词素分类word版

In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit in a language. In other words, it is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is freestanding. When it stands by itself, it is considered as a root because it has a meaning of its own (e.g. the morpheme cat) and when it depends on another morpheme to express an idea, it is an affix because it has a grammatical function (e.g. the–s in cats to indicate that it is plural).[1]Every word comprises one or more morphemes.

在语言学,一个语素是最小的语法单位的语言。换句话说,它是最小的有意义的语言单位。领域的研究致力于词素形态。语素是不相同的词两者之间的主要区别是,一个语素可能或可能不独立,而一个词,根据定义,是独立的。当它本身,它被认为是一个根因为它有一个自己的(例如语素的意义猫),当它取决于另一个语素表达一个想法,它是一个词缀,因为它有一个语法功能(例如- s在猫表明它是复数)。[1]每一个字都包含一个或多个语素。

Classification of morphemes[edit]

Free and bound morphemes[edit]

Every morpheme can be classified as either free or bound.[2] These categories are mutually exclusive, and as such, a given morpheme will belong to exactly one of them.

Free morphemes can function independently as words (e.g. town, dog) and can appear with other lexemes (e.g. town hall, doghouse).

Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes with other bound morphemes. For example, un- appears only accompanied by other morphemes to form a word. Most bound morphemes in English are affixes, particularly prefixes and suffixes. Examples of suffixes are -tion, -ation, -ible, -ing, etc. Bound morphemes that are not affixes are called cranberry morphemes.

语素的分类(编辑]

自由和黏着语素(编辑

每一个语素可以分为免费或绑定。[2]这些类别是相互排斥的,因此,一个给定的语素将属于正是其中之一。

自由语素(如可以独立运行的话。小镇,狗),会出现与其他词位(如。市政厅,狗窝)。

黏着语素仅出现部分单词,总是与一个根有时与其他绑定语素。例如,联合国-只出现伴随着其他语素组成一个单词。英语中最黏着语素词缀,特别是前缀和后缀。后缀的例子有表示结果,信息,可能,ing等等。没有词缀叫做绑定语素蔓越莓词素。

Classification of bound morphemes[edit]

Bound morphemes can be further classified as derivational or inflectional.

Derivational morphemes[edit]

Derivational morphemes, when combined with a root, change either the semantic meaning or part of speech of the affected word. For example, in the word happiness, the addition of the bound morpheme -ness to the root happy changes the word from an adjective (happy) to a noun (happiness). In the word unkind, un- functions as a derivational morpheme, for it inverts the meaning of the word formed by the root kind. Generally the affixes used with root word are the bound morphemes. Inflectional morphemes[edit]

Inflectional morphemes modify a verb's tense, aspect, mood, person, or number, or a noun's,