2014.12.20..雅思阅读考题机经分析

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雅思阅读机经人类与机器人

雅思阅读机经人类与机器人大家在备考雅思阅读的时候可以多参考一些机经，让大家对雅思阅读的考试内容和形式有一个大致了解，下面小编给大家带来雅思阅读机经人类与机器人，希望对你们有所帮助。

雅思阅读机经真题解析：人类与机器人Man or MachineADuring July 2003, the Museum of Science in Cambridge, Massachusetts exhibited what Honda calls 'the world's most advanced humanoid robot', AS1MO (the Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility). Honda's brainchild is on tour in North America and delighting audiences wherever it goes. After 17 years in the making, ASIMO stands at four feet tall, weighs around 115 pounds and looks like a child in an astronaut's suit. Though it is difficult to see ASIMO's face at a distance, on closer inspection it has a smile and two large eyes' that conceal cameras. The robot cannot work autonomously - its actions are 'remote controlled' by scientists through the computer in its backpack. Yet watching ASMIO perform at a show in Massachusetts it seemed uncannily human. The audience cheered as ASIMO walked forwards and backwards, side to side and up and downstairs. After the show, a number of people told me that they would like robots to play more of a role in daily life - one even said that the robot would be like 'another person'.BWhile the Japanese have made huge strides in solving some of the engineering problems of human kinetics (n.动力学) and bipedal (adj. 两足动物的)movements, for the past 10 years scientists at MIT's former Artificial Intelligence (Al) lab (recently renamed the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, CSAIL) have been making robots that can behave likehumans and interact with humans. One of MITs robots, Kismet, is an anthropomorphic (adj.拟人的) head and has two eyes (complete with eyelids), ears, a mouth, and eyebrows. It has several facial expressions, including happy, sad, frightened and disgusted. Human interlocutors are able to read some of the robot's facial expressions, and often change their behavior towards the machine as a result - for example, playing with it when it appears ‘sad’. Kismet is now in MIT’s museum, but the ideas developed here continue to be explored in new robots.CCog (short for Cognition) is another pioneering project from MIT’s former AI lab. Cog has a head, eyes, two arms, ha nds and a torso (n.躯干) - and its proportions were originally measured from the body of a researcher in the lab. The work on Cog has been used to test theories of embodiment and developmental robotics, particularly getting a robot to develop intelligence by responding to its environment via sensors, and to learn through these types of interactions.DMIT is getting furthest down the road to creating human-like and interactive robots. Some scientists argue that ASIMO is a great engineering feat but not an intelligent machine - because it is unable to interact autonomously with unpredictabilities in its environment in meaningful ways, and learn from experience. Robots like Cog and Kismet and new robots at MIT’s CSAIL and media lab, however, are beginning to do this.EThese are exciting developments. Creating a machine that can walk, make gestures and learn from its environment is an amazing achievement. And watch this space: these achievements are likely rapidly to be improved upon. Humanoid robots could have a plethora of uses in society, helping to free people from everyday tasks. In japan, for example, there is an aim to createrobots that can do the tasks similar to an average human, and also act in more sophisticated situations as firefighters, astronauts or medical assistants to the elderly in the workplace and in homes – partly in order to counterbalance the effects of an ageing population.FSuch robots say much about the way in which we view humanity, and they bring out the best and worst of us. On one hand, these developments express human creativity - our ability to invent, experiment, and to extend our control over the world. On the other hand, the aim to create a robot like a human being is spurred on by dehumanized ideas - by the sense that human companionship can be substituted by machines; that humans lose their humanity when they interact with technology; or that we are little more than surface and ritual behaviors, that can be simulated with metal and electrical circuits.Questions 1-6Reading passage 1 has six paragraphs, A-F.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.NB you may use any letter more than once1 different ways of using robots2 a robot whose body has the same proportion as that of an adult3 the fact that human can be copied and replaced by robots4 a comparison between ASIMO from Honda and other robots5 the pros and cons of creating robots6 a robot that has eyebrowsQuestions 7-13Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage 1, using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.In 2003, Massachusetts displayed a robot named ASIMO which was invented by Honda, after a period of 7 in the making. The operating information is stored in the computer in its 8 so that scientists can control ASIMO's movement. While Japan is making great progress, MIT is developing robots that are human-like and can 9 humans. What is special about Kismet is that it has different 10 which can be read by human interlocutors. 11 is another robot from MIT, whose body's proportion is the same as an adult. By responding to the surroundings through 12 ,it could develop its 13 .文章题目：Man or Machine篇章结构体裁议论文题目是人还是机器结构A. ASMID研制成功并向公众展示的社会影响B. CSAIL一直致力于研制拟人机器人C. Cog是有着和人来一样的比例的机器人D. 在创造类人互动机器人方面, MIT走在前端E. 类人机器人的发展空间F. 创造类人机器人的利与弊试题分析Question 1-13题目类型：Information in relevant paragraph定位词文中对应点题目解析1Different ways E段第4句E段开头就引出创造机器人的成就, 随后并提出这些成就有一定的发展空间, 直到第四句说明这些类人机器人have a plethora of uses,用途多样. 因此答案为E2The same proportion...adultC段第2句C段第2句提到cog has a head...and its proportions were originally measured from the body of a researcher in the lab. 表明该机器人是按照成年人人体比例创造的, 因此答案为C3Copied replacedF段第3句F段第三句the aim to create...by the sense human...can be substituted..., that can be simulated 都表示人类可被机器等取代.因此答案为F4ComparisonASIMO... Pther robotsD段第2,3句D段第2句指出ASIMO is...but not an intelligent machine,because it is unable to...learn from experience.第3句又表明robots like...however, are beginning to do this. 体现出其他机器人能做到ASIMO所不能做到的自发学习. 因此答案为D5Pros and consF段第1句F段开头指出这些机器人证明了我们看待人性的方式, bring out the best and worst of us.这半句话体现出创造机器人的利与弊. 因此答案为F6eyebrowsB段倒数第4句B段倒数第四句提到one of MIT’S robots is...and has two eyes...and eyebrows. 因此答案B Question7-13 Summary from Reading Passagesummary参考解题思路: 先跳开空格把该段通读一遍, 了解大意, 发现总体是按照文章段落顺序概括的. (如有所遗忘, 再看原文各段段首句, 大概知道各句在文章的相应段落)解析: 第1句和第2句对应文章A段, 根据after a period of 7___in the making定位该段第3句, 答案为17 years. 然后根据文章倒数第四句its action are...controlled by scientists through...in its backpack.可以判断8答案为backpack. 该题第3, 4句对应文章B段, MIT is inventing robots...with the ability to 8___humans定位该段第2句behave like humans and interact with humans.可以判断9答案为interact with. 根据Kismet ...has various...by human interlocutors 定位原文倒数第2句human interlocutors are able to read some of the robots’ facial expressions得出10答案为facial expressions. 第5,6句对应原文C段, robot from MIT，proportion定位该段第1, 2句得出11答案为Cog/cognition. 最后根据该段最后一句getting a robot to develop intelligence via sensors判断12答案为sensors, 13 答案为intelligence.参考翻译：是人还是机器A在2003年7月，曼彻斯特的剑桥博物馆陈列了Honda称之为“世界最先进的人性机器人”：ASIMO (即“创新移动的进步之举)。

(完整word版)2014年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析(2),推荐文档

Next Year Marks the EU's 50th Anniversary of the TreatyA. After a period of introversion and stunned self-disbelief， continental European governments will recover their enthusiasm for pan-Europeaninstitution-building in 2007. Whether the European public will welcome a return to what voters in two countries had rejected so short a time before is another matter.B. There are several reasons for Europe’s recovering self-confidence. For years European economies had been lagging dismally behind America (to say nothing of Asia)， but in 2006 the large continental economies had one of their best years for a decade， briefly outstripping America in terms of growth. Since politics often reacts to economic change with a lag， 2006’s improvement in economic growth will have its impact in 2007， though the recovery may be ebbing by then.C. The coming year also marks a particular point in a political cycle so regular that it almost seems to amount to a natural law. Every four or five years，European countries take a large stride towards further integration by signing a new treaty： the Maastricht treaty in 1992， the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997， the Treaty of Nice in 2001. And in 2005 they were supposed to ratify a European constitution，laying the ground for yet more integration—until the calm rhythm was rudely shattered by French and Dutch voters. But the political impetus to sign something every four or five years has only been interrupted， not immobilised， by this setback.D. In 2007 the European Union marks the 50th anniversary of another treaty —the Treaty of Rome， its founding charter. Government leaders have already agreed to celebrate it ceremoniously， restating their commitment to “ever closer union”and the basic ideals of European unity. By itself， and in normal circumstances，the EU’s 50th-birthday greeting to itself would be fairly meaningless， a routine expression of European good fellowship. But it does not take a Machiavelli to spot that once governments have signed the declaration (and it seems unlikely anyone would be so uncollegiate as to veto it) they will already be halfway towards committing themselves to a new treaty. All that will be necessary will be to incorporate the 50th-anniversary declaration into a new treaty containing a number of institutionaland other reforms extracted from the failed attempt at constitution-building and —hey presto—a new quasi-constitution will be ready.E. According to the German government—which holds the EU’s agenda-setting presidency during the first half of 2007—there will be a new draft of a slimmed-down constitution ready by the middle of the year， perhaps to put to voters， perhaps not. There would then be a couple of years in which it will be discussed， approved by parliaments and， perhaps， put to voters if that is deemed unavoidable. Then，according to bureaucratic planners in Brussels and Berlin， blithely ignoring the possibility of public rejection， the whole thing will be signed， sealed and a new constitution delivered in 2009-10. Europe will be nicely back on schedule. Its four-to-five-year cycle of integration will have missed only one beat.F. The resurrection of the European constitution will be made more likely in 2007 because of what is happening in national capitals. The European Union is not really an autonomous organisation. If it functions， it is because the leaders of the big continental countries want it to， reckoning that an active European policy will help them get done what they want to do in their own countries.G. That did not happen in 2005-06. Defensive， cynical and self-destructive，the leaders of the three largest euro-zone countries—France， Italy and Germany —were stumbling towards their unlamented ends. They saw no reason to pursue any sort of European policy and the EU， as a result， barely functioned. But by the middle of 2007 all three will have gone， and this fact alone will transform the European political landscape.H. The upshot is that the politics of the three large continental countries，bureaucratic momentum and the economics of recovery will all be aligned to give a push towards integration in 2007. That does not mean the momentum will be irresistible or even popular. The British government， for one， will almost certainly not want to go with the flow， beginning yet another chapter in the long history of confrontation between Britain and the rest of Europe. More important，the voters will want a say. They rejected the constitution in 2005. It would befoolish to assume they will accept it after 2007 just as a result of an artful bit of tinkering.Questions 1-6 Do the following statemets reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1？Write your answer in Boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.TRUE if the statemenht reflets the claims of the writerFALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is possbile to say what the writer thinks about this1.After years’ introspection and mistrust， continental European governments will resurrect their enthusiasm for more integration in 2007.2. The European consitution was officially approved in 2005 in spite of the oppositon of French and Dutch voters.3. The Treaty of Rome ， which is considered as the fundamental charter of the European Union， was signed in 1957.4.It is very unlikely that European countries will sign the declaration at the 50th anniversary of the Treaty of Rome.5.French government will hold the EU’s presidency and lay down the agenda during the first half of 2008.6.For a long time in hisotry， there has been confrontation between Britain and the rest of European countries.Questions 7-10 Complet the following sentencces.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.Write your answer in Boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.7. Every four or five years， European countries tend to make a rapid progress towards ___________________by signing a new treaty.8. The European constitution is supposed to ______________________for yet more integration of European Union member countries.9. The bureaucratic planners in Brussels and Berlin rashly ignore the possibility of __________________and think the new consitution will be delivered in 2009-10.10. The politics of the three large continental countries， __________________ and the economic recovery will join together to urge the integration in 2007.Questions 11-14 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.11. Which of the following statemnts is true of Euopean economic development.A. The economy of Europe developed much faster than that of Asia before 2006.B. The growth of European economy was slightly slower than that of America in 2006.C. The development of European economy are likely to slow down by 2007.D. The recovery of European economy may be considerably accelerated by 2007.12. The word “immobilised” in the last line of Section C means ___________.A. stopped completely.B. pushed strongly.C. motivated wholely.D. impeded totally.13. Which of the following statements about the treaties in European countries is NOT TRUE.A. The Maastricht Treaty was signed in 1992.B. The Treaty of Amsterdan was signed in 1997.C. The Treaty of Nice was signed in 2001.D. The Treaty of Rome was signed in 2007.14. The European constitution failed to be ratified in 2005--2006， becauseA. The leaders of France， Italy and Germany were defensive， cynical and self-destructuve..B. The voters in two countries of the Union --France and Holland rejected the constitution.C. The leaders of the EU thought that it was unneccessary to pursue any European policy.D. France， Italy and Germany are the three largest and most influential euro-zone countries.Notes to the Reading Passage1. pan-Enropeanpan-：前缀：全，总，泛pan-African 全/泛非洲的(运动)pan-Enropean全/泛欧的(机构建设)2. outstrip超越，胜过，超过，优于Material development outstripped human development”“物质的发展超过了人类的进步”3. ebb回落跌落；衰退或消减The tide is on the ebb.正在退潮。

(完整word版)2014年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析(1),推荐文档

Sleep medication linked to bizarre behaviourNew evidence has linked a commonly prescribed sleep medication with bizarre behaviours， including a case in which a woman painted her front door in her sleep.UK and Australian health agencies have released information about 240 cases of odd occurrences， including sleepwalking， amnesia and hallucinations among people taking the drug zolpidem.While doctors say that zolpidem can offer much-needed relief for people with sleep disorders， they caution that these newly reported cases should prompt a closer look at its possible side effects.Zolpidem， sold under the brand names Ambien， Stilnoct and Stilnox， is widely prescribed to treat insomnia and other disorders such as sleep apnea. Various forms of the drug， made by French pharmaceutical giant Sanofi-Aventis， were prescribed 674，500 times in 2005 in the UK.A newly published report from Australia’s Federal Health Department describes 104 cases of hallucinations and 62 cases of amnesia experienced by people taking zolpidem since marketing of the drug began there in 2000. The health department report also mentioned 16 cases of strangesleepwalking by people taking the medication.Midnight snackIn one of these sleepwalking cases a patient woke with a paintbrush in her hand after painting the front door to her house. Another case involved a woman who gained 23 kilograms over seven months while taking zolpidem. “It was only when she was discovered in front of an open refrigerator while asleep that the problem was resolved，” according to the report.The UK’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency， meanwhile， has recorded 68 cases of adverse reactions to zolpidem from 2001 to 2005.The newly reported cases in the UK and Australia add to a growing list of bizarre sleepwalking episodes linked to the drug in other countries， including reports of people sleep-driving while on the medication. In one case， a transatlantic flight had to be diverted after a passenger caused havoc after taking zolpidem.Hypnotic effectsThere is no biological pathway that has been proven to connect zolpidem with these behaviours. The drug is a benzodiazepine-like hypnotic that promotes deep sleep by interacting with brain receptors for a chemical called gamma-aminobutyric acid. While parts of the brain become less active during deep sleep， the body can still move， making sleepwalking a possibility.The product information for prescribers advises that psychiatric adverse effects， including hallucinations， sleepwalking and nightmares， are more likely in the elderly， and treatment should be stopped if they occur.Patient advocacy groups say they would like government health agencies and drug companies to take a closer look at the possible risks associated with sleep medicines. They stress that strange sleepwalking and sleep-driving behaviours can have risky consequences.“When people do something in which they’re not in full control it’s always a danger，” says Vera Sharav of the New York-based Alliance for Human Research Protection， a US network that advocates responsible and ethical medical research practices.Tried and tested“The more reports that come out about the potential side effects of the drug，the more research needs to be done to understand if these are real side effects，”says sleep researcher Kenneth Wright at the University of Colorado in Boulder， US.Millions of people have taken the drug without experiencing any strange side effects， points out Richard Millman at Brown Medical School， director of the SleepDisorders Center of Lifespan Hospitals in Providence， Rhode Island， US. He says that unlike older types of sleep medications， zolpidem does not carry as great a risk of addiction.And Wright notes that some of the reports of “sleep-driving” linked to zolpidem can be easily explained： some patients have wrongly taken the drug right before leaving work in hopes that the medicine will kick in by the time they reach home. Doctors stress that the medication should be taken just before going to bed.The US Food & Drug Administration says it is continuing to "actively investigate" and collect information about cases linking zolpidem to unusual side effects.The Ambien label currently lists strange behaviour as a “special concern” for people taking the drug. “It’s a possible rare adverse event，” says Sanofi-Aventis spokesperson Melissa Feltmann， adding that the strange sleepwalking behaviours “may not necessarily be caused by the drug” but instead result from an underlying disorder. She says that “the safety profile [of zolpidem] is well established”. The drug received approval in the US in 1993.Questions 1-6 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage？In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage1. Ambien， Stilnoct and Stilnox are brand names of one same drug treating insomnia.2. The woman’s obesity problem wasn’t resolved until she stopped taking zolpidem.3. Zolpidem received approval in the UK in 2001.4. The bizarre behaviour of a passenger after taking zolpidem resulted in the diversion of a flight bound for the other side of the Atlantic.5. Zolpidem is the only sleep medication that doesn’t cause addiction.6. The sleep-driving occurrence resulted from the wrong use of zolpidem by an office worker.Question 7-9 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and Write them in boxes 7-9 on your answer sheet.7. How many cases of bizarre behaviours are described in an official report from Australia？A. 68B. 104C. 182D. 2408. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the product information about zolpidem？A. Treatment should be stopped if side effects occur.B. Medication should be taken just before going to bed.C. Adverse effects are more likely in the elderly.D. Side effects include nightmares， hallucinations and sleepwalking.9. Who claimed that the safety description of zolpidem was well established？A. Kenneth WrightB. Melissa FeltmannC. Richard MillmanD. Vera SharavQuestions 10-13 Answer the following questions with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS each in boxes 10-13.10. How many times was French-made zolpidem prescribed in 2005 in Britain？11. What kind of hypnotic is zolpidem as a drug which promotes deep sleep in patients？12. What can sleepwalking and sleep-driving behaviours cause according to patient advocacy groups？13. What US administration says that it has been investigating the cases relating zolpidem to unusual side effects？Answer keys and explanations：1. TrueSee para.3 from the beginning： Zolpidem， sold under the brand names Ambien，Stilnoct and Stilnox， is widely prescribed to treat insomnia and other disorders such as sleep apnea.2. FalseSee para.1 under the subtitle “Midnight snack”： Another case involved a woman who gained 23 kilograms over seven months while taking zolpidem. “It was only when she was discovered in front of an open refrigerator while asleep that the problem was resolved”…3. Not GivenSee para.2 under the subtitle “Midnight snack”： The UK’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency， meanwhile， has recorded 68 cases of adverse reactions to zolpidem from 2001 to 2005. (The time the drug was approved in the UK was not mentioned.)4. TrueSee para.3 under the subtitle “Midnight snack”： In one case， a transatlantic flight had to be diverted after a passenger caused havoc after taking zolpidem.5. FalseSee para.2 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”： He says that unlike older types of sleep medications， zolpidem does not carry as great a risk of addiction.6. Not GivenSee para.3 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”： And Wright notes that some of the reports of “sleep-driving” linked to zolpidem can be easily explained：some patients have wrongly taken the drug right before leaving work in hopes that the medicine will kick in by the time they reach home. (No patients as office workers are mentioned in the passage.)7. CSee para.4 from the beginning： A newly published report from Australia’s Federal Health Department describes 104 cases of hallucinations and 62 cases of amnesia experienced by people taking zolpidem since marketing of the drug began there in 2000. The health department report also mentioned 16 cases of strange sleepwalking by people taking the medication.8. BSee the sentence in para.2 under the subtitle “Hypnotic effects” (The product information for prescribers advises that psychiatric adverse effects， including hallucinations， sleepwalking and nightmares， are more likely in the elderly， and treatment should be stopped if they occur.) and the sentence in para.3 under the subtitle “Tried and tested” (Doctors “not the product information” stress that the medication should be taken just before going to bed.)9. BSee para.5 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”： Sanofi-Aventis spokesperson Melissa Feltmann … says that “the safety profile [of zolpidem] is well established”.10. 674，500 (times)See para.3 from the beginning： Various forms of the drug， made by French pharmaceutical giant Sanofi-Aventis， were prescribed 674，500 times in 2005 in the UK.11. (a) benzodiazepine-like (hypnotic)See para.1 under the subtitle “Hypnotic effects”： The drug is a benzodiazepine-like hypnotic (类苯二氮催眠药)that promotes deep sleep by interacting with brain receptors for a chemical called gamma-aminobutyric acid.12. risky consequencesSee para.3 under the subtitle “Hypnotic effects”： Patient advocacy groups …stress that strange sleepwalking and sleep-driving behaviours can have risky consequences.13. Food & Drug (Administration)See para.4 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”： The US Food & Drug Administration says it is continuing to "actively investigate" and collect information about cases linking zolpidem to unusual side effects.。

雅思阅读机经真题解析之南极气候

雅思阅读机经真题解析之南极气候雅思阅读机经真题解析-南极气候Antarctica-in from the cold?A A little over a century ago, men of the ilk of Scott, Shackleton and Mawson battled against Antarctica's blizzards, cold and deprivation. In the name of Empire and in an age of heroic deeds they created an image of Antarctica that was to last well into the 20th century - an image of remoteness, hardship, bleakness and isolation that was the province of only the most courageous of men. The image was one of a place removed from everyday reality, of a place with no apparent value to anyone.B As we enter the 21st century, our perception of Antarctica has changed. Although physically Antarctica is no closer and probably no warmer, and to spend time there still demands a dedication not seen in ordinary life, the continent and its surrounding ocean are increasingly seen to an integral part of Planet Earth, and a key component in the Earth System. Is this because the world seems a little smaller these days, shrunk by TV and tourism, or is it because Antarctica really does occupy a central spot on Earth's mantle? Scientific research during the past half century has revealed - and continues to reveal - that Antarctica's great mass and low temperatureexert a major influence on climate and ocean circulation, factors which influence the lives of millions of people all over the globe.C Antarctica was not always cold. The slow break-up of the super-continent Gondwana with the northward movements of Africa, South America, India and Australia eventually created enough space around Antarctica for the development of an Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACQ, that flowed from west to east under the influence of the prevailing westerly winds. Antarctica cooled, its vegetation perished, glaciation began and the continent took on its present-day appearance. Today the ice that overlies the bedrock is up to 4km thick, and surface temperatures as low as - 89.2deg C have been recorded. The icy blast that howls over the ice cap and out to sea - the so-called katabatic wind - can reach 300 km/hr, creating fearsome wind-chill effects.D Out of this extreme environment come some powerful forces that reverberate around the world. The Earth's rotation, coupled to the generation of cells of low pressure off the Antarctic coast, would allow Astronauts a view of Antarctica that is as beautiful as it is awesome. Spinning away to the northeast, the cells grow and deepen, whipping up the Southern Ocean into the mountainous seas so respected by mariners. Recent work is showing that the temperature of the ocean may be a better predictor of rainfall in Australia than is the pressure difference between Darwin and Tahiti - the Southern Oscillation Index. By receiving moreaccurate predictions, graziers in northern Queensland are able to avoid overstocking in years when rainfall will be poor. Not only does this limit their losses but it prevents serious pasture degradation that may take decades to repair. CSIRO is developing this as a prototype forecasting system, but we can confidently predict that as we know more about the Antarctic and Southern Ocean we will be able to enhance and extend our predictive ability.E The ocean's surface temperature results from the interplay between doep- wa,ter temperature, air temperature and ice. Each winter between 4 and 19 million square km of sea ice form, locking up huge quantities of heat close to the continent.Only now can we start to unravel the influence of sea ice on the weather that is experienced in southern Australia. But in another way the extent of sea ice extends its influence far beyond V Antarctica. Antarctic krill - the small shrimp-like crustaceans that are the staple diet for baleen whales, penguins, some seals, flighted sea birds and many fish - breed well in years when sea ice is extensive and poorly when it is not. Mary species of baleen whales and flighted sea birds migrate between the hemispheres and when the krill are less abundant they do not thrive.F The circulatory system of the world's oceans is like a huge conveyor belt, moving water and dissolved minerals and nutrients from one hemisphere to the other, and from the ocean's abyssal depths to thesurface. The ACC is the longest current in the world, and has the largest flow. Through it, the deep flows of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans are joined to form part of a single global thermohalinc circulation. During winter, the howling katabatics sometimes scour the ice off patches of the sea's surface leaving Large ice- locked lagoons, or 'polynyas'. Recent research has shown that as fresh sea ice forms, it is continuously stripped away by the wind and may be blown up to 90km in a single day. Since only fresh water freezes into ice, the water that remains bccom.cs increasingly salty and dense, sinking until it spills over the continental shelf. Cold water carries more oxygen than warm water, so when it rises, well into the northern hemisphere, it reoxygenates and revitalises the ocean. The state of the northern oceans, and their biological productivity, owe much to what happens in the Antarctic.Question 14-18The reading Passage has ten paragraphs A-J.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-F, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.14. introduction of a millman under awards15. the definition of an important geographical term16. a rival against Harrison’s invention emerged17. problems of sailor encountered in identifying the postion on the sea18. economic assist from another counterpartQuestion 19-21SummaryPlease match the natural phenomenon with correct determined factor Choose the correct answer from the box; Write the correct letter A-F in boxes 19-21 on your answer sheet.19. Globally, mass Antarctica’s size and _________ influence the climate change.20. __________ contributory to western wind.21. Southern Oscillation Index based on air pressure can predict__________ in Australia.A Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC)B katabatic windsC rainfallD temperatureE glaciersF pressureQuestion 22-26Choose the correct letter, A,B,C or D.Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on you answer sheet.22 In the paragraph B, the author want to tell which of thefollowing truth about Antarctic?A To show Antarctica has been a central topic of global warming in Mass mediaB To illustrate its huge see ice brings food to million lives to places in the worldC To show it is the heart and its significance to the global climate and currentD To illustrate it locates in the central spot on Earth geographically23 Why do Australian farmers Keep an eye on the Antarctic ocean temperature ?A Help farmers reduce their economic or ecological lossesB Retrieve grassland decreased in the overgrazing processC Prevent animal from dyingD A cell provides fertilizer for the grassland24 What is the final effect of katabatic winds?A Increase the moving speed of ocean currentB Increase salt level near ocean surfaceC Bring fresh ice into southern oceansD Pile up the mountainous ice cap respected by mariners25 The break of the continental shelf is due to theA Salt and density increaseB Salt and density decreaseC global warming resulting a rising temperatureD fresh ice melting into ocean water26 The decrease in number of Whales and seabirds is due toA killers whales arc more active aroundB Sea birds are affected by high sea level saltyC less sea ice reduces productivity of food sourceD seals fail to reproduce babies篇章结构体裁说明文题目南极洲的自然环境及其对全球气候和水循环等的影响结构A段：之前的南极洲被人类遗忘，毫无价值B段：21世纪，人类对南极洲有了新的认识，发现它对气候，海洋环流有重大影响C段：南极洲气候变化是如何形成的D段：关于南极洲气候的预测对澳大利亚农业的影响E段：南澳大利亚的海冰对海洋生态（动物）的影响F段：南极海冰为北半球带来积极影响G段：南极洲的强大影响力得到人类肯定试题分析Question14-18题目类型：段落信息配对题Question19-21题目类型：填空题Question22-26题目类型：选择题题号定位词文中对应点题目解析14Weather prediction, agricultureD段第五，六句D段第五六两句提到“通过接收更为准确的预测，放牧人能够·······。

2014年12月20日洛阳雅思阅读机经及精析—洛阳环球雅思培训学校讲师Indy

2014年12月20日雅思阅读考试机经Passage 1新旧情况：旧文新题文章题材：人类研究题目：Mungo Man题型：人名与观点配对（8题）&判断（6题）Question 1-8 NBA Jim BowlerB Alan ThorneC PddboD Tim FlanneryF Rainer Grun1.He was searching for ancient lakes and came across the charred remains of Mungo Lady,who had been cremated2.Professor who hold a skeptical attitude towards reliability for DNA analysis on some fossils.3.Professor whose determination of the age of Mungo Man to be much younger than the former result which is older than the 62,000 years.4.determining the age of Mungo Man has little to do with controversy for the origins of Australians.5.Research group who recovered a biological proof of first Noanderthal found in Europe.6.A supporter of the idea that Australia’s megafauna was extinct due to the hunting by the ancient human beings.7.Instead of keep arguing a single source origin, multi-regional explanation has been raised.8.Climate change rather than prehistoric human activities resulted in megafauna’s extinction.Question 9-14.9.The Lake Mungo remains offer the archaeologists the evidence of graphic illustration of human activities around10.In Lake Mungo remains, weapons were found used by the Mungo.11.Mungo Man is one of the oldest known archaeological evidence in the world of cultural sophistication such as a burying ritual12.Mungo Man and woman’s skeletons were uncovered in the same year.13.There is controversy among Scientists about the origin of the oldest Homo sapiens14.Out of Africa supporters have critisised Australian professors for using outmoded research methodPassage 2题材：动物文章大意：关于冬眠Passage 3文章大意：关于集体智慧备考建议：1.从本次的机经看，判断、匹配题仍然是雅思阅读中的常考题型，同学们需着重训练，积累并总结该种题型的做题方法。

雅思阅读14类题型解题技巧之配对题

雅思阅读14类题型解题技巧之配对题（实用版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制单位：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。

文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的实用范文，如学习资料、英语资料、学生作文、教学资源、求职资料、创业资料、工作范文、条据文书、合同协议、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides various types of practical sample essays, such as learning materials, English materials, student essays, teaching resources, job search materials, entrepreneurial materials, work examples, documents, contracts, agreements, other essays, etc. Please pay attention to the different formats and writing methods of the model essay!雅思阅读14类题型解题技巧之配对题Matching(搭配题)是IELTS 最常考的题型之一，每次考试至少有一组，下面本店铺给大家带来了雅思阅读14类题型解题技巧--Matching(配对题)3种)，下面本店铺就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

2014年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析（3）

Time to cool it1 REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology： solid， reliable and justa little bit dull. They have not changed much over the past century， but then they have not needed to. They are based on a robust and effective idea--draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to it， and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it. This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when refrigerators' main jobs were preserving food and， as air conditioners， cooling buildings. Today's high-tech world， however， demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current. This effect is used in infra-red cameras. An array of tiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by， for example， a person， and the pattern of the array's electrical outputs can then be used to construct an image. But until recently no one had bothered much with the inverse of this process. That inverse exists， however. Apply an appropriate current to a paraelectric material and it will cool down.3 Someone who is looking at this inverse effect is Alex Mischenko， of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film， he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications.4 As to what those applications might be， Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has， nevertheless， set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners. The real money， though， may be in cooling computers.5 Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter for a long time. One consequence of Moore's Law， which describes the doubling of the number oftransistors on a chip every 18 months， is that the amount of heat produced doubles as well. In fact， it more than doubles， because besides increasing in number，the components are getting faster. Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor， so the faster the processor is， the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output. And the frequency has doubled a lot. The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company，Intel， in 1993， ran at 60m cycles a second. The Pentium 4--the last "single-core" desktop processor--clocked up 3.2 billion cycles a second.6 Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisation and higher speeds. The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80℃. At 85℃， they stop working. Tweaking the processor's heat sinks (copper or aluminium boxes designed to radiate heat away) has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems that divided processing power between first two， and then four， subunits， in order to spread the thermal load， also seems to have the end of the road in sight.7 One way out of this may be a second curious physical phenomenon， the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials， this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics， a significant body of researchers is already working on it.8 The trick to a good thermoelectric material is a crystal structure in which electrons can flow freely， but the path of phonons--heat-carrying vibrations that are larger than electrons--is constantly interrupted. In practice， this trick is hard to pull off， and thermoelectric materials are thus less efficient than paraelectric ones (or， at least， than those examined by Dr Mischenko). Nevertheless，Rama Venkatasubramanian， of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina， claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃. Ali Shakouri， of the University of California， Santa Cruz， says his are even smaller--so small that they can go inside the chip.9 The last word in computer cooling， though， may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator. Last year Apple launched a personal computer that is cooled by liquid that is pumped through little channels in the processor， and thence to a radiator， where it gives up its heat to the atmosphere. To improve on this， IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place. In the future， therefore， a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers. The old， as it were， hand in hand with the new.Questions 1-5 Complete each of the following statements with the scientist or company name from the box below.Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.A. AppleB. IBMC. IntelD. Alex MischenkoE. Ali ShakouriF. Rama Venkatasubramanian1. ...and his research group use paraelectric film available from the market to produce cooling.2. ...sold microprocessors running at 60m cycles a second in 1993.3. ...says that he has made refrigerators which can cool the hotspots of computer chips by 10℃.4. ...claims to have made a refrigerator small enough to be built into a computer chip.5. ...attempts to produce better cooling in personal computers by stirring up liquid with tiny jets to make sure maximum heat exchange.Questions 6-9 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage？In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage6. Paraelectric materials can generate a current when electrodes are attached to them.7. Dr. Mischenko has successfully applied his laboratory discovery to manufacturing more efficient referigerators.8. Doubling the frequency of logical operations inside a microprocessor doubles the heat output.9. IBM will achieve better computer cooling by combining microchannels with paraelectrics.Question 10 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in box 10 on your answer sheet.10. Which method of disposing heat in computers may have a bright prospect？A. Tweaking the processors？heat sinks.B. Tweaking the fans that circulate air over the processor抯 heat sinks.C. Shifting from single-core processors to systems of subunits.D. None of the above.Questions 11-14 Complete the notes below.Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.Traditional refrigerators use...11...pumps to drop temperature. At present，scientists are searching for other methods to produce refrigeration， especially in computer microprocessors....12...materials have been tried to generate temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. ...13...effect has also been adopted by many researchers to cool hotspots in computers. A miniature version of a car ...14... may also be a system to realize ideal computer cooling in the future.Key and Explanations：1. DSee Paragraph 3： ...Alex Mischenko， of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film， he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops...2. CSee Paragraph 5： The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company， Intel，in 1993， ran at 60m cycles a second.3. FSee Paragraph 8： ...Rama Venkatasubramanian， of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina， claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃.See Paragraph 8： Ali Shakouri， of the University of California， Santa Cruz，says his are even smaller梥o small that they can go inside the chip.5. BSee Paragraph 9： To improve on this， IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place.6. TRUESee Paragraph 2： ...paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current.7. FALSESee Paragraph 3 (That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications. ) and Paragraph 4 (As to what those applications might be， Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has，nevertheless， set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges？8. FALSESee Paragraph 5： Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor， so the faster the processor is， the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output.9. NOT GIVENSee Paragraph 9： In the future， therefore， a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers.See Paragraph 6： Tweaking the processor's heat sinks ？has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems？also seems to have the end of the road in sight.11. heatSee Paragraph 1： Today's high-tech world， however， demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.12. paraelectricSee Paragraph 3： Using commercially available paraelectric film， he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded.13. thermoelectricSee Paragraph 7： ...the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials，this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics， a significant body of researchers is already working on it.14. radiatorSee Paragraph 9： The last word in computer cooling， though， may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator.。

雅思阅读14类题型解题技巧之是非题

雅思阅读14类题型解题技巧之是非题雅思阅读14类题型解题技巧--Ture/False/Not given(是非题)Ture/False/Not given(是非题)1. 题型要求题目是若干个陈述句，要求根据原文所给的信息，判断每个陈述句是对(Ture)、错(False)、还是未提及(Not Given)。

这种题型的难度在于，在对和错之外还有第三种状态：未提及。

很多同学难以区分“错”和“未提及”。

实际上，这种题型本身有一定的缺陷，即不严密。

有些题目很难自圆其说，比如6道题中，可能会有1-2题英语老师也解释不清，在实际考试中，他们也可能将它们做错。

但大多数题目还是有规律可循的，同学们应认真阅读下面讲的方法和规律，争取做对大多数的题目。

这种题型，A类考试每次考1-2组，共5-10题左右。

G类考试一般考3组，20题左右，最多的一次超过30题。

所以，G类考生更应重视此种题型。

2. 解题步骤STEP 1：定位，找出题目在原文中的出处。

(1)找出题目中的关键词，最好先定位到原文中的一个段落。

(2)从头到尾快速阅读该段落，根据题目中的其它关键词，在原文中找出与题目相关的一句或几句话。

(3)仔细阅读这一句话或几句话，根据第二大步中的原则和规律，确定正确答案。

(4)要注意顺序性，即题目的顺序和原文的顺序基本一致。

第一题的答案应在文章的前部，第二题的答案应在第一题的答案之后。

这个规律也有助于大家确定答案的位置。

STEP 2：判断，根据下列原则和规律，确定正确答案。

1. True第一种情况：题目是原文的同义表达。

通常用同义词或同义结构。

例 1：原文：Few are more than five years old.译文：很少有超过五年的。

题目：Most are less than five years old.译文：大多数都小于五年。

解释：题目与原文是同义结构，所以答案应为True。

第二种情况：题目是根据原文中的几句话做出推断或归纳。

2014.12.13雅思机经预测(A+G类)

2014.12.13雅思机经预测(A+G类)
20141213雅思机经预测(A+G类)!13号的雅思机经集结了往期的中标率比较高的题目，让大家更好的来进行雅思的考前复习。

雅思资料下载的小编希望同学们能够在雅思考试中取得好成绩!
20141213雅思机经，包含了对A类和G类考试的预测。

无论考生参加哪种，都可以选择参考的。

随着出国留学人数的增多，雅思考试也越来越火爆，所以，大家还是要把握好每次的雅思考试机会哟，争取考高分!
20141213雅思机经预测(A+G类)内容：
20141213雅思机经预测听
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听力：
S1：V30080 问题是一样的答案几乎全部修改过
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20141213雅思机经预测写
作:/20141121/20141213ysjj.html?Seo=wenku 写作：
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2000年加拿大16-24的男人女人用internet做什么的chart图
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住楼房还是独门独院
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20141220雅思考试听力考题回顾

朗阁雅思培训中心 Research Academy for Foreign Language Examinations
雅思考试听力考题回顾
朗阁雅思培训中心欧阳琼
考试日期总体评析重点关注 2014 年 12 月 20 日四旧 Section 1 考查的单词较为基础； Section 2 单选题注意对正确信息的筛选； Section 3 为学术场景，注意信息定位和同义替换； Section 4 注意听录音之前对信号词的定位版本号场景题型 V101204 S1 Traveling Completion 小岛旅游 1-4 填空题 Sentence completion: 1. Daytime temperature around: 19 degree Celsius and 14 degree Celsius at night 2. Normal transfer time 40 minutes 3. Every room has suite facilities and a balcony 4. Outdoor swimming and playing tennis 5-10 表格题 Table completion: Provides the Transport After dinner service Tuesday Making 5. fish To play the 6. piano dishes Wednesday By 7. cable car 8. Tropical plant garden Thursday By 9. helicopter Watch 10. firework display 考察内容比较简单，词汇也很基础，相关旅行的场景可以参考剑桥系列 C4 Test 1 Section 1 & C5 Test 1 Section 1。版本号场景题型 V14220 S2 Multiple Choice / Matching Job 工作场景导游推荐工作（working as a tour guide 的信息介绍） 11-16 选择题 Multiple choice: 11. Recommended time for tour guides, 选：A A. early in afternoon B. before the noon C. evening 12. 关于建议(tips), 选：B A. The amount of day spending B. Pay attention to coin and foreign currency C. They cannot receive money 13. The most important quality for a tour guide is, 选：C A. Mastery of foreign languages B. Being flexible C. Ability to deal with unexpected things 14. 需要统一的东西，选：A A. Uniforms and a same T-shirt B. Hats（帽子带不带随便） C. flags（yellow ones) 15. 关于 30 人 city wall walk, 选：controlled by officials （原文说 20 人以内可以，多了要提前通知） 16. 选：不要觉得小费是应该的

新东方版：2014年11月22日雅思阅读机经

新东⽅版：2014年11⽉22⽇雅思阅读机经　⼀、考试时间：2014年11⽉22⽇(周六) ⼆、考试概述：本次考试两旧⼀新，难度体现在题型多样上。

第⼀篇是发展史，是旧题，在20070602，20110115，20130406都以第⼀篇考题出现，并且题⽬完全⼀样。

第⼆篇是建筑类⽂章，在20070825，20120317都以第⼆篇出现。

第三篇是社会⼼理类，新题。

题材设置是发展⽂加环境⽂加⼼理⽂，属于机经中较热门的搭配，与第⼀篇出现的20130406⼀致。

本次考试涉及的题型有：判断，填空(摘要和流程图)，选择(单选)，配对题(段落信息，⼈名观点，句⼦配对)。

就⽂章题材来说，本⽂难度不⼤，但考到了三种配对题型，希望考⽣能做好阅读题型多样化的准备。

三、⽂章简介： Passage 1: Radio automation收⾳机⾃动化⽣产 Passage 2: Ideal house 住宅节能 Passage 3: 国外经历对创造⼒的影响四、篇章分析： Passage 1:⽂章内容收⾳机的⽣产⾃动化过程。

⼀开始说收⾳机制作耗费⼈⼒，引起的失败。

⾃动化⽣产后，⼈们只需要前期输⼊和后期加⼯就可以完成。

芯⽚的研究节省了劳动⼒。

录⾳机的体积也变⼩，可供更多⼈使⽤。

但⾃动化⽣产也带来了⼯⼈失业的弊端。

1. 流程图填空7题：制作radio的过程题型分布及参考答案2. Summary填空4题3. 单选题2题参考答案：流程图：⽣词较多，答案在第三四段，容易找（primitive） chip，girt，milling machine，robot hands，loudspeaker，valves，Melton ZincSummary填空：为何⾃动化？因为cost太贵；因为有很多的(separate) components所以很⿇烦；研究chip；后来重量lighter后，运费也变便宜了.单选：1.推出这个radio后，⼯⼈们的反应？答案A：他们担⼼这会带来就业率的降低（因为最后⼀段提及⾃动化影响⼯⼈就业，关键词有：expert's idealism,but worker different,labour force）2.选⽂章标题，因为⽂章后半部分都在说遇到了很多冷遇 cooled ground,所以答案是选an application of the automation in the early stage.相关拓展地图发展史：　What is a Map? A map is a graphic representation or scale model of spatialconcepts. It is a means for conveying geographic information. Maps area universal medium for communication, easily understood andappreciated by most people, regardless of language or culture.Incorporated in a map is the understanding that it is a "snapshot" of anidea, a single picture, a selection of concepts from a constantly changingdatabase of geographic information (Merriam 1996). Old maps provide much information about what was known in timespast, as well as the philosophy and cultural basis of the map, which wereoften much different from modern cartography. Maps are one means bywhich scientists distribute their ideas and pass them on to futuregenerations (Merriam 1996). Early Maps Cartography is the art and science of making maps. The oldestknown maps are preserved on Babylonian clay tablets from about 2300B.C. Cartography was considerably advanced in ancient Greece. Theconcept of a spherical Earth was well known among Greek philosophersby the time of Aristotle (ca. 350 B.C.) and has been accepted by allgeographers since. Greek and Roman cartography reached aculmination with Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy, about A.D. 85-165). His"world map" depicted the Old World from about 60°N to 30°N latitudes.He wrote a monumental work, Guide to Geography (Geographikehyphygesis), which remained an authorative reference on worldgeography until the Renaissance. Ptolemy's map of the world, about A.D. 150, republished in 1482.Notice the use of latitude and longitude lines and the distinctiveprojection of this map. Taken from Whitfield (1994, p. 8-9). Click on smallimage to see full-sized (206 kb) version. Medieval Maps During the Medieval period, European maps were dominated byreligious views. The T-O map was common. In this map format,Jerusalem was depicted at the center and east was oriented toward themap top. Viking explorations in the North Atlantic gradually were incorporated into the world view beginning in the 12th century. Meanwhile, cartography developed along more practical and realistic lines in Arabic lands, including the Mediterranean region. All maps were, of course, drawn and illuminated by hand, which made the distribution of maps extremely limited. Hereford Mappa Mundi, about 1300, Hereford Cathedral, England.A classic "T-O" map with Jerusalem at center and east toward the top. Taken from Whitfield (1994, p. 21). Click on small image to see full-sized (159 kb) version. Al-Idrisi's map of the world, 1456. Al-Idrisi was a muslim scholar in the court of King Roger II of Sicily. He completed a map of the known world in the 12th century. Drawn with south at the top, this later example has been inverted for easier viewing. Taken from Whitfield (1994, p. 29). Click on small image to see full-sized (117 kb) version. Northern regions map from S. Munster's Cosmographia (1588). North Atlantic region is essentially a Viking view dating from the 12-14th centuries. One of the last wood-engraved maps, done in the style of copper-plate engraving. Published posthumously by H. Petri (son in law) in Basle, Switzerland. Original map in the collection of the author. Renaissance Maps The invention of printing made maps much more widely available beginning in the 15th century. Maps were at first printed using carved wooden blocks. Printing with engraved copper plates appeared in the 16th century and continued to be the standard until photographic techniques were developed. Major advances in cartography took place during the Age of Exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries. Map makers responded with navigation charts, which depicted coast lines, islands, rivers, harbors, and features of sailing interest. Compass lines and other navigation aids were included. Such maps were held in great value for economic, military, and diplomatic purposes, and so were often treated as national or commercial secrets--classified or proprietary maps. Genoese nautical chart of the world, 1457. Taken from Whitfield (1994, p. 40-41). Click on small image to see full-sized (135 kb) version. The first whole world maps began to appear in the early 16th century, following voyages by Columbus and others to the New World. Gerardus Mercator of Flanders (Belgium) was the leading cartographer of the mid-16th century. He developed a cylindrical projection that is still widely used for navigation charts and global maps. He published a map of the world in 1569 based on this projection. Many other map projections were soon developed. Waldseemuller's world map, 1507, the first map to incorporate New World discoveries. This map is based on the Ptolemaic projection, but does not show the entire globe. Taken from Whitfield (1994, p. 48-49). Click on small image to see full-sized (148 kb) version. Detail of Ptolemy and "old world" from Waldseemuller's world map, 1507. This detail depicts the Old World in the Ptolemaic projection. Taken from Whitfield (1994, p. 11). Click on small image to see full-sized (126 kb) version. Detail of Americi Vespucci and "new world" from Waldseemuller's world map, 1507. This detail depicts the N e w W o r l d i n t h e P t o l e m a i c p r o j e c t i o n . T a k e n f r o m W h i t f i e l d ( 1 9 9 4 , p . 3 7 ) . C l i c k o n s m a l l i m a g e t o s e e f u l l - s i z e d ( 1 3 2 k b ) v e r s i o n . / p > p c l a s s = " M s o N o r m a l " a l i g n = " l e f t " s t y l e = " m a r g i n - t o p : 2 0 p x ; p a d d i n g : 0 p x ; w o r d - w r a p : b r e a k - w o r d ; " > 0 0 W o r l d m a p o f R o s s e l l i , 1 5 0 8 , t h e f i r s t m a p t o s h o w t h e e n t i r e g l o b e . A m y t h i c a l s o u t h e r n c o n t i n e n t i s s h o w n , a n d o c e a n a r e a s a r e m u c h t o o s m a l l . N o n e t h e l e s s , i t i s a t r u e w o r l d m a p . T a k e n f r o m W h i t f i e l d ( 1 9 9 4 , p . 5 0 - 5 1 ) . C l i c k o n s m a l l i m a g e t o s e e f u l l - s i z e d ( 1 9 4 k b ) v e r s i o n . / p > p c l a s s = " M s o N o r m a l " a l i g n = " l e f t " s t y l e = " m a r g i n - t o p : 2 0 p x ; p a d d i n g : 0 p x ; w o r d - w r a p : b r e a k - w o r d ; " > 0 0 H e a r t - s h a p e d w o r l d m a p o f A p i a n , 1 5 3 0 . A f u l l y e x p a n d e d P t o l e m a i c p r o j e c t i o n o f t h e w o r l d r e s u l t s i n t h i s h e a r t - s h a p e d m a p . P o p u l a r d u r i n g t h e R e n a i s s a n c e , t h i s k i n d o f m a p i s a n o v e l t y t o d a y . T a k e n f r o m W h i t f i e l d ( 1 9 9 4 , p . 5 7 ) . C l i c k o n s m a l l i m a g e t o s e e f u l l - s i z e d ( 1 6 3 k b ) v e r s i o n . / p > p c l a s s = " M s o N o r m a l " a l i g n = " l e f t " s t y l e = " m a r g i n - t o p : 2 0 p x ; p a d d i n g : 0 p x ; w o r d - w r a p : b r e a k - w o r d ; " > 0 0 W o r l d m a p i n M e r c a t o r p r o j e c t i o n b y v a n K e u l e n , a b o u t 1 7 2 0 . T h e u l t i m a t e m a p f o r n a v i g a t i o n o f t h e w o r l d , a s f i r s t d e v i s e d b y M e r c a t o r ( 1 5 6 9 ) . O n t h i s p r o j e c t i o n , a l l s t r a i g h t l i n e s a r e t r u e b e a r i n g s . T h i s r e s u l t s i n g r e a t s i z e d i s t o r t i o n t o w a r d t h e p o l e s , w h i c h c a n n o t b e s h o w n . T a k e n f r o m W h i t f i e l d ( 1 9 9 4 , p . 1 0 8 - 1 0 9 ) . C l i c k o n s m a l l i m a g e t o s e e f u l l - s i z e d ( 1 4 8 k b ) v e r s i o n . / p > p c l a s s = " M s o N o r m a l " a l i g n = " l e f t " s t y l e = " m a r g i n - t o p : 2 0 p x ; p a d d i n g : 0 p x ; w o r d - w r a p : b r e a k - w o r d ; " > 0 0 M o d e r n M a p s / p > p c l a s s = " M s o N o r m a l " a l i g n = " l e f t " s t y l e = " m a r g i n - t o p : 2 0 p x ; p a d d i n g : 0 p x ; w o r d - w r a p : b r e a k - w o r d ; " > 0 0 M a p s b e c a m e i n c r e a s i ng l y a c c u r a t e a n d f a c t u a l d u r i n g t h e 1 7 t h , 1 8 t h a n d 19 t h c e n t u r i e s w i t h t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f s c i e n t i f i c m e th o d s . M a n y c o u n t r i e s u n d e r t o o k n a t i o n a l m a p p i n g p r o g r a m s . N o n e t h e l e s s , m u c h o f t h e w o r l d w a s p o o r l y k n o w n u n t i l t h e w i d e s p r e a d u s e o f a e r i a l p h o t o g r a p h y f o l l o w i n g W o r l d W a r I I . M o d e r n c a r t o g r a p h y i s b a s e d o n a c o m b i n a t i o n o f g r o u n d o b s e r v a t i o n s a n d r e m o t e s e n s i n g . / p > p c l a s s = " M s o N o r m a l " a l i g n = " l e f t " s t y l e = " m a r g i n - t o p : 2 0 p x ; p a d d i n g : 0 p x ; w o r d - w r a p : b r e a k - w o r d ; " > 0 0 M a p o f t h e D a n i s h K i n g d o m , 1 6 2 9 , b y J a n s s o n i u s . A h i g h l e v e l o f g e o g r a p h i c a c c u r a c y i s d e m o n s t r a t e d a l o n g w i t h m a r g i n a l i l l u s t r a t i o n s t h a t e n h a n c e t h e m a p . R e p r o d u c t i o n o f o r i g i n a l m a p f r o m t h e G e o d e t i c a l I n s t i t u t e o f D e n m a r k . C l i c k o n s m a l l i m a g e t o s e e f u l l - s i z e d ( 1 8 4 k b ) v e r s i o n . / p > p c l a s s = " M s o N o r m a l " a l i g n = " l e f t " s t y l e = " m a r g i n - t o p : 2 0 p x ; p a d d i n g : 0 p x ; w o r d - w r a p : b r e a k - w o r d ; " > 0 0 H o n d i u s ' w o r l d m a p i n t w o h e m i s p h e r e s , 1 6 3 0 , t h e q u i n t e s s e n t i a l R e n a i s s a n c e m a p . T a k e n f r o m W h i t f i e l d ( 1 9 9 4 , p . 7 5 ) . C l i c k o n s m a l l i m a g e t o s e e f u l l - s i z e d ( 1 8 7 k b ) v e r s i o n . / p > p c l a s s = " M s o N o r m a l " a l i g n = " l e f t " s t y l e = " m a r g i n - t o p : 2 0 p x ; p a d d i n g : 0 p x ; w o r d - w r a p : b r e a k - w o r d ; " > 0 0 G e o g r a p h i c i n f o r m a t i o n s y s t e m s ( G I S ) e m e r g e d i n t h e 1 9 7 0 - 8 0 s p e r i o d . G I S r e p r e s e n t s a m a j o r s h i f t i n t h e c a r t o g r a p h y p a r a d i g m . I n t r a d i t i o n a l ( p a p e r ) c a r t o g r a p h y , t h e m a p w a s b o t h t h e d a t a b a s e a n d t h e d i s p l a y o f g e o g r a p h i c i n f o r m a t i o n . F o r G I S , t h e d a t a b a s e , a n a l y s i s , a n d d i s p l a y a r e p h y s i c a l l y a n d c o n c e p t u a l l y s e p a r a t e a s p e c t s o f h a n d l i n g g e o g r a p h i c d a t a . G e o g r a p h i c i n f o r m a t i o n s y s t e m s c o m p r i s e c o m p u t e r h a r d w a r e , s o f t w a r e , d i g i t a l d a t a , p e o p l e , o r g a n i z a t i o n s , a n d i n s t i t u t i o n s f o r c o l l e c t i n g , s t o r i n g , a n a l y z i n g , a n d d i s p l a y i n g g e o r e f e r e n c e d i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e E a r t h ( N y e r g e s 1 9 9 3 ) . / p > p c l a s s = " M s o N o r m a l " a l i g n = " l e f t " s t y l e = " m a r g i n - t o p : 2 0 p x ; p a d d i n g : 0 p x ; w o r d - w r a p : b r e a k - w o r d ; " > 0 0 A r e m a p s r e a l i s t i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e a c t u a l w o r l d ? N o - - n e v e r ! F i e l d m e a s u r e m e n t s a r e s u b j e c t t o e r r o r s o f a c c u r a c y a n d p r e c i s i o n . A e r i a l p h o t o g r a p h s a n d s a t e l l i t e i m a g e s p o r t r a y o n l y c e r t a i n p o r t i o n s o f t h e l i g h t s p e c t r u m , a s f i l t e r e d t h r o u g h t h e a t m o s p h e r e a n d d e t e c t i o n i n s t r u m e n t s . N o m a p c a n d e p i c t a l l p h y s i c a l , b i o l o g i c a l , a n d c u l t u r a l f e a t u r e s f o r e v e n t h e s m a l l e s t a r e a . A m a p c a n d i s p l a y o n l y a f e w s e l e c t e d f e a t u r e s , w h i c h a r e p o r t r a y e d u s u a l l y i n h i g h l y s y m b o l i c s t y l e s a c c o r d i n g t o s o m e k i n d o f c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s c h e m e . I n t h e s e w a y s , a l l m a p s a r e e s t i m a t i o n s , g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s , a n d i n te r p r e t a t i o n s of t r u eg e o g r a phi c c o n d i t i o n s . / p > p c l a s s = " M s o N o r m a l " a l i g n = " l e f t " s t y l e = " m a r g i n - t o p : 2 0 p x ; p a d d i n g : 0 p x ; w o r d - w r a p : b r e a k - w o r d ; " > 0 0 A l l m a p s a r e m a d e a c c o r d i n g t o c e r t a i n b a s i c a s s u m p t i o n s , f o r e x a m p l e s e a - l e v e l d a t u m , w h i c h a r e n o t a l w a y s t r u e o r v e r i f i a b l e . F i n a l l y a n y m a p i s t h e p r o d u c t o f h u m a n e n d e a v o r , a n d a s s u c h m a y b e s u bj e c t t o u n w i t t i n g e r r o r s , m i s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n , b i a s , o r o u t r i g h t f r a u d . I n s p i t e o f t h e s e l i m i t a t i o n s , m a p s h a v e p r o v e n t o b e r e m a rk a bl y a d a p t a b l e a n d u s e f u l t h r o u g h s e v e r a lm i l l en n i ao f h u m a n c i v i l i z a t i o n . M ap s o f a l l k i n d s a r e f u n d a m e n t a l l y i m p o r t a n t f o r m o d e r n s o c i e t y . / p > p c l a s s = " M s o N o r m a l " a l i g n = " l e f t " s t y l e = " m a r g i n - t o p : 2 0 p x ; p a d d i n g : 0 p x ; w o r d - w r a p : b r e a k - w o r d ; " > 0 0 T h e f o o l ' s c a p w o r l d m a p , a b o u t 1 5 9 0 . P t o l e m a i c p r o j e c t i o n o n t h e f a c e o f a c l o w n . M a k e r , d a t e a n d p l a c e o f p u b l i c a t i o n a r e u n k n o w n . M a p s a r e h u m a n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e w o r l d , a s s e e n t h r o u g h t h e e y e s o f a f o o l i n t h i s e x a m p l e . T a k e n f r o m W h i t f i e l d ( 1 9 9 4 , p . 7 8 - 7 9 ) . C l i c k o n s m a l l i m a g e t o s e e f u l l - s i z e d ( 1 6 3 k b ) v e r s i o n . / p > p c l a s s = " M s o N o r m a l " a l i g n = " l e f t " s t y l e = " m a r g i n - t o p : 2 0 p x ; p a d d i n g : 0 p x ; w o r d - w r a p : b r e a k - w o r d ; " > s p a n s t y l e = " m a r g i n : 0 p x ; p a d d i n g : 0 p x ; " > 0 0 / s p a n > / p > / t d > / t r > / t b o d y > / t a b l e >。

雅思阅读机经真题解析--CosmeticsInAncientPast

雅思阅读机经真题解析--CosmeticsInAncientPast（经典版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制单位：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。

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If you want to learn about different sample formats and writing methods, please pay attention!雅思阅读机经真题解析--CosmeticsInAncientPast为了帮助大家在备考雅思的时候能够练习到更多的真题材料，下面本店铺给大家带来雅思阅读机经真题解析--Cosmetics In Ancient Past，望喜欢！雅思阅读机经真题解析--Cosmetics In Ancient PastASince cosmetics and perfumes are still in wide use today，it is interesting to compare the attitudes， customs and beliefs related to them in ancient times to those of our own day and age.Cosmetics and perfumes have been popular since the dawn of civilization; it is shown by the discovery of a great deal of pertinent archeological material，dating from the third millennium BC.Mosaics， glass perfume flasks， stone vessels，ovens， cooking-pots， clay jars， etc.， some inscribed by the hand of the artisan.evidence also appears in the Bible and other classical writings，where it is written that spices and perfumes were prestigious products known throughout the ancient world and coveted by kings and princes.The written and pictorial descriptions， as well as archaeological findings，all show how important body care and aesthetic appearance were in the lives of the ancient people.The chain of evidence spansmany centuries， detailing the usage of cosmetics in various cultures from the earliest period of recorded history.BIn antiquity， however， at least in the onset， cosmetics served in religious ceremonies and for healing purposes.Cosmetics were also connected with cultic worship and witchcraft: to appease the various gods， fragrant ointments were applied to the statuary images and even to their attendants.From this， in the course of time， developed the custom of personal use， to enhance the beauty of the face and the body， and to conceal defects.CPerfumes and fragrant spices were precious commodities in antiquity， very much in demand， and at times even eXceeded silver and gold in value.Therefore they were luXury products，used mainly in the temples and in the homes of the noble and the wealthy.The Judean kings kept them in treasure houses (2 Kings 20:13）.And the Queen of Sheba brought to Solomon "camels laden with spices， gold in great quantity and precious stones."(1 Kings 10:2，10).However， within time， the use of cosmetics became the custom of that period.The use of cosmetics became widespread among the lower classes as well as among the wealthy;in the same way they washed the body， so they used to care for the body with substances that softened the skin and anoint it with fragrant oils and ointments.DFacial treatment was highly developed and women devoted many hours to it.They used to spread various scented creams on the face and to apply makeup in vivid and contrasting colors.An Egyptian papyrus from the 16th century BC contains detailed recipes to remove blemishes， wrinkles， and other signs of age.Greek and Roman women would cover their faces in the evening with a "beauty mask" to remove blemishes， which consisted mainly of flour miXed with fragrant spices， leaving it on their face all night.The neXt morning they would wash it off with asses milk.The very common creams used by women in the ancient Far East，particularly important in the hot climate and prevalent in that area of the globe， were made up of oils and aromatic scents.Sometimes the oil in these creams was eXtracted from olives， almonds， gourds， sesame， or from trees and plants; but， for those of limited means， scented animal and fish fats were commonly used.EWomen in ancient past commonly put colors around theireyes.Besides beautification， its purpose was also medicinal as covering the sensitive skin of the lids with colored ointments that prevented dryness and eye diseases: the eye-paint repelled the little flies that transmitted eye inflammations.Egyptian women colored the upper eyelid black and the lower one green， and painted the space between the upper lid and the eyebrow gray or blue.The women of Mesopotamia favored yellows and reds.The use of kohl for painting the eyes is mentioned three times in the Bible， always with disapproval by the sages (2 Kings， 9:30; Jeremiah 4:30; Ezekiel 23:40).In contrast， Job names one of his daughters “Keren Happukh”—“horn of eye paint” (Job 42:14)FGreat importance was attached to the care for hair in ancient times.Long hair was always considered a symbol of beauty， and kings， nobles and dignitaries grew their hair long and kept it well-groomed and cared for.Women devoted much time to the style of the hair， while not culling， they would apply much care to it by arranging it skillfully in plaits and "building it up" sometimes with the help of wigs.Egyptian women generally wore their hair flowing down to their shoulders or even longer.In Mesopotamia， women cherished long hair as a partof their beauty， and hair flowing down their backs in a thick plait and tied with a ribbon is seen in art.Assyrian women wore their hair shorter， braiding and binding it in a bun at the back.In Ancient Israel， brides would wear their hair long on the wedding day as a sign of their virginity.Ordinary people and slaves， however， usually wore their hair short， mainly for hygienic reasons， since they could not afford to invest in the kind of treatment that long hair required.GFrom the Bible and Egyptian and Assyrian sources， as well as the words of classical authors， it appears that the centers of the trade in aromatic resins and incense were located in the kingdom of Arabia， and even as far as India， where some of these precious aromatic plants were grown."Dealers from Sheba and Rammah dealt with you， offering the choicest spices..." (Ezekiel 27:2（2）.The Nabateans functioned as the important middlemen in this trade; Palestine also served as a very important component， as the trade routes crisscrossed the country.It is known that the Egyptian Queen Hatsheput (15th century BC)sent a royal eXpedition to the Land of Punt (Somalia)in order to bring back myrrh seedlings to plant in her temple.In Assyrian records of tribute and spoils of war，perfumes and resins are mentioned; the teXt from the time of Tukulti-Ninurta II (890-884 BC)refers to balls of myrrh as part of the tribute brought to the Assyrian king by the Aramaean kings.The trade in spices and perfumes is also mentioned in the Bible as written in Genesis (37:25-2（6)， "Camels carrying gum tragacanth and balm and myrrh".Questions 15-21Reading Passage 2 has 7 paragraphs A-G.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write your answers in boXes 15-21 on your answer sheet.15 recipes to conceal facial defects caused by aging16 perfumes were presented to conquerors in war17 long hair of girls had special meanings in marriage18 evidence eXists in abundance showing cosmetics use in ancient times19 protecting eyes from fly-transmitted diseases20 from witchcraft to beautification21 more eXpensive than goldQuestions 22-27Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boXes 22-27 on your answer sheet， writeTRUE if the statement is trueFALSE if the statement is falseNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage22 The written record for cosmetics and perfumes dates back to the third millennium BC.23 Since perfumes and spices were luXury products， their use was eXclusive to the noble and the wealthy.24 In ancient Far East， fish fats were used as cream by women from poor households.25 The teachings in the Bible were repeatedly against the use of kohl for painting the eyes.26 Long hair as a symbol of beauty was worn solely by women of ancient cultures.27 The Egyptian Queen Hatsheput sent a royal eXpedition to Punt to establish a trade route for myrrh.文章题目：古代化妆Cosmetics In Ancient Past篇章结构体裁论说文题目古代化妆结构A段：化妆品和香水在古代就已经非常流行B段：化妆品最早用于宗教和治疗目的C段：香水和香料在古代是奢侈品，但仍被广泛使用D段：古时面部护理十分发达，女性广泛使用面霜和面膜E段：古代女性也将色彩涂在眼睛周围F段：古代人们非常重视头发的保养G段：古代的香料运输及贸易Cosmetics In Ancient Past试题分析Question 1题目类型：题号定位词文中对应点题目解析15 recipe; age D段第四句D段主要在讲古代女性非常重视面部护理，第三句话提到一份埃及莎草纸上记载了去除面部瑕疵的方法，这句话中的recipes to remove blemishes...other signs of age 可以对应题干中的recipe和facial defects caused by aging，故此题选D。

【免费下载】雅思阅读机经真题解析-Novice and Expert

雅思阅读机经真题解析-Novice and Expert 小站独家，雅思阅读机经真题解析。

一切患有雅思阅读刷题强迫症的烤鸭，请看这里。

小站精心整理了一批雅思阅读机经真题。

如果你的剑桥雅思阅读已是烂熟于心，那么这一系列的雅思阅读机经真题真的很适合你，搭配上绝对原创的讲解，还有全文的中文翻译，这等阅读大餐，还等什么! You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage below. Becoming an Expert Expertise is commitment coupled with creativity. Specifically, it is the commitment of time, energy, and resources to a relatively narrow field of study and the creative energy necessary to generate new knowledge in that field. It takes a considerable amount of time and regular exposure to a large number of cases to become an expert. A An individual enters a field of study as a novice. The novice needs to learn the guiding principles and rules of a given task in order to perform that task. Concurrently, the novice needs to be exposed to specific cases, or instances, that test the boundaries of such heuristics. Generally, a novice will find a mentor to guide her through the process. Afairly simple example would be someone learning to play chess. The novice chess player seeks a mentor to teach her the object of the game, the number of spaces, the names of the pieces, the function of each piece, how each piece is moved, and the necessary conditions for winning or losing the game. B In time, and with much practice, the novice begins to recognize patterns of behavior within cases and. thus, becomes a journeyman. With more practice and exposure toincreasingly complex cases, the journeyman finds patterns not only within cases but also between cases. More importantly, the journeyman learns that these patterns often repeat themselves over time. The journeyman still maintains regular contact with a mentor to solve specific problems and learn more complex strategies. Returning to the example of the chess player, the individual begins to learn patterns of opening moves, offensive and defensive game-playing strategies, and patterns of victory and defeat. C When a journeyman starts to make and test hypotheses about future behavior based on past experiences, she begins the next transition. Once she creatively generates knowledge, rather than simply matching superficial patterns, she becomes an expert. At this point, she is confident in her knowledge and no longer needs a mentor as a guide—she becomes responsible for her own knowledge. In the chess example, once a journeyman begins competing againstexperts, makes predictions based on patterns, and tests those predictions against actual behavior, she is generating new knowledge and a deeper understanding of the game. She is creating her own cases rather than relying on the cases of others. D The chess example is a rather short description of an apprenticeship model. Apprenticeship may seem like a restrictive 18th century mode of education, but it is still a standard method of training for many complex tasks. Academic doctoral programs are based on an apprenticeship model, as are fields like law, music, engineering, and medicine. Graduate students enter fields of study, find mentors, and begin the long process of becoming independent experts and generating new knowledge in their respective domains. EPsychologists and cognitive scientists agree that the time it takes to become an expert depends on the complexity of the task and the number of cases, or patterns, to which an individual is exposed. The more complex the task, the longer it takes to build expertise, or, more accurately, the longer it takes to experience and store a large number of cases or patterns. F The Power of Expertise An expert perceives meaningful patterns in her domain better than non-experts. Where a novice perceives random or disconnected data points, an expert connects regular patterns within and between cases. This ability to identify patterns is not an innate perceptualskill; rather it reflects the organization of knowledge after exposure to and experiencewith thousands of cases. Experts have a deeper understanding of their domains than novices do, and utilize higher-order principles to solve problems. A novice, for example, mightgroup objects together by color or size, whereas an expert would group the same objects according to their function or utility. Experts comprehend the meaning of data and weigh variables with different criteria within their domains better than novices. Expertsrecognize variables that have the largest influence on a particular problem and focus their attention on those variables. G Experts have better domain-specific short-term and long-term memory than novices do. Moreover, experts perform tasks in their domains faster than novices and commit fewer errors while problem solving. Interestingly, experts go about solving problems differently than novices. Experts spend more time thinking about a problem to fully understand it at the beginning of a task than do novices, who immediately seek to find a solution. Experts use their knowledge of previous cases as context for creating mental models to solve given problems. Better at self-monitoring than novices, experts are more aware of instances where they have committed errors or failed to understand a problem. Experts check their solutions more often than novices and recognize when they are missing information necessary for solving a problem. Experts are aware of the limits of their domain knowledge and apply their domain's heuristics to solve problems that fall outside of their experience base. I The Paradox of Expertise The strengths of expertise can also be weaknesses. Although one would expect experts to be good forecasters, they are not particularly good at making predictions about the future. Since the 1930s, researchers have been testing the ability of experts to make forecasts. The performance of experts has been tested against actuarial tables to determine if they are better at making predictions than simple statistical models. Seventy years later, with more than two hundred experiments in different domains, it is clear that the answer is no. If supplied with an equal amount of data about a particular case, an actuarial table is as good, or better, than an expert at making calls about the future. Even if an expert is given more specific case information than is available to the statistical model, the expert does not tend to outperform the actuarial table. J Theorists and researchers differ when trying to explain why experts are less accurate forecasters than statistical models. Some have argued that experts, like all humans, are inconsistent when using mental models to make predictions. A number of researchers point to human biases to explain unreliable expert predictions. During the last 30 years, researchers have categorized, experimented, and theorized about the cognitive aspects of forecasting. Despite such efforts, the literature shows little consensus regarding the causes or manifestations of human bias. Questions 1-5 Complete the flow chart Choose No More Than Three Words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-5on your answer sheet. From a novice to an expert Novice: ↓need to study 1 under the guidance of a 3 ↓start to identify 4 for cases within or between study more 5 ways of doing things Expert:create new knowledge perform task independently Questions 6-10 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement is true FALSE if the statement is false NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage 6. Novices and experts use the same system of knowledge to comprehend and classify objects. 7. The focus of novices' training is necessarily on long term memory 8. When working out the problems, novices want to solve them straight away. 9. When handling problems, experts are always more efficient than novices in their fields. 10. Expert tend to review more than novices on cases when flaws or limit on understanding took place. Questions 11-13 Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using No More Than Two Words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 11-13 onyour answer sheet. While experts outperform novices and machines in pattern recognition and problem solving, expert predictions of future behavior or events are seldom as accurate as simple actuarial tables. Why? Some have tried to explain that experts differ when using cognitive 11 to forecast. Researchers believe it is due to 12 . However attempting endeavor of finding answers did not yet produce 13 . 文章题目： Novice and Expert 篇章结构体裁论说文题目新手与专家结构A 新手进入业界的首要任务 B 新手积累经验之后的任务 C 新手如何向专家过渡 D 学徒关系训练法的重要性 E 决定成为专家时间的因素 F 专家更善于觉察并聚焦对于特定稳定有最大影响的变脸 G 专家与新手的区别 H 专家相对新手更擅长自我检测 I 专家在预测未来方面不如数据统计 J 专家预测未来逊于统计模型的原因试题分析 Question 1-13 题目类型：Question 1-5 Complete the flow chart Question 6-10 TRUE, FALSE, NOT GIVEN Question 11-13 Answer the questions below 题号定位词文中对应点题目解析 1A novice , requires to studyA段第二句本题可以根据线索词novice定位在A-C段，由requires to study可以判断A段第二句中needs to learn为同义词。

雅思阅读2014年总结与解析：判断题比例下降

雅思阅读2014年总结与解析：判断题比例下降2014年是个丰收的年度，考生们都得到了理想的雅思成绩，即将迈向属于他们美好的留学生活。

但雅思这只“大老虎”依旧虎视眈眈的盯着即将备考的年轻小烤鸭们，那么今天老师就整个2014年的考试内容，给大家进行一次系统的分析。

2014年雅思阅读呈现出的考试模式：一、难度继续保持稳定提升通过2014年的48场考试来看，雅思阅读难度依旧保持稳定提升趋势，文章对各位考生的实际能力要求越来越高，对文章理解要求较高的细节题比例明显上升，2014年选择题无疑成为2014年的最大黑马，基本每次考试必出选择，紧随其后的匹配题、判断题，都占据了考试的绝大分值，而学员们普遍认为好做的判断题似乎也成了拦路虎，因为细心的同学会发现，判断题从原来的单考点形式逐渐转化为多考点形式，从单句理解到多句结合推理，这对于基本功较薄弱的同学来讲，简直就是备考中的噩梦，与此同时特殊词定位也变得非常罕见，其实做过官方指南的同学似乎已经发现了这一点。

二、细节题比例稳定提升2014年阅读题型重点与2013年相比有所调整。

传统老题型、细节题比例增加，这充分体现出考官似乎更关心大家的基本语言能力。

2013年段落信息匹配题，选段意题占比较大，而2014年恰恰相反，更多题型是从细节入手，如选择和判断。

上半年判断题依旧是考察的重点，下半年紧接着就是大量的选择题，至于主旨题有着明显的下降趋势。

2014年1-6月份2014年7-12月份通过学员、教师反馈，实际上大多数考生没有在细节题上得到任何好处。

相反，学员在初期学习的压力会更大，更有挫败感。

究其原因，很多同学忽略了细节题在2014年的变化，依旧是“一句话，一个词”做题原则。

这样就掉进了考官的陷阱，陷入难题不会做，简单题拿不了分的尴尬境地。

如：剑桥官方指南中Test 1 Is Photography Art?These writers reflected the opposition of a section of the cultural elite in England and France to the "cheapening of art" which the growing acceptance and purchase of camera pictures by middle class represented.30. What was the result of the widespread availability of photographs to the middle class?A . The most educated worried about its impact on public tasteB. It helps artists appreciate the merits of phtographyC. Improvements were made in photographic methodsD. It led to a reduction in the price of photographs这道题很多同学选择了D选项，就是因为看到了文中的"Cheapening of art" ，因此主观的选择了"reduction in the price",这样的错误看似很幼稚，但实际在高压的考试环境下，很多学生都只会选择性的阅读，从而失去对作者表达意图的理解并以点盖面，但是通过对句子主干的理解，作者实际想表达的是middle class的影响，而非摄影本身，所以标准答案为A选项，“most educated” 对应“culture elites”; “public taste”对应“growing acceptance and purchase of camera pictures ”.三、大量的新题材涌现，且自然科学类文章有增加趋势雅思阅读考试有一个很大的题库，每次考试时，主考机构会从题库中抽取一套。

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雅思阅读机经分析南京环球雅思教研中心-田倩考试日期：2014年12月20日Reading Passage 1 （旧）Title: 澳洲史前人 Mungo ManQuestion types:人名理论配对 8判断 6文章大意主要讲了澳洲史前人的研究。

过往机经参考：V091011 远古人类的住宿环境V121020 欧洲祖先的生存环境段落配标题，配对，填空，选择题（考查主旨）讲过去欧洲祖先的生活环境，极地的民族用火，用动物皮什么的，有一个cave, 科技的演化，火，在5个不同地方的区别。

部分答案人名理论配对:1.他在寻找古老的湖泊，这名Mungo 女子是被火葬的。

A2.持怀疑态度的教授对一些华师的DNA 进行了可靠的分析。

E3.教授测定的人的年龄要比62000年前年轻得多的结果。

A4.确定Mungo 人的年龄，争议了澳大利亚人的起源。

B5.在澳洲，研究小组谁先恢复生物的证据，发现了尼安德特人。

C6.年代的支持者认为澳大利亚巨型动物的灭绝是由于古代人类狩猎造成的。

D7.多区域的解释已经被提出，而不是坚持认为单一的起源。

B8.史前人类活动导致气候变化而不是巨型动物的灭绝。

A是非无判断：1.Mungo 湖仍然为考古学家提供了图解说明人类活动的证据。

TRUE2.在Mungo湖发现Mungo人使用的武器。

NOT GIVEN3.Mungo人是复杂的文化世界上已知最古老的证据之一，如埋葬仪式。

TRUE4.Mungo男人和女人的骨架被发现是在同一年。

FALSE5.科学家之间的争议是最古老智人的起源。

TRUE6.澳大利亚教授使用古老的研究方法对“走出非洲”支持者的批判。

NOT GIVEN另外，烤鸭们可参考《我预测你高分》上的机经还原文章。

难度分析历史探索类文章，难度不高，避免粗心。

判断题是雅思阅读的重头戏，但注意有时个别题目会因粗心心急定位不到和定位不准，注意明显定位词可优先定位；人名理论配对题进来较为高频，且暂时取代了填词类的考题出现在passage1,注意定位的精准和语言理解的精确性。

Reading Passage 2 （旧）Title:冬眠HibernationQuestion types:段落细节配对Matching 填空文章大意主要讲了动物冬眠的情况等。

过往机经参考V100520 ：各种动物的冬眠情况，不同习性动物的冬眠时间，方面的不同。

段落细节匹配5；Matching 5(冬眠状况与动物的匹配) ；填空4V120512 Hibernation in mamamlsHeading；Detail Matching; 完成句子（有选项）难度分析此篇较难，配对题较多。

其中段落细节信息配对较难定位，注意把握作者写作逻辑，注意对同意替换。

原文Hibernation, also known as 'winter sleep', is a state of deep sleep or dormancy that an animal undergoes during the cold months of winter. During this phase body metabolism and heart rate of the animal go down drastically and the animal practically sleeps for various days to months. There are two types of hibernation, namely 'true' hibernation and torpor, or temporary hibernation. In true hibernation, the animal falls into such a deep sleep that it appears to be dead. The body temperature, breathing and the heart rate drops down. Torpor is a state of short sleep, where the heart rate and body temperature goes down but the animal is able to move around. There are various degrees of hibernation and not all animals go into a complete state of hibernation.Reading Passage 3 （新）Title: 集体智慧Question types:单选Summary （有词库) TFNG难度分析此篇文章单选题较难，涉及作者态度和整段主旨意思的较多，涉及细节较少，烤鸭们在备考时注意文章主旨和段落主题的理解。

有词库的summary的训练不要忽视，注意其个别考题乱序的可能性。

文章大意一个人拿羊做的实验，关于个人决定和团队决定之间的联系。

相似文章参考：集体智慧:蚂蚁和大脑的神经元斯坦福 - 一个单独的蚂蚁不是很亮，但蚂蚁殖民地，作为一个集体，做平常的事情。

在人类大脑中的单个神经元可以响应只连接到它的神经元都做什么，但他们都可以康德。

相似之处是为什么德博拉·戈登，Stanford University助理教授，生物科学，研究蚂蚁。

“我感兴趣的是什么样的系统，简单的单位一起做行为以复杂的方式，”她说。

没有人发号施令的蚁群，但，每只蚂蚁决定下一步该怎么做。

比如，蚂蚁可能有一些工作描述。

当殖民地发现一个新的食物来源，一只蚂蚁做看家税可能会突然成为一个觅食。

或者，如果殖民地的领土大小膨胀或收缩，巡逻者蚂蚁形状改变他们的侦察模式，以符合新的现实。

既然没有人负责一个蚁群 - 包括名不副实的“女王”，这是一个简单的饲养员 - 每只蚂蚁如何决定该怎么做呢？戈登说，这种无向行为是不是唯一的蚂蚁。

鸟儿飞在羊群怎么知道什么时候才能作出集体右转？所有凤尾鱼和其他鱼群似乎打开步调一致，还没有一条鱼处于领先地位。

戈登的研究收获蚁在美国亚利桑那州，无论是在现场，并在她的实验室，所谓的阿根廷蚂蚁是无处不在加利福尼亚州沿海。

阿根廷蚂蚁来到路易斯安那州在1908年的糖装运。

他们被赶出了海湾国家的火蚁入侵美国加州，在那里他们流离失所大部分的原生种蚂蚁。

戈登学习的事情之一是如何，他们这样做。

从来没有人见过一只蚂蚁战争涉及阿根廷的物种和本地物种，所以目前尚不清楚他们是否正在悄然侵略性或只是想方设法接管粮食资源和领土。

阿根廷蚂蚁在她的实验室也正在研究，以帮助她了解他们是如何改变人们的行为他们正在探索的空间的大小不同。

“蚂蚁是善于寻找新的居住地和善于寻找食物，”戈登说。

“我们有兴趣找出他们是如何做到的。

”她的蚂蚁被限制的有机玻璃墙，沿着板，让里面的蚂蚁的顶部和一个讨厌的胶样物质。

她移动的墙壁和缩小改变蚂蚁的运动舞台上和录像带。

一台计算机跟踪每只蚂蚁从它的形象在磁带上，并读取它的位置，所以她有一个蚂蚁的活动图。

蚂蚁的动作确认一个集体的存在。

“殖民地是类似于大脑，那里有大量的神经元，其中每一个只能做很简单的东西，但能想到一起全脑的神经元可以认为蚂蚁，但大脑能想到蚂蚁，虽然没有告诉记者，神经元在大脑中认为蚂蚁。

“例如，蚂蚁侦察食物一个精确的图案。

当这种模式不再适合的情况下，如当戈登移动的墙壁，会发生什么事？“蚂蚁沟通的化学物质，”她说。

“这是他们大多是如何看待世界，他们不看得很清楚，他们用自己的触角气味，闻到的东西，他们必须得到非常接近。

“最好的方式是有蚂蚁蚂蚁寻找一切 - 作为一个单独的，试图做到这一点，如果你认为殖民地 - 无处不在所有的时间，因为如果它不发生接近蚂蚁，他们'再没有去了解它，当然，有没有足够的蚂蚁殖民地，要做到这一点，所以不知何故蚂蚁有走动的模式，使他们能够有效地覆盖空间。

“请记住，没有人负责的殖民地，有没有中央计划，蚂蚁怎么调整自己的侦察，如果其领土上扩大或缩小吗？“蚂蚁告诉他们，'OK，伙计们，如果赛场上是20个，由20个......”不知怎的，有一些规则，蚂蚁个体决定改变其路径的形状，因此它们涉及的领域有效使用，我认为，规则是他们碰到对方的速度。

“他们更加拥挤，更多的时候，会碰到另一只蚂蚁每只蚂蚁。

如果其领土面积扩大，接触的频率降低。

也许，戈登认为，每一只蚂蚁的阈值正常，并调整其路径形状取决于如何经常遭遇数超过或低于该阈值。

如果境内收缩，增加接触的数量和蚂蚁改变搜索模式。

如果扩大，接触减少，并以不同的方式，它改变了格局。

在亚利桑那州的收获蚁，戈登的研究，除了巡逻的任务。

每只蚂蚁都有工作。

“我的任务划分为四个：觅食，筑巢维护，的粪堆堆放垃圾，包括种子的外皮和巡逻 - 巡逻是那些先来看看食物在早上和觅食的地方去巡逻，寻找食物。

“殖民地有大约8个不同的觅食路径。

每天使用他们几个。

巡逻去了第一次的小径上和他们吸引对方当他们找到食物时，一个小时的巡逻年底，大多数巡逻是只是一个几个小径......所有征粮需要做的是去那里有最巡逻的。

“每只蚂蚁都有其规定的任务，但蚂蚁可以切换任务，如果集体的需要。

看家税上的蚂蚁将决定草料。

没有人告诉它这样做，戈登和其他昆虫学家不知道怎么发生这种情况。

“没有蚂蚁能知道多少食物大家都在收集，需要多少觅食，”她说。

“一只蚂蚁的规则很简单，告诉它，'OK，切换，并开始觅食。

但蚂蚁无法评估全球的殖民地需要多少食物。

“我已经做了扰动实验，我根据他们正在做什么任务在某一天标志着蚂蚁蚂蚁觅食，绿色，蓝色等那些被清洗巢，然后我创建环境中的一些新的情况，例如，我创建了一个烂摊子巢维修工人要清理，不然我会拿出多余的食物，吸引更多的觅食。

“事实证明，做了一定的工作一天开关被标记的蚂蚁做了不同的任务，当条件改变时。

”蚂蚁约有8000种，只有约10％，迄今已研究。

“这很难一概而论任何关于蚂蚁的行为，”戈登说。

“我们所知道的关于蚂蚁的大部分是真实的相比，物种的数量有一个非常，非常小的物种数量。

”剑桥系列推荐阅读：C7T3P1蚂蚁的智慧过往机经参考：V111210 鸟类的智慧Heading ; Detail matching (3个物种的配对)鸟类的智能，主要讲鸟类很聪明，可以像人类一样使用工具。

机经还原文章参考话题：蚂蚁：群居的智慧难度分析本场考试1新2旧，难度中等；涉及话题历史，动物研究及动物实验的话题。

建议烤鸭们合理利用机经还原文章，关注题库中的相关话题文章，并适当了解其话题背景知识。

题型方面，本场考试涉及的细节配对题较多，广大烤鸭在备考时一定要强化对高频题型的训练，查漏补缺。