词汇学考试题及答案word精品

1. give the definition of the lexicology.

2. give the definition of the word

3. what are the main three types of word formati on and the main features of the three types?

4. what are they characteristics of the En glish idioms?

5. what do you think of the course: En glish lexicology.

第一题

Lexicology is a branch of lin guistics inq uiri ng into the orig ins and meanings of words. (WNWD)

English lexicology is a subbranch of linguistics. But it embraces other academic

discipli nes, such as morphology, sema ntics, etymology, stylistics, lexicography. Morphology: the branch of grammar, studies the structure or form of words, primarily

through the use of morpheme con struct.

Etymology: traditi on ally used for the study of the orig ins and history of the form and meaning of words.

Semantics: the study of meanings of different linguistics levels: lexis, syntax,

uttera nee, discourse, etc.

Stylistics: the study of style, concerned with the user in a particular

's chomesitsf linguistic con text for special effects.

Lexicography: record the Ian guage as it is used so as to prese nt the genuine picture

of words to the reader, provid ing authoritative refere nee. (Edit a dictio nary).

第二题

The definition of a word comprises the following points:

(1) a minimal free form of a language;

(2) a sou nd uni ty;

(3) a un it of meaning;

(4) a form that can fun cti on alone in a senten ce.

A word is a mini mal free form of a lan guage that has a give n sou nd and meaning and syn tactic fun cti on.

第三题

The most productive word formatio ns are affixati ons, compo unding and conv ersi on.

The rest of new words come from shortening including clipping and acronymy, together

with words born out of ble nding and other means. While appl ying the rules, we should remember that there are always excepti ons.

1. Affixatio n

Affixati on is gen erally defi ned as the formatio n of words by add ing word-formi ng or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, the words

formed in this way are called derivati ons.

1.1 Prefixation. It is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. The

majority of prefixes are characterized by their non-class-cha nging n ature.

Negative prefixes: a-, dis-, in- (il-, ir-, im-), non-, un-.

Reversative prefixes: de-, dis-, un-.

Pejorative prefixes: mal-, mis-, pseudo-.

Prefixes of degree or size: arch-, extra-, hyper-, macro-, micro-,mini-, out-, over-, sub-, super-, sur-, ultra-, under-.

Prefixes of orientation and attitude: anti-, contra-, counter-, pro-.

Locative prefixes: extra-, fore-, inter-, intra-, tele-, trans-.

Prefixes of time and order: ex-, fore-, post-, pre-, re-.

Number prefixes: bi-, multi- (poly-), semi- (hemi-), tri-, uni- (mono-).

Miscellaneous prefixes: auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-.

1.2 Suffixation

It is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. They mainly change the word class. Noun suffixes:

a. Denominal nouns: Concrete: -eer, -er, -ess, -ette, - let; Abstract: -age, -dom, -ery, -ery (-ry), -hood, -ing, -sim, -ship.

b. Deverbal nouns:

To create nouns denoting people: -ant, -ee, -ent, -er (-or).

To produce abstract nouns, denoting action, result, process, state, etc.: -age, -al, -ance, -ation (-ition, -tion, -sion, -ion), -ence, -ing, -ment.

c. De-adjective nouns: -ity, -ness.

d. Noun and adjective suffixes: can be used both as nouns and adjectives: -ese, -an, -ist.

Adjective suffixes:

a. Denominal suffixes: -ed, -ful, -ish, -less, -like, -ly, -y; -al (-ial, -ical), -esque, -ic, -ous (-eous, -ious). (Both -c and -cal can be affixed to the same stem in some cases, but differ in meaning.)

b. Deverbal suffixes: -able (-ible), -ive (-ative, -sive).

Adverb suffixes: -ly, -ward(s), -wise.

Verb suffixes: -ate, -en, - (i)fy, -ize (-ise).

Some seemingly productive vogue affixes like-nik are still considered slang.

2. Compounding

It is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems, also called composition. Words formed in this way are called compounds.

A compound is a ‘lexicology unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word'T.hey can be written solid, hyphenated and open. 2.1 Characteristics of Compounds

Open compounds are the same in form as free phrases. The difference:

Phonetic features: In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first element. Semantic features: Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. Grammatical features: A compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence.

2.2 Formation of Compounds

The three major classes of compounds:

Noun compounds: n+n; n+v; v+n; a+n; n+v-ing; v-ing+n; n+v-er; adv+v; v+adv;

v-i ng+adv; adv+v-i ng.

All of these patter ns are more or less productive except the last two.

Adjective compo un ds: n+v-i ng; a+v-i ng; n+a; a+a; n+v-ed; a （adv） +v-ed; n （a） +n-ed; num+n; num+n-ed; adv+v-i ng; v-ed+adv.

Very productive: n+v-i ng, n+a, n+v-ed.