太阳能汽车的设计外文文献翻译中英文

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李坤——英文翻译

毕业设计(论文) 外文文献翻译专业新能源科学与工程学生姓名李坤班级能源111学号1110604120指导教师张胜超电气工程学院1、英文原文Solar Tracking System: More Efficient Use of Solar PanelsJ. Rizk , Y. ChaikoAbstract：T his paper shows the potential system benefits of simple tracking solar system using a stepper motor and light sensor. This method is increasing power collection efficiency by developing a device that tracks the sun to keep the panel at a right angle to its rays. A solar tracking system is designed, implemented and experimentally tested. The design de tails and the experimental results are shown. Keywords ：Renewable Energy, PowerOptimization.I.INTRODUCTIONExtrecting useable electricity from the sun was made possible by the discovery of the photoelectric mechanism and subsequent development of the solar cell –a semi-conductive material that converts visible light into a direct current. By using solar arrays, a series of solar cells electrically connected, a DC voltage is generated which can be physically used on a load. Solar arrays or panels are being used increasingly as efficiencies reach higher levels, and are especially popular in remote areas where placement of electricity lines is not economically viable. This alternative power source is continuously achieving greater popularity especially since the realisation of fossil fuel‟s shortcomings. Renewable energy in the form of electricity has been in use to some degree as long as 75 or 100 years ago. Sources such as Solar, Wind, Hydro and Geo-thermal have all been utilised with varying levels of success. The most widely used are hydro and wind power, with solar power being moderately used worldwide. This can be attributed to the relatively high cost of solar cells and their low conversion efficiency. Solar power is being heavily researched, and solar energy costs have now reached within a few cents per kW/h of other forms of electricity generation, and will drop further with new technologies such as titanium-oxide cells. With a peak laboratory efficiency of 32% and average efficiency of 15-20%, it is necessary to recover as much energy as possible from a solar power system.This includes reducing inverter losses, storage losses, and light gathering losses. Light gathering is dependent on the angle of incidence of the light source providing power (i.e. the sun) to the solar cell‟s surface, and the closer to perpendicular, the greater the power [1-7]. If a flat solar panel is mounted on level ground, it is obvious that over the course of the day the sunlight will have an angle of incidenceclose to 90° in the morning and the evening. At such an angle, the light gathering ability of the cell is essentially zero, resulting in no output. As the day progresses to midday, the angle of incidence approaches 0 ° , causing an steady increase in power until at the point where the light incident on the panel is completely perpendicular, and maximum power is achieved.As the day continues toward dusk, the reverse happens, and the increasing angle causes the power to decrease again toward minimum again.From this background, we see the need to maintain the maximum power output from the panel by maintaining an angle of incidence as close to 0° as possible. By tilting the solar panel to continuously face the sun, this can be achieved. This process of sensing and following the position of the sun is known as Solar Tracking. It was resolved that real-time tracking would be necessary to follow the sun effectively, so that no external data would be required in operation.II.THE SENSING ELEMENT AND S GNAL PROCESSING Many different methods have been proposed and used to track the position of the sun. The simplest of all uses an LDR – a Light Dependent Resistor to detect light intensity changes on the surface of the resistor. Other methods, such as that published by Jeff Damm in …Home Power‟ [8], use two phototransistors covered with a small plate to act as a shield to sunlight, as shown in Fig. 1.Fig. 1 Alternative solar tracking methodWhen morning arrives, the tracker is in state A from the previous day. The left phototransistor is turned on, causing a signal to turn the motor continuously until the shadow from the plate returns the tracker to state B. As the day slowly progresses, state C is reached shortly, turning on the right phototransistor. The motor turns until state B is reached again, and the cycle continues until the end of the day, or until the minimum detectable light level is reached. The problem with a design like this is that phototransistors have a narrow range of sensitivity, once they have been set up in a circuit under set bias conditions. It was because of this fact that solar cells themselves were chosen to be the sensing devices. They provide an excellent mechanism in light intensity detection –because they are sensitive to varying light and provide a near-linear voltage range that can be used to an advantage in determining the present declination or angle to the sun. As a result, a simple triangular set-up was proposed, with the two solar cells facing opposite directions, as shown in Fig. 2.In its rest position, the solar cells both receive an equal amount of sunlight, as the angle of incidence, although not 90 ° , is equal in both cases as seen in Fig. 3.Fig. 2 Set-up of solar reference cells Fig. 3 Solar reference cells at rest positionFig. 4 Solar reference cells at a significant angle to the sun It can be seen in Fig. 4 that as the sun moves in the sky, assuming that the solar tracker has not yet moved, the angle of incidence of light to the reference panels will cause more light to fall on one cell than the other.This will obviously cause a voltage difference, where the cell that is facing the sun will have higher potential than the other. This phenomenon will resultin a detectable signal at each cell, which can be processed by a suitable circuit.III. A PROTOTYPE SOLAR TRACKER The final stage involved coupling the circuitry to the motor and mounting it onto the bracket The final product is seen complete in Fig. 5. It has a Solarex 9W solar array made of polycrystalline silicon mounted on the flanges, which was borrowed from the tech officers.Quite simply having two test subjects carried out testing. The first scenario involved removing the panel from the tracker and laying it in a flat orientation. The output was connected to a load that would dissipate 9W that would match the panel’srating. 9W at 12V corresponds to a current of 0.75A, so by Ohm ’s law; a loadresistance was calculated as being 16Ω. A 15 Ω50W resistor was the closest value found and was connected to the panel. The tracking device still requires power, but a12V battery that is connected in a charging arrangement with the solar panel supplies it. The voltage across and current through the load was monitored using two separate multimeters, and was recorded every half-hour ona clear day into an Ex cel spreadsheet. The readings were taken on a span of days that possessed similar conditions including no cloud cover. The readings are shown below in a graph generated by Excel in Fig. 6.It is possible to calculate a percentage increase and an average increase by writing the appropriate calculations in excel. It was found that in this case, the fixed panel provided an average of 39% of its 9W, or 3.51W, calculated over a 12-hour period. By contrast, the tracked solar panel achieved an overall 71% output, or 6.3W over the same time frame. At the earlier and later hours, the power increase over the fixed panel reached up to 400%. This amounts to an average 30% increase in power simply by maintaining the solar panel as perpendicular as possible to the sun.To ensure that power was not being wasted, the device itself was also monitored for current drawn to power itself. When the device was at rest, an ammeter was placed in series with the battery. The total current at 12V was measured as only 4mA, which corresponded to a power dissipation of 48mW under no load.Fig. 5 A prototype solar tracker Fig. 6 Experimental results of power increase fortracked panelIV. CONCLUSIONA solar tracker is designed employing the new principle of using small solar cells to function as self-adjusting light sensors, providing a variable indication of their relative angle to the sun by detecting their voltage output. By using this method, the solar tracker was successful in maintaining a solar array at a sufficiently perpendicular angle to the sun. The power increase gained over a fixed horizontal array was in excess of 30%.REFERENCES[1] Fahrenburch, A. and Bube, R. 1983, Fundamentals of solar cells, Academic Press, New Y ork.[2] Partain, L.D. 1995, Sollar Cells an d their applications, John Wiley & Sons. New Y ork.[3] E Weise, R Klockner, R Kniel, Ma Sheng Hong, Qin Jian Ping, “Remote Power Supply Using Wind and Sola r energy –a Sino-German Technical Cooperation Project”, Beijing International Conference on Wind Energy, Beijing, 1995[4] Wichert B, Lawrance W, Friese T, First Experiences with a Novel Predictive Control Strategy for PV-Diesel Hybrid Energy Systems, Solar‟99[5] Duryea S, Syed I, Lawrence W, An Automated Battery Management System for Photovoltaic Systems, International Journal of Renewable Energy Engineering, V ol 1, No 2, Aug1999[6] Twidell J, Weir J, Renewable Energy Systems, Chapman and Hall,1994[7] Centre for Resources and Environmental Studies, ANU, Sustainable Energy Systems – Pathways for Australian Energy Reforms, Cambridge University Press, 1994[8] Damm, J. Issue #17, June/July 1990. An active solar tracking system, HomeBrew Magazine.2、对应的中文翻译出处：World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 2008, 41: 313-315 中文2847字太阳能跟踪系统:更有效率地运用的太阳能电池板J.里兹克Y.查克摘要：本文展示了由使用步进电机和光传感器来简单跟踪太阳的内部系统。

汽车专业外文文献英文翻译

外文文献原稿和译文原稿A New Type Car -- Hybrid Electric VehicleWith skyrocketing fuel prices and changes in weather patterns, many car manufacturers claimed to develop the kind of vehicles that will increase the mileage and reduce the emissions. Hybrid car is a kind of vehicle which can meet above requirements. A hybrid car features a small fuel-efficient gas engine combined with an electric motor that assists the engine.The reasons of building such a complicated machine are twofold: to reduce tailpipe emissions and to improve mileage. Firstly, hybrid cars are good for the environment. They can reduce smog by 90 percent and they use far less gasoline than conventional cars. Meanwhile, hybrid cars burn less gasoline per mile, so they release fewer greenhouse gases. Secondly, hybrid cars are economical. Hybrid cars, which run on gas and electricity, can get up to 55 to 60 miles per gallon in city driving, while a typical SUV might use three times as much gas for the same distance! There are three reasons can mainly account for that: 1) Hybrid engines are much smaller than those on conventional cars. A hybrid car engine is to accommodate the 99% of driving time when a car is not going up hills or accelerating quickly. When extra acceleration power is needed, it relies on the battery to provide additional force. 2) Hybrid gasoline engine can shut off when the car is stopped and run off their electric motor and battery.3) Hybrid cars often recover braking energy. Electric motors could take the lost kinetic energy in braking and use it to charge the battery. Furthermore, hybrids are better than all-electric cars because hybrid car batteries recharge as you drive so there is no need to plug in. Most electric cars need to be recharged every 50-100miles. Also, most electric cars cannot go faster than 50-60 mph, while hybrids can.Hybrid cars bridge the gap between electric and gasoline-powered cars by traveling further and driving faster and hybrid gas-electric cars are proving to be a feasible alternative at a time of high gas prices. So, in my opinion, hybrid cars will have a bright future.How Does Hybrid Electric Vehicle Work？You probably own a gasoline or diesel-engine car. You may have heard ofelectric vehicles too. A hybrid vehicle or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a combination of both. Hybrid vehicles utilize two or more sources of energy for propulsion. In the case of HEVs, a combustion engine and an electric motor are used.How it works depends on the type of drive train it has. A hybrid vehicle can either have a parallel or series or parallel-series drive train.Parallel HybridThe parallel hybrid car has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission, electric motor, and batteries.A parallel hybrid is designed to run directly from either the combustion engine or the electric motor. It can run using both the engine and the motor. As a conventional vehicle, the parallel hybrid draws its power from the combustion engine which will then drive the transmission that turns the wheels. If it is using the electric motor, the car draws its power from the batteries. The energy from the batteries will then power the electric motor that drives the transmission and turns the wheel.Both the combustion engine and the electric motor are used at the same time during quick acceleration, on steep ascend, or when either the engine or the motor needs additional boost.Since the engine is directly connected to the wheels in a parallel drive train, it eliminates the inefficiency of converting mechanical energy into electrical energy and back. This makes a very effective vehicle to drive on the highway.Series HybridThe series hybrid car also has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission, electric motor, and batteries with the addition of the generator. The generator can be the electric motor or it can be another separate component.The series configuration is the simplest among the 3. The engine is not connected to the transmission rather it is connected to the electric motor. This means that the transmission can be driven only by the electric motor which draws its energy from the battery pack, the engine or the generator.A hybrid car with a series drive train is more suited for city driving conditions since the engine will not be subjected to the varying speed demands (stop, go, and idle) that contributes to fuel consumption.Series-Parallel HybridThe series-parallel configuration solves the individual problems of the parallel and series hybrid. By combining the 2 designs, the transmission can be directly connected to the engine or can be separated for optimum fuel consumption. The Toyota Prius and the Ford Escape Hybrid use this technology.Honda’s hybridFor those of you who have toyed with the idea of buying a hybrid but were discouraged by the price, you are not alone. In fact, despite the growing concern for the environment, not to mention the skyrocketing price of gas, hybrid cars still only represent a small percentage of global car sales, and a major reason for this is the cost.Hybrids are considered the wave of the future because they not only reduce emissions, addressing the issue of climate change, but they get great gas mileage, animportant consideration with the current price of oil. It should be noted that hybrids can also improve the power of the engine, which compromises any advantages in fuel efficiency and emissions. Whatever the application, however, the technology makes the cars more expensive.Because of this, they are the vehicle of choice for only a small niche of people who can afford them, and they currently enjoy a special status amongst the image conscious celebrity-set. For most average consumers, however, they are not an option.That may soon change.Honda Motor Corporation, one of the largest car manufacturers in the world and a leader in fuel efficient technology, has unveiled it’s plan to introduce a low-cost hybrid by 2009. If they can pull it off, they hope to make the hybrid a more mainstream car that will be more appealing to the general public, with the ultimate goal of achieving greater sales and broader appeal than their current incarnation.This, of course, is making Detroit nervous, and may signal a need for American car makers to start making greener and more fuel efficient vehicles, something they could afford to ignore in the past because hybrid cars weren’t worth their attention (due to such a small market share) while gas-guzzling SUVs have such high profit margins.Honda, meanwhile, has had to confront a growing need to compete with Toyota, which has not only grown to be the world’s largest automaker, but makes the car that has become synonymous with the hybrid movement, the Prius. Honda is therefore faced with the seemingly insurmountable task of challenging Toyota’s dominance in the market.Concurrently, Toyota is racing to lower production costs on the Prius, as well, which would hopefully result in a lower cost to the consumer. All eyes are on a potentially favorable car buyers market in 2009.In the meantime, with even adamant global warming naysayers warming up (no pun intended) to the possibilities of an ecological disaster on the horizon, maybe it’s time that we got over our need to drive huge SUVs and start moderating our fuel consumption.Then again, as gas prices hovering around $4.00 and with no ceiling in sight, we may have little choice in the matter.Engine Operating PrinciplesMost automobile dngines are internal combustion, reciprocating 4-stroke gasoline engines, but other types have been used, including the diesel, the rotary ( Wankel ) , the 2-srtoke, and stratified charge.Reciprocating means up and down or banck and forth, It is the up and down action of a piston in the cylinder blick, or engine block. The blick is an iron or aluminum casting that contains engine cylinders and passges called water jackets for coolant circulation. The top of the block is covered with the cylinder head. Which forms the combustion chanber. The bottom of the block is covered with an oil pan or oil sump.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder. However, this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars of trucks. The piston is attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin, called a piston pin or wrist pin. The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft. The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft, which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large beaings called rod bearings. Similar bearings, called main bearings, are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. Shown in Fig. 1-1The diameter of the cylinder is called the engine bore. Displacement and compression ratio are two frequently used engine specifications. Displacement indicates engine size, and compression ratio compares the total cylinder volume to compression chamber volume.The term stroke is used to describe the movement of the iston within the cylinder, as well as the distance of piston travel. Depending on the type of engine the operating cycle may require either two or four strokes to complete. The 4-stroke engine is also called Otto cycle engine, in honor of the German engineer, Dr. Nikolaus Otto, who first applied the principle in 1876. In the 4-stroke engine, four strokes of the piston in the cylinder are required to complete one full operating cycle. Each stroke is named after the action it performs intake, compression, power, and exhaust in that order, shown in Fig1-2.1、Intake strokeAs the piston moves down, the vaporized mixture of fuel and air enters the cylinder through open intake valve. To obtain the maximum filling of the cylinder the intake valve opens about 10°before t.b.c., giving 20°overlap. The inlet valve remains open until some 50°after b.d.c. to take advantage of incoming mixture.2、 Compression strokeThe piston turns up, the intake valve closes, the mixture is compressed within the combustion chamber, while the pressure rise to about 1Mpa, depending on various factors including the compression ratio, throttle opening and engine speed. Near the top of the stroke the mixture is ignited by a spark which bridges the gap of the spark plug.3、 Power strokeThe expanding gases of combustion produces a rise in pressure of the gas to some 3.5Mpa, and the piston is forced down in the cylinder. The exhaust valve opens near the bottom of the stroke.4、Exhust strokeThe piston moves back up with the exhaust valve open some 50°before b.d.d., allowing the pressure within the cylinder to fall and to reduce ‘back’pressure on the piston during the exhaust stroke, and the burned gases are pushed out to prepare for the next intake stroke.The intake valve usually opens just before the exhaust stroke. This 4-stroke cycle is continuously repeared in every as long as the engineremains running.A 2-stroke engine also goes through four actions to complete one operatingcycle.However, the intake and the compression actions are combined in one seroke, and the power and exhaust actions are combined in the other stroke. The term2-stroke cycle or 2-stroke is preferred to the term 2-cycle, which is really not accurate.In automobile engines, all pistons are attached to a single crankshaft. The more cylinders an engine has, the more power strokes produced for cach revolution. This means that an 8-cylinder engine runs more smoothly bdcause the power atrokes are closer together in time and in degrees of engine rotation.The cylinders of multi-cylinder automotive engines arranged in one of three ways. 1、Inline engines use a single block of cylinder.Most 4-cylinder and any 6-cylinder engines are of this design. The cylinders do not have to be vertical. They can be inclined either side.2、V-type engines use two equal bands of cylinders, usually inclined 60degrees or 90degrees from the cach other. Most V-type engines have 6 or 8 cylinders, although V-4 and V-12 engines have been built.3、Horizontally opposed or pancake engines have two equal banks of cylinders 180degreeas apart. These space saving engine designs are often air-cooled, and are found in the Chevrolet Carvair, Porsches, Subaus, and V olkswagens. Subaus design is liquid cooled.Late-model V olkswagen vans use a liquid-cooled version of the air cooled VWhorizontally opposed engine.译文新型汽车----混合动力汽车在油价飞涨的今天，汽车制造商被要求发展一种排放低，行驶里程长的汽车。

新能源汽车外文翻译文献

新能源汽车外文翻译文献Electric Cars: XXX?As the XXX crises。

wars。

and increasing oil n。

the need for alternative XXX not a renewable resource。

and we must find a replacement before XXX and social progress。

the n of electric cars XXX.Faced with high XXX costs。

growing XXX。

XXX and American automakers。

XXX Prius has e the world's best-selling hybrid car。

Tesla Motors。

a new American automaker。

has launched its first battery-powered car。

the Tesla Roadster。

As of the end of 2010.XXX hybrid car。

and XXX a similar plan is underway.Currently。

XXX vehicles。

XXX。

key components。

and system n。

They have established a research institute with "three verticals" of hybrid electric vehicles。

pure electric vehicles。

and fuel cell vehicles。

and "three horizontals" of vehicle controlsystems。

motor drive systems。

and power XXX industry。

太阳能汽车设计报告byjluDorWut

三个基本类型的传动力方式的变化： 1、单减引ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ式驱动 2、变频履带式驱动 3、轴式驱动
4、机械系统
在设计中，应尽量减少摩擦力和重量，根据不同的路况来设计需要的强度。常用的轻质金属如铝合金和合成金属。机械系统包括刹车制动、方向盘和轮胎等。
典型的太阳能汽车一般有3个或4个轮子（ASC美国治安委员会规则规定必须至少有三个）。刹车制动使用前制动档位闸的比较普遍，配备后退制动档。
太阳能汽车 solar car
初步设计探讨
立项依据
太阳能汽车是一种靠太阳能来驱动的汽车。相比传统热机驱动的汽车，太阳能汽车是真正的零排放。
汽车用的燃料是汽油和柴油等，它们都是从石油中提炼出来的。据科学家们预计，目前世界上已探明的石油储量将于 2020年左右被采尽。因此，人类将面临着能源的挑战。
世界太阳能汽车挑战赛
澳大利亚太阳能汽车挑战赛美国“方程式SUN大奖赛” 日本能登（NoTo）太阳能车赛中国“创新杯”太阳能车设计
赛台灣世界太陽能車拉力賽香港太阳能车大赛
项目的研究内容、研究目标
设计一款太阳能汽车，要让阻力达到最小值，使太阳能与阳光的接触比达到最大值，重量要尽量小而安全系数尽量达到最高。初步设计其基本系统： 1、驾驶控制系统 2、能源控制系统 3、驱动器系统 4、机械系统 5、太阳能阵列系统 6、车身外形和承载车架
方向盘设计必须是自由灵活，保证驾驶的可靠性和安全高效。驾驶系统需经过精确的驾驶测试才能设计。车轮和车胎不超载，可购置符合太阳能汽车的轮胎。
5、太阳能阵列系统
太阳能光电板能将太阳能转变为电能。主要有两种类型的光电板：硅和砷化物。硅则更为普遍的为地球（陆地）基础设备的使用。

插上科学的翅膀飞太阳能汽车作文

插上科学的翅膀飞太阳能汽车作文英文回答：Flying with the Wings of Science: Solar-powered Cars.As I take a seat in my solar-powered car, I can't help but feel a sense of excitement and wonder. The idea of harnessing the power of the sun to fuel our transportation needs is truly revolutionary. Solar energy is a clean, renewable source of power that has the potential to transform the way we travel.One of the biggest advantages of solar-powered cars is their environmental impact, or rather, the lack thereof. Unlike traditional gasoline-powered vehicles, solar cars produce zero emissions. This means that they do not contribute to air pollution or greenhouse gas emissions, making them a much greener alternative. With the ever-increasing concern about climate change and the need to reduce our carbon footprint, solar-powered cars offer apromising solution.Not only are solar cars environmentally friendly, but they are also cost-effective in the long run. While the initial investment may be higher compared to conventional cars, the savings in fuel costs are significant. Imagine never having to worry about rising gas prices or spending a fortune on filling up your tank. Solar energy is free, abundant, and accessible, making it a sustainable and economical choice for powering our vehicles.Furthermore, solar-powered cars offer a sense of independence. With a traditional car, you are dependent on gas stations and their availability. However, with a solar car, as long as the sun is shining, you have an unlimited source of energy. This means that you can travel to remote areas without the fear of running out of fuel. It's liberating to know that I can explore new places without any limitations.In addition to their practical benefits, solar-powered cars also have a certain allure. They represent innovation,progress, and a commitment to a better future. Driving a solar car is not just about getting from point A to point B; it's about making a statement and being part of a movement towards sustainable transportation. It's a conversation starter and a way to inspire others to consider alternative energy sources.中文回答：科技之翼，太阳能汽车的飞翔。

太阳能汽车作文400字

太阳能汽车作文400字英文回答：Solar energy cars are a revolutionary invention thathas the potential to change the way we think about transportation. These cars are powered by solar panels, which convert sunlight into electricity to power the vehicle. This means that they are environmentally friendly, as they do not produce any harmful emissions. In addition, they are also cost-effective, as the fuel source (sunlight) is free and abundant. This makes them a very attractive option for the future of transportation.太阳能汽车是一种革命性的发明，有潜力改变我们对交通方式的看法。

这些汽车由太阳能电池板提供动力，将阳光转化为电力来驱动车辆。

这意味着它们对环境友好，因为它们不会产生任何有害的排放物。

此外，它们还具有成本效益，因为燃料来源（阳光）是免费且丰富的。

这使它们成为未来交通的一个非常有吸引力的选择。

One of the main advantages of solar energy cars istheir sustainability. Unlike traditional cars that rely on finite fossil fuels, solar energy is a renewable resource that will never run out. This means that solar energy cars have the potential to significantly reduce our dependenceon non-renewable energy sources and help combat climate change. Additionally, the use of solar energy cars can also reduce air pollution and improve air quality, creating a healthier environment for everyone.太阳能汽车的主要优势之一是它们的可持续性。

太阳能发电-中英文翻译Solarelectricalenergygeneration文献翻译

文献翻译英文原文：Solar electrical energy generationAlong with economical development, society's progress, the people to the energy proposed that more and more high request, seeks for the new energy to become the urgent topic which the current humanity faces. The existing energy mainly has 3 kinds, namely thermal power, water and electricity and nuclear power.The thermal power needs to burn fossil fuels and so on bunker coal, petroleum. On the one hand the fossil fuel reserves limited, the fever are less, is facing the danger which dries up. It is estimated that the world oil resource will have 30 years then to dry up again. On the other hand the combustion fuel will discharge CO2 and the sulfur oxide compound, will therefore cause the greenhouse effect and the acid rain, will worsen the terrestrial environment.The water and electricity must submerge the massive lands, has the possibility to cause the ecological environment to destroy, moreover large reservoir, once collapses, the consequence will be inconceivable. Moreover, country's hydro-electric resources are also limited, moreover must receive the season influence.The nuclear power in the normal condition no doubt is clean, but has the nuclear leakage accidentally, the consequence is similarly fearful. The former Soviet Union Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station accident, has caused 9,000,000 people to receive the varying degree harm, moreover this influence has not terminated.These force the people to seek for the new energy. The new energy must simultaneously meet two conditions: First, the implication rich will not dry up; Second, is safe, is clean, will not threaten the humanity and the destruction environment. At present found the new energy mainly had two kinds：first, solar energy; second, fuel cell. Moreover, the wind power generation may also be the auxiliary new energy. And, the most ideal new energy is greatly positive energy.1. The solar electrical energy generation is the most ideal new energyShines is huge on Earth's solar energy, about 40 minutes shine on Earth's solar energy, then sufficiently supplies global humanity one year energy the expense. It can be said that the solar energy is true inexhaustible, the inexhaustible energy. Moreover the solar electrical energy generation is absolutely clean, does not have the environmental damage. Therefore the solar electrical energy generation is honored asis the ideal energy.Obtains the electric power from the solar energy, must carry on the electro-optical transformation through the greatly positive battery to realize. It completely was formerly different with other power source electricity generation principle, has the following characteristic: ①Non-depletion danger; ②Clean (does not have environmental damage) absolutely; ③It is not distributed the resources the region the limit; ④But is using electricity place nearby generates electricity; ⑤The energy quality is high; ⑥The user easy to accept from the sentiment; ⑦The gain energy expenditure's time is short. The deficiency is:①The illumination energy distribution density is small, namely must take the huge area; ②Obtains the energy with four seasons, the day and nights and cloudy clear and so on meteorological conditions concerns. But generally speaking, the flaw does not cover the fine jade, takes the new energy, the solar energy has the enormous merit, therefore receives various countries the value.Must enable the solar electrical energy generation to achieve the practical level truly; first, must raise the solar energy electro-optic conversion efficiency and reduce its cost; second, must realize the solar electrical energy generation with present's electrical network networking.At present, solar panels mainly has the mono-crystalline silicon, the polycrystalline silicon, the amorphous state silicon three kinds. The mono-crystalline silicon solar cell conversion efficiency is highest, has reached above 20%, but the price is also the most expensive. The amorphous state silicon solar cell conversion efficiency is lowest, but the price is the cheapest, from now on most will be hopeful uses in generally generating electricity will be this kind of battery. Once its big area module electro-optic conversion efficiency achieves 10%, each watt generating set price falls to 1-2 US dollars, then sufficiently compete with present's electricity generation way. It is estimated that at the end of this century it may achieve this level.Certainly, in the special use and the laboratory uses the solar cell efficiency must be much higher, if the US Boeing develops by the gallium arsenic semiconductor with the positive electricity place which too the stibium gallium semiconductor overlaps becomes, the electro-optic conversion efficiency may reach 36%, has caught up with the coal-burning electricity generation efficiency quickly. But because it is too expensive, at present can only be restricted on the satellite uses.2. Solar electrical energy generation applicationAlthough solar electrical energy generation day and nights, clear and rain, season influence, but may carry on scattered, therefore it is suitable for various each household minute to carry on the electricity generation severally, moreover must join in the power supply network, causes each family when the electric power is wealthy may sold it to the Electricity company, when the insufficiency be possible from the Electricity company to buy up. Realizes this point’s technology not to be difficult to solve, the key lies in must have the corresponding legal safeguard. Now the US, Japan and so on developed country has made the corresponding law, guaranteed that carries on the solar electrical energy generation the family benefit, encourages the family to carry on the solar electrical energy generation.Japan has realized the solar electrical energy generation system the same electricity company electrical network's networking in April, 1992, had some families to start to install the solar electrical energy generation equipment. The Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry started from 1994 take individual housing as an object, implemented to purchases the solar electrical energy generation equipment's expense to subsidize 2/3 systems. Requests the first year had 1000 households families, when 2000 to have 70,000 households families to install the solar electrical energy generation equipment.According to the Japanese Department concerned estimates in the Japanese 21,000,000 households individual housing, if has 80% to install the solar electrical energy generation equipment, then may satisfy 14% which the national total power needs, if units and so on factory and office building also carry on the solar electrical energy generation with the room, then the solar electrical energy generation will occupy the national electric power 30%-40%. The current hindrance solar electrical energy generation popular most primary factor is the expense is expensive In order to satisfy the general family power requirement 3 kilowatt generating system, needs 6,000,000 to 7,000,000 Japanese Yen, has not included the installment wages. The concerned expert believed that when must fall at least to 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 Japanese Yen, the solar electrical energy generation only then can popularize truly. The key to reduce the expense lie in the solar cell to raise the conversion efficiency and to reduce the cost.Some time ago, the US Texas Instruments Company and SCE Corporation announced that they develop one kind of new solar cell, each unit is the diameter less than 1 millimeter bead, they distribute regularly densely and numerously on the softaluminum foil, looks like many silkworm eggs to cling on the paper is the same. Then distributes in about 50 square centimeters area has 1,700 such units. This kind of new battery's characteristic is, although the conversion efficiency has 8%-10%, but the price is cheap. Moreover aluminum foil bottom bush soft solid, may look like the cloth to fold equally at will, and durable, hangs in toward the sun place then may generate electricity, is convenient. It is said that uses this kind of new solar cell, so long as each watt power capacity equipment 1.5 to 2 US dollars, moreover each round of once electricity's expense might also fall to 14 cents about, definitely may compete with the ordinary power plant. Each family hangs this kind of battery on the roof, the wall toward the sun, every year may obtain 1,000-2,000 degrees electric powers.3. Solar electrical energy generation prospectThe solar electrical energy generation has a more exciting plan. First, Japan proposes creates the century plan. Prepares the desert and the sea area carries on the electricity generation using the ground, and through superconducting cable whole world solar power station connection unification electrical network in order to global. According to reckoning, to 2000, in 2050, in 2100, even if all uses the solar electrical energy generation supplies the whole world energy, the occupying land area is also 651,100 square kilometer, 1,867,900 square kilometer, 8,291,900 square kilometers. 8,291,900 square kilometers only occupy the complete sea area 2.3% or the complete desert area 51.4%, even is the Sahara area 91.5%. Therefore this plan has the possibility to realize.Another one is the space electricity generation plan. As early as in 1980 the NASA and Department of Energy proposed that in the spatial construction solar power station tentative plan, prepares on the synchronous orbit to put one long 10 kilometers, to extend 5 kilometer big plates, above covers entirely the solar cell, like this then may provide 5,000,000 kilowatts electric powers. But this needs to solve to the ground wireless electric transmission question. Already proposed with the micro wave beam, the laser beam and so on each kind of plan. At present although has realized the short distance, the short time, the low power microwave wireless electric transmission with the mockup, but to true practical also has the long distance.Along with our country technology's development, in 2006, China had three enterprises to enter global first ten, symbolizes that China will become one of global new energy science and technology central, in the world the solar energy light bends down widespread application, what caused present to be deficient was raw materialsupply and the price rise, we needed dissemination of technology at the same time, to use the new technology, with the aim of reducing the cost large scale, was this new energy long-term development provides the driving force!The solar energy use mainly divides into several aspects: The family with the small solar energy power plant, the large-scale incorporation power plant, the building integration light bends down the glass curtain wall, the solar energy street light, the scenery supplementary street light, the scenery supplementary power supply system and so on, now main application way for construction integration and scenery supplementary system.The world present had the nearly 200 companies to produce the solar cell, but produces the plants mainly hand in the Japanese business.Recent years the South Korean Tri-star, LG expressed the positive participation's desire, China two sides across the Taiwan Strait are similarly very warm-hearted. It is reported that our country Taiwan in 2008 crystallizes the silicon solar cell productivity to reach 2.2GW, later will expand by every year 1GW productivity in the past and started to produce the thin film solar cell, this year will strengthen vigorously, Taiwan anticipated that “the solar cell great nation” emulated to Europe. in 2010 various countries and the area have above 1GW the productive plan solar cell manufacturer to have Japanese Sharp, German Q-Cells, Scho~Solar, turns 5 prestige RWE Solar, Chinese Suntech Power and so on 5 companies, above other 7 500MW productivity company.Recent years the world solar cell market advanced triumphantly, an excellence, but the rare financial storm brought the economic crisis, was similarly presses in solar cell market on dark clouds, the Major enterprise like Germany Q-Cells achievement declined accordingly, because pre-year the world too positive electricity market also the demand will be this year worn out, the petroleum price dropped, but the competitive power counter-promotion and so on disadvantage factor lowered But at the same time, the people also see the US. After the Obama comes on stage, soon applies the Green New Deal policy, may have 150,000,000,000 US dollar subsidy funds including the among them green energy program, Japan will also carry out the subsidy system to continue to popularize solar cell's application4. Solar cell electricity generation principle:The solar cell is pair of light has the response and can transform the energy of light the electric power the component. Many kinds of materials can produce the lightto bend down the effect, for example: Mono-crystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, gallium arsenic, selenium indium copper and so on. Their electricity generation principle basic same, presently take crystal as example description light electricity generation process. The P crystalline silicon may result in the N silicon after the doping phosphorus, forms the P-N knot.When light illumination solar cell surface, part of photons by silicon material absorption; The photon energy transfer has given the silicon atom, caused the electron to occur more moved, becomes the free electron to tie the both sides in P-N to gather has formed the potential difference, when exterior key-on, under this voltage's function, will have the electric current to wind through the exterior electric circuit to have certain output. This process's essence is: The photon energy transforms the electrical energy the process.5. Crystalline silicon solar cell's manufacture process:The silicon is on our star preserves one of most abundant quantity materials. Had discovered after the 19th century scientists crystalline silicon semiconductor characteristic, it changed all nearly, even humanity's thought. 20 century's ends, in our life everywhere obviously “silicon” the f orm and the function, the crystalline silicon solar cell is in the recent 15 years forms the industrial production to be quickest. The production process may divide into five steps approximately: a、depuration process.b、pulls good process.c、slice process.d、system battery process.e、and the seal process.6. Solar cell's application:In the 1960s, the scientists already applied the solar cells in the spatial technology-communication satellite power supply, on the century's end, in the human self-introspection's process, bends down unceasingly regarding the light generates electricity this kind so clean and the direct energy form already even more kind, not only in the spatial application, but also gives full play in the numerous domains.For example: The solar energy garden lamp, the solar electrical energy generation household with the system, the stockaded village power supply's independent system, the light bends down the water pump (potable water or irrigation), the correspondence power source, the petroleum oil pipeline cathodic protection, the fiber optic cable communications pumping station power source, in the seawater desalination system, the cities the guidepost, the highway guidepost and so on. Europe and America and so on advanced countries bend down the electricitygeneration the light to merge the city to use electricity the system and the remote border district nature village power supply system integrate the development direction. The solar cell and the building system's union already formed the industrial production tendency.参考译文：太阳能发电随着经济的发展、社会的进步，人们对能源提出越来越高的要求，寻找新能源成为当前人类面临的迫切课题。

太阳能汽车技术英文版

成绩评阅人Solar Powered Auto Technology学院：机械工程学院学期：2012-2013第一学期_课程：专业英语（一）专业：班级：学号：姓名： _____ ________Solar Powered Auto TechnologySolar powered auto (Fig .1) is one kind of auto which is driven by solar power. Compared to the conventional auto driven by heat engine, the solar powered auto has an obvious characteristic of true zero discharge. Because of the environmental protection characteristic, solar powered auto is advocated in many countries.Fig .1 solar powered auto1. The history and current situation of solar powered auto.The early solar powered autos are made in Mexico, which look like three-wheel motorcycle. And there is solar cells shed on its roof, which supply electrical energy to automobile under the sunlight, making the car speed of 40 km per. This kind of autos just contains 40 minutes electricity per day so it can not go far away. Danish adven- turer and environmentalist Han Sisi designed and built the first solar powered auto named “quiet arrivals”. In September 1984, the ‘sun’ was successfully developed in China, and drove into qinzheng palace in Beijing Zhongnanhai. This also shows that our country has reached world advanced level in the development of new types of auto. Nowadays many countries in the world are developing this kind of auto, and take part in competition. For example, world solar rally competition held in Australia in November 1987 draws 25 solar powered autos from seven countries participating in this competition. In this contest, ‘San Leahy Lufthansa’ of the American won the first prize with a result in 44hours 54 minutes. China’ solar powered career started late, the most solar powered auto development work is carried out by the institution and research institutes. In China’s State Intellectual Property Office and solar-related patents, a large part of patents are related to solar water heaters, few of them directly associated with the solar powered auto. In general, there are some characteristics ofour country’ solar powered autos:(1) The application of solar powered auto normally just involves the auxiliary power system of auto. The energy provided by the solar cell can only be used for the auto’s electrical equipments, instruments, etc. or charging the battery. Today some parts of autos add a solar battery in skylight at its top, which drive auto-mounted air-condition to work through controller and inverter.(2) In the patent, which see the solar power as driving energy share small part pro rata. Some part of solar power is used for electric bicycle or mini cars but the energy that is provided by solar power just accounts for only 30% of the required drive energy. In September 1984, China successfully first developed solar powered auto named ‘Sun’, which was developed by Huang Shengpu and other five people of Metal new technology development company in Hubei province. They spent 56 days on it. In 1996, Tsinghua University refer to Japan Noto contest specifications, developed the ‘Day’ solar powered auto cost $ 78,000. Its weight is about 800 kg, and the maximum speed approach to 80 km/h. The use of solar panels is fifth generation products of our country. The car use a conversion efficiency of 14% of a rectangular single-crystal silicon cell array, in the good illumination (ground sunshine intensity is 1000W/m2), which send the 800W power to the DC brushless motor. ‘Day’ is the first generation solar powered auto to participate in international competition. In 2001, Shanghai Jiaotong university design and manufacture a solar powered auto named ‘Think’. The commander, the width and the height is respectively 2100 mm, 860 mm and 800 mm. Its structure and power is similar to the ‘Day’. However, due to it uses the series resistance to control the speed, which is low energy utilization; its speed is only 20 to 36 km/h. The Ninth National University “Challenge Cup”tournament held in 2005, another solar powered auto of Shanghai Jiaotong University participated in the competition. All of these attempts indicate the solar powered auto is gradually mature. So far, the application of solar power in the auto technology involves tow aspect: first, as the driving force, second, as the energy of auto auxiliary equipment. First kind of application generally uses a special device to absorb solar energy and then change into electricity to drive the car running. While the auto auxiliary energy mainly is usedin auxiliary application of electricity equipment, but most energy still is supplied by fuel.(1) Solar energy as the key driving force to drive car.Solar power in place of the tradition fuel as the driving force entirely, which is a dream of generations of auto workers. 1982 Australians Hans and Parkin used glass fiber and aluminum to manufacture a solar powered auto. The auto’s top is equipped with a device, which can absorb solar power to charge tow batteries, and the batteries provide power to engine. On December 19, they drive this solar powered auto, starting from the west coast of Australia “Perth” across the Australia continent; finally reach the east coast of Sydney. What a pioneering work! This kind of auto is quite different from traditional auto, whatever in shape or operating principle. The solar powered auto has no engine, chassis, drive, gearbox and other components, but solar panels, electrical equipment and motor. It can directly change the solar power to electrical energy, and then consume electrical energy to drive auto moving. Now this kind of solar powered auto’s highest speed can reach more than 100km/h, even its speed would keep in 100km/h without sunlight. There is another concept of the solar powered auto, which install the battery configuration instead of photovoltaic panel on body. It looks like current auto in appearance, but you have to often go to solar power station to charge it.(2) Solar power as the auxiliary energyPower of traditional autos is generally in the tens of kilowatts, but the solar radiation power at most 1kw/m2, the current photoelectric conversion efficiency is less than 30%. So it is difficult to do with the car body. However, the traditional car can use solar energy as an auxiliary power to reduce the conventional fuel consumption. The application has following kinds of forms:First, solar power used in auxiliary charging energy of auto battery.It will continue to charge the battery when you do not use the car, which is installed solar battery, So as to avoid excessively discharging the battery. Japan Yingqing University designed a concept auto called Luciole, its colors like firefly. It has been exhibited in Beijing, posted a nearly square meters of high conversion efficiencyof photovoltaic panels in the roof, so as to charge 12 volt battery. When the 12 volt is full, it will charge the main battery. When the main battery is full, this concept auto can travel 800 kilometers.Second, solar power used to drive the fan and auto air condition system.When car is parked in the sun, air in the car does not circulate, so the car becomes the greenhouse that collects solar power. It increases the temperature inside the car, which release large amounts of harmful substances. If the solar devices were installed in the car, such as the solar fan, which can provide fresh air without consuming fuel energy and good air condition.2. The characteristic of solar powered auto.(1) No pollution, no noise. Because there is no fuel, solar powered autos do not discharge harmful gases to the atmosphere; no internal combustion engine, you can not hear the noise of fuel auto engine. If solar powered auto to replace gas vehicles, which can reduce 43% to 54% of carbon dioxide emissions per auto and will solve the environmental pollution caused by auto exhaust gas.(2) Compared to the internal combustion auto, practical solar powered auto has a lot of advantages in addition to traveling speed. First, solar powered auto consume less energy which just needs 3-4 square meters of solar components to drive the car. But the combustion auto has to comply with the Carnot cycle to work in the energy conversion process, whose thermal efficiency is low. Only about 1/3 energy be consumed in driving the car, the remaining 2/3 energy loss in the engine and drive chain. On the contrary, without restrictions of the Carnot cycle, 90% energy of the solar powered auto uses to work.(3) Easy to drive. Without electric ignition, you just need simply press the accelerator pedal to start. Do not need to shift and clutch, which simplify the complexity of driving. It is suitable for women and the elderly.(4) Due to the simple structure, in addition to the regular replacement, basically you do not need to have a daily maintenance, which leave out the trouble of exchange the engine oil. Small body can easily turn the car docking with the crowded urban parking lot.3. The existing technology and new technology of solar powered autoIn spite of their potential interest, solar hybrid cars have received relatively little attention in literature. An innovative prototype has been developed at Western Washington University in the 90’s, adopting very advanced solutions for materials, aerodynamic drag reduction and PV power maximization with peak power tracking. Another study on a solar hybrid auto has been presented by Japanese researcher, with PV panels located on the roof and on the windows of the car. Fuel consumption savings up to 90% could be achieved in some conditions. A further prototype of solar hybrid car powered with a gasoline engine and an electric engine has been proposed and tested by other Japanese researchers. In this case, a relevant amount of the solar power was provided by PV panels located at the parking place, while only a small fraction was supplied by panels on the car. The hybridization lead to a significant weight increase, due to the adoption of lead batteries, probably too heavy for such application.Although these studies demonstrate the general feasibility of this idea, a systematic approach to the design of a solar hybrid auto seems still missing. Moreover, the technological scenario is rapidly changing, and new components and solutions can be available. In the following, a study on the optimal sizing of a solar hybrid car will be presented.A parametric study on global energy flows and on the weight of components for a solar hybrid auto with series architecture has been presented. It has been shown that significant savings in fuel consumption and emission, up to 40% depending on latitude and season, can be obtained with an intermittent use of the auto at limited average power, compatible with typical PV panels and with realistic data and assumptions on the achievable net solar power for propulsion. The future adoption of photovoltaic panels of last generation, with nominal efficiencies approaching 30%, may result in complete solar autonomy of this kind of auto for such uses.By adopting up to date technology for electric motor and generator, batteries and chassis, power to weight ratio comparable with the ones of commercial cars can be achieved, thus assuring acceptable vehicle performance. Further studies seemnecessary to extend this analysis to other configurations (i.e. parallel hybrid auto) to estimate the solar power achievable with more articulate geometrical distribution of the PV panels, could be needed.The actual and future costs of the various alternatives should be considered, to verify the practical applicability of the proposed auto for commercial use. Although this proposal seems still far from economic feasibility, it is reasonable to expect further reductions in costs for PV panels, batteries and advanced electric motors and generators, while unfortunately further increases in fuel cost could be excluded. Moreover, the recent and somewhat surprising commercial success of some electrical hybrid cars indicates that there are grounds for hope that a significant number of users are already willing to spend some money to contribute to save the planet from pollution, climate changes and resource depletion.4. The development direction of the future solar powered auto technologyThe solar powered apply in automobile mainly have three kinds of ways, the first application is used to be the auxiliary battery in the traditional car, rather to be the driving force to drive the car. It can not drive the air condition compressor, for the power of air condition compressor is too big. The solar power just can drive the fan in the air condition, as the auxiliary power. The second application is used to charge, for example, put a lot of solar panels under the sunshine, in order to collect the solar power, which is used to charge the car. The third application is used to be the solar hydrogen production.However, the solar power is used to the direct power in the car, which is the direct way. Because of the solar instability, solar power dispersion (about 1 Kw/square meter) as well as the low efficiency of solar power collection device and the high cost. So it is hard for solar power to be the direct power in automobile. So the solar powered auto is in concept state mostly.The future solar powered auto (Fig. 2) has following development trend(1) The photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar panels improves gradually.(2) There is enough battery saving quantity, even in the cloudy day the solarpowered auto still have high speed.(3) The cost of solar powered auto reduces a lot, and gradually enters the markand the families. Not only the adult can drive it, but also the young as well as the old can drive it. Everyone enjoys driving.(4) The speed of solar powered auto can reach the standard of modern internalcombustion engine auto.(5) Frivolous surgery, light weight, cool appearance. Everyone all likes it.(6) The safety performance improves gradually, car accident ratio decreasespreviously.Fig. 2 The future solar powered auto5. ConclusionSolar powered auto as the new product has close to our daily life constantly, although existing a lot of challenge belong to its development. It can not be denied that solar powered auto will become the leading role of future new energy application in the lack of non-renewable energy resources. We believe that the solar powered auto will be popularized in the near future. It is practicable to drive the car completely. Solar powered auto will apply in the golf course, outdoor playground sightseeing car, large field zoo sightseeing car, garden lawn trim servicer and so on. In the era of global advanced energy conservation and environmental protection, the application of the solar power not only bring the convenience to our daily life, but also promote the harmonious development of our survival of earth. But we should think of the current technology of solar powered auto are still not perfect, we should not there would be solar powered car, and start to drive car randomly, which will result in the air pollution. We still need to protect the environment well, and be responsible for the next generation. I believe that I will finally drive a solar powered auto on the road with myfriends in the future, and I will do my best for the development of solar powered auto.。

太阳能智能汽车作文

太阳能智能汽车作文英文回答：Solar-powered smart cars are vehicles that are powered by solar energy. These cars utilize solar panels to convert sunlight into electricity, which is then used to power the car's engine and other electrical components. This innovative technology has the potential to revolutionize the automotive industry and contribute to a more sustainable future.One of the main advantages of solar-powered smart cars is their environmental friendliness. Unlike traditional cars that rely on fossil fuels, solar-powered cars produce zero emissions while driving. This means that they do not contribute to air pollution or greenhouse gas emissions, which are major contributors to climate change. By reducing our dependence on fossil fuels, solar-powered smart cars can help mitigate the negative impacts of transportation on the environment.In addition to being environmentally friendly, solar-powered smart cars also offer economic benefits. The use of solar energy as a fuel source eliminates the need to purchase gasoline or diesel, which can be expensive. Instead, owners of solar-powered cars can simply charge their vehicles using solar panels installed on their homes or other charging stations. This can lead to significant cost savings in the long run, making solar-powered smart cars a more affordable option for many people.Furthermore, solar-powered smart cars can also enhance energy independence. By harnessing the power of the sun, these vehicles are not reliant on the availability offossil fuels. This can be particularly advantageous in remote areas or during natural disasters, where access to traditional fuel sources may be limited. Solar-powered smart cars can provide a reliable and sustainable means of transportation, even in challenging circumstances.中文回答：太阳能智能汽车是一种利用太阳能驱动的汽车。

插上科学的翅膀飞太阳能汽车作文

插上科学的翅膀飞太阳能汽车作文英文回答：Flying with the wings of science, the solar-powered car is a marvel of modern engineering. It harnesses the power of the sun to propel itself forward, reducing our reliance on fossil fuels and minimizing our carbon footprint. Just imagine cruising down the highway, basking in the warm glow of the sun while knowing that you're not contributing toair pollution or global warming.I remember seeing a solar-powered car for the first time at a technology expo. It was sleek and futuristic, with solar panels covering the entire roof. The exhibitor explained how the car's batteries could store energy from the sun, allowing it to travel long distances without needing to be recharged. It was truly a game-changer in the world of sustainable transportation.中文回答：科学的翅膀让太阳能汽车展翅高飞，它是现代工程技术的奇迹。

太阳能电池中英文对照外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文翻译英文原文Historical Review of Solar EnergySolar generally refers to the suns radiation energy. Carried out in the solar interior from H together into a helium the nuclear reaction, kept a huge release of energy, and continue to the space radiation energy, which is solar energy. This solar nuclear fusion reaction inside the can to maintain the hundreds of millions of first time. Solar radiation to space launch 3.8x10 ^ 23kW power of the radiation, of which 20 billionth of the Earths atmosphere to reach. Solar energy reaching the Earths atmosphere, 30% of the atmosphere reflectance, 23% of atmospheric absorption, and the rest to reach the Earths surface.Its power of 80 trillion kW, that is to say a second exposure to the suns energy on Earth is equivalent to five million tons of coal combustion heat release. The average per square meter in the atmosphere outside the area of energy per minute to receiveabout 1367w. A broad sense of the solar energy on earth many sources, such as w ind energy, chemical energy, potential energy of water and so on. The narrow sense is limited to solar radiation of solar light thermal, photovoltaic and photochemical conversion of the directly.At this stage, the worlds solar energy is still the focus of the study of solar energy power plant, but the diversification of the use of the condenser, and the introduction of flat-plate collector and a low boiling point working fluid, the device gradually expanded up to maximum output power 73.64kW, Objective To compare the clear and practical, cost remains high. The construction of a typical device are as follows: 1901, California built a solar-powered pumping devices, the use of truncated cone condenser power: 7.36kW; 1902 ~ 1908 years, built in the United States five sets of double-cycle solar-powered engines, the use of flat-panel collector and a low boiling point working fluid; in 1913,Human use of solar energy has a long history. China more than 2000 years ago, back in the Warring States period, one will find that the use of four steel mirror to focus sunlight ignition; use of solar energy to dry agricultural products. The development of modern, solar energy has become increasingly widespread use, it includes the use of solar energy solar thermal, solar photovoltaic and solar energy use, such as the photochemical use. The use of solar photochemical reaction, a passive use (photo-thermal conversion) and the photoelectric conversion in two ways. A new solar power and renewable sources of energy use.Silicon photovoltaic cells mainly in the absorption of solar light energy emitted by silicon photocell is mainly extracted from the sand by the development of Bell Labs. Solar energy is the internal or the surface of the sun sunspot continuous process of nuclear fusion reactions produce energy. Earths orbit on the average solar radiation intensity for the 1367w / ㎡. Circumference of the Earths equator to 40000km, and thus calculated the Earths energy can be obtained 173000TW. At sea level standard for peak intensity 1kw/m2, a point on the Earths surface 24h of the annual average radiation intensity 0.20kw / ㎡, which is equivalent to have 102000TW energy Human dependence on these energy to survive, including all other forms of renewable energy (except for geothermal energy resources), although the total amount of solar energy resources is the human equivalent of the energy used by ten thousand times, but low energy density of solar energy, and it vary from place to place, from time to time change, the development and utilization of solar energy which is facing a major problem. These features will make solar energy in the integrated energy systemof the role of subject to certain restrictions.The use of solar cells, through the photoelectric conversion to solar energy conversion is included in electricity, the use of solar water heaters, the use of solar heat hot water and use water for power generation, using solar energy for desalination. Now, the use of solar energy is not very popular, the use of solar power costs are h igh there, the problem of low conversion efficiency, but for satellite solar cells to provide energy has been applied.Although the Earths atmosphere solar radiation to the total energy only 22 billionths of a radiation energy, it has been as high as 173,000 TW, that is to say a second exposure to the suns energy on Earth is equivalent to five million tons of coal. Earth wind energy, hydropower, ocean thermal energy, wave energy and tidal energy as well as some comes from the sun; even in the face of the earths fossil fuels (such as coal, oil, natural gas, etc.) that is fundamentally Since ancient times the storage of solar energy down, so by including a broad range of solar energy is very large, he narrow sense is limited to solar radiation of solar light thermal, photovoltaic and photochemical conversion of the directly.Solar energy is the first time, but also renewable energy. It is rich in resources, can use free of charge, and without transportation, without any pollution to the environment. For mankind to create a new life, so that social and human energy into a era of reducing pollution.Solar cells have to respond to a light and convert solar energy to power the device. Photovoltaic effect can produce many kinds of materials, such as: single crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, gallium arsenide, copper indium selenium. They are basically the same principle of power generation is now crystal as an example to describe the process of light generation. P-type crystalline silicon available after phosphorus-doped N-type silicon, the formation of P-N junction.When the surface of solar light, the silicon material to be part of photon absorption; photon energy transfer to the silicon atom, electronic transitions have taken place, as a free-electron concentration in the PN junction formed on both sides of the potential difference, when the external circuit connected when the effects of the voltage, there will be a current flowing through the external circuit have a certain amount of output power. The substance of this process are: photon energy into electrical energy conversion process.Si is our planets abundance of storage materials. Since the 19th century,scientists discovered the properties of crystalline silicon semiconductor, it almo st changed everything, even human thought, end of the 20th century. Our lives can be seen everywhere, silicon figure and role of crystalline silicon solar cells is the formation of the past 15 years the fastest growing industry. Production process can be divided into five steps: a, purification process b, the process of pulling rod c, slicing the process of d, the process of system battery e, the course package.Solar photovoltaicIs a component of photovoltaic panels in the sun exposure will generate direct current power generation devices, from virtually all semiconductor materials (eg silicon) are made of thin photovoltaic cells composed of solid. Because there is no part of activity, and would thus be a long time operation would not lead to any loss. Simple photovoltaic cells for watches and computers to provide energy, and more complex PV systems to provide lighting for the housing and power supply. Photovoltaic panels can be made into components of different shapes, and components can be connected to generate more power. In recent years, the surface of the roof and building will be the use of photovoltaic panels components,Even be used as windows, skylights or sheltered part of devices, which are often called photovoltaic facilities with PV systems in buildings.Solar thermalModern technology solar thermal polymerization sunlight and use its energy produced hot water, steam and electricity. In addition to the use of appropriate technology to collect solar energy, the building can also make use of the su ns light and heat energy is added in the design of appropriate equipment, such as large windows or use of the south can absorb and slowly release the sun heat the building materials .According to records, human use of solar energy has more than 3,000 years of history. To solar energy as an energy and power use, only 300 years of history. The real solar as the near future to add much-needed energy, the basis of the future energy mix is the latest thing. Since the 20th century, 70s, solar technology has made rapid advances, solar energy use with each passing day. Solar energy utilization in modern history from the French engineers in 1615 in the Solomon and Germany Cox invented the worlds first solar-powered engines run. The invention is a use of solar energy heating the air to the expansion and pumping machines acting.In 1615 ~ 1900, between the developed world and more than one solar power plant and a number of other solar energy devices. Almost all of these power plantscollect the sun means the use of condenser, engine power is not, the working fluid is water vapor, which is very expensive, not practical value, the majority of individual studies for manufacturing solar enthusiasts. 100 years of the 20th century, the history of the development of solar energy technology in general can be divided into seven stages.1. The First Stage (1900---1920)In this stage, the research focus of solar energy in the world were still on the solar-powered device which variable photospot method were applied and flat plate heat collector and low boiling point actuating medium were started to use; the capacity of the device was gradually expanded with the max. output power of 73.46kW; device was utilized with the definite end-use and in higher cost.The typical built device included: one set of solar energy pumping device constructed in California of U.S in 1901 which employed truncation taper photospot with the power of 7.36kW; 5 sets of twin-circulated solar-powered engine built in U.S in 1902 to 1908 which employed the flat plate heat collector and low boiling point actuating medium; 1 set of solar energy pump comprised of 5 parabolic mirror in a length of 62.5m, width of 4m built in Cairo of Egypt in which the total light collecting area could reach 1250m2.2. The Second Stage (1920-1965)For these 20 years, the research of solar energy was implementing on the poor stage, which the mandate to participate in the development and the research projects had been widely declined due to the mass utilization of fossil fuels and the second world war (1935---1945) while the s olar energy couldn’t satisfy the urgent demand upon the energy. Therefore, the research and development of solar energy was due to be gradually deserted.3. The Third Stage (1945-1965)For these 20 years after the Second World War, some foresight person has noticed that the petroleum and natural gas resources had been rapidly decreased and called for attention on these issues in order to gradually promote the recovery and development of the solar energy research. Solar energy institutes were setup and academic exchanges and exhibitions were held which raised the research upsurge again on solar energy.In this period, great progress was achieved in the research of solar energy, in particular: the foundation theory of selective paints proposed in the First International Solar Thermal Academic Conference in 1955, which black nickel had been developedas the practical selective paints, contributing to development of high-effective heat collector; the practical silicon solar cells developed by Bell Lab in U.S in 1954 which laid the foundation for large scale utilization of photovoltaic generation.Furthermore, there were still other significant results, including:a. One set of 50kW solar stove was built by French National Research Center in 1952;b. The worldwide prototype ammonia-water absorbing air conditioning system heated by flat plate heat collector with the capacity of 5 tons was built in Florida of U.S in 1960;c. An engine equipped with silicon window was invented in 1961.In this stage, research on foundation theory and foundation material of solar energy was reinforced and academic breakthrough, i.e. selective paints and silicon solar cells were achieved. The flat plate had been well developed and ripe in technologies. Progress had been achieved in the research of solar energy absorbing air conditioners and a batch of pilot solar room was established. Preliminary research was conducted on the engine and tower type solar-powered generation technologies.4. The Fourth Stage (1965---1973)In the stage, the research work on solar energy was standstill due to the reason that the utilization technologies of solar energy had entered into the growing stage which was no ripe in process, heavy in investment and lower in effect. Thus it cannot compete with conventional energy, which resulted in the absence of attention and support from the public, enterprise and government.5. The Fifth Stage (1973---1980)After petroleum played a leading role in the worldwide energy structure, it has been a key factor to control the economic and determine the fatal, development and declining of a country. After the explosion of Middle East War at Oc., 1973, OPEC employed the method of declining the production and increasing the price to support the struggle and safeguard the national benefits which resulted in heavy economic attack for those countries that relied on importing large amount of inexpensive petroleum from the region of Middle East. Thus, some people in the western countries were frightened to call that the energy or petroleum crisis had been launched in the world. This crisis made people realized that the existing energy structure should be completely changed and transition to the future energy structure should be speed up.From that on, many countries, especially the industrialized countries turned their attention towards the support on the research and development of solar energy andother renewable energy technologies. The upsurge of developing and utilizing solar energy had been raised again in the world. In 1973, U.S drew up a government scale sunlight power generation program which the research budget for solar energy were increased in a large amount, and solar energy development bank was to established to facilitate the solar energy products to be commercialized. In 1974, Japan published the sunlight program made by the government, among which the solar energy development projects included solar room, industrial-use solar energy system, solar thermal generation, solar cells production system, scattered and large scale photovoltaic generation system. In order to implement this program, the government of Japan input large amount of manpower, material resources and financial resources.The upsurge on the utilization of solar energy raised in 1970s in the world also impacted on China. Some foresight technicians started to devote to the solar energy industry one after another and positively proposed to the relative department of the government and published books and periodicals to introduce the international trends on the utilization of solar energy. Solar stove was popularized and utilized in countryside; solar water heater was launched in the city; solar cells used in space have started to be applied in the ground. In 1975, the first national solar energy utilization working exchanges conference held in An yang, Henan Province further promoted the development of solar energy industry in China. After this meeting, the solar energy research and promotion had been brought into the government program and awarded support of specialized fund and material. In some universities and institutes, solar energy task team and research departments were established one after another. Solar energy research institutes were also launched in some places. At that time, an upsurge on utilization of solar energy was emerging in China.During this period, research and development of solar energy entered into an unprecedented well-developed stage with the following characteristics:a. Each country enhanced planning on solar energy research. Many countries worked out short term and long-term sunlight program. The utilization of solar energy had been a governmental action with intensive support. The international cooperation was very active which some developing countries had started to participate in the utilization of solar energy.b. The research field was expanding; research work was developed day by day and significant results achieved, for example, CPC, vacuum heat collecting pipe, non-crystal silicon solar cells, water-photolyzed hydrogen production and solar energy thermal power generation.c. The solar energy development program worked out by each country existed the problems that the requirement was too high and urgent and insufficient expectation on difficulty in implementation. They have thought to replace the mineral energy in the short time and to utilize the solar energy in large scale. For example, U.S has once scheduled to build a small size solar energy demonstration satellite power station in 1985 and one set of 5 million kW space solar energy power station in 1995. In fact, this program has been adjusted in later, and the space solar energy power station has not yet been realized.d. Products such as solar water heater and solar cells were started to commercialize. The solar energy sector has been preliminarily established with a small scale and ineffective economic effects.6. The Sixth Stage (1980-1992)The upsurge on utilization of solar energy emerged in 1970s was fallen into a stage of being developed in a low and slow step in 1980s. Many countries in the world declined the research budget for solar energy in successive in a large amount, in particular the U.S.The main reasons resulted in this situation were that the international oil price was corrected in a large range while solar energy product cost was still remaining as before which may be of no competitive capability; no any significant breakthrough on solar energy technologies to increase the efficiency and reduce the cost which led to break down people’s confidence to develop solar energy; increased development on nuclear power which may restrain on a certain degree on the development of solar energy.Influenced on the turndown of solar energy in the worldwide in 1980s, research work in China also declined in a certain degree. Due to the reason that the utilization of solar energy was heavy in investment, ineffective in results, difficult in energy storage and large in land covering, solar energy should be considered as the future energy. Some person even proposed that the technology could be introduced after it would be developed successfully. Only few people supported such viewpoint, but it was very harmful which will result in unfavorable influence on the development of solar energy industry.During this period, although the research budget has been mitigated in a large amount, the research work remained uninterruptedly, among which some projects achieved progress which facilitated people to investigate seriously on the program and goads worked out before and to adjust the research focus so that to strive for greatachievement by less input.7. The Seventh Stage (1992---Until Now)Excessive burning of fossil fuel led to worldwide environmental pollution and ecological destruction, which has been threatened the substance and development of human beings. Under such circumstance, UN held the international environment and development conference in Brazil in 1992. On this meeting, a series of importan t document were published including the Environment and Development Manifesto,Agenda of 21st century and UN Framework Pact on Climate Changing in which the environment and development were brought into the integrated framework, and sustainable model was established. After this conference, each country enhanced the development of clean energy technologies, and developed the solar energy in line with the environmental protection so as to make the utilization of solar energy be well developed.After this conference, Chinese government also turned their attention towards the environment and development and pointed out 10 pieces of tactic and measure definitely to develop and popularize the clean energy including solar energy, wind energy, thermal energy, tidal energy and biomass energy in accordance with the reality; worked out Agenda of 21st century in China and further focused the solar energy projects. In 1995, the State Planning, the State Economic and Trade Commission, the State Ministry of Science and Technology worked out the Outline for Development of New and Renewable Energy from 1996 to 2010, which definitely pointed out the goads, objectives and relative tactic and measure towards the development of new and renewable energy from 1996 to 2010 in China. The publishing and implementation of the document further promoted the development of solar energy industry in China.In 1996, UN held the worldwide solar energy summit conference in Zimbabwe. The Solar Energy and Sustainable Development Manifesto was published after the meeting. Important document, i.e.Worldwide Solar Energy 10-Year Action and Program (1996---2005), International Solar Energy Pact, Worldwide Solar Energy Strategic Planning were discussed during the meeting. This meeting further showed eac h country’s commitment to developing the solar energy. Worldwide joint action was required to extensively utilize the solar energy.After 1992, the worldwide utilization of solar energy has entered into a developing stage with the characteristic that:a. The utilization of solar energy can be consistent to the sustainable development and environment protection, and can be carried out jointly to realize thedevelopment strategy in the world;b. Definite development goals with focus projects and effective measure, which will be favorable to overcome the shortage to ensure the long-term development of solar energy industry;c. In the course of expanding the research of solar energy, attention was paid to convert the academic results into production, develop solar energy industry, speed up the progress to be commercialized, expand the utilization field and scale and increase the economic benefits;d. Active international cooperation in the field of solar energy with expanding scale and obvious effect.In view of the review, the development of solar energy in the 20th century was not so smooth. Generally speaking, low tide period was happened after every high tide period. The low tide period lasted for nearly 45 years. The development of solar energy differed with that of coal, petroleum and nuclear energy in understanding and development period, which could be demonstrated that it was very difficulty to develop the solar energy and it cannot be realized to large scale utilize in the short term. On the other hand, it was showed that the utilization of solar energy was also affected by the supply of mineral energy, politics and war. However, in a word, the solar energy has achieved greatly in academic results in 20th century than in any other century.英文翻译太阳能利用史太阳能一般指太阳光的辐射能量。

新型太阳能汽车路线优化外文翻译中英文

新型太阳能汽车路线优化外文翻译中英文英文Criteria for Solar Car Optimized Route EstimationMehrija Hasicic，Damir Bilic，Harun SiljakAbstractThis paper gives a thorough overview of Solar Car Optimized Route Estimation (SCORE), novel route optimization scheme for solar vehicles based on solar irradiance and target distance. In order to conduct the optimization, both data collection and the optimization algorithm itself have to be performed using appropriate hardware. Here we give an insight to both stages, hardware and software used and present some results of the SCORE system together with certain improvements of its fusion and optimization criteria. Results and the limited applicability of SCORE are discussed together with an overview of future research plans and comparison with state-of-the-art solar vehicle optimization solutions.Keywords：Vehicle routing，Electric vehicle，Solar vehicle，Navigation，Route optimizationIntroductionDevelopment of navigation systems has been an important topic in optimization once portable electronic devices were feasible and route selection and optimization have been the vital part of it, aiming at fuel consumption reduction and driver satisfaction, which is in general amulti-objective optimization problem. With the advent of electric and autonomous cars, attention in development of optimization algorithms turned to them, utilizing properties of these new vehicles. Navigation for autonomous vehicles also allows use of algorithms previously developed for mobile robotics.Geographic Information System (GIS) integrates various data types, many of which are instrumental in navigation, leading to extensive use of GIS in route optimization. From our perspective, it is also important to note utilization of GIS (solar radiation maps) in solar energy management as it allows us to use GIS for our optimization as well as an input provider.In the spirit of optimization with respect to fuel consumption, power management optimization in electric and solar cars has been investigated in theory and practice, and for solar hybrid cars the power management schemes focus on the question of switching energy sources and optimization of resources. Sunshine forecast as an optimization input has been recently introduced and used mainly for parking planning.This paper presents Solar Car Optimized Route Estimation (SCORE), a novel route optimization system based on proposing sunniest routes and sunniest parking spots, therefore utilizing the options of charging while driving and charging on parking lots. The data on solar irradiance for routes and parking spots is a fusion of previously collected, real time andforecasted data.Describing the whole process from data collection to route selection, this paper provides both theoretical and practical treatise of SCORE, giving a general structure and the real world implementation of it. The paper itself is an extension of the work under same title presented in MECO 2016 conference, presenting the implementation challenges and solutions. In addition to previous work, this paper also extends the analysis of cost functions used in SCORE for selection of routes and parking places, as well the mathematical model of data fusion, together with more details on the results.State of the artRoute planning and selection for road vehicles has been a subject of interest for decades, with the first commercial digital map navigation system appearing more than 30 years ago. Since then, various route planning systems have been proposed, based on different algorithms and inputs.Dijkstra's algorithm has been the simplest algorithm for implementation and serves as a benchmark for storage and time consumption in route planning for cars when compared with other algorithms, from bidirectional and A* search to special goal-driven, hierarchical and bounded-hop algorithms. Although Dijkstra's algorithm is the slowest option in big networks, it can still be used as a proof ofconcept.While in the beginning the route planning and selection systems had a single objective: namely, fuel consumption or journey time minimization, soon after their inception multi-objective optimization models were developed, often using artificial intelligence techniques to combine different goals These goals often include personalized choices of drivers and their personal attitude towards possible routes.Parking selection has been studied extensively as well. It has been modeled as a multi-input problem measuring the utility of a parking space by accounting for availability, driving duration, walking distance to the destination, parking cost, traffic congestion, etc.In terms of solar car optimization, the power management techniques mentioned in the introduction have been extended to minimize total energy consumption by planning speed on parts of the path differently exposed to the sun. This work, published at the same time as the first SCORE results builds up on closely related work on solar powered robots.In authors propose a solar race car optimization based on weather forecast and velocity profile, determining the need for acceleration and deceleration throughout the race course in order to maximize the average velocity. Similar task is done in as well, but the latter also includes somewhat more complex weather model and solar position algorithm.The weather model is a random walk around expected irradiance curve, while solar position is determined through the NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) model.In comparison to these solutions, SCORE has somewhat different purpose. Aiming at offering a framework for optimized city and intercity travel, SCORE's model relies on data which can be collected in a more regular fashion than the data for a race track. Moreover, SCORE's output is the route, unlike the outputs of power management optimization systems having the velocity profile or engine-generator power trajectory (in case of hybrid cars) as the output. This does mean that SCORE should be extended so it covers the velocity control and/or hybrid vehicle power switching, but at this point the focus is on route selection. This is along the lines of the idea in, where the path selection is followed by speed profile selection.SCORE system descriptionSCORE system consists of three separable parts, indicated in namely:1. Mobile sensor data transmitter, transmitting solar irradiance data through wireless channel in real time from the roads. Although we will use the term mobile sensors throughout this paper, they can be stationary as well, placed at selected places by the road. When mobile, these transmitters are not necessarily placed on solar cars using SCORE as theirnavigation system. They can be placed on fossil fuel and electric cars as well. Preferably, cars carrying the sensors would be often in motion, covering a large area (e.g. taxis, public transportation).2. Server for data fusion, collecting readings transmitters send from the field and third party sources, processing them and combining with offline data (which can include weather forecast and historic readings, as the next section will show) and allowing the car computer clients to fetch the processed data in appropriate matrix format.3. Embedded car computer client in the solar car, taking the processed data from server's cloud service and customize it on its own by using readings from its own sensors. Built-in light sensor can be used for normalization of data, and electric measurements from the car can be utilized for state estimation. Finally, the user can enter the destination and obtain the proposed route, which should dynamically change based on weather updates.Data collectionTheoretical considerations of irradiation data analysisIn order to select routes with highest solar energy gain, SCORE system has to have relevant solar irradiation data. Since it is not possible to always have up to date data in real time for every road segment considered by the algorithm, it is important to use different sources of information. In this work, we have divided the irradiation data into twocategories:1.Online data, gathered by the mobile sensor data transmitters and updated in regular fashion. The data for each location is represented by real numbers between 0 (no irradiance) and 1 (maximum irradiance) with a timestamp for data sample collection. In this paper, timestamps are integers denoting hours starting from a reference time (beginning of the year).2.Offline data, generated using numerical sunshine forecast, CAD (computer aided design) and GIS models for prediction of solar irradiance for a particular location. CAD data is generated from CAD street models and simulating sun movement, while GIS data is taken from the GIS services doing solar irradiance measurements for areas of interest. This data is provided in an aggregated form by Google as well through their Project Sunroof for housing solar panel planning.These two numerical values, denoted ron (normalized value of online data irradiance) and roff (normalized value of irradiance inferred from offline data) are combined for each geographical location (in the optimization part, we will refer to these as graph nodes) on the server. Details of this fusion will be discussed in a separate section.Implementation of sensor data collection and the serverMobile device developed within this project is compact and autonomous, which enables its placement on a vehicle moving throughthe city to collect irradiation data without customization of the car itself or its routes. Once again it is emphasized that the vehicles carrying these mobile devices do not have to be vehicles using SCORE for navigation, i.e. traditional fossil fuel cars may serve the purpose of data collecting “crawlers”.While any wireless protocol could be used for transmission from these mobile devices, we propose the use of packet radio. Its easiest implementation is APRS (Automatic Packet Reporting System) which has been used to deliver GPS and sensor data to the terminal node, connected to the server. APRS has been used before for such purposes as well, in monitoring systems. For the transmission, we have used amateur radio bands. Of course, different implementations of SCORE could use other frequency bands and/or proprietary protocols if needed.One may argue that the data from the devices could be simply kept in memory and read at the end of the day, which would be appropriate if we were only interested in historic data and statistics. With real-time updates from the mobile devices, our servers always have fresh data and improve the relevance of SCORE's path selection for the clients, as the optimization algorithm relies more on the new data, using old data merely as a reference.Large computing power is not a requirement for the server (in our case, it was Raspberry Pi 2) and many operations, depending on theimplementation of SCORE, may be run on cloud as well. Storing fusion tables (graph matrices, as we will refer to them in the optimization part) on cloud enables both the clients and third parties with their smartphones, computers and dedicated hardware to access the processed data for their own uses.Prototype of the server in our case receives the radio packet data, converts it from audio to text using a standard sound card, custom interface developed in controlled by dedicated software (e.g. AGWMonitor). This data is merged with CAD and GIS data as suggested in previous section and placed on the cloud as an optimization input for clients (as described in the next section).OptimizationTheoretical considerations of optimizationDijkstra's algorithmwas a straightforward choice for route selection. The input to the algorithm is a graph (in computing terms, represented as a matrix) with positive weights of edges to be defined, and a set of nodes. In our case, the nodes are major crossroads. In a classical fuel optimization problem for fossil fuel cars, the weights of branches would be road lengths. However, in our case we account for the converted solar energy on the road segment as well. This value is calculated using the known parameters of our vehicle:•11 kW motor power•2 × 0.726 m2 panel area•18% panel efficiency•957 W/m2 received power per square meter with full (unity) irradiation (i.e. reflection of 30%)Using these parameters, we get a new length of road segment which is shorter physically, as solar conversion compensates for some of the energy spent. These values, the new lengths, constitute the graph matrix forwarded to Dijkstra's algorithm.In this work, we have used a first order approximation, taking the solar irradiation of the segments to be the arithmetic mean of irradiation in nodes. While it is a crude estimate, it is still satisfying the needs of prototype testing. Once a massive network of mobile sensors and transmitters is deployed, the need for approximation disappears.As far as parking space selection is concerned, a straightforward algorithm was originally used, defining a cost function to be the quotient of irradiation divided by the distance of parking space from target destination. Taking the numerator or the denominator to non-unit powers can tweak the importance of distance or the irradiation in parking space selection, according to user's needs. An extension of this consideration is given in the next section.These quotients and graph weights from previous discussion are calculated on the server and provided to the client through cloud, in orderto reduce computation burden on the client architecture.Implementation of the optimization clientWhile the prototype device for the solar car has been developed on a microcontroller, another testbed for algorithm tests was developed on a PC using MATLAB (MATLAB system works as an integrated server/client environment).The car computer prototype is built on TI's ARM Cortex-M4F based TM4C123G LaunchPad because this development board had significantly more working memory than Arduino, our original prototyping platform. More memory was needed to keep the whole matrix representing the graph in the working memory of our embedded processor. We have noted that the matrix in question is sparse, so the implementation would benefit from optimized storage. However, having a relatively small (50 × 50) matrix in our case meant that the system will not encounter problems with dealing with the matrix in its raw format. The embedded system has a keyboard (used to enter the destination node) and display (showing the selected route) placed in the custom-built solar car. In this prototype, client receives the graph matrix through wireless or USB debug cable and performs the route selection (i.e. Dijkstra's algorithm) to provide the route (sequence of nodes) to the user, based on the desired destination node.The full-fledged client will be using:1.Sensor fusion data from the cloud2.Measurements from the solar panels and battery3.Built-in irradiation sensor measurements4.Routes from user's historyIn this prototype implementation, only the first set of inputs is used for simplicity, because it is the main source of data for SCORE. Measurement (2) is needed for feedback, measurements (3) are a corrective input (for normalization of data fetched from the cloud) and routes (4) are used to improve user experience.ResultsApplication of SCORE in different scenarios leads to a conclusion that solar conversion has a rather low influence in route selection. Solar conversion results in 2–3% reimbursement of energy spent under the maximum (unity) irradiation condition, which means that the effect of optimization cannot be seen in city environment.While the numerical simulation results show no effect of solar conversion shares of 10–15% in medium sized urban areas, this does not mean there would not be any benefit of SCORE in that case: it just suggests that a higher share would significantly change the route selection and show all advantages of SCORE.In case of the solar conversion effect increase to 25% for maximal irradiation, route selection could be affected by it even in city conditions. This of course asks for a significant change in solar car features listedearlier. An example of two such routes is shown in Fig path from point A (bottom left) to point B (top right) is changed from black in case of low solar conversion effect to red in case of high conversion effect (25%). Green part is common for both scenarios.Parking selection gives the best results, even with the low conversion ratio, suggesting that a sunny parking spot has to have a priority over a close parking spot, and that the corresponding cost function should be tweaked in this sense (high power in the denominator which would lower the influence of distance). These conclusions are drawn from simulations showing the effect of long-term stay at a single location and the cost function being the ratio of irradiation and distance of the parking space from the target point. However, this cost function could be bilinear as well, adding offset constants in numerator and denominator, which in turn can be used to tune the algorithm and provide better user experience.DiscussionResults presented have shown limited usability of SCORE system with the current solar car design. However, we suggest the need for change of car features, namely the solar panels. In particular, efficiency increase would greatly influence applicability of SCORE. Under the assumption of the impossible 100% efficiency and coverage of the whole top side of the car with panels, we may achieve necessary effects in cityenvironment. While the current state of technology cannot offer high efficiency, improvement in manufacture and reduction of losses will help in increase of SCORE's applicability.The results presented come from a real solar car and numerical simulations. However, with the modern hybrid cars with multiple sources of power, the question of power management and SCORE is left unanswered. Also we need to emphasize that effects of congestions, traffic jams and speed changes have not been accounted for in this work. Their effect would be positive on the applicability of SCORE, increasing the converted solar energy ratio.ConclusionsAs a simple optimization of solar/hybrid car routes based on energy saving, SCORE may be an applicable solution for both solar cars and mobile robots with solar panels. Major limitation of it, the low influence of solar conversion on overall energy balance may be mitigated with the advancement of panel production technology, addition of regenerative braking or change of the car design.Future work will aim at development of a network of mobile and stationary data collectors, which can collect even more data, relevant for fossil fuel and electric cars as well, such as road quality, traffic congestion, pollution. A large network of these collectors, placed on frequent drivers such as delivery trucks, taxis, public transport, helps in providing relevantdata on a daily basis, mitigating the lack of 3D models of streets and GIS data for some areas.Design upgrades may include developing more complex models for online–offline data combination, possibly by using artificial intelligence tools, as well as adding new inputs to the optimization process and experimenting with other optimization algorithms instead of Dijkstra's. This in particular means addressing the problem of optimization as a dynamical programming problem, enabling route changes on the go. Incorporation of sensory voltage and current readings from the car will also enable the feedback on energy spent and generated. Dijkstra's algorithm is slow compared to other algorithms used today, so the alternatives will be pursued. This is the only shortcoming of the proposed SCORE system with respect to existing systems, as it is the first one to offer this criterion of optimization for solar vehicles.Question of incorporation of SCORE with existing power management schemes in hybrid solar cars remains an interesting topic for future research as well.Finally, it is worth noting that the use of APRS for communication in SCORE allows ham radio operators to participate in both data collection and utilization, which in turn can create a crowdsourcing environment which has been successfully used already.中文新型太阳能汽车路线优化Mehrija Hasicic，Damir Bilic，Harun Siljak抽象本文全面概述了太阳能汽车优化路线（SCORE），这是一种基于太阳辐照度和目标距离的新型太阳能汽车路线优化方案。

新型太阳能汽车作文

新型太阳能汽车作文英文回答：Solar energy is a renewable and clean source of energy that has gained significant attention in recent years. With the increasing concern for environmental protection and the depletion of fossil fuels, the development of solar-powered vehicles has become a hot topic. In this essay, I will discuss the advantages of new solar-powered cars and provide examples to illustrate my points.Firstly, one of the major benefits of solar-powered cars is their environmental friendliness. Unliketraditional gasoline-powered vehicles, solar cars do not emit harmful pollutants into the atmosphere. This helps to reduce air pollution and mitigate the impact of climate change. For example, in my city, there has been a noticeable decrease in air pollution since the introduction of solar-powered taxis. People are now more inclined to use these eco-friendly vehicles, knowing that they arecontributing to a cleaner environment.Secondly, solar-powered cars offer significant cost savings in the long run. Although the initial investment in solar panels and batteries may be higher than that of conventional vehicles, solar cars require minimal fuel costs. The energy from the sun is free and abundant, making it a cost-effective alternative to fossil fuels. Additionally, solar-powered cars have lower maintenance costs as they have fewer moving parts compared to internal combustion engines. This means fewer repairs and less money spent on servicing. As a result, individuals and businesses can save a substantial amount of money over the lifetime of a solar-powered vehicle.Furthermore, solar-powered cars provide energy independence and resilience. With solar panels integrated into the vehicle's design, drivers can generate their own electricity and reduce reliance on external power sources. This is particularly beneficial in remote areas or during natural disasters when access to electricity may be limited. For instance, during a recent power outage caused by asevere storm, my solar-powered car was able to provide electricity for essential appliances in my home, allowing me to stay connected and comfortable until the power was restored.In conclusion, new solar-powered cars offer numerous advantages, including environmental friendliness, cost savings, and energy independence. The development and adoption of these vehicles have the potential to revolutionize the transportation industry and contribute to a more sustainable future. By harnessing the power of the sun, we can reduce our carbon footprint and create a cleaner and greener world for generations to come.中文回答：太阳能是一种可再生和清洁的能源，近年来备受关注。

汽车采用太阳能发电作文一百字

汽车采用太阳能发电作文一百字英文回答：Solar energy is a clean and renewable source of power that has gained popularity in recent years. It has been successfully utilized in various industries, including the automotive industry. The idea of using solar power in cars is not new, but it is still not widely adopted. However, I believe that solar-powered cars have great potential and can bring numerous benefits.Firstly, solar-powered cars can greatly reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. As we all know, traditional cars rely heavily on gasoline or diesel, which contribute to air pollution and global warming. By harnessing the power of the sun, solar-powered cars can generate electricity to power the vehicle, eliminating the need for fossil fuels. This not only reduces greenhouse gas emissions but also helps to preserve our environment for future generations.Secondly, solar-powered cars can save money on fuel costs. With the rising prices of gasoline, owning a solar-powered car can be a cost-effective solution. While the initial investment may be higher, the long-term savings on fuel expenses can outweigh the upfront costs. Additionally, solar energy is free and abundant, which means that once the solar panels are installed on the car, the owner can enjoy the benefits of free fuel for the lifetime of the vehicle.Furthermore, solar-powered cars can provide a more sustainable mode of transportation. Imagine driving a car that is powered by the sun's energy, knowing that you are not contributing to air pollution and climate change. It gives a sense of pride and satisfaction to be part of the solution rather than the problem. Solar-powered cars can also inspire others to adopt cleaner and greener technologies, leading to a more sustainable future.In conclusion, solar-powered cars have the potential to revolutionize the automotive industry. They can reduce ourdependence on fossil fuels, save money on fuel costs, and provide a more sustainable mode of transportation. While there are still challenges to overcome, such as limited charging infrastructure and the high cost of solar panels,I believe that with advancements in technology andincreased awareness of the importance of renewable energy, solar-powered cars will become more mainstream in the near future.中文回答：太阳能是一种清洁和可再生的能源，近年来受到了广泛关注。

太阳能汽车的介绍外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

附录汽车用的燃料是汽油和柴油等，它们都是从石油中提炼出来的。

然而，石油这种矿物燃料是不能再生的，用一点就少一点，总有一天要用完。

据科学家们预计，目前世界上已探明的石油储量将于2020年左右被采尽。

因此，汽车将会出现挨受“饥饿”的危险，人类将面临着能源的挑战。

从另一方面来说，石油本身就是一种宝贵的化工原料，可以用来制造塑料、合成橡胶和合成纤维等。

把石油作为燃料烧掉了，不但十分可惜，而且还污染了人类赖以生存的环境。

解决这个难题的唯一可行办法，就是加紧开发新能源。

而太阳能就是这些新开发能源中的佼佼者。

金焰四射的太阳，其表面是一片烈焰翻腾的火海，温度为6000℃左右。

在太阳内部，温度高达两千万度以上。

所以，太阳能一刻不停地发出大量的光和热，为人类送来光明和温暖，它也成了取之不尽、用之不竭的能源聚宝盆。

将太阳光变成电能，是利用太阳能的一条重要途径。

人们早在本世纪50年代就制成了第一个光电池。

将光电池装在汽车上，用它将太阳光不断地变成电能，使汽车开动起来。

这种汽车就是新兴起的太阳能汽车。

你看，在太阳能汽车上装有密密麻麻像蜂窝一样的装置，它就是太阳能电池板。

平常我们看到的人造卫星上的铁翅膀，也是一种供卫星用电的太阳能电池板。

太阳能电池依据所用半导体材料不同，通常分为硅电池、硫化镉电池、砷化镓电池等，其中最常用的是硅太阳能电池。

硅太阳能电池有圆形的、半圆形的和长方形的等几种。

在电池上有像纸一样薄的小硅片。

在硅片的一面均匀地掺进一些硼，另一面掺入一些磷，并在硅片的两面装上电极，它就能将光能变成电能。

在“利比特布利克二号太阳能汽车顶上，有一个圆弧形的太阳能电池板，板上整齐地排列着许多太阳能电池。

这些太阳能电池在阳光的照射下，电极之间产生电动势，然后通过连接两个电极的导线，就会有电流输出。

通常，硅太阳能电池能把10%～15%的太阳能转变成电能。

它既使用方便，经久耐用，又很干净，不污染环境，是比较理想的一种电源。

只是光电转换的比率小了一些。

神奇的太阳能车作文

神奇的太阳能车作文英文回答：I remember the first time I saw a magical solar-powered car. It was a sunny day, and I was walking down the street when I heard a quiet hum approaching. I turned around and saw the most futuristic-looking vehicle I had ever seen. It was sleek and shiny, with solar panels covering the entire roof. As it passed by me, I couldn't help but marvel at how silently it moved and how it seemed to glide effortlessly down the road.I later found out that the car was powered entirely by the sun's energy. The solar panels on the roof absorbed sunlight and converted it into electricity, which then powered the car's electric motor. It was truly a marvel of modern technology, and I couldn't help but be amazed by the ingenuity of the engineers who had designed it.One of the things that impressed me the most about thesolar-powered car was its environmental friendliness. Unlike traditional gasoline-powered cars, it produced zero emissions and didn't contribute to air pollution. It was a clear example of how sustainable technology could help us reduce our impact on the planet and create a cleaner, greener future for generations to come.I also learned that the solar-powered car wasincredibly efficient. It could travel long distances on a single charge, and its maintenance costs were significantly lower than those of traditional cars. This made it not only environmentally friendly but also cost-effective in the long run.Overall, seeing the magical solar-powered car was a truly eye-opening experience for me. It made me realize the potential of renewable energy sources and the importance of transitioning to more sustainable transportation options. I hope to see more of these amazing vehicles on the road in the future, helping to create a cleaner and brighter world for all of us.中文回答：我记得第一次看到一辆神奇的太阳能车的场景。

太阳能飞行房车作文

太阳能飞行房车作文英文回答：Solar-Powered RV: A Sustainable and Adventurous Way to Travel.The advancement of renewable energy technologies has opened up new possibilities for reducing our reliance on fossil fuels and embracing a more sustainable lifestyle. One exciting application of solar energy is in the development of solar-powered recreational vehicles (RVs). These innovative vehicles offer a unique blend of adventure, comfort, and environmental consciousness, allowingtravelers to explore the great outdoors while minimizing their carbon footprint.Solar-powered RVs are equipped with photovoltaic (PV) panels, which convert sunlight into electricity. These panels are typically mounted on the roof of the RV and generate power that can be stored in batteries for lateruse. The stored electricity can then be used to power various appliances and systems within the RV, including lighting, refrigeration, cooking, and air conditioning.One of the main advantages of solar-powered RVs istheir reduced reliance on fossil fuels. By generating their own electricity from sunlight, these vehicles can significantly cut down on their fuel consumption and emissions. This not only saves money on fuel costs but also helps to protect the environment by reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.Another benefit of solar-powered RVs is their increased energy independence. With a reliable source of electricity, travelers can venture into remote areas where access to traditional power sources is limited or unavailable. This allows them to explore destinations that may not have been accessible with a conventional RV.In terms of comfort and convenience, solar-powered RVs offer many of the same amenities as traditional RVs. They typically feature fully equipped kitchens, comfortablesleeping arrangements, and spacious living areas. However, thanks to their reliance on solar energy, these RVs can provide these amenities without the need for external generators or hookups to campgrounds.Of course, there are also some challenges associatedwith solar-powered RVs. One potential drawback is thelimited power generation capacity of solar panels. While panels can generate significant amounts of electricity during the day, their output can be reduced during cloudyor rainy weather. To address this issue, some RVs are equipped with larger solar panel arrays or additionalbattery storage capacity to ensure a reliable supply of power.Another consideration is the initial cost of a solar-powered RV. These vehicles tend to be more expensive than traditional RVs due to the cost of the solar panels and battery systems. However, the long-term savings on fuel costs and environmental benefits can make the investment worthwhile for those who plan on using their RV extensively.Overall, solar-powered RVs offer a compelling combination of sustainability, adventure, and convenience. With their ability to reduce reliance on fossil fuels, increase energy independence, and provide a comfortable and well-equipped living space, these vehicles are transforming the way people travel and explore the outdoors.中文回答：太阳能飞行房车，一种可持续且富有冒险精神的旅行方式。

新能源汽车外文文献翻译

新能源汽车外⽂⽂献翻译⽂献出处：Moriarty P, Honnery D. The prospects for global green car mobility[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2008,16(16): 1717-1726.原⽂The prospects for global green car mobilityPatrick Moriarty, Damon HonneryAbstractThe quest for green car mobility faces two major challenges: air pollution from exhaust emissions and global climate change from greenhouse gas emissions. Vehicle air pollution emissions are being successfully tackled in many countries by technical solutions such as low-sulphur fuels, unleaded petrol and three-way catalytic converters. Many researchers advocate a similar approach for overcoming transport's climate change impacts. This study argues that finding a technical solution for this problem is not possible. Instead, the world will have to move to an alternative surface transport system involving far lower levels of motorised travel.Keywords：Green mobility; Fuel efficiency; Alternative fuels; Global climate change; air pollution1. IntroductionProvision of environmentally sustainable (or green) private transport throughout the world faces two main challenges. The first is urban and even regional air pollution, particularly in the rapidly growing cities of the industrialising world. The second is global climate change, caused mainly by rising concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. These two barriers to green car mobility differ in several important ways. First, road traffic air pollution problems are more localised, because of the short atmospheric lifetimes of most vehicle pollutants and . Thus regional solutions are often not only possible, but also essential – Australian cities, for example, can (and must) solve their air pollution problems themselves. Matters are very different for global climate change. Except possibly for geo-engineering measuressuch as placing large quantities of sulphate aerosols in the lower stratosphere or erecting huge reflecting mirrors in space, one country cannot solve this problem alone. Climate change is a global problem. Nevertheless, it is possible for some countries to …freeload? if the majority of nations that are important GHG emitter。

北京高一测试题制作小型太阳能车英语作文

北京高一测试题制作小型太阳能车英语作文Title: Making a Small SolarPowered Car Beijing High School Grade 10 English EssaySolar energy is a renewable and clean source of power that has gained significant attention in recent years. As part of a high school project in Beijing, our class was tasked with creating a small solarpowered car. The journey to designing and building this vehicle was both challenging and rewarding.The first step in the process was conducting thorough research on solar energy and its applications in transportation. We learned about the benefits of solar power, such as its sustainability and environmental friendliness. Armed with this knowledge, we brainstormed ideas for our car's design, considering factors such as efficiency, durability, and ease of use.Once we settled on a design, we began the construction phase. This involved assembling the chassis, attaching the wheels, and integrating the solar panels into the car's structure. We encountered several obstacles along the way, such as ensuring proper alignment of the panels for maximum sunlight absorption and troubleshooting electrical connections. However, through teamwork and perseverance, we overcame these challenges and made steady progress.After weeks of hard work, our small solarpowered car was finally complete. We tested it on various terrains to assess its performance and efficiency. Watching the car move forward powered solely by sunlight was a truly gratifying experience. Not only did we achieve our goal of creating a functional solarpowered vehicle, but we also deepened our understanding of renewable energy and its potential in the automotive industry.In conclusion, the project to build a small solarpowered car was a valuable learning experience for our class. It taught us the importance of sustainable energy sources and the potential for innovation in the field of transportation. By harnessing the power of the sun, we were able to create a vehicle that exemplified the possibilities of clean and ecofriendly technology. This project has inspired us to continue exploring renewable energy solutions and to contribute to a more sustainable future for our planet.。

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