分子生物学(武汉大学)
2020年(生物科技行业)考研武汉大学分子生物学名词
（生物科技行业）考研武汉大学分子生物学名词ModificationofDNAorRNA(DNA或RNA修饰)：在最初合成聚核苷酸链之后核苷酸上所做的任何改变。
Modifiedbases(修饰碱基)：除通常在DNA(T、C、G、A)和RNA(U、C、G、A)四种碱基以外的碱基，通常是在核酸合成后发生改变。
Molecularchaperone(分子伴侣)：协助壹些蛋白质装配或者恰当折叠所需的蛋白质，但这种蛋白质且不是靶复合物的成分。
MonocistronicmRNA(单顺反子mRNA)：编码壹个蛋白质的mRNA。
Monolayer(单细胞层)：指真核细胞在培养基上生长，只能形成壹个细胞深度的壹层。
Morphogen(形态发生因子)：诱导特别细胞型以依赖其浓度形式发育的因子。
MPF(促成熟因子)：是二聚体激酶，包括p34催化亚基和周期蛋白调控亚基，其激活能引发有丝分裂进行。
MtDNA：线粒体DNA。
MTOC：见微管组织中心。
Multicopyplasmids(多拷贝质粒)：以大于壹个拷贝出当下细菌中的质粒。
Multiforkedchromosome(多叉染色体)：在细菌中，有壹个之上复制叉，因为在第壹个复制循环结束之前第二个就已开始。
Multimericprotein(多亚基蛋白质)：由壹个之上亚基组成的蛋白质。
Mutagens(诱变剂)：通过诱导DNA上的突变增加突变率的物质。
Mutation(突变)：指基因组DNA序列上的任何改变。
Mutationfrequency(突变频率)：在种群中某个突变被发现的频率。
Mutationrate(突变率)：某个突变发生的速率，通常用每个基因每代出现的次数表示。
Myeloma(骨髓瘤细胞)：起源淋于巴细胞的壹个肿瘤细胞株，通常产生壹种免疫球蛋白质。
NNegativecomplementation(负互补)：当等位基因间互补允许多亚基蛋白质中突变亚基抑制野生型亚基的活性时发生。
(武汉大学)分子生物学考研名词汇总
（武汉大学）分子生物学考研名词汇总●base flipping 碱基翻出●denaturation 变性DNA双链的氢键断裂，最后完全变成单链的过程●renaturation 复性热变性的DNA经缓慢冷却，从单链恢复成双链的过程●hybridization 杂交●hyperchromicity 增色效应●ribozyme 核酶一类具有催化活性的RNA分子，通过催化靶位点RNA链中磷酸二酯键的断裂，特异性地剪切底物RNA分子，从而阻断基因的表达●homolog 同源染色体●transposable element 转座因子●transposition 转座遗传信息从一个基因座转移至另一个基因座的现象成为基因转座，是由转座因子介导的遗传物质重排●kinetochore 动粒●telomerase 端粒酶●histone chaperone 组蛋白伴侣●proofreading 校正阅读●polymerase switching 聚合酶转换●replication folk 复制叉刚分开的模板链与双链DNA的连接区●leading strand 前导链在DNA复制过程中，与复制叉运动方向相同，以5’-3’方向连续合成的链被称为前导链●lagging strand 后随链在DNA复制过程中，与复制叉运动方向相反的，不连续延伸的DNA链被称为后随链●Okazaki fragment 冈崎片段●primase 引物酶依赖于DNA的RNA聚合酶，其功能是在DNA复制过程中合成RNA引物●primer 引物是指一段较短的单链RNA或DNA，它能与DNA的一条链配对提供游离的3’-OH末端以作为DNA聚合酶合成脱氧核苷酸链的起始点●DNA helicase DNA解旋酶●single-strand DNA binding protein, SSB 单链DNA结合蛋白●cooperative binding 协同结合●sliding DNA clamp DNA滑动夹●sliding clamp loader 滑动夹装载器●replisome 复制体●replicon 复制子单独复制的一个DNA单元称为一个复制子，一个复制子在一个细胞周期内仅复制一次●replicator 复制器●initiator protein 起始子蛋白●end replication problem 末端复制问题●homologous recombination 同源重组●strand invasion 链侵入●Holliday junction Holliday联结体●branch migration 分支移位●joint molecule 连接分子●synthesis-dependent strand annealing, SDSA 合成依赖性链退火●gene conversion 基因转变●conservative site-specific recombination, CSSR 保守性位点特异性重组●recombination site 重组位点●recombinase recognition sequence 重组酶识别序列●crossover region 交换区●serine recombinase 丝氨酸重组酶●tyrosine recombinase 酪氨酸重组酶●lysogenic state 溶原状态●lytic growth 裂解生长●transposon 转座子能够在没有序列相关性的情况下独立插入基因组新位点上的一段DNA序列，是存在与染色体DNA上可自主复制和位移的基本单位。
武大分子生物学考研题库
武大分子生物学考研题库武大分子生物学考研题库分子生物学是现代生物学研究的重要分支，它研究的是生命的最基本单位——分子。
作为生物学考研的重要科目之一，分子生物学的题库对于考生来说是必备的学习资料。
下面将介绍一些武大分子生物学考研题库的内容和特点。
一、基础知识题1. DNA的结构是怎样的？请简要描述。
2. RNA的种类有哪些？它们分别在细胞中扮演什么角色？3. 请解释DNA复制的过程。
4. 什么是基因突变？请举例说明。
5. 请简述转录和翻译的过程。
这些基础知识题是考生必须掌握的内容，它们涵盖了DNA、RNA的结构和功能，以及基因突变、转录和翻译等基本概念。
考生需要通过深入学习和思考，掌握这些知识点，并能够灵活运用于解答题目。
二、实验设计题1. 请设计一种实验方法，用于检测某个基因在不同组织中的表达水平。
2. 请设计一种实验方法，用于检测某个蛋白质的亚细胞定位。
3. 请设计一种实验方法，用于研究某个基因在不同发育阶段的表达模式。
这些实验设计题旨在考察考生对实验设计的能力和创新思维。
考生需要结合自己的实验经验和理论知识，提出合理的实验方案，并能够解释实验的原理和预期结果。
三、综合应用题1. 请解释PCR技术的原理和应用。
2. 请简述RNA干扰技术的原理和应用。
3. 请简要介绍基因编辑技术CRISPR-Cas9的原理和应用。
这些综合应用题是将分子生物学的知识应用到实际问题中的考察。
考生需要综合运用所学的知识，理解和解释相关技术的原理和应用，并能够分析和讨论其优缺点及未来发展方向。
四、综合分析题1. 请分析某个基因在不同物种中的序列差异，并解释其可能的功能变化。
2. 请分析某个基因的突变与某种疾病的关联性，并提出可能的治疗策略。
这些综合分析题要求考生能够综合运用所学的知识，分析和解释实际问题，并提出合理的解决方案。
考生需要具备较强的分析思维和判断能力，能够将分子生物学的知识应用到实际问题中。
综上所述，武大分子生物学考研题库涵盖了基础知识题、实验设计题、综合应用题和综合分析题等多个方面。
分子生物学武汉大学历年试题(截至2022)
分子生物学武汉大学历年试题（截至2022）●实验设计题●分离基因、鉴定功能——PCR、电泳；敲除、高表达●验证核酸蛋白互作——ESMA、ChIP、DNA足迹法、酵母双杂交●大量表达基因/蛋白——基因工程：强启动子/诱导启动子、高拷贝质粒、偏爱密码子●选择实验原理+扩写●2001●名解●卫星DNA●复制体●逆转座子●反式激活因子●衰减子与衰减作用●问答●说出双链DNA复制起始有关的五种重要的酶或蛋白并简述它们的功能。
(15 分)●简述增强子的特点和性质及作用机制。
(10分)●简述真核RNA聚合酶II的转录起始复合物装配过程和转录起始 (15分)●DNA限制性内切酶EcoRI是人们熟悉的常用内切酶,它是在大肠杆菌(E.coli)R株中发现的,它被广泛用于分子克隆操作和DNA分析。
pUC质粒是常用克隆载体之一,它的多克隆位点上有EcoRI、BamHI、KpnI、HindIII 等酶切点。
假如要你把一段由EcoRI切割产生的外源DNA段克隆到 pUC 质粒中,并把重组质粒转化大肠杆菌R株来扩增,已知条件是所用的R菌株中只有EcoRI一种限制性内切酶,你设计如何做才能确保成功?为什么?(10分)●2002●问答●简述(或绘图说明)真核细胞RNA聚合酶II转录的起始需要哪些基本转录因子及其装配过程(15分)●简述(或绘图说明)色氨酸操纵子弱化的机制(15分)●在讨论基因家庭时经常提到胚胎、胎儿和成体形成的蛋白质,这些述语是指什么现象?可用什么术语来描述这一类基因家族(5分)●你正在进行 Southern blot 分析,并刚刚完成凝胶电泳部分,下一步是将胶浸泡在NaOH溶液中使DNA变性为单链,为了节约时间,你跳过这一步,直接把DNA 从胶上转到硝酸纤维素膜上,你将标记好的探针与膜杂交,却发现放射自显影结果是一片空白,哪里错了呢?(5分)●2003●名解●Domains and motifs 结构域与基序●Alternative splicing 选择性剪接●Reporter genes 报告基因●The PCR cycle 聚合酶链式反应循环●Restriction mapping 限制酶切图谱●Multiple cloning sites 多克隆位点●DNA libraries DNA文库●Proteomics 蛋白质组学●Replicon 复制子●Semi-conservative replication 半保留复制●简答●请列举三种以上蛋白质纯化技术,并说明不同纯化技术的简单原理。
武汉大学 分子生物学全部课程 3
have the complementary sequence 3’-
4
TACAG-5’
(Related to replication and transcription)
The strictness of the rules for “Waston-Crick” pairing
derives from the complementarity both of shape and of hydrogen bonding properties between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine.
Space-filling model
Nucleoside & Nucleotide, the fundamental building block of DNA
phosphoester bond
glycosidic bond
Phosphodiester linkages: repeating, sugar-phosphate backbone of the polynucleotide chain
3/08/05
CHAPTER 6
The Structures of DNA and RNA
How do the structures of DNA and RNA account for their functions?
OUTLINE
1.DNA Structure 2.DNA Topology 3.RNA Structure
Maintenance of the Genome
Ch 6: The structures of DNA and RNA Ch 7: Chromosomes, chromatins and the nucleosome Ch 8: The replication of DNA Ch 9: The mutability and repair of DNA Ch 10: Homologous recombination at the molecular level Ch 11: Site-specific recombination and transposition of DNA
2021武大研究生高级分子生物学期末复习资料
2021武大研究生高级分子生物学期末复习资料名词解释：1基因基因是生物的遗传标志，是遗传的基本单位。
从分子生物学角度看。
基因是负载特定遗传信息的dna分子片段，在一定条件下能表达这种遗传信息，变成特定的生物学功能。
2基因组genome细胞或者生物体的一套完整的单倍体遗传物质的总和3质粒plasmid细胞染色体以外具有自我复制能力的环状dna分子。
4基因家族genefamily核苷酸序列或编码产物的结构具备一定同源性的一组基因。
5重合基因overlappinggene两个或者两个以上的基因共计一段dna序列。
6假基因pseudogene类似于基因但是不表达的dna序列，不表现任何功能，是基因的退化形式。
7缺陷基因disease-causinggene与表型有确定一一对应关系的基因。
8遗传度heritability人群中遗传因素导致表型变异占到总的表型变异的比例.9酶诱导enzyme由底物引致制备利用该底物的酶，这种现象称作酶诱导10同义突变samesensemutation不引起氨基酸组成和排列发生任何改变的基因突变。
11错义突变mis-sensemutation导致氨基酸组成和排列发生改变的基因突变。
12移码突变frame-shiftingmutation使阅读框移动的基因突变。
13无义变异no-sensemutation一个核苷酸的发生改变可能将并使代表某个氨基酸的密码子变为中止密码子（uaauacuga），并使蛋白质制备提早中止。
14沉默突变salentmutation、中性突变neutralmutation不引起明显表型的dna变异，无蛋白质功能改变。
15操纵子operon数个功能有关的结构基因串联在一起，受到上游调控元件掌控，构成的mRNA单位。
16基因表达基因组中的结构基因所随身携带的遗传信息经mRNA、译者等过程，制备特定的蛋白质，从而充分发挥特定生物学功能和效应的过程。
17a-minor基序一条rna链的a插入到相邻双链的小沟中gc碱基对的位置，并与g或者是c的羟基形成氢键。
武大分子生物学第二周-4
单一序列 （调控区、miRNA）
微卫星 90Mb
基因和 基因相关序列
1200Mb
相关序列 1152Mb
基因 48Mb
内含子 非编码区 基因片段 假基因
人类基因组的组织结构及其组分
为什么是假基因？ 与功能基因有什么区别？
可以翻译吗？
无内含子 无启动子序列
逆转录mRNA的整合 导致假基因的产生
人的基因间序列主要由重复DNA 构成
基因组范围的重复 比微卫星大得多
每个重复单元的长度都大于100 bp,许多大于1 kb 单一拷贝散布在基因组中，或紧密相连成簇存在 共同的特点：都是转座子，大约占人基因组的45%
人基因组 3200Mb
其他基因间隔区域 600Mb
基因间隔区DNA 2000Mb
基因组范围 的重复 1400Mb
单一序列 （调控区、miRNA）
在更复杂的生物中 基因间序列数目的大量增加 是导致基因密度降低的另一原因
基因间序列是基因组上 与蛋白质和结构RNA 的表达无关的那部分DNA
人的基因组中有超过50% 的部分由基因间序列组成 其中绝大多数的功能未知
人基因组 3200Mb
其他基因间隔区域 600Mb
基因间隔区DNA 2000Mb
基因组范围 的重复 1400Mb
几乎一半的人类基因组由 在基因组中重复多次的DNA 序列组成
重复DNA 一般由两种： 微卫星DNA、基因组范围的重复
两种重复DNA
微卫星DNA 非常短（小于13 bp ）的串联重复序列 最常见的微卫星序列是二核苷酸重复序列
例如：CACACACACACACACA 这种重复序列几乎占了人类基因组的3%
2. 基因组序列和染色体多样性 （3）
分子生物学-武汉大学
刘青珍 武汉大学生命科学学院Biblioteka 第16章 原核生物的基因调控
本章内容
1. 本章概要 2. 转录调控的原理 3. 转录起始的调控：细菌中的实例 4. 实例 - λ 噬菌体的调控
3. 转录起始的调控：细菌中的实例
第三个例子 NtrC 和MerR： 通过变构而非招募起作用的激活子
在变构激活中 RNA聚合酶可以结合启动子 但形成的复合物没有转录活性 激活子引发复合物变构并激活转录
NtrC 有ATPase 活性 且从距基因较远处起作用
NtrC 控制参与氮代谢的基因表达 如 glnA 基因 有独立的激活域和DNA 结合域 只在氮水平低时与DNA 结合 诱导RNA聚合酶构象改变 引发从闭合式复合物向开放式复合物的转变
低氮水平- 信号 NtrC 磷酸化和构象改变 暴露DNA 结合区 NtrC 结合DNA 与结合在glnA 启动子上的 RNA聚合酶的54 直接互作 激活NtrC ATPase 活性，为 其聚合酶构象改变提供能量 转录开始
噬菌体Φ29 的P4 蛋白 抑制启动子的逃离 （在不同启动子中作用不同） 结合到强启动子PA2c：抑制 结合到弱启动子PA3：激活
抑制子以多种方式作用
抑制RNA 聚合酶与启动子结合：Lac 抑制子 抑制从闭合式复合物到开放的复合物的转变 E.coli Gal 抑制子 抑制启动子逃离 噬菌体Φ 29 P4 蛋白（在不同启动子中作用不同）
MerR 通过扭曲DNA 激活转录
MerR 控制merT 基因 它编码一种抗汞酶 在汞的存在下 MerR 结合到merT 启动子的﹣10 和﹣35 序列之间 的一段序列上 通过改变DNA 构象激活merT 表达
没有DNA 结合区和激活区的区分 结合与激活紧密相关
武大分子生物学考研历年真题
武大分子生物学考研历年真题对于许多立志在生物学领域深造的学子来说，报考武汉大学分子生物学专业的研究生是一个极具吸引力的选择。
而深入研究历年真题，无疑是备考过程中的关键环节。
武大分子生物学考研真题涵盖了丰富多样的知识点和题型。
从细胞生物学基础，到分子遗传学的原理，再到基因表达调控等诸多方面，都有深入且细致的考查。
在细胞生物学基础部分，真题常常涉及细胞的结构与功能、细胞的信号转导通路等内容。
例如，会要求考生阐述细胞膜的组成成分和结构特点，以及它们如何影响细胞内外物质交换和信息传递。
又或者，详细描述细胞内各种细胞器的功能，以及它们之间是如何协同工作以维持细胞正常生理活动的。
分子遗传学原理方面，真题可能会聚焦于 DNA 复制、转录、翻译的过程和机制。
比如，让考生解释 DNA 聚合酶在复制过程中的作用和特点，或者描述 RNA 聚合酶如何识别启动子并启动转录。
基因表达调控更是重点中的重点。
这部分真题可能会让考生分析不同层次的基因表达调控机制，包括转录水平、转录后水平、翻译水平和翻译后水平的调控。
例如，要求阐述转录因子如何结合到 DNA 上调控基因的表达，或者解释 microRNA 是如何通过影响 mRNA 的稳定性来调节基因表达的。
真题的题型也多种多样。
常见的有选择题，考查考生对基本概念和知识点的理解和记忆。
判断题则侧重于考察考生对一些易混淆概念的辨析能力。
简答题要求考生能够简洁明了地回答问题，展现对知识点的准确把握和概括能力。
论述题通常是综合性较强的题目，需要考生将多个相关知识点串联起来，进行深入的分析和阐述，以展现其对知识的系统理解和运用能力。
通过对历年真题的分析，可以发现一些出题的规律和趋势。
一方面，重点知识点会反复出现，只是考查的角度和形式可能有所不同。
另一方面，随着学科的发展和研究的深入，真题也会逐渐融入一些新的研究成果和前沿知识。
例如，近年来，随着基因编辑技术的迅速发展，真题中可能会出现与CRISPRCas 系统相关的题目，要求考生了解其原理和应用。
武汉大学分子生物学2001—2015考研真题(1)
武汉大学2015年分子生物学武汉大学2014年分子生物学一.名词解释1、complementDNA2、RNAsplicing3、Gel filtration chromatography4、gene5、snRNP6、OKAZIKIN sequence7、operon8、enhancesome一.简答题1.从分子角度谈谈为什么DNA比RNA更广泛地用作遗传信息的携带者2.试说明中介蛋白在转录调控中的作用原理3.以下是DNA的电泳条带，说明DNA有哪三种拓扑异构构型？设计实验验证该结果。
4.翻译过程需要哪些组分？各自的功能分别是什么三.论述题1.CTD是RNAPOL2的末端结构，说明其结构特点。
它在转录各过程的作用是什么？2.试从产生过程，作用机制和生物学功能几个方面比较miRNA和siRNA的异同点3蛋白质A可以上调蛋白质B的表达水平，说明蛋白A可能在哪些水平发挥作用并设计实验证明。
武汉大学2013年分子生物学一、名词解释（共10小题，每题4分，共40分）1.Ribozyme2.Missense Mutation3.Insulator4.RNA trans-splicing5.Nucleotide excision repair6.Transposon7.Dam methylase8.Spliceosome9.Core promotor10. SNP二、简答题（共5小题，每题10分，共50分）1.真核生物mRNA的5’帽子结构有何生物学功能？其缺失会造成什么后果？2.某一基因开放阅读框中的一个碱基突变会对该基因编码产物产生什么影响？3.请简述真核生物的mRNA和原核生物的mRNA有何不同。
4.请简述Ⅰ型内含子剪切的过程.5.请简述Western blot 的原理和步骤。
三、论述题（共3小题，每题20分，共60分）1.研究基因功能通常是降低或升高基因表达水平，请简要说出三种相关研究方法及原理。
2. mRNA和蛋白质的降解是一个有序的过程，其中microRNA和泛素起了非常重要的作用，请简述microRNA的概念、产生过程、作用机制，或者泛素的概念和蛋白质泛素化的过程。
《分子生物学》课程教学大纲
武汉大学《分子生物学》课程教学大纲课程英文名称：Molecular Biology 课程类别：必修课程学分数：3 课程学时数：54授课对象：本院生物类所有本科生本课程的前导课程：生物化学一、教学目的.本课程主要是从生物大分子的角度来阐述基因组的复制和基因组的表达机制（DNA→ RNA→蛋白质），以及基因调控机制。
通过与实验课结合，将系统介绍基本的分子生物学技术，包括后基因组技术。
本课程是英语教学试验课，旨在使学生习惯使用英语进行“听、想、叙述”分子生物学相关内容，为学生进入研究生学习和进入日趋国际化的工作岗位奠定基础。
二、教学要求1．重点掌握“原核生物和真核生物复制和表达其遗传信息，以及基因表达调控的分子机制：包括发生过程，主导和参与各过程的酶和因子（反式作用因子和顺式作用元件）”。
2.掌握“常规分子生物学技术，包括基因克隆和表达的技术，研究生物大分子相互作用的技术，模式生物和后基因组分子生物学技术。
”3.熟悉“在基因组保持，表达和基因调控中主要酶和蛋白质的结构和作用机制；以及基因调控与发育和疾病的关系。
分子生物学技术在鉴定、诊断和治疗中的作用。
”三．课程内容与学时分配第一章课程简介与分子生物学发展史（教材第1至第5章）第一节课程介绍－教学目标和方法第二节课程介绍－教学内容和安排第三节分子生物学发展史1－蒙德尔的生物观重点：从名人的研究经历学法则、长智慧第四节分子生物学发展史2－核酸承载遗传信息重点：从重大发现学法则、开思路第五节化学弱相互作用与强相互作用决定大分子的结构第二章核酸结构（教材第6章）第一节 DNA的结构与拓扑异构酶重点：DNA的双螺旋结构与DNA的功能和复制之间的关系，以及DNA拓扑异构酶在解决细胞中DNA拓扑结构中的重要性第二节 RNA的结构与核酶重点：RNA可以折叠成高级结构的机制，不同核酶的结构与功能第三章 DNA复制（教材第8章）第一节 DNA复制的化学本质和DNA聚合酶的催化机制重点：DNA复制的化学反应，聚合酶的结构与催化第二节 DNA复制的过程－原核重点：不同蛋白因子是如何顺序性在复制过程中起作用的，先导链和滞后链复制的异同，不同DNA聚合酶的作用第三节 DNA复制的过程－真核重点：不同蛋白因子和聚合酶是如何顺序性在复制过程中起作用的，先导链和滞后链复制的异同第四节同一复制叉中先导链和滞后链同时被复制的机制重点：Sliding clamps和Clamp loader的作用，Trombone复制模型第五节 DNA复制起始的调控－普遍机制和原核机制重点：Replicator-initiator互作模型；E. coli的OriC，DnaA-ATP 水平，SeqA蛋白的作用第六节 DNA复制起始的调控－真核重点：Pre-RC (复制前复合物)的形成和调控第七节 DNA复制起始的结束重点：原核－II型拓扑异构酶的作用；真核－染色体复制的末端问题以及端粒酶的作用第四章基因表达1－转录（教材第12章）第一节 RNA聚合酶与转录循环内容：RNA聚合酶的种类和特征，RNA聚合酶催化的转录步骤，转录复合物在转录过程中的结构改变第二节细菌的转录循环1－启动子和因子第三节细菌的转录循环2－转录的起始，延伸和终止第四节真核转录1－RNA聚合酶II及其介导的前体mRNA转录起始重点：核心启动子的结构，以及普通转录因子组装起始复合物的过程其他内容：因为染色体高级结构的原因，体内转录需要Mediator复合物的作用第五节真核转录2－RNA聚合酶II转录的延伸重点：RNA聚合酶II CTD结构域所结合蛋白因子的顺序置换与前体mRNA的5'加帽，内含子剪接，3'加尾和转录终止第六节真核转录3－RNA聚合酶I和III转录rRNA和tRNA，小RNA的机制第五章基因组表达2－RNA剪接（教材第13章）第一节不同类型内含子分布和RNA剪接的化学性质第二节 I型和II型内含子核酶的剪接机制重点：结构和催化的化学反应第三节真核生物蛋白编码基因内含子的剪接－剪接体的组装，重排和催化重点：剪接体的组分（snRNPs）；剪接体的组装、重派和催化之间的关系第四节可变剪接重点：生物学意义，调控机制第五节其他加工过程内容：选择性剪接体包含不同的snRNPs，RNA编辑，mRNA转运第六章基因组表达3－翻译与遗传密码（教材第14－15章）第一节 mRNA的功能内容：开放阅读框决定多肽序列，原核和真核mRNA上的翻译元件第二节转运RNA的功能，结构，以及氨基酸装载过程重点：氨基酸装载的识别功能第三节核糖内容：核糖体（翻译机器）组装与循环，翻译的化学特性，核糖体的催化功能。
武汉大学分子生物学题库1
GLOSSARYAbundance of an mRNA is the average number of molecules per cell.Abundant mRNAs consist of a small number of individual species, each present in a large number of copies per cell.Acceptor splicing site—see right splicing junction.Acentric fragment of a chromosome (generated by breakage) lacks a centromere and is lost cell division.Acrocentric chromosome has the centromere located nearer one end than the other.Active site is the restricted part of a protein to which a substrate binds.Allele is one of several alternative forms of a gene occupying a given locus on a chromosome. Allelic exclusion describes the expression in any particular lymphocyte of only one allele coding for the expressed immunoglobulin.Allosteric control refers to the ability of an interaction at one site of a protein to influence the activity of another site.Alu family is a set of dispersed, related sequences, each～300 bp long, in the human genome. The individual members have Alu cleavage sites at each end (hence the name).Alu-equivalent family is the set of sequences in a mammalian genome that is related to the human Alu family.α-Amanitin is a bicyclic octapeptide derived from the poisonous mushroom Amanita phalloides; it inhibhits transcription by certain eukaryotic RNA polymerases, especially RNA polymerase II.Amber codon is the nucleotide triplet UAG, one of three codons that cause termination of protein synthesis.Amber mutaion describes any change in DNA that creates an amber codon at a site previously occupied by a codon representing an amino acid in a protein.Amber suppressors are mutant genes that code for tRNAs whose anticodons have been altered so that they can respond to UAG codons as well as or instead of to their previous codons.Aminoacyl-tRNA is transfer RNA carrying an amino acid; the covalent linkage is between the NH2group of the amino acid and either the 3’-or-2’-OH group of the terminal base of the tRNA.Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are enzymes responsible for covalently linking amino acids to the 2’ or 3’-OH position of tRNA.Amphipathic structures have two surfaces, one hydrophilic and one hydrophobic. Lipids are amphipathic; and some protein regions may form amphipathic; and some protein regions may form amphipathic helices, with one charged face and one neutral face.Amplification refers to the production of additional copies of a chromosomal sequence,1found as intrachromosomal or extrachromoxomal DNA.Anchorage dependence describes the need of normal eukaryotic cells for a surface to attach to in order to grow in culture.Aneuploid chromosome constitution differes from the usal diploid constitution by loss or duplication of chromosomes or chromosomal segments. Annealing is the pairing of complementary single strands of DNA to form a double helix.Antibody is a protein (immunoglobulin) produced by B lymphocyte cells that recognizes a particular foreign ‘antigen,’and thusw triggers the immune res ponse.Anticoding strand of duples DNA is used as a template to direct the synthesis of RNA that is complementary to it.Antigen is any molecule whose entry into an organism provokes synthesis of an antibody (immunoglobulin).Antiparallel strands of the d ouble helix are organized in opposite orientation, so that the 5’ end of one strand is aligened with the 3’ end of the other strand.Antitermination proteins allow RNA polymerase to transcribe through certain terminator sites.Ap endonucleases make incisio ns in DNA on the 5’ side of either apurinic or apyrimidinc sites.Apoinducer is a protein that binds to DNA to switch on transcription by RNA polymerase. Archebacteria comprise a minor line of prokaryotes, and may have introns in the genome. Ascus of a fungus contains a tetrad or octad of the (haploid) spores, representhing the products of a sihngle meiosis.att sties are the loci on a phage and the bacterial chromosome at which recombination integrates the phage into. or excises it from , the bacterial chromosome.Attenuation describes the regulation of termination of transcription that is involved in controlling the expression of some bacterial operons.Attenuato r is the terminator sequence at which attenuatioj occurs.Autogenous conhtrol describes the action of a gene product that either inhibits (negative autogenous control) or activates (positive autogenous control) expression of the gene coding for it.Autonomous controlling element in maize is an active transposon with the ability to transpose (cf nonautonomous controlling element).Autoradiography detects radioactively labeled molecules by their effect in creating an image on pholtographic film.Autosomes are all the chromosomes except the sex chromosomes; a diploid cell has two copies of each autosome.Blymphocytes (or B cells) are the cells responsible for synthesizing antibodies.2Backcross is another (earlier) term for a testcross.Back mutation reverses the effect of a mutation that hand inactivated a gene; thus it restores wild type.Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria; often abbreviated as phages.Balbaini ring is an extremely large puff at a band of a polytene chromosome.Bands of polytene chromosomes are visible as dense regions that contain the majority of DNA;bands of normal chromosomes are relatively much larger and are generated in the form of regions that retain a stain on certain chemical treatments.Base pair (bp) is a partnership of A with T or of C with G in a DNA double helix; other pairs can be formed in RNA under certain circumstances.Bidirectional replication is accomplished when two replication forks move away from the same origin in different directions.Bivalent is the structure containing all four chromatids (two representing each homologue) at the start of meiosis.Blastoderm is a stage of insect embryogenesis in which a layer of nuclei or cells around the embryo surround an internal mass of yolk.Blocked reading frame cannot be translated into protein because it is interrupted by termination codons.Blunt-end ligation is a reaction that joins two DNA duplex molecules directly at their ends. bp is an abbreviation for base pairs; distance along DNA is measured in bp.Branch migration describes the ability of a DNA strand partially paired with its complement in a duplex to extend its pairing by displacing the resident strand with which it is homologous. Breackage and reunion describes the mode of genetic recombination, in which two DNA duplex molecules are broken at corresponding points and then rejoined crosswise (involving formation of a length of heteroduplex DNA around the site of joining).Buoyant desity measures the ability of a substance to float in some standard fluid, for example, CsCl.C banding is a technique for generating stained regions around centromeres.C genes code for the constant regions of immunoglobulin protein chains.C value is the total amount of DNA in a haploid genome.CAAT box is part of a conserved sequence located upstream of the startpoints of eukaryotic transcription units; it is recognized by a large group of transcription factors.Cap is the structure at the 5’ end of eukaryotic mRNA, introduced after transcripton by linking the terminal phosphate of 5’ GTP to the terminal base of the mRNA. The added G (and sometimes some other bases) are methylated, giving a structure of the form 7Me G5’ppp 5’Np…3CAP(CRP)is a positive regulator protein activated by cyclic AMP. It is needed for RNA polymerase to initiate transcription of certain (catabolitesensitive) operons of E. coli.Capsid is the external protein coat of a virus particle.Catabolite repression describes the decreased expression of many bacterial operons that results from addition of glucose. It is caused by a decrease in the level of cyclic AMP, which in turn inactivates the CAP regulator.cDNA is a single-stranded DNA complementary to an RNA, synthesized from it by reverse transcription in vitro.cDNA clone is a duplex DNA sequence representing an RNA, carried in a cloning vector. Cell cycle is the period from one division to the next.Cell hybrid is a somatic cell containing chromosomes derived from parental cells of different species (e.g. a man-mouse somatic cell hybrid), generating by fusing the cells to form a heterokaryon in which the nuclei subsequently fused.Centrioles are small hollow cylinders consisting of microtubules that become located near the poles during mitosis. They reside within the centrosomes.Centromere is a constricted region of a chromosome that includes the site of attachment to the mitotic or meiotic spindle (see also kinetochore).Centrosomes are the regions from which microtubules are organized at the poles of a mitotic cell. In animal cells, each centrosome contains a pair of centrioles surrounded by a dense amorphous region to which the microtubules attach. See also MTOC.Molecular chaperone is a protein that is needed for the assembly or proper folding of some other protein, but which is not itself a component of the target complex.Chemical complexity is the amount of a DNA component measured by chemical assay.Chi sequence is an octamer that provides a hotspot for RecA-mediated genetic recombination in E. coli.Chi structure is a joint between two duplex molecules of DNA revealed by cleaving an intermediate of two joined circles to generate linear ends in each circle. It resembles a Greek chi in outline, hence the name.Chiasma (pl. chiasmata)is a site at which two homologous chromosomes appear to have exchanged material during meiosis.Chromatids are the copies of a chromosome produced by replication. The name is usually used to describe them in the period before they separate at the subsequent cell division. Chromatin is the complex of DNA and protein in the nucleus of the interphase cell. Individual chromosomes cannot be distinguished in it .It was originally recognized by its reaction with stains specific for DNA.Chromocenter is an aggregate of heterochromatin from different chromosomes. Chromomeres are densely staining granules visible in chromosomes under certain conditions, especially early in meiosis, when a chromosome may appear to consist of a series of4chromomeres.Chromosome is a discrete unit of the genome carrying many genes. Each chromosome counsists of a very long molecule of duplex DNA and an approximately equal mass of proteins. It is visible as a morphological entity only during cell division.Chromosome walking describes the sequential isolation of clones carrying overlapping sequences of DNA, allowing large regions of the chromosome to be spanned. Walking is often performed in order to reach a particular locus of interest.cis-acting locus affects the activity only of DNA sequences on its own molecule of DNA; this property usually implies that the locus does not code for protein.cis-acting protein has the exceptional property of acting only on the molecule of DNA from which it was expressed.cis configuration describes two sites on the same molecule of DNA.cis/trans test assays the effect of relative configuration on expression of two mutations. In a double heterozygote, two mutations in the same gene show mutant phenotype in trans configuration, wild-type in cis configuration.Cistron is the geneti unit defined by the cis/trans test; equivalent to gene ib comprising a unit of DNA representing a protein.Class switching is a change in the expression of the c cregion of an immunoglobulin heavy chain during lymphocyte differentiation.Clone describes a large number of cells or molecules identical with a single ancestral cell or molecule.Cloning vector is a plasmid or phage that is used to ‘carry’ inserted foreign DNA for the purposes of producing more material or a protein product.Closed reading frame contains termination codons that prevent its translation into protein. Coated vesicles are vesicles whose membrane has on its surface a layer of the protein clathrin.Coconversion is the simultaneous correction of two sites during gene conversion.Coding strand of DNA has the same sequence as mRNA.Codominant alleles both contribute to the phenotype; neither is dominant over the other. Coevolution —see concerted evolution.Cognate tRNAs are those recognized by a particular aminoacy-tRNA synthetase. Coointegrate structure is produced by fusion of two replicons, one originally possessing a transposon, the other lacking it; the cointegrate has copies of the transposon present at both junctions of the replicons, oriented as directrepeats.Cold-sensitive mutant is defective at low temperature but functional at normal temlperature. Colony hybridization is a technique for using in situ hybridization to identify bacteria carrying chimeric vectors whose inserted DNA is homologous with some particular sequence. Compatibility group of plasmids contains members unable to coexist in the same bacterial5cell.Complementation refers to the ability of independent (nonallelic)genes to provide diffusible products that produce wild phenotype when two mutants are tested in trans configuration in a heterozygote.In vitro complementation assay consists of identifying a component of a wid-type cell that can confer activity on an extract prepared from a mutant cell. The assay identifies the component rendered inactive by the mutation.Complementation group is a series of mutations unable to complement when tested in pairwise combinations in trans; defines a genetic unit (the cistron) that might better be called a noncomplex mentation group.Complex locus (of D. melanogaster) has genetic properties inconsistent with the function of a gene representing a single protein. Complex loci are usually very large (>100kb) at the molecular level.Complexity is the total length of different sequences of DNA present in a given preparation. Compostie transposons have a central region flanked on each side by insertion sequences, either or both of which may enable the entire element to transpose.Concatemer of DNA consists of a series of unit genomes repeated in tandem. Concatenated circles of DNA are interlocked like rings one a chain.Concerted evolution describes the ability of two related genes to evolve together as though constituting a single locus.Condensation reaction is one in which a covalent bond is formed with loss of a water molecule, as in the addition of an amino acid to a polypeptide chain.Conditional lethal mlutations kill a cell or virus under certain (nonpermissive) conditions, but allow it to survive under other (permissive) conditions.Conjugation describes ‘mathing’ between two bacterial cells, when (part of ) the chromosome is transferred from one to the other.Consensus sequence is an idealized sequence in which each position represents the base most often found when many actual sequences are compared.Conservative recombination involves breakage and reunion of preexisting strands of DNA without any synthesis of new stretches of DNA.Conservative transposition refers to the movement of large elements, originally classified as transposons, but now considered to be episomes. The mechanism of movement resembles that of phage lambda.Constant regions of immunoglobulins are coded by C genes and are the parts of the chain that vary least. Those of heavy chains identify the type of immunoglobulin.Constitutive genes are expressed as a function of the interaction of RNA polymerase with the promoter, without additional regulation; sometimes also called household genes in the context of describing functions expressed in all cells at a low level.67Constitutive heterochromatin describes the inert state of permanently nonexpressed sequences, usually satellite DNA.Constitutive mutations cause genes that usually are regulated to be expressed without regulation.Contractile ring is a ring of actin filaments that forms around the equator at the end of mitosis and is responsible for pinching the daughter cells apart.Controlling elements of maize are transposable units originally identified solely by their genetic properties. They may be autonomous (able to transpose independently) or nonautonomous (able to element).Coordinate regulation refers to the common control of a group of genes.Cordycepin is 3’ deoxyadenosine, an inhibitor of poly adenylation of RNA.Core DNA is the 14.6 bp of DNA contained on a core particle.Core particle is a digestion product of the nucleosome that retains the histone octamer and has 14.6 bp of DNA; its structure appears similar to that of the nucleosome itself.Corepressor is a small molecule that triggers repression of transcription by binding to a regulator protein.Cosmids are plasmids into which phage lambda cos sites have been inserted; as a result, the plasmid DNA can be packaged in vitro in the phage coat.Cot is the product of DNA concentration and time of incubation in a reassociation reaction. Cot 21 is the Cot required to proceed to half completion of the reaction; it is directlyproportional to the unique length of reassociating DNA.Cotransfection is the simultaneous transfection of two markers.Crossing-over describes the reciprocal exchange of material between chromosomes that occurs during meiosis and is responsible for genetic recombination.Crossover fixation refers to a possible consequence of unequal crossing-over that allows a mutation in one member of a tandem cluster to spread through the whole cluster (or to be eliminated).Cruciform is the structure produced at inverted repeats of DNA if the repeated sequence pairs with its complement on the same strand (instead of with its regular partner in the other strand of the duplex).Cryptic satellite is a satellite DNA sequence not identified as such by a separate peak on a density gradient; that is, it remains present in main-band DNA.ctDNA is chloroplast DNA.Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a molecule of AMP in which the phosphate group is joined to both the 3’ and 5’ positions of the ribose; its binding activates the CAP, a postive regulator of prokaryotic transcription.Cyclins are proteins that accumulate continuously throughout the cell cycle and are thendestroyed by proteolysis during mitosis. (see also MPF).Cytokinesis is the final process involved in separation and movement apart of daughter cells at the end of mitosis.Cytological hybridization—see in situ hybridization.Cytoplasm describes the material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Cytoplasmic inheritance is a property of genes located in mitochondria or chloroplasts (or possibly other extranuclear organelles).Cytoplasmic protein synthesis is the ranslation of mRNAs representing nuclear genes; it occurs via ribosomes attached to the cytoskeleton.Cytoskeleton consists of networks of fibers in the cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cell.Cytosol describes the general volume of cytoplasm in which organelles ( such as the mitochondria ) are located.D loop is a region within mitochondrial DNA in which a short stretch of RNA is paired with one strand of DNA, displacing the orignal partner DNA strand in this region. The same term is used also to describe the displacement of a region of one strand of duplex DNA byu a single-stranded invader in the reaction catalyzed by RecA protein.Degeneracy in the genetic code refers to the lack of an effect of many changes in the third base of the codon on the amino acid that is represented.Deletions are generated by removal of a sequence of DNA, the regions on either side being joined together.Denaturation of DNA or RNA describes its conversion from the double-stranded to the singlestranded state; separation of the strands is most often accomplished by heating. Denaturation of protein describes its conversion from the physiological conformation to some other (inactive) conformation.Derepressed state describes a gene that is turned on. It is synonymous with induced when describing the normal state of a gene; it has the same meaning as constitutive in describing the effect of mutation.Dicentric chromosome is the product of fusing two chromosome fragments, each of which has a centromere. It is unstable and may be broken when the two centromeres are pulled to opposite poles in mitosis.Diploid set of chromosomes contains two copies of each autosome and two sex chromosome. Direct repeats are identical (or related) sequences present in two or more copies in the same orientation in the same molecule of DNA; they aer not necessarily adjacent.Discontinuous replication refers to the synthesis of DNA in short (Okazaki) fragments that are later joined into a continuous strand.Disjunction describes the movement of members of a chromosome pair to opposite poles during cell division. At mitosis and the second meiotic division, disjunction applies to sister8chromatids; at first meiotic division it applies to sister chromatid pairs.Divergence is the percent difference in nucleotide sequence between two related DNA sequences or in amino acid sequences between two proteins.Divergent transcription refers to the intitiation of transcription at two promoters facing in the opposite direction, so that transcription proceeds away in both directions from a central region.dna mutants of bacteria are temperature-sensitive; they cannot synthesize DNA at 42℃, but can do so at 37℃.DNAase is an enzyme that attacks bonds in DNA.DNA-driven bybridization involves the reaction of an excess of DNA with RNA.DNA polymerase is an enzyme that synthesizes a daughter strand(s) of DNA (under direction from a DNA template). May be involved in repair or replication.DNA replicase is a DNA-synthesizing enzyme required specifically for replication.Domain of a chromosome may refer either to a discrete structural entity defined as a region within which supercoiling is independent of other domains; or to an extensive region including an expressed gene that has heightened sensitivity to degradation by the enzyme DNAase I.Domain of a protein is a discrete continuous part of the amino acid sequence that can be equated with a particular function.Dominant allele determines the phenotype displayed in a heterozygote with another (recessive) allele.Donor splicing site—see left splicing junction.Down promoter mutations decrease the frequency of initiaton of transcription. Downstream identifies sequences proceeding farther in the direction of expression, for example, the conding region is downstream of the initiation condon.Early development refers to the period of a phage infection before the start of DNA replication.Extopic expression describes the expression of a gene in a tissue in which it is not usually expressed; for example, in a transgenic animal.Elongation factors (EF in prokaryotes, eEF in eukaryotes) are proteins that associate with ribosomes cyclically, during addition of each amino acid to the polypeptide chain.End labeling describes the addition of a radioactively labeled group to one end (5’ or 3’) of a DNA strand.End-product inhibition describes the ability of a product of a metabolic pathway to inhibit the activity of an enzyme that catalyzes an early step in the pathway.Endocytosis is a process by which proteins at the surface of the cell are internalized, being transported into the cell within membranous vesicles.9Endocytic vesicles are membranous particles that transport proteins through endocytosis; also known as clathrin-coated vesicles.Endonucleases cleave bonds within a nucleic acid chain; they may be specific for RNA or for singlestranded of double-stranded DNA.Endoplasmic reticulum is a highly convoluted sheet of membranes, extending from the outer layer of the nuclear envelope into the cytoplasm.Enhancer element is a cis-acting sequence that increases the utilization of (some) eukaryotic promoters, and can function in either orientation and in any location (upstream or downstream) relative to the promoter.Envelopes surround some organelles (for example , nucleus or mitochondrion) and consist of concentric membranes, each membrane consisting of the usual lipid bilayer.Epigenetic changes influrence the phenotype without altering the genotype. They consist of changes in the properties of a cell that are inherited but that do not represent a change in genetic information.Episome is a plasmid able to integrate into bacterial DNA.Epistasis describes a situation in which expression of one gene wipes out the phenotypic effects of another gene.Essential gene is one whose deletions is lethal to the organism (see also lethal locus). Established cell lines consist of eukaryotic cells that have been adapted to indefinite growth in culture (they are said to be immortalized).Eubacteria comprise the major line of prokaryotes.Euchromatin comprises all of the genome in the interphase nucleus except for the heterochromatin.Evolutionary clock is defined by the rate at which mutations accumulate in a given gene. Excision-repair systems remove a single-stranded sequence of DNA containing damaged or mispaired bases and replace it in the duplex by synthesizing a sequence complementary to the remaining strand.Exocytosis is the process of secreting proteins from a cell into the medium, by transport in membranous vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum, through the Golgi, to storage vesicles, and finally (upon a regulatory signal) through the plasma membrane.Exocytic vesicles (also secretory vesicles) are membranous particles that transport and store proteins during excytosis.Exon is any segment of an interrupted gene that is represented in the mature RNA product. Exonucleases cleave nucleotides one at a time from the end of a polynucleotide chain; they may be specific for either the 5’ or 3’ end of DNA or RNA.Expression vector is a cloning vector desined so that a coding sequence inserted at a particular site will be transcribed and translated into protein.Extranuclear genes reside outside the nucleus in organelles such as mitochondria and10chloroplasts.F factor is a bacterial sex or fertility plasmid.F1 generation is the first generation produced by crossing two parental (homozygous) lines. Facultative heterochromatin describes the inert state of sequences that also exist in active copies—for example, one mammalian X chromosome in females.Fast component of a reassociation reaction is the first to reature and contains highly repetitive DNA.Fate map is a map of an embryo showing the adult tissues that will develop from the descendants of cells that occupy particular regions of the embryo.Figure eight describes two circles of DNA linked together by a recombination event that has not yet been completed.Filter hybridization is performed by incubating a deatured DNA preparation immobilized on a nitrocellulose filter with a solution of radioactively labeled RNA or DNA.Fingerprint of DNA is a pattern of polymorphic restriction fragments that differ between individual genomes.Fingerprint of a protein is the pattern of fragments (usually resolved on a two dimensional electrophoretic gel) generated by cleavage with an enzyme such as trypsin.Fluidity is a property of membranes; it indicates the ability of lipids to move laterally within their particular monolayer.Focus formation describes the ability of transformed eukaryotic cells to grow in dense clusters, piled up on one another.Focus forming unit (ffu) is a quantitative measure of forcus formation.Foldback DNA consists of inverted repeats that have renatured by intrastrand reassociation of denatured DNA.Foot printing is a technique for identifying the site on DNA bound by some protein by virtue of the protection of bonds in this region against attack by nucleases.Forward mutations inatctivate a wild-type gene.Founder effect refers to the presence in a population of many individuals all with the same chromosome (or region of a chromosome) derived from a single ancestor.Frameshift mutations arise by deletions or insertions that are not a multiple of 3bp; they change the frame in which triplets are translated into protein.G banding is a technique that generates a striated pattern in metaphase chromosomes that distinguishes the members of a haploid set.G1 is the period of the eukaryotic cell cycle between the last mitosis and the start of DNA replication.G2 is the period of the eukaryotic cell cycle between the end of DNA replication and the start11。
【VIP专享】武汉大学考研分子生物学名词
分子生物学名词解释1、gel electrophoresis(凝胶电泳)2、restriction endonuclease(限制性内切酶)3、hybridization(杂交)4、probe（探针）5、Autoradiogram（放射自显影）6、DNA cloning7、DNA ligase（DNA连接酶）10、transformants（转化子）11、copy DNA（cDNA）12、DNA library13、colony hybridization（菌落杂交）14、oligonucleotide（寡聚核苷酸）15、site-directed mutagenesis（定位突变）16、shotgun sequencing（鸟枪法测序）17、contig（叠连群）18、annotation（注释）19、transcriptome（转录组）20、BLAST（基本局部比对搜索工具）（11.7.2015）21、tandem mass spectrometry（MS-串联质谱）22、interactome（互作组）23、DNA foot printing（DNA足迹）24、insulator（绝缘子）25、homeodomain（同源结构域）26、mediator（中介蛋白）27、bromodomain（同源调节域）28、chromodomain（染色质结构域）29、locus control region-LCR（位点控制区域）30、heterochromatin（异染色质）（11.10.2015）31、euchromatin（常染色质）32、epigenetic regulation（表观遗传调控）33、constitutive expression（组成型表达）34、operator（操作子）35、operon（操纵子）36、CTD（c端结构域）37、lysogenically（溶源生长）38、lytically（裂解）39、prophage（原噬菌体）40、antitermination（抗终止作用）41、retroregulation（逆向调控）（11.11.2015）42、C value：C值指一种生物单倍体基因组的DNA总量；Satellite DNA-卫星DNA,又称串联重复序列，由2~6个核苷酸组成的重复单位组成的串联重复。
武汉大学历年分子生物学考研真题
武汉大学分子生物学历年考研真题 (2001年-2013年）武汉大学2001 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目名称:分子生物学科目代码: 477注意：所有答题内容必须写在答题纸上，凡写在试题和草稿纸上的一律无效。
一、解释概念 (20 分,每个4分)1. 卫星 DNA2. 复制体3. 逆转座子4. 反式激活因子5. 衰减子与衰减作用二：填空(30 分,每空 1 分,请将答案写在答卷上)1.从病毒到高等生物的研究表明,遗传物质是。
2.冈崎片段的发现证实了双链 DNA的复制,在复制过程中,一条新生链的合成是的,称为链;而另一条链的合成是的,称为链。
3.大肠菌中有三种DNA聚合酶,其中的polI的作用是 ,而pol III的作用是。
pol I和pol III都有的三种活性是、、。
4.由于真核细胞染色体DNA的复制要有一段RNA为引物,因此线状的DNA复制后必须存在着5’端缩短的问题。
已发现有一种端粒蛋白称为 ,它由构成,可以使单链DNA的5’延长。
5.对DNA 损伤有几种修复系统 ,其中只有修复系统可以造成DNA变异,与这一系统有关的一套基因平时受到一称为的抑制蛋白所抑制,它发挥抑制作用是结合在一段约20bp长的称为的DNA序列上,当DNA损伤时,另一种蛋白质称为。
把这种抑制蛋白水解后,修复系统的基因才会被激活。
6.真核细胞中有三种依赖于DNA的RNA聚合酶分别合成不同的RNA,RNA pol I 负责合成,RNA pol II 负责合成,RNA pol III负责合成。
7.大分子互相作用是分子生物学的重要内容,包括蛋白质之间、蛋白质与DNA或RNA之间的互相作用,蛋白质有四种重要的结构花式与大分子互相作用有关, 这些结构花式是 , , 。
8.NO 是气体小分子信号,它可由脱氨产生,它的作用方式是直接与酶作用使产生cGMP(环式GMP)。
9.真核mRNA的5’端通常有帽子结构,3’端有 polyA。
在polyA上游有一保守序列称为polyA 信号,其序列为。
武汉大学分子生物学全部课程3
2020年7月18日星期六
•Molecular Biology of the Gene, 5/E --- Watson et al. (2004)
•Part I: Chemistry and Genetics •Part II: Maintenance of the Genome •Part III: Expression of the Genome •Part IV: Regulation •Part V: Methods
•Linking number is the number of times one strand have to be passed through the other strand in order for the two strands to be entirely separated from each other.
•Function (1): DNA in cells is negatively supercoiled; nucleosomes introduces negative supercoiling in eukaryotes
•Negative supercoils serve as a store of free energy that aids in processes that require strand separation, such as DNA
•It is a simple consequence of the geometry of the base pair.
•(See the Structural Tutorial of this chapter for details)
•
武汉大学分子生物学_chapter11 DNA的重组和转座
•Molecular Biology Course
Chapter 11 Site-Specific Recombination & Transposition of DNA
Although DNA replication, repair, homologous recombination occur with high fidelity to ensure the genome identity between generations,
This mechanistic feature contributes the “conservative” to the CSSR name, because every DNA bond that is broken during the reaction is resealed by the recombinase without consuming any external energy.
The general themes of site-specific recombination
1. All reactions depend critically on the assembly of the recombinase protein on the DNA and bring together of the two recombination sites
2. Some recombination requires only the recombinase and its recognition sequence for such an assembly; some requires accessory proteins including Architectural Proteins that bind specific DNA sequences and bend the DNA.
武大分子生物学课件CHAPTER 20
Electrophoresis
1. Gel electrophoresis separates DNA and RNA molecules according to size, shape and topological properties
Gel matrix is an inserted, jello-like porous material that support and allows macromolecules to move through. Agarose and polyacrylamide are two different gel matrices
10
Electrophoresis
pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
Switching between two orientations: the larger the DNA is, the longer it takes to reorient
11
Restriction digestion
7
Electrophoresis DNA and RNA molecules are negatively charged, thus move in the gel matrix toward the positive pole (+) Linear DNA molecules are separated according to size The mobility of circular DNA molecules is affected by their topological structures. The mobility of the same molecular weight DNA molecule with different shapes is: supercoiled> linear> nicked or relaxed
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Revealing the beauty of natural laws by simple model
Genetics [课堂]
Inheritable traits (Mendel) Genetic material-DNA (Avery) Central Dogma [中心法则] (Watson and Crick)
***** 1. Recognizing the life of scientists (认识科
A testable hypothesis/theory: Simple and beautiful
A hypothesis/theory that is too broad to be specify or to be tested in the strict concept of science: too complicate and can be revised forever if you do not want to give it up.
Ch 5: Weak and strong bonds determine macromolecular structure Higher-order structures are determined by intra- and intermolecular interactions The specific conformation of a protein results from its pattern of hydrogen bonds Most proteins are modular, containing two or three domains Weak bonds correctly position proteins along DNA and RNA molecules Allostery: Regulation of a protein’s function by changing its shape
Part III: Expression of the Genome
Part IV: Regulation Part V: Methods
Chemistry and Genetics
Ch 1: The Mendelian View of the World Ch 2: Nucleic Acids convey genetic information Ch 3: The importance of weak chemical interactions Ch 4: The importance of high-energy bonds Ch 5: Weak and strong bonds determine macromolecular structure
中学生致信科技馆质疑进化论 中科院院士：质疑精神值得肯定 俞陶然 2009.02.11 A14版：民生 稿件来源:新闻晚报 □记者 俞陶然 晚报讯 明天是著名科学家达尔文诞辰200周年纪念日。记者 昨天在上海科技馆、上海科普教育发展基金会主办的“上海科 普大讱坛”上获悉，市西中学学生林谦帆近日给科技馆《自然 与科技》杂志写来了一封信，对达尔文创立的进化论提出了质 疑。科普大讱坛主讱嘉宾、古生物学家戎嘉余院士得知此事 后说：“这种质疑精神是值得肯定的，我很愿意与这位同学当 面交流。 ” 小林在信中说，他一直在苦苦思考生命起源的奥秘，他认为
达尔文的学说存在问题，进化理论不能解释生命是如
何诞生的。昨天，中科院地质古生物研究所戎嘉余院士来到
科技馆，为市民介绍达尔文的进化论。当得知此事后，戎院士 称赞了小林的质疑精神，表示有机会愿意与他当面聊聊进化论。
戎院士告诉记者，进化论并不像一些人想象的那样， 已被普遍接受。 2001年，美国媒体对1000名公民做 了调查，结果只有百分之十几的人完全相信达尔文进 化论。在美国，“智能设计论”占有很大市场。持这 种学说的著作，如《审判达尔文》、《达尔文的黑匣 子》都作为科普书被译介到了国内。戎院士说，在质 疑观点中其中有小林同学提到的生命起源问题，此外 有寒武纪为何出现 “生命大爆发”、中间类型生物为 何缺失、复杂器官（比如眼睛）如何靠基因突变生成 等问题，质疑、反对者认为，进化论无法对它们作出 合理的解释。
Why Watson et al. want to tell us some stories about genetics and chemistry before we start the molecular biology?源自Genetics [课堂]
*****
Inheritable traits (Mendel) Genetic material-DNA (Avery) Central Dogma [中心法则] (Watson and Crick)
The stories/efforts led to the fundamental knowledge of life, which open a new era of modern biology.
*****
Revealing the beauty of natural laws by simple model
The principle of independent segregation （独立分离定律） (Mendel’s first law)
---The trait appearing in F1 progeny is called dominant; the one not appearing is called recessive. ---The various traits are controlled by pairs of factors (which we now call genes)
To explain how the genetic traits (遗传特性) are transferred from the parents to the offsprings.
Recognizing the life of a scientist: Box 1-1
Two important lessons to learn from Mendel’s discovery 1. The attitude to science: love to discover the wonders of the nature (laws, mechanisms) [See Box1-1] 2. The principle to conduct science: using simple models to understand the complicate unknown story
Some alleles are neither dominant or recessive
(And some phenotypes are determined by more than one gene)
Figure 1-2 The inheritance of flower color in the snapdragon (金鱼草).
学家的生活). 2. Recognizing the value and nature of science (认识科学的价值和本质). 3. Recognizing the noble characters displayed by scientists (认识科学家的可贵 品格): love of the beauty of nature (对大 自然美妙的热爱), the faith of your own creativity (对自己创造能力的信心) and the hope to discover and contribute (发现和贡
Welcome to My Molecular Biology Class
Molecular Biology of the Gene, 5/E --- Watson et al. (2004)
Part I: Chemistry and Genetics
Part II: Maintenance of the Genome
戎院士特别指出，教师、父母要鼓励孩 子对科学理论的质疑精神，因为科学上每 一次的重大进步，都是以质疑前人、开拓 创新为前提的。而质疑精神，却是长久以 来中国学生所欠缺的。对学生而言，对科 学理论的质疑应转化为对科学的探索，质 疑精神应成为探索的动力。
Chapter 2: Nucleic Acids convey genetic information
Figure 1-3 How Mendel’s second operate.
Discussion 1
Why Mendelianism and Darwinism conflicted initially, how the conflict was resolved?
***** Discussion 2 Scientist and Science Genetics vs Evolution
***** Chapter 3: The importance of weak chemical interactions
Weak bonds indeed are vital for life, partly because they can form and break under the physiological conditions present with cells. (Dynamics is important)
Revealing the beauty of natural laws by simple model