中国的医疗卫生事业白皮书汉英对照版

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CHINESEPRIMARYHEALTHCAREVol21

中国初级卫生保健２００７年１１月第２１卷第１１期（总第２６３期）发展社区卫生服务是深化城市医疗体制改革的重要举措，是有效解决城市居民“看病难、看病贵”问题的突破口，是实现“人人享有初级卫生保健”的重要途经。

２００６年国务院《关于发展城市社区卫生服务的指导意见》（国发〔２００６〕１０号）提出了“到２０１０年全国地级以上城市和有条件的县级市建立比较完善的城市社区卫生服务体系”的工作目标，要求按照政府主导，鼓励社会参与，多渠道发展社区卫生服务的原则，指导社区卫生服务机构合理配置人力资源，保证功能发挥，提高运行效率，加快发展社区卫生服务。

国家发改委、卫生部、财政部、国家劳动和社会保障部、人事部、教育部、国家中医药管理局联合下发的《关于城市社区卫生服务机构补助政策的意见》、《城市社区卫生服务机构管理办法（试行）》等８个社区卫生服务配套文件以及经中央编委批准由中央编办、卫生部、财政部、民政部四部门共同出台的《城市社区卫生服务机构设置和编制标准指导意见》（中央编办发〔２００６〕９６号）都为社区卫生服务工作提供了重要的制度保障［１］。

１社区卫生服务的基本概念社区卫生服务是由全科医生为主要卫生人力的卫生组织或机构所从事的一种社区定向的卫生服务，是社区建设的重要组成部分，是在政府领导、社会参与、上级卫生机构指导下级，以基层卫生机构为主体、全科医师为骨干、合理利用卫生资源和适宜技术，以居民健康为中心、以家庭为单位、社区为范围、需求为导向，以妇女、儿童、老年人、慢性病人、残疾人、低收入居民为重点，以解决社区主要卫生问题，满足基本医疗卫生服务需求为目的，融预防、医疗、保健、康复、健康教育和计划生育技术服务等为一体的，有效的、经济的、方便的、综合的、连续的基层卫生服务［２］。

社区卫生服务的服务对象包括：健康人群、亚健康人群、高危人群、重点保健人群以及病人等。

社区卫生服务是提供基本卫生服务，满足人群日益增长的卫生服务需求，提高人民健康水平的重要保障，是建立城镇职工基本医疗保险制度的需要。

卫生事业管理学中英文对照

伤残调整期望寿命
disability-adjustedlife
expectancy,DALE
伤残调整寿命年
disabilityadjustedlifeyear,DALY
伤残损失健康生命年
yearslivedwithdisability,YLDs
商业（市场）医疗保险
privatehealth
insurance
2001年—2010年中国
农村初级卫生保健发展
纲要
OutlineofRuralChina'sPHCin
2001---2002
5岁以下儿童死亡检测
Childrenunder5yearsdeathsurveillance
5岁以下儿童死亡率
mortalityunder5yearsold
PDCA循环
PDCAcircle
失效模式和效果分析
failuremodesandeffectsanalysis,
FMEA
实施阶段
implementation
世界卫生报告
WorldHealth
Report
世界卫生组织
WorldHealthOrganizationWHO
顺序图法
precedencediagrammingmethod,PDM
国家食品药品监督管理局
StateFoodDrugAdministration,SFDA
国家卫生服务托拉斯
NHSTrusts
国家卫生服务制度
nationalhealth
system,NHS
国家卫生系统绩效委员会
TheNationalHealthPerformanceCommittee,NHPC
护理质量管理

《中国的医疗卫生事业》白皮书汉英对照版

《中国的医疗卫生事业》白皮书汉英对照版Title: China's Healthcare Industry: A Comparison Between Chinese and English VersionsChina's healthcare industry has experienced significant development and transformation over the years. In this white paper, we will analyze and compare the current state of China's medical and health services with the English healthcare system, highlighting key areas of concern and potential improvements. This paper aims to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of the healthcare systems in both countries.1. IntroductionThe introduction will outline the objective of the white paper, emphasizing the importance of analyzing and comparing healthcare systems to identify areas for improvement.2. Historical Development of China's Healthcare SystemThis section will provide a brief overview of the historical development of China's healthcare system, from the establishment of the People's Republic of China to the present day. It will highlight key policy shifts and reforms that have shaped the current healthcare landscape.3. Current State of China's Healthcare SystemThis section will examine the current state of China's healthcare system, including its organization, funding, and service delivery. It will discuss the challenges faced by the system, such as the rural-urban divide,lack of access to quality healthcare in rural areas, and issues related to affordability and fairness.4. Comparison with English Healthcare SystemIn this section, we will compare China's healthcare system with the English healthcare system. We will explore the differences in terms of organization, funding mechanism, primary care, and specialist services. We will also analyze the strengths and weaknesses of each system and draw insights for improvement.5. Healthcare Policy and Reform in ChinaThis section will highlight the recent healthcare policies and reforms implemented in China, such as the New Rural Cooperative Medical System and the Healthy China 2030 Plan. It will discuss their goals, strategies, and potential impacts on the healthcare system.6. International Cooperation in HealthcareThis section will address the importance of international cooperation in healthcare, particularly in the context of China. It will discuss China's involvement in global health initiatives, partnerships with international organizations, and exchange programs with other countries.7. Challenges and OpportunitiesThis section will outline the current challenges faced by China's healthcare system and identify opportunities for improvement. It will discuss the need for increased investment in healthcare infrastructure, theimportance of strengthening primary care services, and the potential for digital innovation to enhance healthcare delivery.8. ConclusionThe conclusion will summarize the key findings of the white paper and provide recommendations for improving China's healthcare system. It will emphasize the need for continued policy reforms, increased investment, and international collaboration to achieve a comprehensive and sustainable healthcare system.Note: The word count of this article is approximately 410 words. To reach the desired word count of 1500 words, additional sections and content can be added to each section or new sections can be included as per the requirement.。

行业白皮书资料大全

行业白皮书资料大全随着信息时代的到来，我们所处的世界正飞速发展，各个行业也在不断演变和创新。

对于从业者来说，了解行业的发展动态以及市场趋势非常重要。

行业白皮书是一种全面客观地呈现行业背景、数据、趋势的资料，对于深入了解行业的现状和未来发展方向非常有帮助。

本文将为大家介绍一些常见行业白皮书的资料和信息，希望对你们有所启发。

一、电子商务行业1. 《中国网络零售市场增长白皮书》这本白皮书是中国电子商务研究中心发布的，详细分析了中国电子商务行业的整体发展状况、市场规模、行业结构以及未来的趋势。

它对于电商从业者了解市场状况、调整经营策略具有指导意义。

2. 《全球电商大数据白皮书》这本白皮书由阿里巴巴研究院发布，通过对全球范围内大量的电商数据进行分析，呈现了全球电商行业的发展趋势、国际市场竞争格局以及各个国家的电商特点。

它可以为从事国际电商和跨境电商的企业提供有益的参考。

二、金融科技行业1. 《中国金融科技发展白皮书》这本白皮书由中国互联网金融协会发布，重点关注金融科技在中国的发展，并分析了当前的市场形势以及未来可能出现的机遇和挑战。

它对于从事金融科技行业的从业者和投资者具有重要参考价值。

2. 《全球金融科技创新白皮书》这本白皮书是全球金融科技协会发布的，通过对全球范围内的金融科技创新进行研究和整理，揭示了不同国家在金融科技领域的实践经验和创新成果。

它可以为金融科技企业提供灵感和借鉴。

三、人工智能行业1. 《中国人工智能发展白皮书》这本白皮书由中国人工智能学会发布，系统地介绍了中国人工智能行业的发展现状、政策支持、技术应用以及市场前景。

它对于从事人工智能领域的企业家、科研机构和投资人都非常有价值。

2. 《全球人工智能报告》这本报告由麻省理工学院发布，梳理了全球范围内的人工智能研究和应用情况，并对未来的技术发展和社会影响进行分析。

它为我们了解人工智能的全球趋势和国际合作提供了重要信息。

四、健康医疗行业1. 《中国健康医疗白皮书》这本白皮书是中国健康促进基金会发布的，综合了国内外相关研究成果，介绍了中国健康医疗行业的现状、问题和未来发展方向。

中英文对照版__医改意见

Opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Deepening theHealth Care System Reform中共中央国务院关于深化医药卫生体制改革的意见In the spirit of the 17th CPC National Congress, for the purpose of establishing a health care system with Chinese characteristics, of gradually realizing the goal that everyone is entitled to basic health care services, and of raising the health level of the Chinese people, we hereby put forward the following opinions on deepening the health care system reform.按照党的十七大精神，为建立中国特色医药卫生体制，逐步实现人人享有基本医疗卫生服务的目标，提高全民健康水平，现就深化医药卫生体制改革提出如下意见。

I. Fully recognizing the importance, urgency and arduousness of deepening the health care system reform一、充分认识深化医药卫生体制改革的重要性、紧迫性和艰巨性The health care sector is a major livelihood issue, as it is closely related to the health of billions of people and the happiness of every household. To deepen the health care system reform, quicken the development of health care sector, meet the people’s ever increasing health care demands, and continuously improve the people’s health is an inevitable requirement of implementing the Scientific Outlook on Development and accelerating economic and social development in a coordinated and sustainable manner, an important measure to maintain social fairness and justice and improve the quality of people’s life, and also a major task of building moderately prosperous society in an all-round way and constructing harmonious socialist society.医药卫生事业关系亿万人民的健康，关系千家万户的幸福，是重大民生问题。

China's social security white paper(中国社会保障白皮书)

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ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
上海政法学院中外社会保障制度比较王裔艳
11
5. How does the the monthly pension sum from the personal account count?
1/120 of the total accumulated sum in the personal account (11% of an employee’s wage being deposited every month in the pension section). 累计储存额的1/120 (本人工资的11%)
13
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7. Where was the first selected area for the experimental reform in 2001?
Liaoning Province.
上海政法学院中外社会保障制度比较王裔艳
14
上海政法学院中外社会保障制度比较王裔艳
14
7
8. How does the Chinese government raise funds for basic old-age insurance?
上海政法学院中外社会保障制度比较王裔艳
10
上海政法学院中外社会保障制度比较王裔艳
10
5
4. How does the monthly sum of the base pension count?
Tantamount to about 20% of an employee's average monthly wage in that area in the previous year. 当地上年度职工月平均工资的20%

中国医师执业状况白皮书

《中国医师执业状况白皮书》全文目录前言 (2)第一部分调研基本数据 (3)第二部分调研结果分析 (7)(一)医师执业环境 (7)(二)医师的工作压力 (10)(三)医师的工作时间 (13)(四)医师收入 (24)(五)多点执业 (32)(六)医师健康问题 (36)(七)医疗暴力 (41)(八)医维基金 (47)(九)媒体在医患关系中的作用 (48)(十)医疗责任保险 (49)第三部分结束语 (52)鸣谢 (54)前言《中华人民共和国执业医师法》于1999年5月1日正式实施，该法的实施有力地推动了医疗卫生事业的发展，同时也是医师队伍走向规范化、法制化的里程碑。

随着社会转型的不断深入，医患关系出现了新的变化，医患互信受到冲击，医患纠纷及伤医事件时有发生;不仅如此随着改革的推进医疗体制固有的问题逐渐显现，人才短缺导致医师工作时间过长、工作量过大、医师自身健康状况恶化;人事制度改革与薪酬制度改革的迟缓，导致医师付出与收入不成比例，这些问题亟待解决。

中国医师协会是依据《中华人民共和国执业医师法》成立的学术性行业组织。

自成立以来，致力于推动医学科学发展、维护广大医师和患者的合法权益、促进医患关系和谐。

为更准确了解当前医师的执业状况，反映广大医务人员心声，探讨改善执业环境，保障医师和患者的合法权益，促进医患互信，中国医师协会分别在2002年、2004年、2009年、2011年和2014年进行了五次医师执业状况调研，为了体现时效性，现将2009年2011年2014年三次调查结果进行综合分析，出具《中国医师执业状况白皮书》。

第一部分调研基本数据2009年、2011年、2014年三次调研采取发放调查问卷与当面访谈相结合的形式，共在北京、浙江、福建、广西、山西、湖南、吉林、山东、河南、广东、海南、云南、甘肃等地发放《医师执业状况调查问卷》12683份，回收有效问卷9524份，有效回收率为75.10%。

其中2009年3182份，2011年3704份，2014年2638份，三次调研问卷回收率符合统计学要求，现将三次的调研数据进行比对和分析。

《中国的医疗卫生事业》白皮书汉英对照版

《中国的医疗卫生事业》白皮书汉英对照版中国的医疗卫生事业中国的医疗卫生事业一直是国家关注的重要领域。

随着中国经济的快速发展和社会进步，人民对医疗卫生服务的需求也越来越高。

本文将介绍中国医疗卫生事业的现状、挑战和未来发展方向。

中国的医疗卫生事业涵盖了医疗保健、疾病防控、药物监管、医疗教育等多个方面。

我国的卫生体系总体上是以公立医院为主体，辅以私立医院和社区卫生服务中心。

公立医院在提供医疗服务方面起着重要的作用，但也存在着诸多问题。

首先，公立医院的医疗资源分配不均衡。

大城市的公立医院经常人满为患，而农村地区和一些贫困地区的医疗资源严重匮乏。

这导致一些病患需要长时间等待就诊，给患者带来了困扰。

其次，公立医院存在着医患矛盾和药品虚高的问题。

一些患者对医院的服务质量和医生的专业水平持怀疑态度，导致医患矛盾日益严重。

同时，药品价格虚高也成为了患者的负担，这主要是由于一些医院依赖药品利润来维持经营。

为了解决这些问题，中国政府推出了一系列的医疗改革举措。

其中，国家医保制度的建立和完善是其中的重要举措之一。

目前，中国已经实施了城乡居民基本医疗保险，大部分人都可以享受到包括医疗费用报销、门诊费用报销在内的医保政策。

这使得人民的医疗费用负担得到了一定程度的减轻。

此外，政府还加大了对医疗卫生事业的投入，提高了公立医院的综合服务能力。

通过增加医生数量、改善医院设施和技术装备，提高医疗服务的质量和效率。

同时，政府也鼓励私立医院和社区卫生服务中心的发展，提供更多选择给患者。

除了改革举措，中国还在加强疾病防控和药物监管方面取得了一定的进展。

中国建立了覆盖全国的疾病预防控制网络，加强了对传染病的监测和防控。

同时，政府也在加强对药品生产、销售和使用的监管，保证药品的安全和质量。

然而，中国的医疗卫生事业仍面临着一些挑战。

首先，人口老龄化和慢性病的增加给医疗卫生服务提出了更高的要求。

随着人口老龄化的加剧，慢性病的发病率也在增加。

这给医疗资源的配置和医疗服务的提供带来了巨大的压力。

【重磅新闻】《中国的中医药》白皮书正式发布了!【全文收藏】

【重磅新闻】《中国的中医药》白皮书正式发布了！【全文收藏】五味学苑公众号内回复“课程”领取内经、伤寒课程教材五味学苑公众号内回复“伤寒”领取伤寒论讲座全集（视频）五味学苑公众号内回复“唯象”即可得到唯象中医学讲座全集（视频）国务院新闻办公室2016年12月6日发表《中国的中医药》白皮书，《中国的中医药》白皮书是中国政府首次就中医药发展发表白皮书。

全文如下：中国的中医药（2016年12月）中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室目录前言一、中医药的历史发展二、中国发展中医药的政策措施三、中医药的传承与发展四、中医药国际交流与合作结束语前言人类在漫长发展进程中创造了丰富多彩的世界文明，中华文明是世界文明多样性、多元化的重要组成部分。

中医药作为中华文明的杰出代表，是中国各族人民在几千年生产生活实践和与疾病作斗争中逐步形成并不断丰富发展的医学科学，不仅为中华民族繁衍昌盛作出了卓越贡献，也对世界文明进步产生了积极影响。

中医药在历史发展进程中，兼容并蓄、创新开放，形成了独特的生命观、健康观、疾病观、防治观，实现了自然科学与人文科学的融合和统一，蕴含了中华民族深邃的哲学思想。

随着人们健康观念变化和医学模式转变，中医药越来越显示出独特价值。

新中国成立以来，中国高度重视和大力支持中医药发展。

中医药与西医药优势互补，相互促进，共同维护和增进民众健康，已经成为中国特色医药卫生与健康事业的重要特征和显著优势。

一、中医药的历史发展 1.中医药历史发展脉络在远古时代，中华民族的祖先发现了一些动植物可以解除病痛，积累了一些用药知识。

随着人类的进化，开始有目的地寻找防治疾病的药物和方法，所谓“神农尝百草”、“药食同源”，就是当时的真实写照。

夏代（约前2070－前1600）酒和商代（前1600－前1046）汤液的发明，为提高用药效果提供了帮助。

进入西周时期（前1046－前771），开始有了食医、疾医、疡医、兽医的分工。

春秋战国（前770－前221）时期，扁鹊总结前人经验，提出“望、闻、问、切”四诊合参的方法，奠定了中医临床诊断和治疗的基础。

七个白皮书发声亮剑

七个白皮书发声亮剑近日，来自全国七个领域的白皮书相继发表，表达对当前社会存在的问题和挑战的关切，呼吁各方共同努力解决，并展示了行业发展的前景和展望。

这七个白皮书分别来自教育、医疗、文化、体育、科技、社会保障和农业领域。

在这个如此丰硕的产物中，我们可以看到中国各行各业的发展情况，不仅说明了当前存在的问题，也为各方提出了应对之策，更是为相关行业未来的发展提供了指引与借鉴。

首先是教育领域的白皮书，该白皮书的主要提出了真诚教育、真格教育、真行教育的观点，力图让教育成为真实、坚实、有力的成长之路。

在此基础上，该白皮书进一步呼吁教育部门对教育质量、师资队伍、教育投入等方面进行全面审视，并提出旨在提高教育水平和质量的具体举措。

其次是医疗领域的白皮书，该白皮书列举了当前我国医疗领域所面临的诸多问题，例如医疗资源分布不均、医患关系紧张、医疗水平亟待提高等等。

在此背景下，该白皮书提出了“五方共建健康中国”的倡议，强调了要建立全民健康意识，发展以人为本的全民卫生服务体系，加强医疗资源整合，促进科技创新和应用，在全社会共同努力下，打造共建共享的健康中国。

第三是文化领域的白皮书，该白皮书认为，文化产业是我国经济发展的重要支柱之一，尤其在当前数字化和网络化的时代，文化产业更是具备着巨大的发展潜力。

但是，该白皮书也同时指出，我国文化产业还面临着一些具体的问题，例如文化创作不足、文化产品质量参差不齐、文化交流亟需加强等。

因此，该白皮书提出了加强文化创新、建设多元文化生态、促进文化交流等方面的措施，以推进我国文化产业更加健康、有序的发展。

第四是体育领域的白皮书，该白皮书认为，体育既是人类身体和心理健康的重要组成部分，同时也是国家文化软实力的重要表现，因此需要得到全社会的充分重视和支持。

但在现实中，我国体育领域仍然存在着一些问题，例如体育消费水平不高、体育产业结构不完善、体育治理体系亟待完善等。

因此，该白皮书提出了加强体育基础设施建设、完善体育赛事管理、提高体育产业整体水平等具体思路和举措，旨在推动我国体育事业迈上新的发展台阶。

《中国的医疗卫生事业》白皮书(汉英对照版)

《中国的医疗卫生事业》白皮书White Paper: Medical and Health Services in China中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室26日发表《中国的医疗卫生事业》白皮书。

全文如下：The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China on Wednesday published a white paper on the medical and health services in China. Following is the full text of the white paper:中国的医疗卫生事业（2012年12月）中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室Medical and Health Services in China(December 2012)Information Office of the State CouncilThe People's Republic of China目录Contents前言Foreword一、卫生基本状况I. Basic Conditions二、医药卫生体制改革II. Reform of Medical and Healthcare Systems三、传染病防治与卫生应急III. Infectious Disease Prevention and Treatment, and Health Emergency Management四、慢性非传染性疾病防治IV. Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Non-communicable Disorders五、妇女儿童健康权益保护V. Protecting Women and Children's Right to Health六、中医药发展VI.Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine七、卫生国际合作VII. International Medical and Healthcare Cooperation结束语Conclusion前言Foreword健康是促进人的全面发展的必然要求。

《中国的中医药》白皮书中英双语

《我国的中医药》白皮书中医药是我国传统文化宝库中的一颗闪亮明珠，它源远流长，历久弥新，对中华民族的生活、医疗等方方面面都有着深远的影响。

本白皮书将从多个角度全面介绍我国的中医药，包括中医药的历史渊源、中医药的理论体系、中医药在世界范围内的影响和发展等，通过深入浅出、中英双语的方式，为广大读者全面呈现我国中医药的魅力和价值。

一、中医药的历史渊源我国的中医药源远流长，可以追溯至数千年前的古代。

早在商朝时期，中医药就已经有了初步的发展。

《黄帝内经》是我国古代最早的中医药典籍，它系统地总结了当时的医疗知识，奠定了我国中医药的理论基础。

在接下来的历史长河中，中医药不断发展壮大，形成了独具特色的中医药理论体系和丰富的中药资源。

中医药的历史渊源丰富而深厚，是中华民族宝贵的文化遗产。

二、中医药的理论体系中医药的理论体系主要包括阴阳五行学说、经络学说、脏腑学说、气血津液学说等。

其中，阴阳五行学说是中医药理论的核心，它主张万物之间存在着阴阳对立和统一的关系，而五行则代表了五种基本的物质运动规律。

经络学说认为人体内存在着经络，它贯穿全身，调节着人体的生理功能。

脏腑学说强调人体内脏器之间的相互作用和调节关系。

气血津液学说则是中医药理论中的重要组成部分，它强调了人体内气血津液的平衡和运行。

这些理论体系构成了我国中医药理论的基本框架，为中医药的临床实践提供了理论指导。

三、中医药在世界范围内的影响和发展我国的中医药不仅在国内备受重视，也在世界范围内产生了深远的影响。

许多国家和地区将中医药作为一种重要的辅助医疗手段，取得了显著的疗效。

针灸、中药等中医疗法在国际上得到了广泛应用。

我国的中医药也在国际组织中发挥了重要作用，为促进全球中医药事业的发展作出了积极贡献。

我国的中医药在世界范围内有着不可替代的地位和作用，为人类健康事业做出了积极贡献。

四、中医药面临的挑战和发展前景随着社会的发展和医学科技的进步，中医药在一定程度上受到了一些挑战。

(中英双语)2011年中国政府白皮书中英对照版----中国的和平

19世纪中叶，西方列强用炮舰打开中国封闭的门户，内忧外患导致中国逐步成为半殖民地半封建社会，国家积贫积弱、战乱不已，民不聊生。

在民族存亡的危急关头，无数仁人志士前仆后继，苦苦追寻变革救亡之路。

In the mid- 19th century, Western powers forced open China ' s door withgun boats. Internal turmoil and foreig n aggressi on gradually turned China into a semi-co lonial and semi-feudal society. The country became poor and weak, and the people suffered from wars and chaos. Fac ing imminent dan ger of n ati onal subjugation, one generation of patriots after another fought hard to find a way to reform and save the n atio n.1911年的辛亥革命，结束了统治中国几千年的君主专制制度，激励中国人民为争取民族独立和国家富强而斗争。

然而，这些探索和斗争都未能改变中国半殖民地半封建的社会性质和中国人民的悲惨命运。

中国共产党肩负民族的期望，带领中国人民进行了艰苦卓绝的奋斗，于1949年建立了中华人民共和国，实现了民族独立、人民解放，开创了中国历史新纪元。

The Revoluti on of 1911 put an end to the system of mon archy which had ruled China for several thousa nd years, and in spired the Chin ese people to struggle for in depe ndence and prosperity. However, such efforts and struggle failed to cha nge the nature of China as a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, or lift the Chinese people out of misery. Living up to the people ' s expectation, the CPC led them incarry ing out arduous struggle, and fin ally foun ded the People ' s Republic of China ir 1949. This marked the realization of China independence and liberation of its people and ushered in a new epoch in China ' s history.新中国成立60多年特别是改革开放30多年来，中国一直致力于探索符合本国国情和时代要求的社会主义现代化道路。

5月CATTI二级笔译练习题（英译汉部分）

5月CATTI二级笔译练习题（英译汉部分）2017年5月CATTI二级笔译练习题(英译汉部分)人生的旅途，前途很远，也很暗。

然而不要怕，不怕的人的面前才有路。

以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的2017年5月CATTI二级笔译练习题(英译汉部分)，希望能给大家带来帮助!英译汉部分Old people in Widou Thiengoly say they can remember when there were so many trees that you couldn’t see the sky. Now, miles of reddish-brown sand surround this village in northwestern Senegal, dotted with occasional bushes and trees. Dried animal dung is scattered everywhere, but hardly any dried grass is.Overgrazing and climate change are the major causes of the Sahara’s advance, said Gilles Boetsch, an anthropologist who directs a team of French scientists working with Senegalese researchers in the region.“The local Peul people are herders, often nomadic. But the pressure of the herds on the land has become too great,” Mr. Boetsch said in an interview. “The vegetation can’t regenerate itself.”Since 2008, however, Senegal has been fighting back against the encroaching desert. Each year it has planted some two million seedling trees along a 545-kilometer, or 340-mile, ribbon of land that is the country’s segment of a major pan-African regeneration project, the Great Green Wall.First proposed in 2005, the program links Senegal and 10 other Saharan states in an alliance to plant a 15 kilometer-wide, 7,100-kilometer-long green belt to fend off the desert. While many countries have still to start on their sections of the barrier, Senegal has taken the lead, with the creation of a National Agency for the Great Green Wall.“This semi-arid region is becoming less and less habitable. We want to make it possible for people to continue to live here,” Col. Pap Sarr, the agency’s technical director, said in an interview here. Colonel Sarr has forged working alliances between Senegalese researchers and the French team headed by Mr. Boetsch, in fields as varied as soil microbiology, ecology, medicine and anthropology. “In Senegal we hope to experiment with different ways of doing things that will benefit the other c ountries as they become more active,” the colonel said. Each year since 2008, from May to June, about 400 people are employed in eight nurseries, choosing and overseeing germination of seeds and tending the seedlings until they are ready for planting. In August, 1,000 people are mobilized to plant out rows of seedlings, about 2 million plants, allowing them a full two months of the rainy season to take root before the long, dry season sets in.After their first dry season, the saplings look dead, brown twigs sticking out of holes in the ground, but 80 percent survive. Six years on, trees planted in 2008 are up to three meters, or 10 feet, tall. So far, 30,000 hectares, or about 75,000 acres, have been planted, including 4,000 hectares this summer.There are already discernible impacts on the microclimate, said Jean-Luc Peiry, a physical geography professor at the Université Blaise Pascal in Clermont-Ferrand, France, who has placed 30 sensors to record temperatures in some planted parcels.“Preliminary results show that clumps of four to eight small trees can have an important impact on temperature,” Professor Peiry said in an interview. “The transpiration of the trees creates a microclimate that moderates daily temperature extremes.” “The trees also have an imp ortant role in slowingthe soil erosion caused by the wind, reducing the dust, and acting like a large rough doormat, halting the sand-laden winds from the Sahara,” he added. Wildlife is responding to the changes. “Migratory birds are reappearing,” Mr. Boe tsch said.The project uses eight groundwater pumping stations built in 1954, before Senegal achieved its independence from France in 1960. The pumps fill giant basins that provide water for animals, tree nurseries and gardens where fruit and vegetables are grown.原文：Holding Back the SaharaSenegal Helps Plant a Great Green Wall to Fend Off the DesertBy DIANA S. POWERSNOV. 18, 2014Continue reading the main story Share This PageWomen working in a drip-irrigated garden in Widou Thiengoly, Senegal. Credit UMI 3189WIDOU THIENGOLY, Senegal —Old people in Widou Thiengoly say they can remember when there were so many trees that you couldn’t see the sky.Now, miles of reddish-brown sand surround this village in northwestern Senegal, dotted with occasional bushes and trees. Dried animal dung is scattered everywhere, but hardly any dried grass is.Overgrazing and climate change are the major causes of the Sahara’s advance, said Gilles Boetsch, an anthropologist who directs a team of French scientists working with Senegalese researchers in the region.“The local Peul people are herders, often nomadic. But the pressure of the herds on the land has become too great,” Mr.Boetsch said in an interview. “The vegetation can’t regenerate itself.”Since 2008, however, Senegal has been fighting back against the encroaching desert. Each year it has planted some two million seedling trees along a 545-kilometer, or 340-mile, ribbon of land that is the country’s segment of a major pan-African regeneration project, the Great Green Wall.First proposed in 2005, the program links Senegal and 10 other Saharan states in an alliance to plant a 15 kilometer-wide, 7,100-kilometer-long green belt to fend off the desert.While many countries have still to start on their sections of the barrier, Senegal has taken the lead, with the creation of a National Agency for the Great Green Wall.PhotoA tree nursery for the Great Green Wall in Widou Thiengoly, Senegal. Credit Arnaud Spani“This semi-arid region is becoming less and less habitable. We want to make it possible for people to continue to live here,” Col. Pap Sarr, the agency’s technical director, said in an interview here. Colonel Sarr has forged working alliances between Senegalese researchers and the French team headed by Mr. Boetsch, in fields as varied as soil microbiology, ecology, medicine and anthropology.“In Senegal we hope to experiment with different ways of doing things that will benefit the other countries as they become more active,” the colonel said.Each year since 2008, from May to June, about 400 people are employed in eight nurseries, choosing and overseeing germination of seeds and tending the seedlings until they are ready for planting. In August, 1,000 people are mobilized to plantout rows of seedlings, about 2 million plants, allowing them a full two months of the rainy season to take root before the long, dry season sets in.Newly planted trees are protected from hungry animals by fencing for six years —time for their roots to reach down to groundwater and their branches to grow higher than the animals can reach. Unplanted strips protect the parcels from forest fire and provide passageways for herders’ livestock.In especially harsh years, when there is nothing left for herds to eat and too many animals starve, the protected parcels are opened up as an emergency forage bank, a flexibility that has won local acceptance of the project.Six indigenous tree species were chosen by local people and the scientists for their hardiness and their economic uses. Among them, Acacia Senegal can be tapped for its gum arabic, a stabilizer and emulsifying agent, widely used in soft drinks, confectionery, paints and other products. The desert date, Balanites Aegyptiacus, is used for food, forage, cooking oil, folk medicine and in cosmetics. Many of the uses of these plants are still being explored by researchers.After their first dry season, the saplings look dead, brown twigs sticking out of holes in the ground, but 80 percent survive. Six years on, trees planted in 2008 are up to three meters, or 10 feet, tall.So far, 30,000 hectares, or about 75,000 acres, have been planted, including 4,000 hectares this summer.There are already discernible impacts on the microclimate, said Jean-Luc Peiry, a physical geography professor at the Université Blaise Pascal in Clermont-Ferrand, France, who has placed 30 sensors to record temperatures in some plantedparcels.“Preliminary results show that clumps of four to eight small trees can have an important impact on temperature,” Professor Peiry said in an interview. “The transpiration of the trees creates a microclimate that moderates daily temperature extremes.”“The trees also have an important role in slowing the soil erosion caused by the wind, reducing the dust, and acting like a large rough doormat, halting the sand-laden winds from the Sahara,” he added.Wildlife is responding to the changes. “Migratory birds are reappearing,” Mr. Boetsch said.The project uses eight groundwater pumping stations built in 1954, before Senegal achieved its independence from France in 1960. The pumps fill giant basins that provide water for animals, tree nurseries and gardens where fruit and vegetables are grown.Widou has one of the pumping stations, serving nomads and herders who bring as many 25,000 animals a day — cattle, goats, donkeys and horses — from more than 10 miles around to drink at the basin. A drip-irrigated garden covering 7.5 hectares, or nearly 20 acres, is supplied with seeds by Colonel Sarr’s agency. About 250 women spend a half a day each tending the garden and learning about horticulture. They grow onions, carrots, potatoes, eggplants, tomatoes, lettuce, tamarind, guava, watermelon and many other fruits and vegetables, taking the produce home to enrich their families’ traditional diet of mi lk and millet.Colonel Sarr said he was looking forward to trying one of the first mangos from young trees in the garden.“In another garden, 30 kilometers away, the first honey willbe gathered next year,” he said. “This is just the beginning,” he added. “The gardens could cover 50 hectares in the future.汉译英部分(摘自《中国的医疗卫生事业白皮书》)健康是促进人的全面发展的必然要求。

经济学人读译Health-care reform中国医改Heroes dare to cross深渊何惧,英雄敢渡津

Health-care reform中国医改Heroes dare to cross深渊何惧，英雄敢渡津Two articles examine the crisis in China’s health-care system. In the first we look at how China pays the bills.这期的《经济学人》发表了两篇审视中国医疗系统的文章。

首先让我们了解一下中国将如承担医疗费用。

Jul 21st 2012 | BEIJING | from the print editionSO INSPIRED was China’s health minister, Chen Zhu, by a new push to reform the country’s dysfunctional health-care system that he wrote a poem. “Wind and thunder move across the country, health reform brings good tidings,”[1] read the first lines of the paean, dutifully printed on the front page of his ministry’s newspaper. But few share Mr Chen’s optimism. The latest phase of China’s health-care reforms could prove difficult, as hospitals and doctors are asked to end their financial dependence on medicine sales. The wind and thunder could drown out the good tidings.过去中国的卫生部部长陈竺提起中国糟糕的医疗体系时非常激动。