【计算机专业文献翻译】信息系统分析
信息系统外文文献翻译---系统的分析与设计
附录1 外文翻译(原文)Systems Analysis and DesignWorking under control of a stored program, a computer processes data into information. Think about that definition for a minute. Any given computer application involves at least three components: hardware, software, and data. Merely writing a program isn't enough; because the program is but one component in a system.A system is a group of components that work together to accomplish an objective. For example, consider a payroll system. Its objective is paying employees. What components are involved? Each day，employees record their hours worked on time cards. At the end of each week, the time cards are collected and delivered to the computer center, where they are read into a payroll program. As it runs, the program accesses data files. Finally, the paychecks are printed and distributed. For the system to work, people, procedures, input and output media, files, hardware, and software must be carefully coordinated. Note that the program is but one component in a system.Computer-based systems are developed because people need information. Those people, called users, generally know what is required, but may lack the expertise to obtain it. Technical professionals, such as programmers, have the expertise, but may lack training in the user's field. To complicate matters, users and programmers often seem to speak different languages, leading to communication problems. A systems analyst is a professional who translates user needs into technical terms, thus serving as a bridge between users and technical professionals.Like an engineer or an architect, a systems analyst solves problems by combining solid technical skills with insight, imagination, and a touch of art. Generally, the analyst follows a well-defined, methodical process that includes at least the following steps;1.Problem definition2.Analysis3.Design4.Implementation5.MaintenanceAt the end of each step, results are documented and shared with both the user and the programmers. The idea is to catch and correct errors and misunderstandings as early as possible. Perhaps the best way to illustrate the process is through example.Picture a small clothing store that purchases merchandise at wholesale, displays this stock, and sells it to customers at retail. On the one hand, too much stock represents an unnecessary expense. On the other hand, a poor selection discourages shoppers. Ideally, a balance can be achieved: enough, but not too much.Complicating matters is the fact that inventory is constantly changing, with customer purchases depleting stock, and returns and reorders adding to it. [1] The owner would like to track inventory levels and reorder and given item just before the store runs out. For a single item, the task is easy-just count the stock-on-hand. Unfortunately, the store has hundreds of different items, and keeping track of each one is impractical. Perhaps a computer might help.2-1 Problem DefinitionThe first step in the systems analysis and design process is problem definition. The analyst's objective is determining what the user (in this case, the store's owner) needs. Note that, as the process begins, the user possesses the critical information, and the analyst must listen and learn. Few users are technical experts. Most see the computer as a "magic box, "and are not concerned with how it works. At this stage, the analyst has no business even thinking about programs, files, and computer hardware, but must communicate with the user on his or her own term.The idea is to ensure that both the user and the analyst are thinking about the same thing-Thus, a clear, written statement expressing the analyst's understanding of the problem is essential. The user should review and correct this written statement. The time to catch misunderstandings and oversights is now, before time, money and effort are wasted.Often, following a preliminary problem definition, the analyst performs a feasibility study. The study a brief capsule version of the entire systems analysis and design process, attempts to answer three questions:1.Can the problem be solved?2.Can it be salved in the user's environment?3.Can it be solved at a reasonable cost?If the answer to any one of these questions is no, the system should not be developed. Given a good problem definition and a positive feasibility study, theanalyst can turn to planning and developing a problem solution.2- 2 AnalysisAs analysis begins, the analyst understands the problem. The next step is determining what must be done to solve it. The user knows what must be done 1 during analysis; this knowledge is extracted and formally documented. Most users think in terms of the functions to be performed and the data elements to be manipulated. The objective is to identify and link these key functions and data elements, yielding a logical system design.Start with the system's basic functions. The key is keeping track of the stock-on-hand for each product in inventory. Inventory changes because customers purchase, exchange, and return products, so the system will have to process customer transactions. The store's owner wants to selectively look at the inventory level for any product in short supply and, if appropriate, order replacement stock, so the system must be able to communicate with management. Finally, following management authorization, the system should generate a reorder ready to send to a supplier.Fig 1Given the system's basic functions, the analyst's next task is gaining a sense of their logical relationship. A good way to start is by describing how data flow between the functions. As the name implies, data flow diagrams are particularly useful for graphically describing these data flows. Four symbols are used (Fig. 1). Data sources and destinations are represented by squares; input data enter the system from a source, and output data flow to a destination. Once in the system, the data are manipulated or change by processes, represented by round-corner rectangles. A process might be a program, a procedure, or anything else that changes or moves data. Data can be held for later processing in data stores, symbolized by open-ended rectangles. A data store might be a disk file, a tape file, a database, written notes, or even a person's memory.Finally, data flow between sources, destinations, processes, end data stores over data flows, which are represented by arrows.Fig 2Figure 2 shows a preliminary data flow diagram for the inventory system. Start with CUSTOMER. Transactions flow from a customer f into the system, where they are handled by Process transaction. A data store, STOCK, holds data on each item in inventory. Process transaction changes the data to reflect the new transaction. Meanwhile, MANAGEMENT accesses the system through Communicate, evaluating the data in STOCK and, if necessary, requesting a reorder. Once, a reorder is authorized. Generate reorder sends necessary data to the SUPPLIER, who ships the items to the store. Note that, because the reorder represents a change in the inventory level of a particular product or products it is handled as a transaction.The data flow diagram describes the logical system. The next step is tracing the data flows. Start with the destination SUPPLIER. Reorders flow to suppliers; for example, the store might want 25 pairs of jeans. To fill the order, the supplier needs the product description and the reorder quantity. Where do these data elements come from? Since they are output by Generate reorder, they must either be Input to or generated by this process. Data flow into Generate reorder for STOCK; thus, product descriptions and reorder quantities must be stored in STOCK.Other data elements, such as the item purchased and the purchase quantity are generated by CUSTOMER. Still others, for example selling price and reorder point, are generated by or needed by MANAGEMENT. The current stock-on-hand for a given item is an example of a data element generated by an algorithm in one of the procedures. Step by step, methodically, the analyst identifies the data elements to be input to .stored by, manipulated by, generated by, or output by the system.To keep track of the data elements, the analyst might list each one in a datadictionary. A simple data dictionary can be set up on index cards, but computerized data dictionaries have become increasingly popular. The data dictionary, a collection of data describing and defining the data, is useful throughout the systems analysis and design process, and is often used to build a database during the implementation stage.The idea of analysis is to define the system's major functions and data elements methodically. Remember that the objective is translating user needs into technical terms. Since the system starts with the user, the first step is defining the user's needs. Users think in terms of functions and data. They do not visualize programs, or files, or hardware .and during this initial, crucial analysis stage it is essential that the analyst think like a user, not like a programmer.Data flow diagrams and data dictionaries are useful tools. They provide a format for recording key information about the proposed system. Also, they jog the analyst's memory) for example, if the analyst doesn't have sufficient information to complete a data dictionary entry, he or she has probably missed something. Perhaps most importantly, the data flow diagram and the data dictionary document the analyst's understanding of the system requirements. By reviewing these documents, the user can correct misunderstandings or oversights. Finally, they represent an excellent starting point the next step, design.2-3 DesignAs we enter the design stage, we know what the system must do, and thus can begin thinking about how to do it. The objective is to develop a strategy for solving the problem. At this stage, we are not interested in writing code or in defining precise data structures; instead, we want to identify, at a black box level, necessary programs, files, procedures, and other components.The data flow diagram defines the system's necessary functions; how might they be implemented? One possibility is writing one program for each process. Another is combining two or more processes in a single program; there are dozens of alternative solutions. Let's focus on one option and document it.A system flowchart uses symbols to represent programs, procedures, hardware devices, and the other components of a physical system (Fig. 3). Our flowchart (.Fig.4) shows that transaction data enter the system through a terminal, are processed by a data collection program, and then are stored on an inventory file. Eventually, the inventory file is processed by a Report and reorder program. Through it, management manipulates the data and authorizes reorders.Fig. 4 on a system flowchart, symbols represent programs, procedures, hardware devices, and the other components of a physical system.Fig 3Look at the system flowchart. It identifies several hardware components, including a computer, a disk drive, a data entry terminal, a printer, and a display terminal. Two programs are needed; Process transaction and Report and reorder. In addition to t he hardware and the programs, we’ll need data structures for the inventory file and for data flaws between the I/O devices and the software. Note that this system flowchart illustrates one possible solution; a good analyst will develop several feasible alternatives before choosing one.Fig 4The flowchart maps the system, highlighting its major physical components. Since the data link the components, the next task is defining the data structures.Consider, for example, the inventory file. It contains all the data elements from the data store STOCK. The data elements are listed in the data dictionary. Using them, the file's data structure can be planned,How should the file be organized? That depends on how it will be accessed. For example, in some applications, data are processed at regular, predictable intervals. Typically, the data are collected over time and processed together, as a batch. If batch processing is acceptable, a sequential file organization is probably best.It is not always possible to wait until a batch of transactions is collected, however. For example, consider an air defense early warning system. If an unidentified aircraft is spotted it must be identified immediately the idea of waiting until 5 _ 00 p.m. because "that's when the air defense program is run" is absurd. Instead, because of the need for quick response, each transaction must be processed as it occurs. Generally such transaction processing systems call for direct access file.Our inventory system has two programs. One processes transactions. A direct access inventory file seems a reasonable choice. The other allows management to study inventory data occasionally; batch processing would certainly do. Should the inventory file be organized sequentially or directly? Faced with such a choice a good analyst considers both options. One possible system might accept transactions and process them as they occur. As an alternative, sales slips might be collected throughout the day and processed as a batch after the store closes. In the first system, the two programs would deal with direct access files; in the second system, they would be linked to sequential files. A program to process direct access data is different from a program to process sequential data. The data drive the system. The choice of a data structure determines the program’s structure. Note that the program is defined and planned in the context of the system.2- 4 ImplementationOnce the system's major components have been identified .we can begin to develop them. Our system includes two programs, several pieces of equipment, and a number of data structures. During implementation, each program is planned and written using the techniques described in Chapter 7. Files are created, and their contents checked. New hardware is purchased, installed, and tested. Additionally, operating procedures are written and evaluated. Once all the component parts are ready, the system is tested. Assuming the user is satisfied, the finished system is released.2- 5 MaintenanceMaintenance begins after the system is released. As people use it, they will suggest minor improvements and enhancements. Occasionally, bugs slip through debug and testing, and removing them is another maintenance task. Finally, conditions change, and a program must be updated; for example, if the government passes a low changing the procedure for collecting income taxes, the payroll program must be modified. Maintenance continues for the life of a system, and its cost can easily match or exceed the original development cost. Good planning, solid documentation, and well-structured programs can help to minimize maintenance cost.附录2 外文翻译(译文)系统的分析与设计在存储程序的控制下，计算机把数据处理成信息。
计算机英文文献加翻译
Management Information System Overview Management Information System is that we often say that the MIS, is a human, computers and other information can be composed of the collection, transmission, storage, maintenance and use of the system, system, emphasizing emphasizing the the management, management, management, stressed stressed stressed that that the modern information society In the increasingly popular. MIS is a new subject, it across a number of areas, such as scientific scientific management management management and and and system system system science, science, science, operations operations operations research, research, research, statistics statistics statistics and and and computer computer science. In these subjects on the basis of formation of information-gathering and processing methods, thereby forming a vertical and horizontal weaving, and systems. The 20th century, along with the vigorous development of the global economy, many economists have proposed a new management theory. In the 1950s, Simon made dependent on information management and decision-making ideas. Wiener published the same period of the control theory, that he is a management control process. 1958, Gail wrote: "The management will lower the cost of timely and accurate information to b etter control." During better control." During this period, accounting for the beginning of the computer, data processing in the term.1970, Walter T . Kenova just to the management information system under a definition of the . Kenova just to the management information system under a definition of the term: "verbal or written form, at the right time to managers, staff and outside staff for the past, present, the projection of future Enterprise and its environment-related information 原文请找腾讯3249114六,维^论~文.网 no no application application application model, model, model, no no mention mention of of computer applications. 1985, management information systems, the founder of the University of Minnesota professor of management at the Gordon B. Davis to a management information system a more complete definition of "management information system is a computer hardware and software resources, manual operations, analysis, planning , Control and decision -making model and the database - System. System. It It provides information to to support support enterprises enterprises or or organizations organizations of of the operation, management and decision-making function. "Comprehensive definition of this Explained Explained that that that the the the goal goal goal of of of management management management information information information system, system, system, functions functions functions and and and composition, composition, composition, but but also reflects the management information system at the time of level.With the continuous improvement of science and technology, computer science increasingly mature, the computer has to be our study and work on the run along. Today, computers are already already very low price, performance, but great progress, and it was used in many areas, the very low price, performance, but great progress, and it was used in many areas, the computer computer was was was so so so popular popular popular mainly mainly mainly because because because of of of the the the following following following aspects: aspects: aspects: First, First, First, the the the computer computer computer can can substitute for many of the complex Labor. Second, the computer can greatly enhance people's work work efficiency. efficiency. efficiency. Third, Third, Third, the the the computer computer computer can can can save save save a a a lot lot lot of of of resources. resources. resources. Fourth, Fourth, Fourth, the the the computer computer computer can can make sensitive documents more secure.Computer application and popularization of economic and social life in various fields. So that the original old management methods are not suited now more and social development. Many people still remain in the previous manual. This greatly hindered the economic development of mankind. mankind. In recent years, with the University of sponsoring scale is In recent years, with the University of sponsoring scale is growing, the number of students students in in in the the the school school school also also also have have have increased, increased, increased, resulting resulting resulting in in in educational educational educational administration administration administration is is is the the growing complexity of the heavy work, to spend a lot of manpower, material resources, and the existing management of student achievement levels are not high, People have been usin g the traditional method of document management student achievement, the management there are many shortcomings, such as: low efficiency, confidentiality of the poor, and Shijianyichang, will have a large number of of documents documents documents and and data, which is is useful useful for finding, finding, updating updating and maintaining Have brought a lot of difficulties. Such a mechanism has been unable to meet the development of the times, schools have become more and more day -to-day management of a bottleneck. bottleneck. In In In the the the information information information age age age this this this traditional traditional traditional management management management methods methods methods will will will inevitably inevitably inevitably be be computer-based information management replaced. As As part part part of of of the the the computer computer computer application, application, application, the the the use use use of of of computers computers computers to to to students students students student student student performance performance information for management, with a manual management of the incomparable advantages for example: example: rapid rapid rapid retrieval, retrieval, retrieval, to to to find find find convenient, convenient, convenient, high high high reliability reliability reliability and and and large large large capacity capacity capacity storage, storage, storage, the the confidentiality confidentiality of of of good, good, good, long long long life, life, life, cost cost cost Low. Low. Low. These These These advantages advantages advantages can can can greatly greatly greatly improve improve improve student student performance management students the efficiency of enterprises is also a scientific, standardized standardized management, management, management, and and and an an an important important important condition condition condition for for for connecting connecting connecting the the the world. world. world. Therefore, Therefore, the development of such a set of management software as it is very necessary thing.Design ideas are all for the sake of users, the interface nice, clear and simple operation as far as possible, but also as a practical operating system a good fault-tolerant, the user can misuse a timely manner as possible are given a warning, so that users timely correction . T o take full advantage advantage of the of the functions of visual FoxPro, design p owerful software powerful software at the same time, as much as possible to reduce the occupiers system resources. Visual FoxPro the command structure and working methods: Visual FoxPro was originally originally called called FoxBASE, FoxBASE, the the U.S. U.S. Fox Fox Software has introduced introduced a a database products, products, in in the run on DOS, compatible with the abase family. Fox Fox Software Software Microsoft acquisition, to be developed so that it can run on Windows, and changed its name to Visual FoxPro. Visual FoxPro is a powerful relational database rapid application development tool, tool, the the the use use use of of of Visual Visual Visual FoxPro FoxPro FoxPro can can can create create create a a a desktop desktop desktop database database database applications, applications, applications, client client client / / / server server applications applications and and and Web Web Web services services services component-based component-based component-based procedures, procedures, procedures, while while while also also also can can can use use use ActiveX ActiveX controls or API function, and so on Ways to expand the functions of Visual FoxPro.1651First, work methods 1. Interactive mode of operation (1) order operation VF in the order window, through an order from the keyboard input of all kinds of ways to complete the operation order. (2) menu operation VF use menus, windows, dialog to achieve the graphical interface features an interactive operation. (3) aid operation VF in the system provides a wide range of user-friendly operation of tools, such as the wizard, design, production, etc.. 2. Procedure means of implementation VF in the implementation of the procedures is to form a group of orders and programming language, an extension to save. PRG procedures in the document, and then run through the automatic implementation of this order documents and award results are displayed. Second, the structure of command 1. Command structure 2. VF orders are usually composed of two parts: The first part is the verb order, also known as keywords, for the operation of the designated order functions; second part of the order clause, for an order that the operation targets, operating conditions and other information . VF order form are as follows: 3. <Order verb> "<order clause>" 4. Order in the format agreed symbols 5. 5. VF in the order form and function of the use of the symbol of the unity agreement, the meaning of VF in the order form and function of the use of the symbol of the unity agreement, the meaning of these symbols are as follows: 6. Than that option, angle brackets within the parameters must be based on their format input parameters. 7. That may be options, put in brackets the parameters under specific requ ests from users choose to enter its parameters. 8. Third, the project manager 9. Create a method 10. command window: CREA T PROJECT <file name> T PROJECT <file name> 11. Project Manager 12. tab 13. All - can display and project management applications of all types of docume nts, "All" tab contains five of its right of the tab in its entirety . 14. Data - management application projects in various types of data files, databases, free form, view, query documents. 15. Documentation - display 原文请找腾讯原文请找腾讯3249114六,维^论~文.网 , statements, documents, labels and other documents. 16. Category - the tab display and project management applications used in the class library documents, including VF's class library system and the user's own design of the library. 17. Code - used in the project management procedures code documents, such as: program files (. PRG), API library and the use of project management for generation of applications (. APP). 18. (2) the work area 19. The project management work area is displayed and management of all types of document window. 20. (3) order button 21. Project Manager button to the right of the order of the work area of the document window to provide command. 22. 4, project management for the use of 23. 1. Order button function 24. New - in the work area window selected certain documents, with new orders button on the new document added to the project management window. 25. Add - can be used VF "file" menu under the "new" order and the "T ools" menu under the "Wizard" order to create the various independent paper added to the project manager, unified organization with management. 26. Laws - may amend the project has been in existence in the various documents, is still to use such documents to modify the design interface. 27. Sports - in the work area window to highlight a specific document, will run the paper.28. Mobile - to check the documents removed from the project. 29. 29. Even Even Even the the the series series series - - - put put put the the the item item item in in in the the the relevant relevant relevant documents documents documents and and and even even even into into into the the the application application executable file. Database System Design :Database design is the logical database design, according to a forthcoming data classification system and the logic of division-level organizations, is user-oriented. Database design needs of various departments of the integrated enterprise archive data and data needs analysis of the relationship between the various data, in accordance with the DBMS. 管理信息系统概要管理信息系统概要管理信息系统就是我们常说的MIS （Management Information System ），是一个由人、计算机等组成的能进行信息的收集、传送、储存、维护和使用的系统，在强调管理，强调信息的现代社会中它越来越得到普及。
信息系统的分析
信息系统的分析在当今数字化的时代，信息系统已经成为了企业和组织运营的重要支撑。
信息系统的有效运用可以极大地提高工作效率、优化决策过程、增强竞争力。
然而，要实现这些目标，首先需要对信息系统进行深入的分析。
什么是信息系统？简单来说，信息系统是由一系列相互关联的组件组成，这些组件共同收集、处理、存储和传播信息，以支持组织的决策、控制、协调和分析等活动。
它可以包括硬件设备（如计算机、服务器）、软件应用（如操作系统、数据库管理系统）、数据资源以及相关的人员和流程。
对信息系统进行分析，首先要明确其目标和需求。
不同的组织，其信息系统的目标和需求可能大相径庭。
例如，一家电商企业的信息系统可能侧重于客户订单管理、库存控制和物流配送的优化；而一家医疗机构的信息系统则更关注患者病历管理、医疗资源调度和医疗质量监控。
明确目标和需求是信息系统分析的基础，只有清楚了组织想要通过信息系统实现什么，才能有针对性地进行后续的分析工作。
在分析信息系统时，数据是一个关键的要素。
数据的质量、准确性、完整性和及时性直接影响着信息系统的性能和价值。
要评估数据的来源、采集方式和存储结构，确保数据能够被有效地获取和利用。
同时，还要考虑数据的安全性和隐私保护，防止数据泄露和滥用。
信息系统的架构也是分析的重要方面。
架构包括硬件架构和软件架构。
硬件架构决定了系统的运行性能和可扩展性，例如服务器的配置、网络的拓扑结构等。
软件架构则涉及到系统的模块划分、接口设计和应用程序的集成，良好的软件架构能够提高系统的灵活性和维护性。
用户界面的设计对于信息系统的易用性和用户满意度至关重要。
一个简洁、直观、友好的用户界面可以大大提高用户的工作效率和使用体验。
在分析信息系统时，要考察用户界面的布局、操作流程和反馈机制，是否符合用户的工作习惯和需求。
信息系统的性能评估也是不可或缺的一部分。
性能包括响应时间、吞吐量、资源利用率等指标。
通过对性能的监测和分析，可以发现系统的瓶颈和潜在问题，并采取相应的优化措施，以确保系统能够稳定、高效地运行。
信息系统分析论文
信息系统分析论文信息系统分析论文导语：任何一个管理系统都是动态的、可控的系统，一般由管理机构、管理对象和联结二者之间关系的信息系统这三个要素组成。
以下是小编为大家整理的信息系统分析论文，欢迎大家阅读与借鉴！信息系统分析论文摘要：该文阐述了医院信息系统的功能以及要达到的目标，分析了信息安全的发展和重要性。
关键词：医院；信息系统；信息安全随着计算机网络技术的飞速发展，信息的跨系统，跨平台的交流已经成为了全新的管理环境，因此在网络环境中的医疗信息管理也将进入了崭新的信息管理模式，医院信息系统是把计算机技术，信息技术应用于整个医疗的过程中，大大提高了医疗效率和经济效益。
信息化的发展中信息数据的安全也是一个重要的问题。
1、医院信息系统1.1医院信息系统的介绍医院信息系统（HIS）是一个混合体系下架构的大型数据库应用的系统，是利用计算机软、硬件技术和网络技术的现代化手段，对医院及其所属的各部门的人流、物流、财流进行的综合管理，对各种医疗活动采集、存储、处理加工成的各种信息，从而为医院的整体运行提供全面的、自动化的管理以及各种服务的信息系统。
医院信息系统既可以存储文档数据，也可以存储医学影像信息，是应用计算机和网络通信等高科技手段对医院内大量的信息进行数字化管理的现代信息系统，是整个医院应用系统的主干和医疗数据中心，起到了整合其他辅助系统的作用。
现在医院的信息管理从简单的行政、财务管理系统向复杂的多功能系统发展，并得到了广泛的应用，提高了医疗水平和效率，创造了良好的社会效益和经济效益。
1.2医院信息系统的功能1）HIS是采用C/S的架构，通过客服端处理病人基本数据、诊断、医嘱、治疗和病历等数据。
2）HIS是以病人的用户标识快速地在数据库查询和调用病人的有关资料，通过整个治疗过程的优化达到降低成本、增加效益和提高服务质量。
3）HIS建立健全成本核算和控制体系。
覆盖了医院的每个职能部门、每个医师和对医院的整个工作流程进行控制，提高了工作效率。
【计算机专业文献翻译】J2EE体系结构
毕业设计（论文）外文翻译要求1、毕业设计（论文）外文翻译应有两篇，总字符数不少于20000，其文献来源应由指导教师选定后以纸质（复印或打印件）形式随同毕业设计（论文）任务书一并发给学生。
复印或打印件上应有指导教师和专业教研室主任的签名和日期。
要求每位学生的外文翻译内容不重复。
2、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并列入毕业论文（设计）的参考文献；在每篇中文译文首页“页脚”处注明原文作者及出处，中文译文后应附外文原文（指导教师提供的原文，论文上应有指导教师和教研室主任签名）。
3、中文译文的基本撰写格式为：题目采用三号黑体字居中打印，正文采用宋体小四号字，行间距一般为固定值20磅，标准字符间距。
页边距为左3 cm，右2.5 cm，上下各2.5 cm，页面统一采用A4纸。
4、封面上的“外文翻译题目”指中文译文的题目；两篇外文文献，按“封面、译文一、外文原文（一）、译文二、外文原文（二）、外文翻译评阅表”的顺序统一装订。
赋予一个对该EJB的本地接口的引用，同时无需处理必不可少的JNDI查找。
●业务委托方法。
在这种方法中，业务接口的Web容器实现明确地托付给相应的EJB。
这具有允许高速缓存和允许故障操作在适当地点被重试的优点。
我们无需担心上述任一情况中的java.rmi.RemoteException捕获。
传输错误不会出现。
在这种体系结构中，和通过EJB来暴露一个远程接口的体系结构不同，EJB的使用仅仅是这种体系结构的一个实现选择而已，而不是一个基本特征。
不用改变总体设计，也不用EJB，就可以实现任何一个业务接口。
长处这种体系结构具有如下这些优点：●它没有分布式EJB应用那么复杂。
●EJB使用不更改应用的基本设计。
在这种体系结构中，只使这样一些对象成为EJB：它们需要一个EJB容器的那些服务。
●EJB使用只强加相当小的性能开销，因为没有远程方法调用或串行化。
《信息系统的分析》
《信息系统的分析》在当今数字化的时代，信息系统已经成为企业和组织运营的关键支撑。
无论是大型跨国公司还是小型创业企业，都离不开高效、可靠的信息系统来处理数据、优化流程和支持决策。
那么，什么是信息系统？简单来说，信息系统就是由人、硬件、软件、数据和网络等要素组成，用于收集、处理、存储、传输和提供信息的集合。
信息系统的类型多种多样，常见的有管理信息系统（MIS）、决策支持系统（DSS）、企业资源规划（ERP）系统、客户关系管理（CRM）系统等等。
这些系统在功能和应用场景上各有侧重，但它们的目的都是为了帮助组织更好地实现其目标。
要深入理解信息系统，就需要对其进行全面的分析。
信息系统分析是一个复杂但至关重要的过程，它涉及到对系统的各个方面进行详细的研究和评估，以确定系统的需求、问题和改进的机会。
首先，我们来谈谈需求分析。
这是信息系统分析的第一步，也是最为关键的一步。
需求分析的目的是明确用户对系统的期望和要求，包括功能需求、性能需求、数据需求、安全需求等。
例如，一家电商企业可能需要一个能够处理大量订单、实时更新库存、提供个性化推荐并且保证交易安全的信息系统。
为了准确获取这些需求，分析师通常会采用多种方法，如与用户进行面对面的访谈、发放调查问卷、观察用户的工作流程等。
在进行需求分析时，还需要注意区分用户的真正需求和他们认为的需求。
有时候，用户可能会提出一些不切实际或过于理想化的要求，这就需要分析师运用专业知识和经验进行判断和引导，帮助用户明确其核心需求。
接下来是业务流程分析。
了解系统所支持的业务流程对于信息系统的成功设计和实施至关重要。
通过对业务流程的分析，可以发现流程中的瓶颈、冗余和不合理之处，并提出优化的建议。
以一个制造业企业为例，其生产流程可能包括采购原材料、生产加工、质量检测、仓储物流等环节。
分析师需要深入研究每个环节的信息流和工作流，找出可能影响效率和质量的问题，并借助信息系统来实现流程的自动化和优化。
【计算机专业文献翻译】面向数字图书馆的海量信息管理体系结构研究
A Study on Architecture of Massive Information Management for DigitalLibrary(Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)XING Chun-Xiao+, ZENG Chun, LI Chao, ZHOU Li-ZhuAbstractThis paper investigates the challenging issues and technologies in managing very large digital contents and collections, and gives an overview of the works and enabling technologies in the related areas. Based on the analysis and comparison of the related work, a novel architecture of massive information management for digital library is designed. The key components and core services are described in detail. Finally, a case study THADL (Tsinghua University architecture digital library) that complies with the architectural framework is presented.Key words: digital library; architecture; massive information management; interoperability; metadata1 IntroducnIn the recorded hi tio story of human being, the printed materials used to play a dominant role in the preservation and pervasion of human information and knowledge. However, with the rapid development of technologies in computer, communication, multimedia and storage, this role is giving away to the digital resources in the new era. The explosive growth of information in digital forms has posed challenges not only to traditional archives and their information providers, but also to organizations in the government, commercial and non-profit sectors. According to the latest report by Lyman and Varian, the world’s total yearly production of print, film, optical, and magnetic content would require roughly 1.5 billion gigabytes of storage which is roughly 250 megabytes for every person on the earth. Printed documents of all kinds comprise only 0.003% of the total. Magnetic storage is by far the largest medium for storing information and is the most rapidly growing section, with a shipped hard drive capacity doubling every year. The types of digital resources are diverse. They include digital texts, documents, scientific data, images, animation, video, audio etc. The applications of the digital resources are quite broad, including DL (digital library), movie/video center, other public media (television, broadcast, newspaper, etc.), museum, and national or cooperative information center. At the same time the information highway, which is represented by Internet, has been an important tool of the pervasion of digital resources. The governments, companies, groups, research institutes, non-government organizations, education institutes all over the world put massive information on the Web.Technology challenges and key issuesThese massive digital resources present many challenging issues in data management technology area. The following are some examples.(1)Data model.Traditional data model theories are only applicable to structured data, but not for the massive digital resources of various types and they are mostly semi-structured or unstructured. Thus, new data models are demanded.(2)System architecture.Traditional database management systems are designed for business data processing featured byconcurrent, short, and update transactions. Therefore transaction management and concurrent control remains as the center of system architecture. The architecture is not suitable for the management of digital resources as classical transaction concept is becoming less important in these resources. We need to pursue novel and universal frameworks for massive digital resources management.(3)Massive information storage.The volume of digital data resources is counted by terabytes or petabytes. Traditional storage devices using SCSI cannot work for efficient storage, online migration and persistent archive of such massive digital resources. So the research of multi-level storage systems, SAN (Storage Area Networks) and other technology are inevitable.(4)Query processing.In traditional database systems, queries are expressed in query language such as SQL, but in the query and search of massive digital resources, many new mechanisms should be used, such as keyword search, full-text search, similarity query, and content-based multimedia retrieval. How to integrate the query methods (including SQL, OQL, and different XML query languages, e.g., XQL, XML-QL, XML-GL) efficiently to build an efficient and flexible query processing method has not been satisfactorily solved yet.To solve the problems mentioned above will remain as a major goal to researchers in the next few years. To fulfill this end, we present a novel architecture for massive information management of digital resources in this paper. This architecture is intended to meet the requirements of managing digital resources characterized by distributed, dynamic, massive and heterogeneous properties.2 Overview of the Related WorkThe IEEE STD 610.12[2] defines architecture as the structure of components, their relationships, and the principles and guidelines governing their design and evolution over time. A wealth of previous work has addressed the research and development of architecture for digital library. Now we will give an overview of the related standards and enabling technologies as follows.Digital library formal model..5S modelDigital libraries are complex information systems and therefore demand formal foundations lest development efforts diverge and interoperability suffers. Reference [12] proposed the fundamental abstractions of 5S (streams,structures, spaces, scenarios, and societies), which contribute to define digital libraries rigorously and usefully. Streams are sequences of abstract items used to describe static and dynamic content. Structures can be defined as labeled directed graphs, which impose organization. Spaces are sets of abstract items and operations on those sets that obey certain rules. Scenarios consist of sequences of events or actions that modify states of a computation in order to accomplish a functional requirement. Societies comprehend entities and the relationships between and among them. Together these abstractions relate and unify concepts, among others, of digital objects, metadata, collections, and services required to formalize and elucidate digital libraries. The formal model shows it can clearly and formally define a minimal digital library. But the formal model still needs to be improved and revised in digital library development.3 Architecture of Massive Information Management for Digital LibraryUntil recently, there has been no common approach for architecture development and use in large-scale digital libraries construction. All kinds of libraries, research institutions and universities traditionally developed their DL architectures using techniques, vocabularies, and presentation schemes that suit their unique needs and purposes. In this section, we propose a new architecture of massive information management for digital library based on analyzing and researching the related works. We design the architecture by complying with related standards and making use of enabling technologies. The motivation is providing a common framework and software platform for constructing the large-scale digital library.3.1 Design principlesThe following set of principles for building architectures are critical to the objectives of the guidance.(1) Standardization. We will comply with related international and national standards in all layers of the architecture. (2) Componentization. Because it is widely accepted as a good software engineering practice, most modern programming environments adopt some form of component models. (3) Reusability. The technical infrastructure that provides functional specifications, paradigms of object-oriented programming, and component model has been particularly effective strategies for producing reusable and powerful software. (4) Scalability. The scalability of the proposed architecture is achieved by adopting a progressive and multi-layer framework, and providing the mechanisms for scaling services appropriately based on the service-demand and resource-availability. (5) Interoperability. Interoperability among heterogeneous systems and collections is a central theme. The different systems and collections have a wide variety of data types, metadata standards, protocols, authentication schemes,and business models. The goal of interoperability is to build coherent services for users by integrating components that are technically different and managed by different organizations. This requires agreements to cooperate at three levels: technical, content and organizational levels. (6) Architectures should be relatable, comparable, and scalable across DLs. This principle requires the use of common terms and definitions, such as metadata, digital object, repository, collection, and so on. This principle also requires that a common set of architectural building blocks is used as the basis for architecture descriptions. (7) Architectures should be adaptable, reliable, maintainable and testable. The ultimate achievement of this principle will reduce overall software costs, improve product and service quality, help organizations to thrive, or even survive in our current and future turbulent times.3.2 Architecture designWe design a multi-layer architecture to support the service and management in DL (digital library) based on complying with a set of design principles above. The architecture is a more OSI-like reference model, but it focus on the massive information service, management, and archival.3.3 Key functional components(1)Data ingest.This component provides the services and functions to accept resource digitalizing, marking, indexing, and cataloging from producers, and prepares the contents for data management and knowledge management. Data ingest function also performs quality assurance on metadata and digital objects, which complies with the related data formatting and documentation standards. Meanwhile Data Ingest also gathers and catalogs new metadata and digital objects from remote DLs and WWW by using interoperability protocols.(2)Data management.The component provides the services and functions for storing, maintaining, and accessing both metadata repositories and collections from data ingest. Data Management functions include administering the metadata database, multimedia databases and file systems. It will maintain schema, view definitions and referential integrity, and perform database updates (loading new descriptive information or administrative data). The central storage of metadata is provided by data ingest and metadata is gathered from other DLs by interoperability protocols. By using output interfaces between layers, it will provide data services to service layer, such as search and browse services. Meanwhile, object server (such as video server) that is managed by data management provides all kinds of multimedia services such as VOD. Data is typically stored as digital objects in file systems or as blobs in object-relational or object-oriented databases. Descriptive metadata is typically stored as attributes in metadata databases that complies with metadata standards, such as Dublin Core, USMARC, CNMARC. The metadata attributes use the XML (eXtensible markup language) to label the information content and a DTD (document type definition) to build a semi-structured representation of the information.(3)Knowledge management.Knowledge is represented as sets of relationships of domain concepts that are expressed as rules used within inference engines. This component provides mechanisms for managing all of these types of relationships. Every discipline deals with multiple concept spaces that describe relationships between physical variables, data sets, collections, applications, and domain knowledge. These concept spaces provide a hierarchy of levels of the implied knowledge based on ontology. Ontology[15] is the key technology used to describe the semantics of information exchange, which is defined as specifications of a shared conceptualization of a particular domain. They provide a shared and common understanding of the domain that can be communicated across people and application systems, and thus facilitate knowledge sharing and reuse. The concepts and their relationships as knowledge rules are stored in knowledge repository. The components will provide services for the manipulation of specific applications.(4)Data archival.This component provides the services and functions for the storage, maintenance and retrieval of metadata, digital objects, and knowledge rule for the long-term preservation. The functions include receiving the data need to be archived from data ingest and data management components, and adding them to the permanent storage, managing the storage hierarchy, refreshing the media on which archive holdings are stored, performing the routine and special error checking, and providing the data migration, replication, backup, and disaster recovery capabilities. The system will adopt different networked storage methods (such as NAS, FC-SAN and IP-SAN) according to different system scale and application requirements. The data archival standard OAIS reference model will be used in the architecture for the understanding and increased awareness of archival concepts needed for the long term digital information preservation and access. Meanwhile, we extend the model and make it suitable for archival requirements of digital library.3.4 Core services components(1) Discovery and search: The components are to provide fundamental capabilities for locating and finding resources and collections among the distributed digital libraries. The challenge is to encourage end-user resource discovery and information use in a variety of formats, from a number of local and remote sources, and in a seamlessly integrated way. The architecture uses metadata for resource discovery, and uses akeyword indexing search-engine for resource discovery as a complementary method. The standards and specifications for resource discovery include Z39.50, OAI, and SDARTS. The key techniques include multi-agent and middleware technologies that are based on metadata including USMARC, CNMARC, and Dublin Core Element Set 1.0.(2) Content-Based retrieval: The components are to provide fundamental capabilities for query multimedia resources and collections, including text, image, video and music. The content-based image retrieval allows for image queries based on image examples, feature specifications, and primitive text-based search. Content-based video analysis, automatic video index, summarization, and relevant feedback are used for the video retrieval.(3) Personalized service and notification: To quickly and easily gather useful information and knowledge to alleviate information overload problem, it has therefore become necessary to provide users with active and adaptive service mechanisms that automatically extract only relevant incoming documents. The component is able to provide the users with a personalized filtering and notification service based on user modeling and profile learning.(4) Right management and payment: The first-generation of DRM (digital rights management) focuses on security and encryption as a means of solving the issue of unauthorized copying. That is, lock the content and limit its distribution to only those who pay. The second-generation of DRM covers the description, identification, trading, protection, monitoring and tracking of all forms of right usages over both tangible and intangible assets, including management of right holder relationships.4 Case Study: THADLTsinghua University Architecture Digital Library (THADL) is developed as a prototype system, which started formally since March 2000. THADL maintains a balance between technology-focused research and content-based research. The project team brings together three research groups from different disciplines including computer science, architecture science, and library information management, and represents a substantial cooperation among computer researchers, librarians, and subject specialists. The large amount of multimedia materials in THADL repositories include papers, journals, photographs, manuscripts, drawings/blueprints, animation, video, and audio on Chinese ancient architecture. We have finished following the goals of THADL. By designing and developing THADL prototype, we analyze and summarize the previous architecture. Meanwhile the architecture also guides the improvement and extension of system functions and services. The detail of THADL has already been described. The main research contents of THADL are as follows:(1) Exploring the efficient methods and technologies by analyzing, designing, and evaluating the THADL prototype system to pave the way for constructing a future large-scale digital library;(2) Building a Chinese architecture digital library that provides an intelligent, interactive, and collaborative learning environment on the Internet rather than the static digital resource repositories;(3) Presenting an efficient method to digitalize, index, and preserve most kinds of materials for Chinese architecture study;(4) Establishing metadata specifications and standards and their related issues for Chinese architecture science;(5) Supporting friendly, active, and personalized services for different users including students, scholars, librarians, and ordinary users on the Internet. However, THADL is a medium but comprehensive prototype system, and we have a long way to go for researching, testing, and analyzing whether our proposed architecture is suitable for the large scale digital library application such as the China Digital LibraryProject.5 Conclusion and Future WorkIn this paper we discuss the challenging issues and technologies in managing very large digital contents and collections, and give an overview of the related works and enabling technologies for supporting high performance data-intensive applications. We design a novel architecture of massive information management for digital library, and describe the key components and core services. Finally, the case study..THADL (Tsinghua University Architecture Digital Library) is given according to the architectural framework.In the future work, we will study and develop software middleware for massive storage management, XML based search engine, and multilingual full-text search. We will design and implement a lightweight interoperable protocol based on the tailed Z39.50 protocol for supporting the large-scale distributed heterogeneous digital resources integration.References:[1] Baldonado M, Chang CK, Gravano L, Paepcke A. The Stanford digital library metadata architecture. International Journal on Digital Libraries, 1997,1(2):108~121.[2] Lagoze C, Hoehn W, Millman D. Core services in the architecture of the national digital library for science education (NSDL). In: Proc. of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conf. on Digital Library. Portland: ACM Press, 2002. 58~65.[3] Wactlar H. Multi-Document summarization and visualization in the informedia digital video library. In: Proc. of the 12th New Information Technology Conf. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2001. 323~332.[4] Gon?alves MA, Fox EA, Watson LT, Kipp NA. Streams, structures, spaces, scenarios, societies (5S): A formal model for digital libraries. Technical Report, TR-01-12, Virginia Tech, 2001.[5] Thornburgh RH, Schoenborn BJ. Storage Area Networks: Designing and Implementing a Mass Storage System. Prentice Hall, 2000.[6] Clark T. IP SANS: An Introduction to iSCSI, iFCP, and FCIP Protocols for Storage Area Networks. Addison-Wesley, 2001.[7] Staab S, Studer R, Schnurr HP, Sure Y. Knowledge processes and ontologies. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 2001,16(1):26~34.[8] Xing CX, Wu KH, Luo DY, Zhou LZ, Liu GL, Qin YG. THADL: A digital library for Chinese ancient architecture study. In: Proc. of the 12th Int'l. Conf. on New Information Technology. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2001. 373~382.面向数字图书馆的海量信息管理体系结构研究.邢春晓+, 曾春, 李超, 周立柱(清华大学计算机科学与技术系,北京100084)摘要分析了数据密集型应用的特点,讨论了管理海量数字资源面临的技术挑战和关键问题,并综述了支持高性能数据密集型应用的相关工作,包括标准、技术和应用系统.在分析和比较相关工作的基础上,设计了一个新型的面向海量信息管理的数字图书馆体系结构,并描述了其中的关键功能组件和核心服务模块.最后,给出了一个遵循该体系结构设计和实现的应用实例..清华大学建筑数字图书馆.关键词: 数字图书馆;体系结构;海量信息管理;互操作;元数据1 绪论在人类有记录的历史中，印刷品在保存和人类数据和知识的扩散中扮演一个重要的角色。
信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照翻译附录1 外文翻译(原文)Systems Analysis and DesignWorking under control of a stored program, a computer processes data into information. Think about that definition for a minute. Any given computer application involves at least three components: hardware, software, and data. Merely writing a program isn't enough; because the program is but one component in a system.A system is a group of components that work together to accomplish an objective. For example, consider a payroll system. Its objective is paying employees. What components are involved? Each day，employees record their hours worked on time cards. At the end of each week, the time cards are collected and delivered to the computer center, where they are read into a payroll program. As it runs, the program accesses data files. Finally, the paychecks are printed and distributed. For the system to work, people, procedures, input and output media, files, hardware, and software must be carefully coordinated. Note that the program is but one component in a system.Computer-based systems are developed because people need information. Those people, called users, generally know what is required, but may lack the expertise to obtain it. Technical professionals, such as programmers, have the expertise, but may lack training in the user's field. To complicate matters, users and programmers often seem to speak different languages, leading to communication problems. A systems analyst is a professional who translates user needs into technical terms, thus serving as a bridge between users and technical professionals.Like an engineer or an architect, a systems analyst solves problems by combining solid technical skills with insight, imagination, and a touch of art. Generally, the analyst follows a well-defined, methodical process that includes at least the following steps;1.Problem definition2.Analysis3.Design4.Implementation5.MaintenanceAt the end of each step, results are documented and shared with both the user and the programmers. The idea is to catch and correct errors and misunderstandings as early as possible. Perhaps the best way to illustrate the process is through example.Picture a small clothing store that purchases merchandise at wholesale, displays this stock, and sells it to customers at retail. On the one hand, too much stock represents an unnecessary expense. On the other hand, a poor selection discourages shoppers. Ideally, a balance can be achieved: enough, but not too much.Complicating matters is the fact that inventory is constantly changing, with customer purchases depleting stock, and returns and reorders adding to it. [1] The owner would like to track inventory levels and reorder and given item just before the store runs out. For a single item, the task is easy-just count the stock-on-hand. Unfortunately, the store has hundreds of different items, and keeping track of each one is impractical. Perhaps a computer might help.2-1 Problem DefinitionThe first step in the systems analysis and design process is problem definition. The analyst's objective is determining what the user (in this case, the store's owner) needs. Note that, as the process begins, the user possesses the critical information, and the analyst must listen and learn. Few users are technical experts. Most see the computer as a "magic box, "and are not concerned with how it works. At this stage, the analyst has no business even thinking about programs, files, and computer hardware, but must communicate with the user on his or her own term.The idea is to ensure that both the user and the analyst are thinking about the same thing-Thus, a clear, written statement expressing the analyst's understanding of the problem is essential. The user should review and correct this written statement. The time to catch misunderstandings and oversights is now, before time, money and effort are wasted.Often, following a preliminary problem definition, the analyst performs a feasibility study. The study a brief capsule version of the entire systems analysis and design process, attempts to answer three questions:1.Can the problem be solved?2.Can it be salved in the user's environment?3.Can it be solved at a reasonable cost?If the answer to any one of these questions is no, the system should not be developed. Given a good problem definition and a positive feasibility study, the analyst can turn to planning and developing a problem solution.2- 2 AnalysisAs analysis begins, the analyst understands the problem. The next step is determining what must be done to solve it. The user knows what must be done 1 during analysis; this knowledge is extracted and formally documented. Most users think in terms of the functions to be performed and the data elements to be manipulated. The objective is to identify and link these key functions and data elements, yielding a logical system design.Start with the system's basic functions. The key is keeping track of the stock-on-hand for each product in inventory. Inventory changes because customers purchase, exchange, and return products, so the system will have to process customer transactions. The store's owner wants to selectively look at the inventory level for any product in short supply and, if appropriate, order replacement stock, so the system must be able to communicate with management. Finally, following management authorization, the system should generate a reorder ready to send to a supplier.Fig 1Given the system's basic functions, the analyst's next task is gaining a sense of their logical relationship. A good way to start is by describing how data flow between the functions. As the name implies, data flow diagrams are particularly useful for graphically describing these data flows. Four symbols are used (Fig. 1). Data sources and destinations are represented by squares; input data enter the system from a source, and output data flow to a destination. Once in the system, the data are manipulated orchange by processes, represented by round-corner rectangles. A process might be a program, a procedure, or anything else that changes or moves data. Data can be held for later processing in data stores, symbolized by open-ended rectangles. A data store might be a disk file, a tape file, a database, written notes, or even a person's memory. Finally, data flow between sources, destinations, processes, end data stores over data flows, which are represented by arrows.Fig 2Figure 2 shows a preliminary data flow diagram for the inventory system. Start with CUSTOMER. Transactions flow from a customer f into the system, where they are handled by Process transaction. A data store, STOCK, holds data on each item in inventory. Process transaction changes the data to reflect the new transaction. Meanwhile, MANAGEMENT accesses the system through Communicate, evaluating the data in STOCK and, if necessary, requesting a reorder. Once, a reorder is authorized. Generate reorder sends necessary data to the SUPPLIER, who ships the items to the store. Note that, because the reorder represents a change in the inventory level of a particular product or products it is handled as a transaction.The data flow diagram describes the logical system. The next step is tracing the data flows. Start with the destination SUPPLIER. Reorders flow to suppliers; for example, the store might want 25 pairs of jeans. To fill the order, the supplier needs the product description and the reorder quantity. Where do these data elements come from? Since they are output by Generate reorder, they must either be Input to or generated by this process. Data flow into Generate reorder for STOCK; thus, product descriptions and reorder quantities must be stored in STOCK.Other data elements, such as the item purchased and the purchase quantity are generated by CUSTOMER. Still others, for example selling price and reorder point, are generated by or needed by MANAGEMENT. The current stock-on-hand for agiven item is an example of a data element generated by an algorithm in one of the procedures. Step by step, methodically, the analyst identifies the data elements to be input to .stored by, manipulated by, generated by, or output by the system.To keep track of the data elements, the analyst might list each one in a data dictionary. A simple data dictionary can be set up on index cards, but computerized data dictionaries have become increasingly popular. The data dictionary, a collection of data describing and defining the data, is useful throughout the systems analysis and design process, and is often used to build a database during the implementation stage.The idea of analysis is to define the system's major functions and data elements methodically. Remember that the objective is translating user needs into technical terms. Since the system starts with the user, the first step is defining the user's needs. Users think in terms of functions and data. They do not visualize programs, or files, or hardware .and during this initial, crucial analysis stage it is essential that the analyst think like a user, not like a programmer.Data flow diagrams and data dictionaries are useful tools. They provide a format for recording key information about the proposed system. Also, they jog the analyst's memory) for example, if the analyst doesn't have sufficient information to complete a data dictionary entry, he or she has probably missed something. Perhaps most importantly, the data flow diagram and the data dictionary document the analyst's understanding of the system requirements. By reviewing these documents, the user can correct misunderstandings or oversights. Finally, they represent an excellent starting point the next step, design.2-3 DesignAs we enter the design stage, we know what the system must do, and thus can begin thinking about how to do it. The objective is to develop a strategy for solving the problem. At this stage, we are not interested in writing code or in defining precise data structures; instead, we want to identify, at a black box level, necessary programs, files, procedures, and other components.The data flow diagram defines the system's necessary functions; how might they be implemented? One possibility is writing one program for each process. Another is combining two or more processes in a single program; there are dozens of alternative solutions. Let's focus on one option and document it.A system flowchart uses symbols to represent programs, procedures, hardware devices, and the other components of a physical system (Fig. 3). Our flowchart (.Fig.4) shows that transaction data enter the system through a terminal, are processed by a data collection program, and then are stored on an inventory file. Eventually, the inventory file is processed by a Report and reorder program. Through it, management manipulates the data and authorizes reorders.Fig. 4 on a system flowchart, symbols represent programs, procedures, hardware devices, and the other components of a physical system.Fig 3Look at the system flowchart. It identifies several hardware components, including a computer, a disk drive, a data entry terminal, a printer, and a display terminal. Two programs are needed; Process transaction and Report and reorder. In add ition to the hardware and the programs, we’ll need data structures for the inventory file and for data flaws between the I/O devices and the software. Note that this system flowchart illustrates one possible solution; a good analyst will develop several feasible alternatives before choosing one.Fig 4The flowchart maps the system, highlighting its major physical components. Since the data link the components, the next task is defining the data structures. Consider, for example, the inventory file. It contains all the data elements from the data store STOCK. The data elements are listed in the data dictionary. Using them, the file's data structure can be planned,How should the file be organized? That depends on how it will be accessed. For example, in some applications, data are processed at regular, predictable intervals. Typically, the data are collected over time and processed together, as a batch. If batch processing is acceptable, a sequential file organization is probably best.It is not always possible to wait until a batch of transactions is collected, however. For example, consider an air defense early warning system. If an unidentified aircraft is spotted it must be identified immediately the idea of waiting until 5 _ 00 p.m. because "that's when the air defense program is run" is absurd. Instead, because of the need for quick response, each transaction must be processed as it occurs. Generally such transaction processing systems call for direct access file.Our inventory system has two programs. One processes transactions. A direct access inventory file seems a reasonable choice. The other allows management to study inventory data occasionally; batch processing would certainly do. Should the inventory file be organized sequentially or directly? Faced with such a choice a good analyst considers both options. One possible system might accept transactions and process them as they occur. As an alternative, sales slips might be collected throughout the day and processed as a batch after the store closes. In the first system, the two programs would deal with direct access files; in the second system, they would be linked to sequential files. A program to process direct access data is different from a program to process sequential data. The data drive the system. The choice of a data structure determines the program’s structure. Note that the program is defined and planned in the context of the system.2- 4 ImplementationOnce the system's major components have been identified .we can begin to develop them. Our system includes two programs, several pieces of equipment, and a number of data structures. During implementation, each program is planned and written using the techniques described in Chapter 7. Files are created, and theircontents checked. New hardware is purchased, installed, and tested. Additionally, operating procedures are written and evaluated. Once all the component parts are ready, the system is tested. Assuming the user is satisfied, the finished system is released.2- 5 MaintenanceMaintenance begins after the system is released. As people use it, they will suggest minor improvements and enhancements. Occasionally, bugs slip through debug and testing, and removing them is another maintenance task. Finally, conditions change, and a program must be updated; for example, if the government passes a low changing the procedure for collecting income taxes, the payroll program must be modified. Maintenance continues for the life of a system, and its cost can easily match or exceed the original development cost. Good planning, solid documentation, and well-structured programs can help to minimize maintenance cost.附录2 外文翻译(译文)系统的分析与设计在存储程序的控制下，计算机把数据处理成信息。
电脑与信息技术英语翻译常用专业词汇
电脑与信息技术英语翻译常用专业词汇AAAIMS（An Analytical Information Management System）分析信息管理系统Abacus 算盘Access security 存取安全Access time 存取时间Active 有源的Ada programming language Ada 程序设计语言Adapter 适配器Adapter card 转接卡Add-on 外接式附件Address 地址ADSL(Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) 非对称数字客户线路After-image record 残留影像记录Algorithm 算法Alpha testing ɑ测试3Alteration switch 变换开关ALU(Arithmetic/Logic Unit)运算器Amplitude 幅度Analog data 模拟数据Analog cellular 模拟移动电话Analog signal 模拟信号Analysis block 分析块Animation 动画制作ANSL(American National Standards Label)美国国家标准标号Answerback memory 应答存储器Anti-noise coding 反噪声编码Antivirus software 反病毒软件APL(A Programming Language) APL 语言Application development cycle 应用开发周期Application program 应用程序4Application software 应用软件Arithmetic operation 算术运算ARP(Automatic Receive Program)自动同意程序Artificial network 仿真网络ASCII(American standard Code for Information Interchange)美国信息交换用标准代码Assembler 汇编程序Assembly language 汇编语言Asynchronous 异步的Asynchronous transmission 异步传输ATM(Asynchronous Transfer Mode) 异步传输模式ATM(Automated Teller Machine)自动出纳机Attribute 属性Auctions on the web 网上拍卖Audio board 声板5Audio file 声音文件Audio input device 声音输入装置Audio-player 播放Audit program 审查程序Auditing system 审查系统Authoring system 写作系统6BBackbone system 主干系统Backup file 备份文件Backward compatibility 反向兼容性Backward recovery 向后恢复Band printer 带式打印机Bandwidth 带宽Bandwidth limitation 带宽限制Bar code 条形码Bar-code reader 条形码读出器Basic exchange format 基本交换格式BASIC programming language BASIC 程序设计语言Batch processing 批处理Beeper 传呼机7Be ta testing β测试Binary digit 二进制数字Binary file 二进制文件Binary number system 二进制数字系统Binary system 二进制BIOS(Basic Input/Output System)基本输入/输出系统Bit 量，位Bit(binary digit)位，二进制位，比特Bit-mapped display screen 位映像显示器Block check 块检验Blocking software 封锁软件Bookmark 书签Bootleg version 盗版BPS(Business Professional System) 商业专用系统Bridge 网桥8Broadcast image 广播图象Browser 浏览程序Building blocks 组件Built-in function 内部功能Bus 总线Bus network 总线网络Bus slot 总线槽Business terminal equipment 商务终端设备Button 按扭Byte 字节，位组9CC programming language C 程序设计语言C++ programming language C++程序设计语言Cable length 电缆长度Cable modem 电缆调制解调器Cache memory 超高速缓冲存储器CAD(Computer-Aided Design) 计算机辅助设计CADD(Compute-Aided Design and Drafting) 计算机辅助设计与制图Call-back system 回叫系统CAM(Computer-Aided Manufacturing) 计算机辅助生产Capacity 容量Carrier wave 载波Cartridge tape 盒式磁带CASE(Computer-Aided Software Engineering) 计算机辅助软件工程10CBT(Computer-Based Training) 利用计算机的训练CCD（Charge Coupled Device）电荷藕合器件CD writer 刻录机CDC(Code-Directing Character) 代码引导字符CDP(Certified Data Processor)合格数据处理程序Cell 单元，细胞，信元Cell address 单元地址Cell pointer 单元指示器CEO(Chip Enable Output) 芯片启动输出CERT(Character Error Rate Tester) 字符出错率测试程序Chain printer 链式打印机Channel command 通道命令Character 字符Character-recognition 字符识别Chat room 聊天室11Check bit 校验位，检验位Child record 子记录Chip 芯片，晶片Circuit switching 电路转接，线路交换CIS(Communication Information System) 通信信息（情报）系统Clear entry 消除输入Click 点击Client 客户，委托程序，委托进程，客户机Client-server 客户服务器Clipboard 剪贴板Clouds 云Cluster 簇，束，线束，群集Coaxial tree network 同轴树状网络COBOL programming language COBOL 程序设计语言Coding 编码，编程序12Collision 冲突Color display screen 彩色显示屏Communication 通信Communication parties 传输单元Communications channel 通信信道Communications controller 通信操纵器Communications hardware 通信硬件Communications network 通信网络Communications satellites 通信卫星Communications server 通信服务器Communications service 通信业务Communications software 通信软件Communications technology 通信技术Compatibility 兼容性，一致性，互换性Compiler 编译程序13Component 分量，成分，元件，组件，部件Compression 压缩Computer 计算机Computer-based information system 计算机信息系统Computer crime 计算机犯罪Computer industry 计算机行业Computer literacy 计算机扫盲Computer online service 计算机联机服务Computer professional 计算机专业人员Computer programmer 计算机程序设计员Concentration 集中Concentrator 集中器，集线器Concurrent-use license 并行使用许可证Connection 连接Connectivity 连通性，连接性14Connectivity diagram 连通图表Contact 接触点Control structure 操纵结构Control unit 操纵器，操纵部件Controller card 操纵器插件Coprocessor 协同处理程序，协同处理机Copy command 复制命令Copyright 版权Copyright protection 版权保护Counterfeit software 盗版软件Courseware 课件CPU(Central Processing Unit) 中央处理机Cracker 黑客CRT(Cathode Ray Tube) 阴极射线管CTS(Clear To Send) 清除发送15Cursor 光标Cursor-movement key 光标移动键Custom software 客户软件Cut command 剪切命令Cyberculture 计算机文化，操纵论优化Cybernation 计算机操纵化16DDaisy chain 菊链DAT(Data Acquisition Test) 数据采集测试Data access method 数据存取法Data acquisition 数据采集Data compression 数据压缩Data dictionary 数据字典Data file 数据文件Data flow diagram 数据流程图Data integrity 数据完整性Data manipulation language 数据操纵语言Data mining 数据开采Data recovery 数据恢复Data redundancy 数据冗余Data storage hierarchy 数据存储层次17Data transmission 数据传输Data transmission factor 数据传输系数Data warehouse 数据仓库Database 数据库Database server 数据库服务器Database software 数据库软件DBA(Data Base Administrator) 数据库管理程序DBMS(Data Base Management System) 数据库管理系统Debugging 调试Decision making system 判定系统，决策系统Decision table 判定表Dedicated computer 专用计算机Default value 缺省值，系统设定值Delete 删除Democratic network 共同操纵网络18Design 设计Desk checking 桌面检验Desktop accessory 桌面附件Desktop publication system 桌面出版系统Developing information system 信息开发系统Dialog box 对话框Dial-up connection 拨号上网Dial-up Internet communication 拨号网间通信Digital 数码的Digital camera 数码照相机Digital cellular phone 数字移动电话Digital signal 数字信号Digital signal processor 数字信号处理器Digital signature 数字签名Digitized speech 数字化语音19DIMS(Data Information and Manufacturing system) 数据信息与制造系统Direct access storage 直接存取存储器，直接访问存储器Direct file organization 直接文件组织Direct implementation 直接实现Direct synchronous multiplexing 直接同步复用Directory 目录，号码表Disk 磁盘Disk drive 磁盘驱动器Diskette 软磁盘，软盘Display 显示Display screen 显示屏幕Disrupt 使混乱，破坏，分裂，瓦解Distance learning 远程学习Distributed database 分布式数据库Disturbance 干扰20DM(Data Memory) 数据存储器DNS(Domain Naming System) 域命名系统Document 文件，资料，文献，文卷Document file 资料文件Documentation 文件编制，资料，文档DOS(Disk Operating System) 磁盘操作系统Dot 点Dot-matrix printer 点阵打印机Download 下载Downsizing 规模缩小化Downward compatibility 向下兼容性Draft-quality 粗劣的印刷质量，草稿字体印刷质量DRAM(Dynamic Random Access Memory) 动态随机存取存储器Drawing program 绘图程序Driver 驱动器21Drum printer 鼓式打印机Drum scanner 鼓形扫描器DSS(Decision Support System) 决策支援系统DTP(Data Transmission Protocol) 数据传送协议Dumb terminal 哑终端，简易终端DVP(Data Validation Program) 数据验证程序Dynamic linking 动态链接22EEBCDIC(Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange) 扩充的二-十进制交换码E-cash 电子货币E-commerce 电子商务EDI(Electronic Data Interchange) 电子数据交换EEPROM(Electrically Erasable Read Only Memory) 电可擦只读存储器EIC(External Interface Control) 外部借口操纵EIS(External Interrupt Support) 外部中断支援Electroluminescent display 电致发光显示屏Electromagnetic spectrum 电磁光谱Electronic conference 电子会议Electronic image 电子图象Electronic network 电子网络23Electronic secretary 电子秘书Electronic ticketing machine 电子售票机Electronic tutor 电子教学装置Electrostatic plotter 静电绘图机Elementary field 基本字段ELF(Extensible Language Facility) 可扩充的语言功能E-mail 电子邮件Embedded computer 嵌入式计算机Emulation 仿真，仿效Encapsulation 封闭，封装，密封Encryption 加密，编密码End-to-end delay 端到端的时延End-to-end digital connectivity 端到端的数字连接End-user 终端用户ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) 电子数字积分24器与计算器Enter key 输入键EPL(Encoder Programming Language) 编码器程序设计语言EPROM(Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) 可擦可编程只读存储器EPSS(Error Processing Sub-system) 错误处理子系统Ergonomics 人类工程学Error correction 纠错法ESS(Electronic Switching System) 电子交换系统Evaluation system 评价系统Even parity 偶数奇偶校验Exchange service 交换业务Executable 可执行文件Execution cycle 执行周期Execution program 执行程序Expansion bus 扩展总线25Expansion card 扩充插件卡Expansion slot 扩展槽Expert system 专家系统External hard disk drive 外部硬盘驱动器External modem 外部调制解调器26FFAT(File Allocation Table) 文件分配表Fault freedom 容错性能Fault tolerant system 容错系统Fax 传真Fax machine 传真机FCB(File Control Block) 文件操纵块Feasibility study 可行性研究，可能性研究FEC(Forward Error Correction) 向前纠错Fiber-optic cable 光缆Field 字段，场，域Field protect 字段保护Fifth-generation programming language 第五代程序设计语言File 文件27File extension 文件扩充File management system 文件管理系统File name 文件名File server 文件服务程序File virus 文件病毒Filter 过滤，滤波Financial planning system 财务规划系统Find command 查找命令Finder 寻找程序，定位程序，录像器Fingerprint security system 指纹安全系统Firewall 防火墙Firmware 固件Fixed disk drive 固定磁盘驱动器Flatbed plotter 平板绘图仪Flatbed scanner 平板扫描仪28Flat-panel display 平面显示器Flat-panel technique 平面技术Flexible telecommunication networking 灵活的通信联网Floppy disk 软磁盘FLOPS(Floating-point Operations Per Second) 每秒浮点运算次数Flowchart 流程图Font 字型，字体Format selection 格式选择Formatting 格式化，格式编排Formula 公式FORTH programming language FORTH 程序设计语言Forward recovery 正向恢复Fourth-generation programming language 第四代程序设计语言Fragmenting 分割29Frame grabber 帧同意器，帧捕获器Free ware 免费软件Frequency 频率Front-end processor 前端处理机FTP(File Transfer Protocol)文件传送协议Full-duplex 全双工Function 功能，函数，作用Function key 功能键Fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑30GGame port 博弈端口Garbage 无用信息Gateway 关口，网间连接GDS(Group Display System) 群显示系统Genealogy 家谱学，系统GES(General Edit System) 通用逻辑系统GIS(Geographic Information System) 几何图形信息系统Global communication 全球通信GPS(Global Positioning System) 全球定位系统Grammar checker 语法检验程序Graphics 图形学，制图技术Graphics accelerator 图形加速器Graphics coprocessor 图形协同处理程序31Grid 网格，坐标网络Gross index 粗索引Groupware 群件GUI(Graphical User Interface) 图形用户接口32HHacker 黑客Half-duplex transmission 半双工传输Handheld scanner 手持式扫描仪Handshaking 信号交换，接续Hard disk 硬磁盘Hard return 硬回车Hard-copy terminal 硬拷贝终端Hardware 硬件Hardware compatibility 硬件兼容性HDTV(High Definition Television) 高分辨率电视Help menu 求助菜单，求助项目单Head-mounted display 头盔式显示器Hidden computer 隐式计算机33Hierarchical database 分级数据库Hierarchy 分级，分层，层次Hierarchy chart 分级图表High resolution 高分辨率High-level programming language 高级程序设计语言Hold 握住Home directory 主目录Home network 本地网络Home record 引导记录，起始记录Host 主机Host adaptation 主机习惯性Host computer 主计算机Host operating system 主操作系统Host-to-host 主机到主机HTML(Hyper text Markup Language) 超文本标记语言34Hybrid network 混合式网络Hyperlink 超级链接Hypertext 超文本35IIcon 图符Identification system 识别系统Image file 映像文件Imaging system 成像系统IML(Initial Micro-code Load) 初始微码装入Impact 影响，冲击Impact printer 击打式打印机Importing file 输入文件Incremental backup 增量备份法Indexed file organization 索引文件组织Inference engine 推理机Information 信息，情报Information capacity 信息容量36Information function 信息函数Information management 信息管理Information overload 信息超载Information system 信息系统Information technology 信息技术Information transmission system 信息传输系统Information unit 信息单位Information utility 有用程序，信息应用程序，信息公用设施Inheritance 继承Initialize 初始化Ink-jet plotter 喷墨绘图仪Ink-jet printer 喷墨印刷机Input control 输入操纵器Input device 输入设备Input hard ware 输入硬件37Inquiry and communication system 查询与通信系统Insert 插入Insertion point 插入点Install 安装，建立Instruction cycle 指令周期Integrated circuit 集成电路Integrated software package 组合软件包Intellectual property 知识产权Intelligent robot 智能机器人Intelligent terminal 智能终端Interactive presentation 交互式演示Inter activity 交互性Interface 接口Intermediate node 中间网点Internal bus 内部总线38Internal hard disk drive 内部硬盘驱动器Internal modem 内部调制解调器International standard interface 国际标准接口Internet 互联网，信息网络实体Interpreter 解释程序，翻译机，转换机ISAM(Indexed Sequential Access Method) 索引顺序存取法ISDN(Integrated Services Digital Network) 综合服务数字网络Isolation 隔离，绝缘ISP(Internally Stored Program) 内部存储程序ISP(Internet Service Provider) 因特网服务提供商39JJAD(Joint Application Design) 联合应用程序设计Jerk 乱窜Jitter 抖动Job file 作业文件Job management 作业管理程序Junk mail 垃圾邮件Justification range 调整范围40KKey field 关键字字段Key search 关键字查找Keyboard 键盘Keyboard console 键盘操纵台Kilobyte 千字节Knowledge base 知识库Knowledge engineer 知识工程师Knowledge engineering 知识工程Knowledge system 知识系统41LLanguage translator 语言翻译程序Large-scale integrated circuit 大规模集成电路Laser 激光，激光器Laser communication 激光通信系统Laser printer 激光打印机Latency 延迟，执行时间Latent image 潜像Law 法律Layer 分层LCD(Liquid Crystal Display) 液晶显示器LEO(Low Earth Orbit) 近地轨道License 许可证Light pen 光笔Line printer 行式打印机42Line terminal multiplexer 终端复用器Linear 线性的，一次的Link 连接，连线，链接Linkage instruction 连接命令LISP programming language LISP 程序设计语言Live conversation 实际的对话Load 装入，加载Load server 加载服务器Local-area network 局域网Logic bomb 逻辑炸弹（病毒）Logic error 逻辑错误Logical operation 逻辑操作LOGO programming language LOGO 程序设计语言Look through 搜寻43Loop 循环，回路，环路Loss less 无损耗Lossy 有损耗的，有缺失的44MMAC(Memory access Controller) 存储器存取操纵器Machine cycle 机器周期Machine language 机器语言Macintosh （苹果公司生产的一种型号的）计算机Macro 宏，宏指令，宏定Macro virus 宏病毒Magnetic tape 磁带Magneto optical disk 磁光盘Mail server 邮件服务器Mailing list 邮件列表Main memory 主存储器Mainframe computer 主计算机Maintenance 保护，维修MAN(Maintenance Alert Network) 保护警报网45Manager 管理程序，管理人员Manipulate 操纵，操纵Manipulation 操纵，操纵，处理，操作Manual function 手动功能，人工功能Manufacturing support system 制造支持系统Marker 标记符Marketing model 市场销售模型Mark-recognition device 标记识别装置Master file 主文件Mathematic characterization of continuous image 连续图象的数学表征MDA(Multi-Dimensional Analysis) 多维分析MDT(Modified Data Tag) 修改过的数据标志Meeting software 会议软件Mega 兆Memory cycle 存储周期46Mega byte 兆字节Megahertz 兆赫Member record 成员记录Memory 经历存储，存储器Memory expansion card 存储器扩充卡Memory module 存储模块Menu bar 菜单条Menu-driven program generator 菜单驱动程序生成程序MED(Micro-Electronic Device) 微电子器件Meta-data 元数据MICR(Magnetic Ink Character Recognition) 磁性墨水字符识别Microcomputer 微型计算机Micro controller 微操纵器Microprocessor 微处理器Microwave 微波47Middleware communication model 媒件通信模型MIDI(Music Instrument Digital Interface) 乐器数字接口Miniaturization 小型化MIPS(Million Instructions Per Second) 每秒百万条指令Mirror 镜像MIS(Management Information System) 信息管理系统MMX technology MMX 技术Model 模型，机样，型号Modem 调制解调器Module design 模块设计Monitor 监视器，监督Monitor mode 监控方式Monochrome display 单色显示Mouse 鼠标Mouse pointer 鼠标指示器48Moving pictures 活动图象MPP(Massively Parallel Processor) 巨型并行处理器Multifunction device 多功能装置Multimedia 多媒体Multimedia environment 多媒体环境Multipartite virus 复合性病毒Multiplexer 多路转接器Multiplexing 多路转换Multipoint line 多点线路Multi-port 多端口Multiprocessing 多重处理Multiprogramming 多道程序设计（操纵）Multitasking 多任务Multi-user platform 多用户平台49NNarrow band services 窄带业务Nationwide network 全国范围的网络Natural language 自然语言Natural language processing 自然语言处理NC language processor NC 语言处理器Necessary bandwidth 必要带宽Net ware 网件Network 网络Network adapter 网络适配器Network computer 网络计算机Network database 网络数据库Network facilities resources 网络设备资源Network harms 网络损害50Network information resources 网络信息资源Network interface card (NIC) 网络接口卡Network piracy 网络盗版Network server 网络服务程序，网络服务器Networked hypertext protocol 网络超文本协议Neural network 神经网络Node 节点，网点Non-interacting control system 非交互式操纵系统Non-procedural language 非过程语言Non-volatile chain 非易失链NOS(Network Operating System) 网络操作系统Null set 空集Numeric key 数字键51OOAS(Office Automation System) 办公自动化系统Object 目标，对象，结果，物体Object code 目标代码OCR(Optical Character Recognition) 光符识别Odd parity 奇数奇偶校Off-line equipment 脱机设备Off-line storage 脱机存储器Off-the-shelf software 现成的软件OLE(Object Linking and Embedding) 对象的链接与嵌入OMR(Optical Mark Recognition) 光标记识别Onboard 板载的One-level code 一级代码One-to-many 一对多的52Online processing 联机处理Online storage 联机存储器OODBS(Object Oriented Data Base System) 面向目标的数据库系统OOO(Out Of Order) 发生故障，次序混乱Open network 开放式网络Operating environment 操作环境，运行环境Operating system 操作系统Operation control 操作操纵Operator 运算符，操作员Optical card 光卡Optical disk 光盘Optical Ethernet 光以太网Optimization 优化Optoelectronic receiver 光电子接收机Organization 机构，组织，结构，体系53Organization chart 组织图，结构图OS/360(Operating System/360) 360 型操作系统OSI(Open System Interconnection) 开放系统互连Output 输出Owner record 主记录，自由记录54PPackage 分组Packaged software 封装式软件包Packet 包，数据包，分组报文Packet switching 包交换Pager 页面调度程序Painting 涂色Parallel data transmission 并行数据传输Parallel implementation 并行执行Parallel port 并行端口Parallel processing 并行处理Parent record 母记录Parity bit 奇偶校验位Parity scheme 奇偶校验方案55PASCAL programming language PASCAL 程序设计语言Passive 无源的Passive network 无源网络Password 口令Path 路径PBX(Private Branch Exchange) 专用交换分机，用户交换机PC(Personal Computer) 个人计算机PC application software 个人计算机应用软件PC host operating system 个人计算机主机操作系统PCI（peripheral Component Interconnect）外围部件互连PCMCIA(Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) 个人电脑内存储卡国际协会PDA(Personal Digital Assistant) 个人数字助理PDL(Picture Description Language) 画面描述语言Peak 峰值56Peer-to-peer 层间，层到层PEM(Processing Element Memory) 处理单元存储器Perception system 感知系统Peripheral device 外围设备Personal finance software 个人财务软件Personal identification code 个人识别代码PERT chart editing PERT 图编辑PGP(Programmable Graphics Processor) 可编辑图形处理机Phonetic keyboard 语音键盘Photo-digital store 光数字存储器Photolithographic mask layer 光刻掩蔽层Physical storage 物理存储器PIM(Processor Interface Module) 处理程序接口模块PIN(Personal Identification Number) 个人识别号码Pixel store 像素存储器57PL/1 programming language PL/1 程序设计语言Platform position computer 平台位置计算机Plotter 绘图仪Plug and play system 即插即用系统Plug-in card 插件Pointing device 指示装置Point-of-sale terminal 销售点终端Point-to-point line 点对点线路，专用线Polymorphism 多形性，多机组合形势Pop-up menu 弹出选项单Port 端口，进出口Portable operating system 可移植操作系统Portable terminal 便携式终端POST(Power-on Self Test) 通电自检Power supply 电源，供电58PPP(Parallel Pattern Processor) 并行模式处理程序Precision 精确度Preliminary design 初步设计Presentation layer 表示层Presentation graphic 表示图形Presentation software 显示软件Preventive maintenance 预防性保护Previewing 预检，预览Primary storage 主存储器Print server 打印服务程序Printer 打印机Printing document 打印文档Privacy 保密性Procedural error 过程错误Procedural language 过程型语言59Procedure 过程，程序，步骤Process 处理，进程Process model 过程模型Processing 处理，加工Processing hardware 处理硬件Processor 处理程序，处理机Production language compiler 产生式语言编译程序Productivity 生产率Productivity tool 生产率工具Professional programmer 专业程序设计员Program 程序，计划，规划，方案Program file 程序文件Program flowchart 程序流程图Program independence 程序独立性Programmer 程序设计人员，编程器60Programming 程序设计，编程Programming language 程序设计语言Programming procedure 程序设计过程Project management software 工程项目管理，计划管理Project management software 工程项目管理软件PROLOG programming language PROLOG 程序设计语言Proprietary software 专有软件Proprietary system 专用系统Protocol 协议Prototype 样机，原型Prototyping 原型开发，样机研究Pseudo-code 伪代码Public communication carriers 公共通信载体Public domain 公用域Pull-down menu 下拉菜单61Pulse code modulation 脉冲码调制62QQBE(Query By Example) 仿效实例询问QIC(Quality Insurance Chain) 质量保证链Query 询问，查询Query facility 询问功能软件Query language 询问语言Query-and-reporting processor 询问与报告处理程序Quiet code 静止代码QWERTY keyboard QWERTY 键盘63RRAD(Rapid Access Device) 快速存取设备RAM(Random Access Memory) 随机存取存储器,内存Random access storage 随机存取存储器Random file organization 随机文件结构Raster graphics 光栅图形Reading 读，读取Real-time processing 实时处理Reasoning 推理，推论，推导Recalculation 重算Receiving entity 接收实体Receiving system 接收系统Record 记录Reference mark 参考标记64Reference model 参考模型Reference software 参考软件Refresh rate 更新率，刷新率Refreshable program 可刷新程序Regenerate 再生Register 寄存器Relational database 关系数据库Relational model 关系模型Release 释放Reliable 可靠的Reliability 可靠性Remote-control 遥控Remote device 远程设备Remote terminal 远程终端Removable hard disk 可移动硬盘65Repeater 中继器Repeater spacing 中继距离Replace command 替换命令Report generator 报告生成程序Resistor 电阻器Resolution 分辨率Retrieval performance 检索性能Return key 返回键RFI(Read Frequency Input) 读频率输入RGB monitor 红、绿、蓝显示器RIB(Resource Information Block) 资源信息块Ring network 环形网络RISC microprocessor RISC 微处理机Robot 机器人，自动仪Robotics 机器人学，机器人技术66Rollback 重新运行，重算ROM BIOS (Read-Only Basic Input/Output System) 只读存储器基本输入/输出系统Root record 根记录Router 发送程序，路由确定程序，路由器Row 行RPG(Report Program Generator) 报表程序生成程序RPS(Random Pattern Search) 随机模式搜索RS(Record Separator) 记录分隔符Run 运行Rupture 裂断，破裂67SSampling rate 取样率SAR(Source Address Register) 源地址寄存器Satellite 卫星，人造地球卫星Save 存储，储存Save area 储存区Scan 扫描Scanning device 扫描设备，扫描装置Scheduling software 调度软件Screen 屏幕Scrolling 卷动，滚动Scrubbing 除掉，刷去SCSI(Small Computer System Interface) 小型计算机系统接口SDL(System Development Language) 系统开发语言68Search 检索，查找Search command 查找命令Search engine 查找机Searching tool 搜寻工具Second-generation programming language 第二代程序设计语言Secondary application 辅助应用程序Secondary storage 辅助存储器，二级存储器Secondary storage sub system 辅助存储子系统Section overhead 段开销Sector 扇区，分段Security 安全性，保密性，安全措施Security system 安全系统Seek time 查找时间，定位时间Selection control 选择操纵Semiconductor 半导体69Semiconductor memory 半导体存储器Semi-structured information 半结构化问题Sender 发送器Sensor 传感器Sequence control 顺序操纵Sequential file organization 顺序文件组织Sequential storage 顺序存储器Serial 串行的Serial data transmission 串行数据传输Serial port 串行端口Serial processing 串行处理Server 服务器Service-independent network 与业务无关的网络Session layer 会话层Shared database 共享数据库70Sharing resource 共享资源SHELL software system SHELL 软件系统Shrink-wrapped multiprocessing operating system 精缩围绕多处理操作系统Silicon 硅SIMM(Single in-line Memory Module) 单列直插式存储模块Simplex transmission 单项传输Simulation programming language 模拟程序设计语言Simulator 模拟程序，模拟器Single user 用户Smalltalk programming language Smalltalk 程序设计语言Smart card 智能卡，收费卡Softcopy 软拷贝Software 软件，软设备Software engineer 软件工程师Software engineering 软件工程71Software license 软件许可证Software package 软件包，程序包Software piracy 软件非法翻印，软件侵犯版权Software suite 软件套件Software tool 软件工具Solid error 固定错误Sorting database 分类数据库Sound 声音Sound card 声卡Sound output 声音输出Source code 源代码Source date entry 源数据录入Source program file 源程序文件SPA(Signal Processing Auxiliary) 信号处理辅助设备Speech recognition system 语音识别系统72Speech synthesis 语音合成Speed 速度Speed up 加速Spelling checker 拼法检验程序Split 分发，分散Spreadsheet 电子数据表SQL(Structured Query Language) 结构化查询语言Squeeze 压缩Standardized port 标准化的端口Star network 星形网络STM(Short Term Memory) 短期存储器Storage 存储，存储器Storage hardware 存储硬件Strategic decision 战略性决策Streaming audio 流式音频73Streaming video 流式视频Stress 应力Structure chart 结构图Structured information 结构化信息Structured programming 结构化程序设计Structured walkthrough 结构化普查Subprogram 辅程序，子程序Supercomputer 巨型计算机Superconductor 超导体Supervisor 管理程序，主管人SVDF(Segmented Virtual Display File) 分段虚拟显示文件Swapping 交互，调动Switch 打开，开关，交换机Switching technique 交换技术Synchronous DXC 同步数字交叉连接74Synchronous transmission 同步传输Synchronous transmission system 同步传输系统Syntax 语法，句法Syntax error 语法错误System 系统，体制，装置System analysis 系统分析System analyst 系统分析员System clock 系统时钟System design 系统设计System development 系统开发System engineer 系统工程师System flowchart 系统流程图System implementation 系统实现方法System maintenance 系统保护System recovery 系统恢复75System software 系统软件System testing 系统测试System unit 系统单元76TTabulating machine 制机表Target variable 目标变量Task management 任务管理程序TCT(Terminal Control Table) 终端操纵表Telecommunication 远程通信，电信Teleconference 电信会议Telemedicine 电视医疗Telephone network 电话网Telephony 电话学Telex network 用户电报网Tel net 电信网，远程通信网络Terminal 终端Terminal address 终端地址77Terminal emulation 终端仿真Test 测试，检验Test equipment 测试设备Text 正文，文本Text segment 正文段Textual messages 文本信息Thesaurus 主题词表，同义词汇Third-generation programming language 第三腮程序设计语言Through-mode fashion 贯穿方式Time slicing 时间分片Time-sharing 分时，时间分配Tong-haul telecommunication system 长途通信系统Top-down program design 自顶向下程序设计Top management 主管，主控Touch screen 触屏78TPI(Target Position Indicator) 目标位置指示器TPS(Transaction Processing System) 事务处理系统TPT(Time Priority Table) 时间优先表Track 磁道，轨道，声道Trackball 跟踪球Traffic segregation 流量隔离Transaction 事项，事务处理，交易Transaction file 细目文件，事项文件Transient error 瞬时错误Transmission 传输，发送，传送Transmission unit 传输单元Translate 转换Tributary signals 支路信号Trojan horse 特洛伊木马True color 真彩色79Tuple 元组，字节组Turing test 图灵测试Twisted-pair wire 绞合线Typeface 字样80UUndo command 作废命令Unexpected halt 意外停机Unicode 单一代码UNIVAC(Universal Automatic Computer) 通用自动计算机Universal access 统一的接入Universal product code 通用产品代码Universally 普遍地，通用地UNIX operating system UNIX 操作系统Unprotected field 非保护字段Unstructured file 非结构文件Unstructured information 非结构信息UPS(Uninterruptible Power Supply) 不间断供电电源Upward compatibility 向上兼容性81URL(User Requirements Language) 用户要求语言USE(User System Evaluator) 用户系统评价程序User 用户，使用者User interface 用户接口Utility control console 有用操纵台Utility program 有用程序Utility unit 有用设备82VValue 值，算式Variable format 可变格式Varying bandwidth 可变宽带Vector graphics 向量图Version 文本，版本Very-high-level programming language 超高级程序设计语言Video compression 视频压缩Video computer system 可视计算机系统Video conference 视频会议Video file 可见文件Video memory 视频存储器Video scan 视频扫描Virtual classroom 虚拟教室83Virtual container 虚容器Virtual memory 虚拟机存储器Virtual office 虚拟办公室Virus 病毒Visual 图象的Visual programming 直观程序设计VLSI(Very-large-scale Integration) 超大规模集成电路Voice encoding techniques 语音编码技术Voice mail 声音邮件Voice output device 声音输出装置Voice recognition system 声音识别系统Volatile file 易变文件Volatile memory 易失性存储器VR(Virtual Reality) 虚拟现实VRAM(Video Random Access Memory) 视频随机存取存储器84VRM(Virtual Resource Manager) 虚拟资源管理程序VSAM(Virtual Sequential Access Method) 虚拟顺序存取法85WWait state 等待状态WAN(Wide Area Network) 广域网络Web browser 网页浏览器Web business 网上商务Web site 网站Wideband subscriber loop system 宽带用户环路系统Window mode 窗口方式Windows operating system Windows 操作系统Wired communication 有线通信Wireless communication 无线通信。
计算机专业课程名称英文翻译
计算机专业课程名称英文翻译（计算机科学与技术（教师教育）专业的课程名称和英文名称）4 中国现代史纲要 Outline of Moderm Chinese History5 大学英语 College English6 大学体育 College PE7 心理学 Psychology8 教育学 Pedagogy9 现代教育技术 Modern Technology10 教师口语 Teachers' Oral Skill11 形势与政策 Current Situation and Policy12 大学生就业与指导 Career Guidance13 学科教学法 Course Teaching Methodology14 生理与心理健康教育 Health and Physiology Education15 环境与可持续发展 Environment and Sustainable Development16 文献检索 Literature Retrieval17 大学体育 College PE18 大学语文 College Chinese19 高等数学 Higher Mathematics20 计算机导论 Introduction to ComputerScience21 程序设计基础 Programming Foundations22 程序设计基础实验 Experimentationof ProgrammingFoundations23 线性代数 Linear Algebra24 大学物理 College Physics25 大学物理实验 Experimentation of CollegePhysics26 电路与电子技术 Circuits and Electronics27 电工与电子技术实验 Experimentation of Circuits andElectronics28 数字逻辑电路 Digital Logic Circuit29 数字逻辑电路 Experimentation of DigitalLogic Circuit30 离散数学 Discrete Mathematics31 数据结构 Data Structures32 数据结构实验 Experimentation of DataStructures33 计算机组成与系统结构 Computer Organization and Architecture34 操作系统 Operating System35 操作系统实验 Experimentation of Operating System36 计算机网络 Computer Network37 计算机网络实验 Experimentation of Computer Network38 面向对象程序设计 Object-Oriented Programming39 面向对象程序设计实验 Experimentation of Object-Oriented Programming40 汇编语言程序设计 Assembly Language41 汇编语言程序设计实验 Experimentation of Assembly Language42 概率与数理统计 Probability and Statistics43 JAVA语言 Java Language45 JAVA语言实验 Experimentation of Java Language46 数据库原理 Databases Principles47 数据库原理实验 Experimentation of Databases Pninciples48 专业英语 Discipline English49 人工智能导论 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence50 算法设计与分析 Design and Analysis Of Algorithms51 微机系统与接口 Microcomputer System and Interface52 编译原理 Compiling Principles53 编译原理实验 Experimentation of Compiling54 数学建模 Mathematics Modeling55 软件工程 Software Engineering计算机专业课程名称英文翻译下（2）（计算机科学与技术（教师教育）专业的课程名称和英文名称）56 软件工程实验 Experimentation of Software Engineering57 嵌入式系统 Embedded System58 嵌入式系统实验 Experimentation of Embedded System59 多媒体技术 Multimedia Technology60 Experimentation of Multimedia Technology61 信息系统分析与设计 Object-Oriented Analysis and Design62 UNIX操作系统分析 UNIX System Analysis63 UNIX/Linux操作系统分析Experimentation of UNIX/Linux SystemAnalysis64 单片机原理 Principles of Single-ChipComputer65 信息安全与保密概论Introduction to Security andm Cryptography66 Web应用技术 Applications of Web67 高级数据库应用技术Advanced Application of Database Technology68 组网技术 Technology ofBuildingNetwork69 组网技术实验 Technology of Building Network70 计算机图形学 Computer Graphics71 嵌入式接口技术 Embedded Interface72 嵌入式接口技术实验Experimentation ofEmbedded Interface73 数字图像处理 Digital Images Processing74 数字图像处理实验 Digital Images Processing75 网络应用软件开发 Network Application Development76 XML原理与应用 XML Principle and Application77 XML原理与应用实验 ExperimentationofXML Principle andApplication78 计算机系统维护 Maintenance of Computer System79 计算机系统维护实验 Experimentation ofComputer Maintenance80 网络管理技术 Network Management Technology81 网络管理技术实验Experimentation of NetworkManagement82 数据仓库与数据挖掘 Data Storage and Data Digging83 项目管理 Project Management84 软件开发实例 Cases of Sotiware Development85 企业资源规划( ERP) Enterprise Resource Planning86 新技术 New Technology87 科研创作指导Supervision in Science ResearchCreation88 电子商务概论 Introduction of ElectronicBusiness89 计算机辅助教学 Computer Aided Teaching另：计算机导论 Introduction to ComputerScience程序设计基础 Foundations ofProgramming电路与电子技术 Circuits and Electronics数字逻辑电路 Digital Logic Circuit离散数学 Discrete Mathematics数据结构 Data Structures计算机组成与系统结构 Computer Organization and Architecture操作系统 Operating System计算机网络 Computer Network面向对象程序设计 Object-Oriented Progjamming数据库原理 Databases Principles。
信息管理与信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
信息管理与信息系统中英文对照外文翻译文献一、引言在当今数字化和信息化的时代，信息管理与信息系统（Information Management and Information System，简称 IMIS）成为了企业和组织运营中至关重要的组成部分。
有效的信息管理能够帮助企业提高决策效率、优化业务流程、增强竞争力。
而信息系统则为信息的收集、存储、处理和传播提供了技术支持。
为了更深入地了解这一领域，我们对相关的外文文献进行了翻译和研究。
二、信息管理的概念与重要性信息管理是指对信息资源进行规划、组织、领导和控制的过程。
其目的是确保信息的准确性、完整性、及时性和可用性，以满足组织内部不同层次的需求。
在当今竞争激烈的市场环境中，信息已成为一种宝贵的资源，企业能否有效地管理和利用信息，直接关系到其生存和发展。
例如，一家制造企业通过对市场需求信息、生产过程信息和供应链信息的有效管理，可以实现精准的生产计划，降低库存成本，提高客户满意度。
同时，信息管理还能够帮助企业识别潜在的市场机会和风险，为战略决策提供有力支持。
三、信息系统的类型与功能信息系统主要包括事务处理系统（Transaction Processing System，TPS）、管理信息系统（Management Information System，MIS）、决策支持系统（Decision Support System，DSS）和企业资源规划系统（Enterprise Resource Planning，ERP）等。
事务处理系统主要用于处理日常的业务交易，如订单处理、库存管理等。
管理信息系统则提供了综合的信息报告，帮助管理人员进行监督和控制。
决策支持系统通过数据分析和模型构建，为管理层的决策提供支持。
企业资源规划系统则整合了企业的各种资源，实现了业务流程的集成和优化。
以一家跨国零售企业为例，其使用的企业资源规划系统能够实现全球范围内的库存实时监控、采购协同和财务统一管理，大大提高了运营效率和管理水平。
【计算机专业文献翻译】信息系统的管理
传播媒体必须经过仔细选择，平衡每个媒体的优点和缺点，这个选择决定网络的速度。改变一个已经安装好的网络媒体通常非常昂贵。最实用的传播媒体是电缆，光纤，广播，光，红外线。
本科生毕业设计（论文）外文资料译文
（2009届）
论文题目
基于Javamail的邮件收发系统
学生姓名
学号
专业
计算机科学与技术
班级
指导教师
职称
讲师、副教授
填表日期
2008年 12月 10 日
信息科学与工程学院教务科制
外文资料翻译（译文不少于2000汉字）
1．所译外文资料：信息系统的管理Managing Information Systems
数据共享是网络的重要应用之一。网络可以共享交易数据，搜索和查询数据，信息，公告板，日历，团队和个人信息数据，备份等。在交易的时候，连接一个公司的电脑的中央数据库包括现有库存信息和出售的数据信息。如果数据被储存在一个中央数据库中，搜查结果便可从中获取。电子邮件的发送已经成为同事之间最常用的信息共享的方式之一。
自从信号在空中传输后，广播，光以及红外线作为传播媒体已经不需要电缆。
传输能力，即一个传播媒体一次性传输的数据量，在不同的媒体中，材料不同，安装时付出的劳动不同，传输的能力有很大的区别。传播媒体有时候被合并，代替远地域之间的高速传播媒体，速度虽慢，但是成本低，在一幢大楼中进行信息传播。
连接设备包括网络连接卡NICS，或者在计算机和网络间进行传输和信号传递的局域网LAN卡。其他常用的设备连接不同的网络，特别是当一个网络使用不用的传输媒体的时候。使用一个对很多用户都开放的系统很重要，比如windows/NT,Office2000，Novell，UNIX.
英文文献及翻译(计算机专业)
英文文献及翻译(计算机专业)The increasing complexity of design resources in a net-based collaborative XXX common systems。
design resources can be organized in n with design activities。
A task is formed by a set of activities and resources linked by logical ns。
XXX managementof all design resources and activities via a Task Management System (TMS)。
which is designed to break down tasks and assign resources to task nodes。
This XXX。
2 Task Management System (TMS)TMS is a system designed to manage the tasks and resources involved in a design project。
It poses tasks into smaller subtasks。
XXX management of all design resources and activities。
TMS assigns resources to task nodes。
XXX。
3 Collaborative DesignCollaborative design is a process that XXX a common goal。
In a net-based collaborative design environment。
n XXX n for all design resources and activities。
计算机专业英文文献翻译
计算机英文文献翻译INDUSTTRY PERSPECTIVEUSING A DSS TO KEEP THE COST OF GAS DOWNThink you spend a lot on gas for you car every yer?J.B.Hunt Transportation Inc.spends a lot more..J.B.Hunt moves freight around the country on its 10,000trucks and 48,000 trailers.The company spent$250 million in 2004 on fuel.That figure was up by 40 percent over the previous year.Diesel fuel is the company''s second-largest expense(drivers''wages is the largest),and the freight hauler wanted to find a way to reduce that.part of the answer lay,as it often does,in IT.In2000,J.B.Hunt installed a decision support system that provides drivers with help in deciding which gas station to stop at for ing statellite communications,the system beams diesel-fuel prices from all over the country straight into the cabs of the tricks.The software accesses a database with local taxes for each area of the country and then calculates for the drivers how much refueling will actually cost.J.B.Hunt doesn''t require drivers to use this system,but provides incentives for those who do.The company estimates that the system saves about $1 million annually.Decision Support SystemIn Chapter 3,you saw how data mining can help you make business decisions by giving you the ability to slice and dice your way through massive amounts of information.Actually,a data warehouse with data-mining tools is a form of decision support.The term decision support system ,used broadly ,means any computerized system that helps you make decisions.Medicine can mean the whole health care industy or in can mean cough syrup,depending on the context.Narrowly definrd,a decision support system(DSS) si a highly flexible and interantive IT system that is designed to support decision making when the problem is not structured.A DSS is an alliance between you,the decision maker,and specialized support provided by IT(see figure4.4).IT brings speed,vast amounts information,and sophisticated processing capabilities to help you create information useful in making a decision.You bring know-how in the form of your experience,intuition,judgment,and knowledge of the relevant factors.IT provides great power ,but you-as the decision maker-must know what kinds of questions to ask of the information and how to process the information to get those questions answered.In fact,theprimary objective of a DSS is to improve your effectiveness as a decision maker by providing you with assistance that will complement your insights.This union of your know-how and IT power helps you generate business intelligence so that you can quickly respond to changes in the marketplace and manage resources in themost effective and efficient ways possible.Following are some example of the varid applicatins of DSSs:.。
【计算机专业文献翻译】管理信息系统MIS
管理信息系统MIS管理信息系统设计的宗旨是向管理者提供智力支持，以优化管理过程。
逐渐地，MIS在设计过程中开始使用各种现代工具（例如电子数据处理，数据通信，缩微，数字处理等）和现代技术（例如运筹学，系统分析学）。
理解MIS定义的关键是，信息既是管理的催化剂又是实现计划，决策，控制等各种管理功能的主要因素。
信息是现实世界的符号表示（例如金钱，劳动力，原材料，机器，市场等）。
由于决策者依靠信息系统提供智力支持，而这种智力支持将会影响到对特定方式及所产生的结果的选择，因此信息系统的作为现实世界的反映这一点是至关重要的。
这对信息系统的严谨性和可靠性提出了起码的要求，不然，管理者完全可以以错误的，不真实的信息为基础进行决策。
社会的日益复杂，众多组织机构规模不断扩大，信息需求的增加，特殊技能的短缺及其它因素是得人们怀着越来越浓厚的兴趣去进行信息的收集，存储，加工，筛选和传播。
在MIS的设计和开发过程中，考虑的基本点是判断哪些信息在系统以预期的稳定和速度发展中最重要。
从能够得到的所有信息中选择出所需要的关键信息以防止信息过载或不足。
因此在MIS的综合计划书中要求设计人员必须深入参与管理过程。
MIS应该是动态的，能够自动检查和更新的。
这种观点要求系统避免信息系统与环境及当前管理者的需求不协调的情况。
MIS不应该受法律和政府法令变更的束缚，相反它经常是一种开放的能够不断综合组织内部和外部信息的灵活的工具。
MIS的一种明显倾向是它具有结构性的数据库。
这种数据库是由一个经过仔仔细细设计的基本数据元素的结构组成。
这些数据通常是存放于某一存储器中，它可以与一台容许使用各种数据组合的计算机相联络，而且用通讯线路将许多数据终端（显示器，打字机）与计算机联接，利用它们数据库可以受到远距离终端的访问。
数据库对MIS来说有几个重要的意义。
首先它说明哪些对组织来说极为重要的基本数据元素是经过严格选取的；其次数据文件之所以如此定义和构成是用以保证所有数据元素的可靠性和整体性；再次各种数据元素的可获得性使得整个系统对多次查询和需求的灵活性和响应性增加。
信息系统分析
信息系统分析在当今数字化的时代，信息系统已经成为企业和组织运营的关键支撑。
无论是大型企业的复杂业务流程，还是小型团队的协作沟通，都离不开高效、可靠的信息系统。
那么，什么是信息系统分析呢？简单来说，它就是对信息系统进行深入研究和理解，以确定如何最好地满足用户的需求，并实现组织的目标。
信息系统分析的重要性不言而喻。
首先，它有助于提高组织的效率和竞争力。
通过对现有系统的评估和优化，能够消除繁琐的流程，减少重复劳动，从而节省时间和资源。
其次，它能够确保系统与业务战略的一致性。
一个与组织战略不匹配的信息系统，可能会导致决策失误、资源浪费甚至业务发展受阻。
再者，良好的信息系统分析可以提升用户满意度。
当系统能够准确地满足用户的需求，操作便捷、界面友好，用户的工作效率和体验都会得到显著提升。
信息系统分析通常包括以下几个关键步骤。
第一步是需求收集。
这是整个分析过程的基础，需要与各种利益相关者进行沟通，包括管理层、员工、客户等。
了解他们的业务流程、工作习惯、面临的问题以及对新系统的期望。
这不仅需要良好的沟通技巧，还需要敏锐的观察力和分析能力，以从大量的信息中提取出关键的需求。
第二步是需求分析。
对收集到的需求进行整理、分类和优先级排序。
识别出哪些是核心需求，哪些是次要需求，哪些是短期需求，哪些是长期需求。
同时，还要对需求的可行性进行评估，考虑技术、经济、时间等方面的限制。
第三步是系统设计。
根据需求分析的结果，设计出系统的架构、模块、数据库结构等。
这需要对各种技术和工具有深入的了解，能够选择最适合的技术方案来实现系统的功能。
第四步是系统实施。
将设计转化为实际的系统，包括编程、测试、部署等环节。
在这个过程中，需要严格遵循质量标准，确保系统的稳定性和安全性。
第五步是系统评估和维护。
系统上线后，要对其性能、用户满意度等进行评估，及时发现并解决出现的问题。
同时，随着业务的发展和变化，还需要对系统进行不断的优化和升级。
在进行信息系统分析时，还需要考虑到一些关键因素。
计算机专业文献翻译-信息系统的发展
信息系统的发展信息系统的未来发展是不可估量的。
这里主要谈谈其中两项主要发展，即知识管理系统和企业集成型信息系统。
近年来随着企业信息管理的发展，知识管理作为一门新的学问诞生了。
知识管理指的是企业有能力收集知识，或从信息中归纳产生知识，利用知识，并在此基础上有效地开展企业活动。
企业信息管理已发展多年，许多企业已有相对较全面的信息系统。
但针对企业内外运作和决策知识以知识系统形式的收集，整理和利用才刚刚开始，与此有关的新方法新手段也正在开发之中。
在当前来说如何开发和利用企业知识成为企业竞争性的一个标志，这方面的工作需要信息技术和其它学科的协作攻关。
目前的一个趋势是在现有信息系统的基础上使其逐步转变为知识系统。
这些系统的设计与前有所不同，主要区别在于注重在知识管理的框架下设计系统。
知识是为解决问题或作决策而被加以整理和转换的信息。
知识可分为两类。
一类称为显式知识(Explicit Knowledge)。
显式知识可用形式语言编码表示。
这种知识易于表示，储存和使用。
另一类知识称为隐式知识(Tacit Knowledge)。
隐式知识一般难以表示和交流。
在知识管理中，隐式知识可通过对案例，经验，解决实际问题时的知识产生进行分析而获取。
企业知识的产生可有多种形式，如获取新知识，知识的聚变，知识的更新，知识网络等。
知识管理涉及到许多方法问题。
知识管理不仅仅涉及技术问题，还包括系统的环境，如何表示显式和隐式知识。
知识管理的目的之一是从企业的无形资产中创造价值。
在具体实施时，知识管理都有一具体目标和对象。
比如说知识管理用于企业规划制定。
知识管理可促生创新思路，促成企业策略的实施，改进企业过程并加强在企业范围内的知识传播。
目前信息系统的设计正在朝如何有利于集成和分享知识的方向发展。
集成型信息系统是当前企业信息系统的主要发展方向之一。
在当今激烈竞争的国际市场中，电子商务正在成为一种新的商务手段。
电子商务的全面实现需要信息基础设施的支持。
信息系统分析
信息系统分析在当今数字化时代，信息系统对于企业的运营和管理起着至关重要的作用。
信息系统的分析是确保系统功能、性能和可靠性的重要步骤。
本文将介绍信息系统分析的概念、方法和步骤，并探讨其在实际应用中的重要性。
一、信息系统分析的概念信息系统分析是指对现有或新建的信息系统进行调研、评估和设计的过程。
它涉及到对系统需求、功能、性能和用户体验等方面进行全面的研究和分析，以确保系统的可靠性和高效性。
二、信息系统分析的方法和步骤1. 确定需求：首先，分析师需要与企业管理人员和用户交流，明确他们对于信息系统的需求和期望。
这可以通过面谈、问卷调查等方式来实现。
2. 收集数据：在明确需求后，分析师需要收集系统运行所需的原始数据，如企业的销售数据、客户数据等。
这些数据可以用于进一步的分析和设计。
3. 数据分析：通过对收集的数据进行分析，分析师可以发现潜在的问题和机会。
例如，通过分析销售数据，可以发现某些产品的销售量下降，从而提出改进销售策略的建议。
4. 系统设计：根据需求和数据分析的结果，分析师可以开始设计信息系统的框架和功能。
系统设计应该考虑到系统的可扩展性、易用性和安全性等方面。
5. 系统测试：在设计完毕后，需要对系统进行测试，以确保系统的功能和性能符合预期。
测试可以通过模拟实际场景和用户使用来进行。
6. 系统实施：在系统测试通过后，分析师需要与企业管理人员和用户合作，将系统正式实施到企业的运营中。
这涉及到培训用户、数据迁移和系统上线等工作。
三、信息系统分析的重要性信息系统分析是确保系统顺利运行的重要环节。
它能够帮助企业发现潜在的问题和机会，并提出相应的解决方案。
通过分析系统的功能和性能，企业可以更好地管理资源，提高效率和竞争力。
此外，信息系统分析还可以帮助企业确保系统的安全性和可靠性。
随着信息技术的快速发展，网络安全问题日益突出，分析师需要对系统进行安全性评估和漏洞测试，并提出相应的安全措施。
在实际应用中，信息系统分析也可以为企业提供决策支持。
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附录二Information Systems Analysis and DesignThis class reconstructs the classical computer science topics of "systems analysis and design" -- mapping information flows and data modeling -- within a framework derived from industrial design. Compared with the traditional approach, our focus of attention will shift from systems to services, mainframes to networks, the desktop to the street, organizational workplaces to institutionally organized relationships, cognition to physical activity, and individual users to communities of practice. The class will be organized around presentations by interdisciplinary teams, with minimal lecturing and written work. We will attend closely to the design process, and the teams' own experiences will become raw material for their projects.Two books are required: David G. Messerschmitt, Networked Applications: A Guide to the New Computing Infrastructure, Morgan Kaufman, 1999. This is an outstanding plain-language introduction to the structure of modern information systems.Donald A. Norman, The Invisible Computer, MIT Press, 1999. This is a polemic against the personal computer and in favor of a new generation of diverse and specialized computing devices.Another book is recommended:Jeffrey L. Whitten and Lonnie D. Bentley, Systems Analysis and Design Methods, fourth edition, Irwin McGraw-Hill, 1998. This is a thorough introduction to the conventional practice of systems analysis and design. If you are going to work with people who have the conventional training then it will be useful reference book. But as I say, I regard this material as out-of-date.Here are summaries of the group projects from week to week: Assignment for week 2: Team-Building Exercise.Everyone writes down their skill set and gets copies of everyone else's. Class members then form themselves into teams. Each team's members discuss their past and future, and how they complement one another. They draw a diagram that gives clear form to the conclusions they have reached, and they design a presentation around it.Assignment for week 3: Seeing information happen. Each team gets a distinct assignment, all of which involve going out in the world and watching information happen. Bring back what you've observed and show us. If you use what you've learned in other classes about information seeking then that's great. But we really want you to be observant and name things, and learn how to show what you've seen in a way that changes how other people see the world.Assignment for week 4: Growth of the technology.Each team again gets a distinct assignment, this time involving library work on the state of information technology ten years from now. Because of Moore's Law and related phenomena, we can predict reasonably well the quantitative properties of computing. Processors, for example, will be 100 times faster. What about mass storage, memory chips, wireline and wireless bandwidths, penetration rates of the technologies both domestically and globally, and so on? What important standards will be widely deployed by then? Show us what you've found.Assignment for week 5: Layering.Building on last week, we will do an exercise about the concept of a platform: a service upon which a diversity of other services can be built. The hard part is figuring out what belongs in the generic service, and what the interface should look like between the platform and the services that are built on it. This is going to be a central concept for design in the future. By this time we will have discussed several examples of platforms.Assignment for week 6: Show us your collaboration patterns.All the while you've been documenting your team's work process. This might mean keeping notes,taking pictures, drawing diagrams, videotaping, saving your work, etc. You have probably also settled into something of a routine. Show us how you work together. Along the way we will offer several ideas about what to look for. For example, where is the borderline between "routine" and "improvised"? This will be important in the coming weeks as we mess with the traditional concepts of systems analysis. This is the first week of a six-week iterative design exercise.Assignment for week 7: Ontology of collaborative work. Data modeling is the only idea from traditional systems analysis that is intellectually hard, so we will spend some extra time in class working an example of it. Then your assignment will be to model the data that will be required to implement one or more of your prospective services. Whereas earlier assignments have called on you to invent your own representation schemes, for this assignment we'll have you use a conventional notation scheme for data models. Having done so, sketch an information service that you might like to design to support collaborative work activities.Assignment for week 8: Service design. Now it is time to spell out the details of a potential information service for collaborative work. To prepare for this, think about your service from several angles. What institutional roles are people playing as they use the service? Where are they located? What actions do they need to take? Who gets access to what information? Who creates the data that goes in the databases? Which parts of the data should be structured, and what should the structure be? What existing services does your service exchange data with? And so on. Having explored all of these questions, draw a dataflow diagram for the service you are designing, decomposing the design into enough component processes and databases to get a clear idea of its properties.Assignment for week 9: Information ing cardboard, crayons, glue, and other materials found in kindergarten classrooms, build a mockup of one or more of your services. Show what your service will look like in practice, and tell us how it is comprehensible. We will have discussed some examples of information design, including several that have nothing to do with computers. We wantcomputers to be more like the diagrams in Edward Tufte's books. We also want them to be more like the information appliances that Norman argues for.Assignment for week 10: Service architecture. Having sketched first the insides and then the outsides of your service, it will be time to return to the inside, applying serious architectural concepts this time. How are the processes and databases that comprise your service divided among the various networked devices that they run on? You will have been reading Messerschmidt throughout the quarter, and this is where you will apply everything in that book.Assignment for finals week.We don't imagine that anyone will be around during finals week to see your work, and so instead we will have each group videotape a final presentation that we can put on the Web. This will include your service mockup, its information design and internal architecture, how it works cognitively, how the information flows, and generally how it works as a service in the full sense.MIS Application Server: Easy back-end adminstrationAccurate information is the first step to better planning, reporting and analysis. In many companies, however, this information is stored in several formats across multiple locations. MIS Application Server brings this information together in a single analytic platform.Test thousands of scenariosHow much revenue will our new product generate? Should we split our sales cost center into direct and indirect sales? What if I only invested, 10% of my marketing budget into advertising?Managers test these and thousands of other scenarios during each and every budget planning. Let MIS Application Server support you throughout the process. Its unique “splashing” technology automatically allocates your budget into different projects –down to any desired level of detail. Once you are satisfied with your results, just write back your finalized budget into the database, where you can later access it for comparing budget-actual variances.When changes arise in your budget structure, you can update these quickly from a familiar Excel environment. This unparalleled planning flexibility is powered by the multidimensional real-time OLAP database, MIS Alea.信息系统分析和设计这种重建“系统分析和设计”的古典计算机科学题目 -- 绘图资料流动和数据模型 -- 从工业设计图得到的一种框架。