现代英语词汇学概论

词汇学考试大纲一、判断（10）二、选择（20）三、搭配（10）pound 复合构词法sit-in 代理，参加dropout 退学学生phone-in 听众热线电话直播节目breakdown 失败walk-on 跑龙套员walkout 徒步旅行take-off 起飞astray 烟灰缸 a tray for ash moonwalk a walk on the moonB.Deriverd word 派生法be（= off,from）adj. belittle 贬低de (=to remove) n. debug 除错brotherhood 兄弟情义friendship 友谊happilyC.Converted word 词类转化法He interned in the Capital Hospital.He served as an intern in the Capital Hospital.实习生D.Initialisms 首字母连写法VIP = for a very important personE.Acronyms 首字母拼音法TEFLRadar radio detecting and rangingF.Clipped word 略写ad. (=advertisement)amp(=ampere)plane(=airplane)G.Blend 拼缀词talk + marathon = talkathon 冗长的演说medical+care=medicare 医疗保险H.Back-formationhouse-sit = house sitter 看管房屋的人housekeep 自立门户，主持家务I.Words from proper nameschina 瓷器japan 漆器champagne 香槟J.Onomatopoeic word 拟声词K.Reduplication 重叠词go-go 戈戈舞的ping-pong四、名词解释（4，20分）1、context in its narrowest senseContext in its narrow sense consists of the lexical items that come immediately before andafter any word in an act of communication.For instance,the verb make is often used in the sense of constructing something by putting materials together,as in,She made coffee for all of us.I got a letter today.2、homophones/homographsWords identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning are called homophones.pair,pear son,sunWord identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning are called homographslead v.n. tear n.v.3、semantic field （P143）Semantic field theory is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks.The words of a semantic field are joined together by a common concept,and they are likely to have a number of collocation in common.Hence we can see that meaning resides not only in a word itself,but spreads over neighbouring word as well.Only the neighbouring words can identify the semantic field,in which we have related words which enable us to determine the meaning of the word used.One can hardly tell the meaning of I like lemon until he knows the semantic field in which lemon operates.4、allomorphs/morpheme (P21)A morpheme may take various shapes or forms.For example,the inflectionalmorpheme-(e)s of books,pigs,horses has the same meaning ‘more than one’,yet it has three different phonological forms: /-s,-z,-iz/.The three forms are variants of the same morpheme-s .They are called allomorphs.The morpheme is the smallest meaningful lingusitic unit of language,not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.One morpheme nationTwo morphemes nation+alThree morpheme nation+al+ize5、connotative meaning (P98)Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in one’s mind.For instance,the denotative meaning of the word mother is female parent ,but it generally connotes love,care,and tenderness.6.verbal context in its broad sense (P154)In additon to lexical,and grammatical context ,the verbal context,in its broadest sense,may cover an entire passage,or even an entire book,and in some cases even the entire social or culture setting ,as stated at the beginning of the chapter.7、semantic motivationSemantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factor.It is a kind of mental association.When we speak of a stony heart we are comparing the heart with a stone五、简单题（2，20分）1、What is motivation?How are English words motivated?Motivation refers to the connection between word-symbol and its sense.Motivation can arise in three major ways:1.phonetic motivation,like miaow of the cat,the baa-baa of amotivation,like good-looking,headache, motivation ,When we speak of a stony heart we are comparing the heart with a stone.2、There are several main types of word meaning list and explain. (P95)A.Grammatical meaningGrammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm.1.word classMorden will be marked as an adjective,mordernize as a verb and mordernization as a noun.2.inflectional paradigmto walk,walks walked,to write,writes,wrote,writtenB.Lexical meaning1.denotative meaningThe denotative meaning of a word is its definitin given in a dictionary.It is that aspect of lexical meaning which makes communication possible.2.connotative meaningThe denotative meaning of the word mother is female parent but it generally connotes love,care,and tenderness.3.social or stylistic meaningFormal,informal,neural4.affective meaningAffective meaning is concerned with the expression of feeling and attitudes of the speaker or writer.3、How do we classify words by level of usage?(p11)mon wordsCommon words are words connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life.For example,the repeated telephone calls only annoyed me but made my sister angry.All the words in the sentences are common words,and so this sentence could be used in both speech and writing,and on formal or informal occasions.2.literary wordsLiterary words are chiefly used in writing,especially in books written in a more elevated style,in official documents,or in formal speeches.3.colloquial wordsIn contrast with literary words,colloquial words or expressions are used mainly in spoken English,as in conversation among friends and colleagues.Tom felt so dog-tired he hit the sack early.(colloquial)4.slang wordsA slang usage is not generally used in informal conversation.5.technical wordsTechnical words refers to those words used in various specail fields.4、Make a tree diagram to arrage the following words in order of hyponymy.foodmeat vegetable fruitbeef pork mutton cabbage（卷心菜）spinach（菠菜）celery(芹菜) apple orange peach 5、Cite ONE example to illustrate what grammatical meaning is .1.word-class2.inflectional paradigm六、问答题(20分)1.The word “accident” once meant “an occurrence, an event”but it now means “an unplannedor chance event with unfortuante consequences”Analyze which type of change in meaning this belong to,why?Then list and explain the types of word-meaning changes.1.判断类型2.neutral word …been degarded into …3.four types 先罗列类型，然后分别解释并举例（每一种形式举一个词即可）举例形式参考The word “accident” once meant “an occurrence, an event”but it now means “an unplanned or chance event with unfortuante consequences”A.restriction of meaning (specialization)Restrition of meaning means that a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower,specialized sense which is applicable to only one of the objects it had previously denoted.The word “wife” once meant “woman”but it now means “married woman,in relation to her husband”B.extension of meaning(generalization)Extension of meaning,the opposite of restriction,means the widening of a word’s sense until it covers much more than what it originally conveyed.The word “picture” once meant “a paining” but it nows means “painting,drawing ,sketch ofa work of art;photographs and movies are also included”C.degeneration 衰退of meaning(pejoration 贬低)The two main forms of degenration are:1.The falling of word meaning into disrepute名誉坏，for one reason or another.Words oncerespectable or neutral [ˈnju:trəl] may shift to a less respectable ,or even derogatory [diˈr ɔgətəri] meaning.The word “silly” once meant “blessed and happy”now means “foolish”2.The second form of degeneration “may take the form of the gradual逐渐的extension to somany senses that any particular meaning which a word may have had is completely lost”. Lovely attractively or admirable beautiful now means it is used in collocation with almost any object ,such as a lovely girl/day/weather/dinner/car or chair.D.elevation高度of meaning (amelioration改善)Fond foolish now means tender and affectionate。