fruits 各种水果vegetable 蔬菜--- vegetables 各种蔬菜，candy 糖果---candies 各种糖果cucumber 黄瓜---cucumbers 各种黄瓜，green 绿色---greens 青菜③有些不可数名词有时表示为具体的东西时，则变为可数名词，意思上也有了变化。

例如：beer--a beer一杯啤酒，coffee--a coffee一杯咖啡，glass---a glass一个玻璃杯，room空间--a room一个房间，work--a work著作④常见的不可数名词：water，rice，fish，meat，bread等。

应特别记medicine, news, work, homework,housework, money, chalk, weather, cotton, wood.4. 特别注意的名词：（见笔记本）room---空间[U]; 房间[C]time---时间[U]; 次、倍[C]; 时代[复数]paper---纸[U];考卷、文件[C]chicken---鸡肉[U]; 鸡[C]people---人们[集体名词]; 民族[C]wish---可数名词[C]，表示愿望常用复数difference---可数名词[C]newspaper---可数名词[C]noodle---可数名词[C]，常用复数形式noodlescloud---云[U]；具体的、不同区域、不同种类的云或云块[C]，经常a+形容词（white、dark）+cloud，也可以复数cloudsrain---雨[U]；一种⋯⋯样的雨[C]，例如，a heavy rain；rains表示“大阵雨”或“雨季”wind---风[U]；一种⋯⋯样的风[C]，例如，a north wind；winds表示“一阵阵的风”snow---雪[U]；一种⋯⋯样的雪[C]，例如，a heavy snow；snows表示“多场雪”或“积雪”exercise[U] [C]study[U] [C]cloth、clothes[总是复数clothinghair、hairswork、worksorange1)sound、noise、voice的区别：sound指各种声音；noise主要指“噪音”；voice指人的“嗓音”。

如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)2)fish的问题：指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同；fishes指许多种类的鱼；fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。

如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ Iprefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)(三)名词的所有格：名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系，有两种表示形式, 一种是在名词后+’s；另一种是用of, 表示“……的”。

1. (1) 有生命的名词的所有格, 直接在词尾+’s。

如：Childern’s Day, my sister’s book, children’s clothes(2) 以s结尾的名词复数所有格只在词尾+’如：teachers’ books，Teachers’ Day(3) 两人共有的物体, 则在第二个名词后+’s; 如果分别是两人所有, 则在每个名词后面+’s。

例如：Lucy and Lily’s room. (指两人共住一个房间)Mrs Green’s and Mrs Brown’s son. (指两人各自的儿子)(4) 所有格后面的名词是不言而喻时，或表示某具体场所（如住所、诊所、店铺等）时, 所有格后面的名词可省略例如：We had a great evening at Paul’sI’ll go in Frank’s car and you can go in Alan’s（不言而喻）the doctor’s (o ffice)(诊所)；Mr. White’s；my anut’s(我阿姨家)：go to the doctor's 去医生家2.(1) 没有生命的事物一般用of 短语来表示所属关系。

例如：the wall of the classroom，a picture of the bedroom(2) 名词的定语较长时,有生命的事物也可用of短语表示。

例如：a long story of a 50-year-old man3. 表示时间、距离、金额、世界、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以加’s来构成所有格。

例如：tenminutes’walk, today’s newspaper, ten minutes’ break, China’s population4.双重所有格：“of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格。

被修饰的名词前有指示代词、不定代词、或数词限定。

例如：a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)Two friends of my father’s came to see me.【注意】：(1) 不能是独一无二的，例如：不能说a father of Mary’s(2) 被修饰的词前面不能加“the”，但可以加this、that(3) 后面应是确指的，例如：不能说a brother of a friend’s，可以说a brother of my friend’s(4) 后面应是有生命的，例如：不能说a door of the room’s，只能说a door of the room 【注意】：区别This is a photo of my mother’s（妈妈收藏的照片）This is a photo of my mother（妈妈的照片）【名词练习】：1、Some bread _______ over there.(be)2、These two pieces of bread ______ over there.(be)3、Could I have three ________ , please？A. piece of breadB. piece of breadsC. pieces of breadD. pieces of breads4、The white shirt is ________and blue one is ________.A. Kate, myB. Kate's, mineC. Kate, mineD. Kate's, my例题解析：1. They got much _______ from those new books.A. ideasB. photosC. newsD. stories2. I have two _______ and three bottles of _________ here.A. orange, orangeB. oranges, orangesC. oranges, orangeD. orange, oranges3. Every evening Mr. King takes a _________ to his home .A. 25 minutes’ walkB. 25minute’s walkC. 25 minute walkD. 25 minutes walk4. An old _______ wants to see you.A. peopleB. personC. the peopleD. the person5. Help yourself to __________.A. chickens and applesB. chickens and appleC. chicken and appleD. chicken and apples6. Oh, dear. I forgot the two _________.A. room’s numberB. rooms’ numberC. room numbersD. rooms’ numbers7. She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has become her second _________.A. familyB. houseC. homeD. room8. ________ mothers couldn’t go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai .A. Mary and Peter’sB. Mary and PeterC. Mary’s and PeterD. Mary’s and Peter’s9. Li Lei has been to __________ many times this month.A. her uncleB. her uncle’sC. her unclesD. aunt’s10. He is a success as a leader but he hasn’t ________ in teaching.A. many experiencesB. much experienceC. an experienceD. a lot experience11. A classmate of _________ was here ten minutes ago.A. youB. yourC. your sisterD. your sister’s12. A group of _________ are talking with two ___________.A. Frenchmen, GermansB. Germans ,FrenchmansC. Frenchmans , GermenD. Germen , Frenchmen13.The team ________ having a meeting .A. isB. areC. amD. be14. “Would you like _________?” “________, please.”A. drink, Three coffeesB. a cup of drink, CoffeesC. a drink, A coffeeD. a drink, Three cups of coffees15. The Great Wall was made not only by _______, but also the flesh and blood of ________ men.A.earth and stone, millions ofB. earths and stones, millionsC. the earth and stone, million ofD. the earths and stones, millions练习与巩固：1. Last night, there was a food accident. The _______ were ill, but no _______ were lost.A. child, livesB. children, lifeC. children, livesD. child, life2. ---This is a photo of _________ when they were young.---OK, how happy they both looked!A. my father and motherB. my mother and father'sC. my mother's and father'sD.my father's and my mother3. The new student is in __________ , Grade Two.A. Class ThirdB. Third ClassC. Class ThreeD. Three class4. Today is September 10th. It's __________ Day. Let's go and buy some flowers for our teachers.A. TeachersB. Teachers'C. the Teachers'D. Teacher's5. The market isn't far from here. It's only _________ bicycle ride.A.half an hours'B. half an hour'sC. half an hourD. an hour and a half6. --- What would you like to drink, girls?--- _________, please.A.Two cup of coffeeB. Two cups of coffeC. Two cups of coffeeD. Two cups of coffees7. During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs for _________.A. funB. wishesC. interestD. thanks8. Some _________ are flying kites near the river.A. childB. boyC. boysD. childs9. After the exam, we'll have________ holiday.A. two weeksB. two-weeksC. two weeks'D. two week's10. They are those _________ bags.Please put them on the bus.A. visitorB. visitorsC. visitor'sD. visitors'11.--- How many workers are there in your factory?--- There are two ___________.A. hundredsB. hundredC. hundred ofD. hundreds of12. ---What do you think of the _______ the Moonlight Sonata by Beethoven?--- It sounds really wonderful.A. subjectB. musicC. bookD. animal13. There is not enough _________ in the corner for the fridge.A. placeB. roomC. fieldD. ground14. _________ comes from sheep and some people like eating itA. WoolB. PorkC. MuttonD. Milk15. If you don't take more ________, you'll get fat.A. medicineB. lessonsC. photosD. exercise16. My school is about twenty ________ walk from here.A. minuteB. minutes'C. minutes'sD. minutes17. Mum, I have _______ to tell you!A. a good newsB. some good newsC. some good newesD. much good news18. Which is the ________ to the post office?A. streetB. wayC. roadD. address19. I stayed at ________ last Sunday.A. my unclesB. my uncles'C. my uncle'sD. my uncle's family20. Maths ________ not easy to learn.A. areB. isC. amD. were1-5 CBCBB 6-10 CACCD 11-15 ABBCD 16-20 BBBCB。