独立写作篇章结构
5段式
1.名人名言,不记得就编,编辑数据. 然后简单解释,再编个故事作为
背景.最后提出论点.
A proverb says,
It goes without saying that,
As everyone knows, no one can deny that,
Accounting to a recent survey, about 78.9% peoples thought that,
如果真的想不出编什么,就用一些论证直接引出观点或者引出提问, 提问自己, 编故事说明. 最后重复主要观点. It is often said that…
without doubt, then:
Primarily, 反驳的观点有的好处,说完好处之后In spite of the commonly-accept belief is that, a recent investigation indicates whether the argument could bear much analyze. Accounting to a recent survey, about 78.9% peoples thought that.
2.In addition, 第二个观点, what’s more, 第二个子观点,
3.Finally, 第三个观点,
4.有几种架构,
1)解决问题类型: Consequently, to solve the problem, some
methods should be taken, I recommend that/ just like/ such as/ for example.
1.升华类型: Obviously, we can draw out the conclusion that, then.A
multitude of examples could contribute to facts that 重复观点的主要可以升华部分, then, we can do our best for our country to make it better, stronger, and more beautiful/ 可以让孩子健康成长,或者家庭幸福美满. Enlighten my future career path. So from the global perspective, it is very crucial.
5.中间3段架构, 选择自己熟悉的,感兴趣的,好写的.不一定自己赞成
的. 写作方法为:
1)举例,举例,还是举例: Raise my opinion, than provide at least one
example, than explain the example, conclusion, raise my opinion again.
2)对比分析法: Raise my opinion, and illustrate the advantage for A
is that, on the other hand, and so on.
3)结果分析法: Raise my opinion, then demonstrate the effect, then
analyze its cause, then the reasons for this fact, then draw my conclusion, then again the opinion.
重点连词: Thus/ therefore/ due to/ hence, in contrast/ nevertheless/ on the contrary, likewise/ in comparison, furthermore/ moreover, absolutely/ undoubtedly/ in particular, in spite of, for instance/ by way of
illustration, in brief/ to sum up/ on account of this, opposite/ afterward. 万能理由: Efficiently, effectively, convenient/convenience, time-saving, economical, traditional, 可用上pleasure/ environmentally friendly/ helpful and useful/ achievement and accomplishment/ character training/ better communication/ healthy.
美丽词句:
Great = magnificent, brilliant, remarkable, desirable.
Important = significant, essential, vital, crucial.
Better = admirable, commendable, superior, eminent, optimal.
Good = unexceptionable, consummate, faultless.
Many = abundant, plentiful, a large amount of.
万能例子:
1.History/ our society abound with the examples of…
2.This proves a typical/ notable/ concrete instance of…
3.To the already familiar evidence, numerous further facts may be
added. Let me cite another common example.
4.A general investigation conducted at a factory/ university by officials/
scientists experts reveals that 78.9% people…
5.According to the recent survey, it can be predicted that…
6.There is sufficient proof in favor of something/ to show that…All
available evidence points to the fact that…
7.Personal experience leads me to conclude that…
8.We must admit the profound fact that…
9.The advantage of B outweigh any benefit we gain from A. Good as A
is, it brings its own problem, too. For one thing, another…
10.T here are no reasons for us to accept/ reject that.
11.T hey may be right for about… but they seem to neglect to take into
account the fact that…
12.W hen the advantage and disadvantage of B are compared, the most
striking conclusion is self-evident.
13.I t would be reasonable to take a view that…, but it would be foolish to
claim that…, and it would be much absurd to believe that…
14.Why …? A multitude of factors could account for the change/
development/ increase/ decrease/ success/ failure in…/ that…One factor of… is…, another contributing cause of… is…, also playing a part is…
15.A mong the most convincing reasons (given by people) for using a
computer, one should be emphasized that it is so convenient.
16.T he increase/… in… mainly result from/ arises from/ is due to/ owing
to…
17.O ne may regard this phenomenon as a response to the fact that.
18.例子:
1). Character training: Faster a good habit of living (父母对子女)/
studying/ working establish correct value of world. Pave way to future success/ lay solid foundation to future career/ preparing for better job… Inspiring/ open one’s vista/ broaden one’s horizon/ enrich one’s knowledge.
2). Better communication: Making the world smaller/ enhance
communication between people/ bridge the gap between different culture. Retrieve up-to-the-minute information/ keep up will the latest news/ keep abreast with cutting edge technology.
3). Environmentally Friendly: Pollution free/ clean air/ get close to
nature and release yourself from daily stress.
4). Pleasure: Fun/ entertaining/ amusing/ add pleasure to life/
provide people will new means of entertainment/ fill up vacant hour with excitement/ melody/ laughter/ joy.
5). Efficient and effective: Time saving/ raise the efficiency/ cut down
cost…
6). Convenience: Provide more options/ choice/ good/ diverse
shopping/ entertainment offer better education and public facilities/ increase new jobs and employment opportunities.
故事.自己总结
2.For example, Richard Rodriguez was a disabled student who
achieved great success through his higher education experience. If he were denied access to the university at the very beginning, there would be no benefits he had made for the society.
3.Emil Durkheim, through his studies of groups and communities, is
one of the founders of this functionalist theory.
4.For example, when we look at the paintings from St Peter's Basilica,
we find that they reflect the strong religious values and beliefs of that particular era. 文化的重要This influence is much significant. 5.Ford motor company, one of the biggest leading global auto
makers, by carrying out the flow production line, saved time in producing and transmission, moreover became very vital for the development of transportation facility in the world.
6.The debate of this question (whether or not) in this field is heated.
7.Base on the criteria of the functionalist theory, I argue that:
8.The criteria for “” or “” shouldn’t be simply identified as “good” or
“better”. The only principle should be what:
9.The homeless rummage through trash cans for food. Numerous of
families are crowd in a minuscule house for living. A large amount of undergraduate and laid-off workers can’t seek a job. Our country is in desperate need of economic stimulation to some degree. Economic stimulation is vital for our countryside.
10.The transportation in my countryside is in extremely bad shape.
11.Therefore, compared with the past, the knowledge of the world
and human beings we have now has increased in a tremendous speed. With the quality of life improved in such a tremendous speed, I argue that.
12.Firstly, following the traditional moral merit in world, especially in
china, it goes without saying that thrift is gain. English proverb says: a penny saved is a penny earned. The essential thing we should do as living in china is that we must learn how to practice thrift. In other words,
13.Firstly, this choice is owing to my personally preference, because
I like to do. As we all know, appetency is a design from god. Every
nation has its own peculiar character, moreover, habit from character, and character decide fortune. Thank to my childhood, I foster this character.
14.Human invariably pursuit for fame and luxurious lifestyle
including me. Furthermore, with all of this stimulation, I encourage myself to struggle for the factors that impede me, such as poverty living, poor learning condition.
15.First of all, communication is much significant. Currently, ability
and knowledge in a person is limited, hence how to communicate and cooperate with others is essential to be successful. We can exchange opinions each other. When we are face to face, we may be an eyes or gestures contact, moreover, this visually stimulation should be helpful to erase gap, as learning how to be a good temper too. What’s more, how to keep a consummate character in communicating with others is vital for our success.
16.With just becoming freshman of the university, I felt strange for
everything was alien, and everyone seemed to dislike me.
However, I used to bare my heart with my classmates, keeping contact with them. There would be a hospitable society atmosphere and the distance among us would be shortened. We all form an emotional attachment. Furthermore, we avoided embarrassment and be ease with each other while in trouble. After that, I turned back to be confident and pleasure.
17.Firstly, we must keep in step with the times. In current,
transportation problems would be an essential thing needed to be solved at once because of the increasing of the population, cars, and interests in driving a private car by a driver. Various way of
transportation just like the subway, public bus will be comfortable.
Moreover, we could get away frustration and be more effective and efficient to accomplish other urgent business. By the way, the subway was faster than driving a private car at traffic rush hour.
18.Health is consisted of physical health and mental health. A
proverb says:” Health is above wealth.” It goes without saying that
a good health is the first step on the way of pursuit to fame and
luxurious. Meanwhile, we are asked to be concerned with our mental health. We should build plentiful positive hobbies, such as swimming, claiming. Not give up till the peak, focus on the front sight. We also temper our willpower, steel spirit for social competition.
19.We could get accumulation of knowledge during that time. We
turn to be more skillful than freshman, and easier not only to be appreciated and admired by colleagues, but also get a promotion.
Besides, with large amount of experience, I do be self confident, also can be offered welfare. I will enlighten the career path.
20.Firstly, our environment should be protected. It has caused us
lots of pollution such as noise pollution, solid pollution. These directly affect our health life. Moreover, it also impairs the appearance of the city. Due to the bad impressions for visitors, it will cause the income of tourism decrease. This discourages the development of the city.
21.Firstly, it is called “acknowledgement”- a sense of belonging- that
we all want to be affirmed. Meanwhile, another feeling called “achievement”– a sense of being recognized- makes us elevate self-esteem. After that, we will do better in our work and study, with creating more and more brilliant achievement, to success finally.
中考满分作文结构布局6大招式
中考满分作文结构布局6大招式 如果把文章主题比作人之“灵魂”，文章材料比作人之“血肉”，那么文章结构就犹如人之“骨骼”。文章只有骨架挺立、脉络分明，才会造就如模特身材那样婀娜多姿，令人赏心悦目的魅力形体，才能在中考阅卷场上以熠熠光辉惹醉评卷老师的双眸。 1、清水芙蓉式 “清水出芙蓉，天然去雕饰”，西施那天然的骨架身段就惹人眼球，令人心动。清水芙蓉式结构遵循自然天成原则，按照文章结构的基本方式布局。或横向结构，即按照材料的性质或事件的场面变化和空间转换来安排结构层次，层次间呈并列关系；如江苏常州中考作文《你还会浮躁吗》，运用设问方式，用三个自然段分别追问：你还会浮躁吗？在那大自然的怀抱中；你还会浮躁吗？在那亦或清婉亦或豪迈的诗词里；你还会浮躁吗？在那历史的年轮里。然后紧扣提问诗意地进行描摹，在江南细雨、诗韵墨香、历史风云中将浮躁驱散，内心慢慢、慢慢地宁静下来。或纵向结构，即按时间的先后顺序或者事件发生、发展顺序组织材料，或以写作者认知的发展为顺序安排材料；或横式和纵式有机结合，以时间推移为纵线，每个层次并列安排为纬线，纵横交错地安排文章层次。如江苏中考作文《那微笑改变了我》，采用纵向结构行文：先写自己过去消极的思想观念——“很少会帮助别人，也不希求别人的帮助”；然后按事件的发生、发展顺序记叙自己遇到困难时得到别人帮助的故事，并着重刻画了那张满含微笑的脸这一细节；最后写这件事改变“我”过去的观念，使自己在以后的日子里也常带着微笑去帮助别人。 2、华丽装束式 “三分长相，七分打扮”，再美妙的身材还需华美的衣饰装扮。华丽装束式结构讲究精心处置，注意对文章结构的包装。常用的包装方法有配题记或后记，围绕全文中心和题目拟出小标题。在2007年中考作文中，通过拟小标题来结构全文的形式被广为运用，因为利用小标题形式，一能快速成文，二使结构清晰，三能内容明晰，从而出奇制胜。常用的拟小标题方法有：直接用一、二、三、四标示；用表时间、空间、情感变化的词语连缀；采用日记格式显现文章结构；引用
独立主格结构练习题及解析
独立主格结构练习题及解析 1. I have a lot of books, half of ________ novels. A. which B. that C. whom D. them 2. ________ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing the danger of dying out. A. because B. as C. With D. Since 3. The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most of ________ carrying heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they had bought there. A. them B. who C. whom D. which 4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of ________ over 600 years old. A. which B. that C. them D. it 5. The cave ________ very dark, he lit some candles ________ light. A. was; given B. was; to give C. being; given D. being; to give 6. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand ________ a gun and his face ________ with sweat. A held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; covered D. held; covering 7. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair _________. A. flowed in the breeze B. was flowing in the breeze C. were flowing in the breeze D. flowing in the breeze 8. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _________ for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished 9. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents seated together joking. A. their B. whose C. which D. that 10. The Smiths are rich and they have three cars, one a Toyota, ________ Land Rover of the latest. A. another B. other C. the other D. the others 【答案与解析】 1. D。half of them novels 为独立主格结构，相当于and half of them are novels。 2. C。考查“with + 名词+ 过去分词”结构。 3. A。most of them carrying...为独立主格结构，相当于and most of them were carrying...，也可改为：most of whom were carrying。注意改动后连词and 的使用和动词were的使用。 4. C。all of them over 600 years old 为独立主格结构，相当于and all of them are over 600 years old。 5. D。第一空填being，构成独立主格结构;第二空填不定式表目的。 6. C。独立主格结构，his right hand 与hold有主谓关系，故用holding,而his face与cover是动宾关系，故用covered.
中考作文结构安排
中考作文结构安排 一、文章结构安排有哪些要求要遵循什么： 1．思路清晰，构思完整 2.有头有尾，布局匀称 3．巧妙衔接，自然过渡 二、中考作文常见的结构模式 1．横式结构 横式结构就是把一组属于不同类别，但有内在联系的事物或景象，按照差不多相同的句子结构排列在一起，来共同表达一个主题。主体部分几方面的内容一般是并列的关系，但却存在一定的顺序，或从主到次，或由浅入深，或时间上的先后等。 2．纵式结构 在记叙文中，纵式结构表现为通过过程的叙述来写人、叙事、写景，如朱德的《回忆我的母亲》，即通过回忆幼年、外出求学和参加革命等不同时期母亲的表现与经历，赞扬了母亲的品德，表达了对母亲的崇敬和怀念。在说明文中，纵式结构常用于说明事物的过程、程序，如叶圣陶的《景泰蓝的制作》，叙述了景泰蓝这一手工艺品的工艺流程，介绍了景泰蓝由制胎到掐丝、点蓝、烧蓝、打磨、镀金等的全部操作工序。在议论文中，纵式结构表现为用显示历史进程和今昔变化的事实为论据对论点进行论证的结构。 3．转折式结构 转折式安排文章的结构模式，就是转折式。这种结构模式，指记叙事件时，顺着一个方向铺陈渲染．把读者的注意力和情感愿望吸引到这个方向相反的方面上去。层层推向高潮。达到顶点时。笔锋陡然一转．通过另一种结局的突然揭晓，掀起波澜。 三、几种特殊的结构模式 1．小标题式 运用小标题的结构方法，把文章内容分为几个部分，每个部分拟制一个精妙的小标题，用这个小标题统领下文的内容，为下文的展开指明写作方向。这样结构文章，脉络清晰，一目了然，能收到意想不到的效果。 师生之间 安徽一考生 只有纸笔，才能记载永恒的历史；只有岁月，才能读懂那浓浓的师生之间。 -----题记 师生如茶 如茶般清香宜人的亲情是无法用言语来表达的，一个眼神，一个动作都浓缩了爱的真谛。把它记载下来，也许会成为你一生最宝贵的财富。 小时候，我十分贪玩。最严重的那一次，还和老师顶嘴，老师狠狠地批评了我。我心里十分不服气，认为她一手扼杀了我童年的美好，一直怀恨在心。 现在，我仍十分贪玩，老师也常批评我，但我心中早已没有了怨恨，因为我明白，是老师的辛苦耕耘，使我不断成长，老师面对我不经心犯下的错误锱铢必较，要想让我远离不健康的东西。于是，我总是很听懂了老师的话，心中充满了感激。 所以，亲情如茶，刚入口时会有种苦味，但再仔细一品，苦中有甜，那芳香的甘甜是值得人回味的。 师生如根 印象中老师总是慈祥的。记得有一次，我考试成绩一落千丈，带着忐忑不安的心情，等待着一场暴风雨的降临。看到试卷后，老师眼中掠过一丝惊讶与惋惜，但很快恢复了平静，抬起头看着可怜巴巴的我，故作“高兴”状，微笑着望着我，说：“没关系，一次小小的失败，算不了什么，我和所以老师都相信你。”短短一句话，却让我极为震撼，心中翻腾着感激的火焰。当然，后来我的成绩也追上去了。
托福独立写作中间段2种常用写法优劣势对比分析
托福独立写作中间段2种常用写法优 劣势对比分析 托福独立写作中间段一般大家都会写3段，也就是围绕主要观点树立三个分论点来分别展开。今天和大家分享托福独立写作中间段2种常用写法优劣势对比分析,希望能帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。 托福独立写作中间段2种常用写法优劣势对比分析 托福独立写作主体段如何丰富结构? 托福考生经常会有疑惑的问题就是：我的三个主体段全部都是讲故事，好像手法太单一了，会不会被扣分?如何丰富?答案是：有可能;以及，偶尔的使用纯解释型段落。众所周知，TOEFL写作中展开手法有两种，exemplification和explanation。例证显然是二者中更简单的一个。因此，大部分同学都更倾向于使用例证。因为它更容易快速上手，并且大家可以通过举例来展开具体化的细节，从而获得高分。但注意，如果三个主体段全部是讲故事展开，未免会有语言太差的嫌疑。因此，除了例证，我们*中最好可以稍微涉及到一些说理部分。 举例和说理写法各自优势讲解
例证的优势即为能够更轻松的展开出有效并具体化的细节，或俗称“好凑字”。解释的好处为语言简练，表达效率高，*的递进性、节奏会更紧凑。这两种论证方式都有各自的明显优势，考生在选择写法时也需要结合自身需求(比如提升*篇幅用举例，增强说服力用说理)。 举例和说理写法弱点对比分析 例证在TOEFL写作中并无太明显的劣势。解释的劣势就比较明显了。同样的一个分论点，有的同学用例证可以很轻松写到200字，而解释只能说到100字。有的同学可能有个刻板印象：讲故事的语言通常比较简单，句式单一，因此不容易得高分。注意，讲故事语言和句式也是可以复杂的;或者大家可以选择简单但地道的表达，可同样可以获得满分。 托福独立写作中如何选择不同写法? 因此我们以后考场上的答题战略很简单。第一段为例证段落。目的为使劲凑字，尽量直接写满200字。第二、三段可以选择简短的小故事或者解释性段落，分别写到60～100字左右。这样主体段已经达到至少320字，再加上开头结尾段，可以轻松满足350字的字数要求。 托福独立写作说理explanation写法怎么练?
独立主格用法详解
一、 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点： (1)结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 (2)名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 (3)独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、 英语中，的形式是：名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成。 1.名词/ 代词+ 不定式。如： A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。 Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。 2.名词/ 代词+ -ing分词。如： The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready. 汽车很快就要来了，我们应该把一切事情准备好。 Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried. 母亲病了，李蕾非常焦急。 3.名词/ 代词+ 动词的过去分词。如： His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。 4.名词/ 代词+ 形容词。如： The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面泞泥，我们应该小心。 5.名词/ 代词+ 副词。如： The class over, we all went out to play. 下课后，我们都出去玩。 6. Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。 三、 在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。 1.作时间状语 School over, the students went home. 放学后，学生们都回家了。 The ceremony ended, the games began. 仪式结束后，比赛开始了。 2.作条件状语 It being fine tomorrow, we’ll go boating. 如果明天天气好的话，我们就去划船。
独立主格结构图表解析
独立主格结构 一、概念 “独立主格结构”就是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与主句之间不能通过并列连词连接，也不能由从句阴道词引导，通常用逗号与主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或者其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。 二、独立主格的特点 特点示例 独立主格结构的逻辑主语语主句的主语不一致，她独立存在。 Leaves falling here and there, I suddenly notice autumn is drawing upon. 树叶到处飘，我一下注意到已是深秋了。(独立主格的主语是leaves,主句是 I Time permitting, the restoration work could be done better. 时间允许的话，回复工作可以做得更好。(独立主格的主语是Time,主句是the restoration work 独立主格结构一般置于句首，有时置于句中或句尾，用逗号将与主句其隔开 The plan successfully carried out, everything worked out perfectly. 计划成功地完成了，一切进展顺利。 A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on. 许多官员跟在皇帝后面，有的拎着皇帝的长袍，其他的则给他整理要带等。
托福独立写作范文解析2020
托福独立写作范文解析2020 在备考托福写作的过程中，如何写出一篇好*，下面就和大家分享托福作文，希望能够帮助到大家，一起来学习吧! 托福独立写作范文解析如何写好* Essay Topic Which one is the most important for teacher of high school? 1. The ability to help students plan for their future; 2. The ability to find the students who need help most and help them; 3. Teach students how to learn outside the classroom. 就这道题来讲，题型基本结构的选择有两种：三项能力都重要，但是第一项最重要;或者，第一项是重要的，而第二项和第三项是不重要的。其他的*结构都是这两种的变体。我们拿第二种结构举例： 总论点：规划未来能力最重要(vs.发现需要帮助的同学教会自学) 主体段1：学生最需要规划，而只有老师有能力提供
主体段2：发现需要帮助的能力不重要，因为学生自己会来找 主体段3：课外自学不重要，高中生没有课外时间 The ability to help student with planning their future is definitely the most important capability for high school teachers. To begin with, high school students are in desperate need for guidance about their future, and teachers are the only competent candidate to provide it. I know this from my personal experience. When I was in high school, a great portion of my classmates’ only goal is to reach for the minimum requirement for graduation, and to be able to get an offer from a middle-ranged college in the US, as all 15-year-old boys are profoundly addicted to either computer games or love affairs. Because of our immature mind, we had no idea regarding the choice of universities, or the selection of a future career path. What made matters worse is that our high school teachers provided us with virtually zero guidance concerning our college applications, not because they lack of the intention, but simply because they know nothing about it. Consequently, the vast majority of our parents had to hire an outside agency that specializes in the college application process which costs tons of money. Later we realized that this is an utter mistake, for what they
高中英语独立主格结构详细讲解
独立主格 一、独立主格结构的含义和实质 “独立主格结构”（absolute construction）又叫“独立结构”，是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”并非真正独立，它还是一种从属分句，与主句紧密联系在一起，共同表达一个完整的意思，通常在句中起状语分句的作用。独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。 二、独立主格结构的基本形式和功能 独立主格结构可以分为两部分：一部分是名词或代词，起逻辑主语的作用；另一部分是非谓语动词分句（现在分词、过去分词、不定式）或无动词分句（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语），表示前面名词或代词的动作或状态。 基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语，with引导的复合结构。 1．名词/代词+ 现在分词 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。 例The man lay there, his hands trembling. So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off. His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep. 注：“独立结构”中的being或having been 有时可以省去，这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。 2．名词/代词+过去分词 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。 例The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head. The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film. Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. 后面两个句子也可以看成省略掉了having been，being。如果加上，这两个句子就又变成了现在分词分句。 3．名词/代词+不定式 不定式表示的是将来的动作。 例He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. These are the first two books，the third one to come out next month. We shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行）to start moving at 8 sharp. 4. 名词/代词+名词 名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。 例Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children. He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon. 5．名词/代词+形容词短语 形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。 例The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while. I heard that she got injured in the accident，my heart full of sorry. 这两个句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上，就变成了现在分词分句。 6．名词/代词+副词 副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。
托福独立写作开头段写法要点
托福独立写作开头段写法要点 良好的开端是我们做好一件事的前提和基础。而这样的道理同样适用于托福独立写作。下面就和大家分享托福写作开头段写法要点实例解析，希望能够帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。 托福独立写作高分*从头开始开头段写法要点实例解析 托福独立写作开头段低分原因分析 托福独立写作开头段写不好的问题比较普遍，之所以会存在这种问题，主要是由这些原因造成的。首先，在独立写作的写作框架中，一般都包括开头段、中间段和结尾段三大段落结构的划分。而从考试时间分配的角度来看，审题到完成70至90字左右的开头段，往往都建议把时间控制在5分钟以内，以便留出更为充分的时间进行中间段、结尾段的写作及最后检查。加上开头段看似简单、好操作的特点，很容易让许多考生忽略对开头段的练习和总结;或者是匆匆下笔;当然其中也存在一些学生看到独立写作题目后不知道如何下笔，导致后半部分时间没把握好、完成不佳的情况。那么综合以上的几种可能性的情况，我们该如何快速写好开头呢? 写好托福独立写作开头段要点讲解
作为一篇*的起始段，毫无疑问，开头段的写作好坏与否能够给包括阅卷老师在内的广大读者留下一个基础印象，即初步了解考生的英语语言组织基础和逻辑能力。因此，为了便于广大考生快速且高效地掌握独立写作的开头段方法，更好地呈现其语言及逻辑能力，在开头段的写作中，建议大家先掌握基础的“四部曲”的写作步骤： 1. 背景铺垫 在独立写作的背景铺垫中，首先我们需要明晰独立写作常考的15个topic，其中包括education，technology，sports等。在审题、理解题意之后，可以适当定位关键词进行文题分析和头脑风暴，进行社会背景定位。如托福独立写作真题：Which is more important in ones career life? The working knowledge and skills or the ability to adapt to new conditions.我们可以定位其核心关键词为career life;working knowledge and skills和adaptability为选择项;可以定位本题所属topic为work，因此可以以“work or career life”作为背景铺垫进行开头段第一句话的写作。 示范： Increasingly，under the backdrop of the fierce social competition and the need for searching for individual growth，people especially employees show great concern to their career development.
5种基本句型和独立主格结构讲解
英语中的五种基本句型结构 一、句型1：Subject (主语) ＋Verb (谓语) 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如： 1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。 2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。 3）Spring is coming. 4) We have lived in the city for ten years. 二、句型2：Subject (主语) ＋Link. V(系动词) ＋Predicate(表语) 这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类： (1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如： 1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。 2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。 (2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如： 1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。 2) The tree has grown much taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。 三、句型3：Subject(主语) ＋V erb (谓语) ＋Object (宾语) 这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例： 1) He took his bag and left.（名词）他拿着书包离开了。 2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。 3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。 4) I don’t know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。 注意：英语中的许多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。 四、句型4：Subject(主语)＋Verb(谓语)＋Indirect object(间接宾语)＋Direct object (直接宾语) 这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如： 1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。 2）The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March. 老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。上述句子还可以表达为： 1）Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present. 2）The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March. 五、句型5：Subject(主语)＋Verb (动词)＋Object (宾语)＋Complement(补语) 这种句型中的“宾语＋补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如： 1）You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。（形容词） 2) We made him our monitor.(名词)我们选他当班长。 3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。
作文结构安排
中考作文结构篇——摇曳多姿结构美 【应考知识储备】 春天到来，河边的杨柳呈现出一种亭亭玉立的美感；赛场上，健美运动员完美的形体呈现出一种力量之美；博物馆里，米开朗琪罗的《大卫》呈现出一种对人心魄的艺术之美……这摇曳多姿的美丽的背后实际上是一种结构之美。 美学家M·李普曼曾说，“结构是一切意思和意义的基础”，“没有结构任何东西都不存在，都不可设想。” 的确，结构是非常重要的。作文的结构也是如此，如果说中心是文章的灵魂，材料是文章的血肉，那么结构就是文章的骨骼。 什么是文章结构呢？ 简而言之，文章的结构就是文章内容的组织和排列形式。 写作时，只有匠心独运地把材料组织得精巧，才能更好地表情达意。正如德国文学家歌德所说，结构文章“像首饰匠打金锁链那样……把一个个小环非常合适地连接起来”，才能真正形成一个鲜活灵动的有机整体，才能写出好文章。 一、中考中关于“结构”的要求： 中考作文评分标准中，对文章的结构提出了明确的要求—— 基础等级的要求是：结构完整，条理清楚，详略得当。“结构完整”是指作文有开头、结尾、主体三大部分，没有残缺不全的毛病；“条理清晰”是指文章的布局周密、前后连贯、层次分明，没有颠三倒四的毛病；“详略得当”是指文章祥写和略写的内容安排得很恰当，没有主次不分的毛病。 发展等级的要求是：结构新颖，构思巧妙。
“结构新颖”是指写作时材料的安排和文章的结构形式能不落俗套，给人新鲜之感；“构思巧妙”是指文章情节的构思能做到让人“意想不到”，比如文章运用了先抑后扬、悬念迭出、一波三折、明暗双线结构，等等。 二、学生作文在结构方面存在的问题： 考场作文中，在结构方面的容易问题主要有： 一是撇开中心，横生枝节。常常是围绕一个中心写着写着，中途岔出别的话题。这样的文章，从内容上看，多数表现为离题；从结构上看，则是文章线索分散，笔力分散； 二是恣意妄为，逻辑混乱。事先没有通盘考虑，写一段想一段，写到哪算到哪，不尊重客观事物固有的逻辑(即它们的内在联系和客观规律)，导致言之无序，思路缺乏条理性。 三是层次不清，分段失当。表现为层次和层次之间内容杂糅交错，在某一个段里硬将几层意思塞进来，以致破坏了段意的单一性、内容的完整性和容量的适度感。 四是缺乏过渡，忽视照应。表现为内容转换过程中不会用过渡性语句，前面提到的问题在后面没有着落，后面出现的内容不见前面有铺垫。 五是剪裁不当，头重脚轻。表现为主次不分，平均使用力量，或者是开头浓墨重彩，后面无尾而止(主要是因为不善于安排答题时间而没有时间写完留下的遗憾)。由于详略处理不当，文章的结构不美暂且不说，还对主题的表达带来直接的影响：中心不突出，有偏差。
托福独立写作比较模板经典高分.doc
托福独立写作比较模板经典高分 托福独立写作比较模板 Some people believe that A while others consider B more appropriate. Give advantages and disadvantages of the two positions and explain which position you support. (1) Some people believe that________________. Other people hold the opinion that_________. While both methods may have their advantages and disadvantages, they can be applied under different circumstances. Afterwards, I will explain my opinions about it. For A, ___________________. But this also demonstrates that______________. Moreover, _______________________. B, on the other hand, _______________. For example, ________________. In my opinion, the advantages of B are more than those of A because B fits me better in two ways: First, _________________. Second, ______________________. (2)
独立主格结构常见类型及其用法.
独立主格结构常见类型及其用法 袁征 独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词、或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与其主句之间既不能通过并列连词连接也不能有从句引导词引导，常用逗号与其主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。在做这类题目时一定要小心判断，不能粗心大意。 一、独立主格结构的构成形式 1、逻辑主语+V-ing 这种构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作不是整 句主语发出的动作，而是其逻辑主语发出的动作。如： 1.__________no bus, we had to walk home. A.There being B.Being C.Having been D.There was 2._______no bus, we had to walk home. A.As there being B.As there was C.Being D.There was 3._______Sunday, the library doesn't open. A.Being B.There being C.It being D.Having been 4.______Sunday, the library doesn't open. A.As it being B.Being C.It is D.As it is 2、逻辑主语+V-ed 该构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者。如： 1._________, the train started. A.The signal given B.Giving the signal B.The signal being given D.The signal giving 2.__________, the train started. A.After having given the signal B.After the signal given C.Giving the signal D.After the signal was given 3._________, the text became easier for us to learn. A.Explaining new words B.New words explained C.Being explained new words D.Having explained new words 4.______________, the text became easier for us to learn. A. When new words were explained B.Explaining new words B.New words explaining D.Being explained new words 3、逻辑主语+形容词（副词） 该结构相当于一个未带动词的“主—系—表”结构。如： 1.___________, the patient can leave the hospital. A.Better conditions B.Conditions better C.Conditions are better D.Being better conditions 2._________, the patient can leave the hospital. A.If better conditions B.If conditions better C.If conditions are better D.Being better conditions 3.________, we’d like to go outing. A.Being Sunday B.Sunday OK C.Sunday is OK D.If Sunday OK 4.___________, we’d like to go outing. A.If Sunday is OK B.Sunday being OK C.Sunday OK D.A,B and C 5._________, you can wait a while.
作文：结构篇
六、纤纤修篁似美人——结构篇 【写作启示】俄国短篇小说大师契诃夫谈创作时曾说：“要是你在头一章里提到墙上挂着枪，那么在第二章或第三章就一定得开枪。如果不开，那枪就不必在那儿。” 【密码解读】 一、文章结构安排有哪些要求?要遵循什么： 1.思路清晰，构思完整 2.有头有尾，布局匀称 3.巧妙衔接，自然过渡 二、中考作文常见的结构模式 1．横式结构 横式结构就是把一组属于不同类别，但有内在联系的事物或景象，按照差不多相同的句 子结构排列在一起，来共同表达一个主题。主体部分几方面的内容一般是并列的关系，但却 存在一定的顺序，或从主到次，或由浅入深，或时间上的先后等。 2．纵式结构 在记叙文中，纵式结构表现为通过过程的叙述来写人、叙事、写景，如朱德的《回忆我 的母亲》，即通过回忆幼年、外出求学和参加革命等不同时期母亲的表现与经历，赞扬了母 亲的品德，表达了对母亲的崇敬和怀念。在说明文中，纵式结构常用于说明事物的过程、程序，如叶圣陶的《景泰蓝的制作》，叙述了景泰蓝这一手工艺品的工艺流程，介绍了景泰蓝 由制胎到掐丝、点蓝、烧蓝、打磨、镀金等的全部操作工序。在议论文中，纵式结构表现为 用显示历史进程和今昔变化的事实为论据对论点进行论证的结构。 3．转折式结构 转折式安排文章的结构模式，就是转折式。这种结构模式，指记叙事件时，顺着一个方 向铺陈渲染．把读者的注意力和情感愿望吸引到这个方向相反的方面上去。层层推向高潮。 达到顶点时。笔锋陡然一转．通过另一种结局的突然揭晓，掀起波澜。 运用转折式结构须注意以下几点： (1)要符合生活真实。巧合能使作品引人入胜，但要注意情节的真实性。恩格斯指出：“所谓偶然的东西，是一种必然性隐藏在里面的形式Q”因此，设置巧合要注意符合生活逻辑 链合奎粳灶格，使文章的内容晕馒真塞可信。 (2)要有利于表现主题。为了更好地表现文章主旨，构思巧合时应在情节的安排上多下工夫。比如，有位同学为反映父子之间思想逐步沟通的过程．描写父亲、儿子不约而同地分别爱上 了对方爱唱而自己原先不愿听的歌曲。通过这一巧合，生动地揭示了两代人需要互相沟通、 理解以消除代沟的主题。 (3)文章前面的蓄势要充分。蓄势的目的是为了下文的陡转，所以一定要达到效果充分的 累积，使读者的心情相当急切，再道出事情的原委和真相。 要全面细致地掌握文章结构，还可以认真学习本章第四节中“记叙文的构思模式”“议论文 的构思模式”等相关内容。 三、几种特殊的结构模式 1．小标题式
托福独立写作实用句型
学生问题：学生的句型都是主谓宾，缺少学术性词汇和句型多样化。 承接词欠缺。很多学生不会举例，不会写句子。字——》词——》句型——》段落——》文章 状语从句——在写作当中运用的最多的是以下五种状语从句，即原因状语从句，让步状语从句，条件状语从句，时间状语从句和目的状语从句。 1. 原因状语从句：常由because, as, since和for引导 Eg., Nonetheless, I am still in favor of space travel, for its merits far outweigh demerits. 2. 让步状语从句：常由although, though, even though/ if, as long as和notwithstanding引导。高频出现。学生语法或时态容易出错。上课让他们讲，练习写句子会有帮助。 Eg., Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place. 3. 条件状语从句：常由if, on the condition that（在…条件下）和providing that（以…为条件，假如）引导，given that(考虑到，鉴于) Eg., If you want to achieve something or intend to fulfill one of your ambitions, you must work hard, make efforts and get prepared. 4. 时间状语从句：常由when和while引导 Eg., When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study. 5. 目的状语从句: 常由so that和in order that引导 Eg., Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market. 4. 有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：授课要给学生完整句子。学生写句子都是中文方式。不符合写作标准。 （1）It + be + 名词+ that从句 It is a fact that … 事实是… It is an honor that …非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that …是常识 (2) It + be + 形容词+ that从句 It is natural that… 很自然… It is strange that… 奇怪的是… （3）It + be + 动词的过去分词+ that从句 It is reported that… 据报道… It has been proved that… 已证实… （4）It + 不及物动词+ that 从句 It seems that… 似乎… It happened that… 碰巧… 另外，需要注意的是：在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有： It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that … It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that… 5. 由so （such）that 结构形成的倒装句式 So fast is the oil price climbing that many people have to give up the purchase of private car. Such a original and unique singer is Lady Gaga “that young people are eager to imitate her deeds and words”从句不变 6. Only 放句首修饰状语成分，句子部分倒装 例如：Only between 9am and 5pm can you use this machine. 倒装。 7. 插入语 一种独立成分,与句子的其它成分一般没有语法上的关系,大都是对一句话作一些附加说明或解