词素分类word版

In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit in a language. In other words, it is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is freestanding. When it stands by itself, it is considered as a root because it has a meaning of its own (e.g. the morpheme cat) and when it depends on another morpheme to express an idea, it is an affix because it has a grammatical function (e.g. the–s in cats to indicate that it is plural).[1]Every word comprises one or more morphemes.在语言学,一个语素是最小的语法单位的语言。

换句话说,它是最小的有意义的语言单位。

领域的研究致力于词素形态。

语素是不相同的词两者之间的主要区别是,一个语素可能或可能不独立,而一个词,根据定义,是独立的。

当它本身,它被认为是一个根因为它有一个自己的(例如语素的意义猫),当它取决于另一个语素表达一个想法,它是一个词缀,因为它有一个语法功能(例如- s在猫表明它是复数)。

[1]每一个字都包含一个或多个语素。

Classification of morphemes[edit]Free and bound morphemes[edit]Every morpheme can be classified as either free or bound.[2] These categories are mutually exclusive, and as such, a given morpheme will belong to exactly one of them.Free morphemes can function independently as words (e.g. town, dog) and can appear with other lexemes (e.g. town hall, doghouse).Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes with other bound morphemes. For example, un- appears only accompanied by other morphemes to form a word. Most bound morphemes in English are affixes, particularly prefixes and suffixes. Examples of suffixes are -tion, -ation, -ible, -ing, etc. Bound morphemes that are not affixes are called cranberry morphemes.语素的分类(编辑]自由和黏着语素(编辑每一个语素可以分为免费或绑定。

[2]这些类别是相互排斥的,因此,一个给定的语素将属于正是其中之一。

自由语素(如可以独立运行的话。

小镇,狗),会出现与其他词位(如。

市政厅,狗窝)。

黏着语素仅出现部分单词,总是与一个根有时与其他绑定语素。

例如,联合国-只出现伴随着其他语素组成一个单词。

英语中最黏着语素词缀,特别是前缀和后缀。

后缀的例子有表示结果,信息,可能,ing等等。

没有词缀叫做绑定语素蔓越莓词素。

Classification of bound morphemes[edit]Bound morphemes can be further classified as derivational or inflectional.Derivational morphemes[edit]Derivational morphemes, when combined with a root, change either the semantic meaning or part of speech of the affected word. For example, in the word happiness, the addition of the bound morpheme -ness to the root happy changes the word from an adjective (happy) to a noun (happiness). In the word unkind, un- functions as a derivational morpheme, for it inverts the meaning of the word formed by the root kind. Generally the affixes used with root word are the bound morphemes. Inflectional morphemes[edit]Inflectional morphemes modify a verb's tense, aspect, mood, person, or number, or a noun's,pronoun's or adjective's number, gender or case, without affecting the word's meaning or class (part of speech). Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words are adding -s to the root dog to form dogs and adding -ed to wait to form waited. An inflectional morpheme changes the form of a word. In English, there are eight inflections.[3]Allomorphs[edit]Allomorphs are variants of a morpheme that differ in pronunciation but are semantically identical. For example, in English, the plural marker -(e)s of regular nouns can be pronounced /-z/, /-s/, or /-ɪz, -əz/, depending on the final sound of the noun's singular form.Zero morphemes/null morphemes[edit]Generally these types of morphemes have no visible changes. For instance the singular form of sheep is "sheep" and its plural is also "sheep". The intended meaning is thus derived from the co-occurring determiner (e.g. in this case "some-" or "a-").Content vs. function[edit]Content morphemes express a concrete meaning or content, while function morphemes have more of a grammatical role. For example, the morphemes fast and sad can be considered content morphemes. On the other hand, the suffix –ed belongs to the function morphemes given that it has the grammatical function of indicating past tense. Although these categories seem very clear and intuitive, the idea behind it can be harder to grasp given that they overlap with each other.[4] Examples of an ambiguous situation are the preposition over and the determiner your, which seem to have a concrete meaning, but are considered function morphemes because their role is to connect ideas grammatically.[5] A general rule to follow to determine the category of a morpheme is:Content morphemes include free morphemes that are nouns, adverbs, adjective, and verbs. It also includes bound morphemes that are bound roots and derivational affixes.[5]Function morphemes can be free morphemes that are prepositions, pronouns, determiners, and conjunctions. Additionally, they can be bound morphemes that are inflectional affixes.[5]黏着语素的分类(编辑]黏着语素可以进一步分为派生或屈折。