托福TPOminilectures
托福听力tpo39 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo39lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (8)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (19)原文 (19)题目 (22)答案 (23)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class.MALE PROFESSOR:Since Earth formed,some four and a half billion years ago,the number of minerals here has increased dramatically,from a few dozen relatively simple minerals early on…to over4,300kinds of minerals we can identify today—many of them wonderfully complex.A basic question of geology is how all these new minerals came into being.Well,recent studies have turned to biology to try to explain how this happens.Now,much of biology is studied through the lens of evolution.And the theory of evolution suggests that,as environments change—and inevitably they do—some organisms will have characteristics that allow them to adapt to those changes successfully…characteristics that help these organisms develop and survive and reproduce.And when environments become more complex—as tends to happen over time—those earlier adaptations,those variations…become the basis of yet other combinations and variations…and lead to ever more diverse and complex forms of life.So from fewer,simpler,and relatively similar forms of life billions of years ago,life on Earth has now become a dazzling array of diversity and complexity.Well,some geologists now want to apply this concept to explain mineral diversity too. The conditions that minerals are under are not constant.Conditions like temperature or pressure or chemical surroundings—these change—often in cycles,increasing and decreasing slowly over time.And as conditions change,minerals sometimes break down and their atoms recombine into totally new compounds,as part of a process some call mineral evolution.Now,minerals are not alive,of course,so this is not evolution in quite the same sense you'd have in living organisms.But there do appear to be some parallels.Living organisms not only adapt to their environment but also affect it—change theenvironment within which other organisms may then develop.Likewise,each new mineral also enriches the chemical environment from which lots of other,even more complex new minerals may be formed in the future.Beyond these similarities,though,what's really fascinating about mineral evolution is the way minerals apparently coevolve with living organisms.Uh,what do I mean by that?Well,it's maybe a billion years after Earth’s formation that we first see evidence of life.Of course,early life-forms were primitive—just tiny,single-celled microbes—but over time,they had a profound effect.Huge numbers of these microbes began producing food by photosynthesis,which,of course,also freed up enormous amounts of oxygen.And lots of that oxygen interacted with the atoms of existing minerals,creating rust out of iron,for instance,…reacting with a whole range of different metals to create lots of new minerals.Now,living organisms rely on minerals.But they not only take in some minerals as nutrients,they also excrete others as waste products...including what we call biominerals—minerals that form with the help of biological life.We can see geologic evidence of biomineral production in what are called stromatolites.Stromatolites look like wavy layers of sedimentary rock.But they're really fossils—fossils of the waste from microbial mats.Microbial mats are vast colonies of one-celled organisms…that were once the most prevalent form of life on Earth.And the study of stromatolites indicates that these ancient microbial mats interacted with minerals in the environment and left behind new compounds as waste products—biominerals like carbonates,phosphates,and silica.In fact,we’ve grown microbial mats in the laboratory,and,over time,they too have produced some of the same sorts of minerals found in stromatolites.Uh,you don't need to know the details of the process right now—we’re still figuring out just how it works,ourselves.But you might be interested to know that this concept of mineral evolution is being used in the search for evidence of life on other planets.The thinking is that if certainminerals occur here on Earth as a result of a biological process,and if we also find those same minerals on another planet,…this would suggest that life may have once existed there.But—just because a particular mineral is found on say,Mars or Venus—uh,we really shouldn't assume that whatever caused it to turn up there…must be the same process that formed that mineral here on Earth.题目1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?A.To explain how geologists identified the minerals present during Earth's formation.B.To explain why living organisms require certain minerals to survive.C.To explain the differences between simple and compound minerals.D.To explain a recent theory about mineral formation.2.What point does the professor make about the minerals present during Earth's formation?A.They were comparatively few of them.B.They were more complex than minerals formed on other planets.C.Most were not affected by temperature and pressure changes on early Earth.D.Some of them are no longer being formed naturally on Earth.3.What similarities does the professor point out between minerals and living organisms?[Click on2answers.]A.Both first appeared on Earth at approximately the same time.B.They both can be formed only in the presence of oxygen.C.They both have become more diverse and complex over time.D.Not only are they both shaped by their environment,but both also affect it.4.What are stromatolites?A.Fossils remains of microbial mats.yered deposits of iron-based minerals.yers of rock that indicate changes in Earth's pressure and temperature.D.Rock formations created when oxygen interacts with certain metals.5.Why does the professor talk about microbial mats?A.To explain why organisms tend to colonize near certain minerals.B.To describe how minerals can be created by living organisms.C.To illustrate the effects of geological processes on living organisms.D.To emphasize that evolving life depended on the presence of oxygen.6.What does the professor think about using evidence of minerals on another planet to determine whether life has existed there?A.He believes it is the most promising way to search for life on another planet.B.He doubts that complex minerals will ever be found on another planet.C.He is cautious about assuming that certain minerals indicate the presence of life.D.He is surprised that the technique was not suggested until recently.答案D A CD A B C译文旁白：请听一段地质学讲座的节选片段。
托福听力tpo63 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo63lecture1、2、3原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (11)Lecture3 (13)原文 (13)题目 (15)答案 (17)译文 (17)Lecture1原文Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class.Professor:OK.Before we begin,I wanna remind you that our field trip to Bryce canyon national park is this weekend.Remember the bus leaves early,five am,so don't forget to set your alarm clocks.I think you're all gonna enjoy getting out of the classroom and actually seeing some remarkable geologic phenomena.Now,while we're there,I want you to pay particular attention to two things.One obviously will be the sediment layers making up the rocks,since we've spent so much time onsedimentary rocks.Bryce canyon is a great place to see how millions of years have turned layers and layers of tightly packed sediment,mud particles,sand remains of plants and animals into rock.But you're also gonna see some fascinating rock shapes, formations that are the result of the weathering and the erosion processes that occur at Bryce canyon.There are two main processes that are important.The first one is a weathering process called frost wedge.Frost wedge a process that widens cracks in rocks in the wintertime.It begins with warm air or daytime sun melting the snow.As the snow turns into water,it seeps into the cracks that occur naturally in sedimentary rocks.At night,this water freezes in the cracks,but when water freezes,it expands quite a bit, which means that it prize cracks open,gradually,making them wider and breaking off a little bits in the process.Now,this thought freeze cycle can happen as many as two hundred times in a single year.So that makes it the most important weathering process at Bryce canyon.The other key processes is runoff,which is an erosion process.Runoff takes place in the summer.The parks in the desert said the grounds very dry.When it rains in late summer,the ground is too hard to absorb the water,so it runs off.And as it runs off, it carries away the gravel,the broken bits of rock created by cross wedge in the winter.So runoff is the main erosion process that alters the rock landscape in the park.And because these processes have occurred over thousands of years,some of the results can be pretty dramatic,like the giant corridors are passage ways that have developed within the rocks.These passage ways are known as slot canyons.Here's an example of one,not from the part we're going to.This one is actually in Australia,but the scale is typical.So these huge spaces started out as small cracks throughout the sedimentary rock,then thanks to millions of cycles across wedge and runoff.What used to be one big area of rock is now sort of two smaller areas of brought with the corridor in between.We'll have a chance to walk through some like this.These slot canyons are great places to explore,but let me just say,for any of you who aren't from around here,if you ever go on your own,make sure you check aweather forecast first.A sudden heavy rain can cause a flash flood in a slot canyon. So you want to know when it's safe to explore them.Unfortunately,it'll be dry this weekend.Now,these deep,narrow slots are pretty common.You might even have two of them very close to each other with only a thin wall of rock in between.Of course,frost wedge is still at work,so it starts wearing away at the front of the thin wall until you get a whole I mean a hole all the way through the wall,front to back.And this hole gets bigger and bigger.Once it's at least one meter in diameter,it's called a window.And eventually the weight on top of it is just too much,so the roof caves in and only the sides,sometimes it's just one side is left standing.These sides,which look a lot like collins,now are called Hudos.Here's a photo of something we'll be seeing.One of the things that makes Bryce canyon unique is that it has more Hudos than anywhere else in the world.Yes,Margot?Female student:Why is it so lumpy looking?You'd think it would be smoother.Professor:Well,remember,these are sedimentary rocks,so they have layers.Some layers are mostly limestone,and limestone erodes pretty quickly in the presence of any kind of acid.Now Bryce canyon in a very unpolluted area,but even,there the rain water has a little carbolic acid in it,which causes the limestone to erode.But other layers are made up of different types of sediment,which aren't so vulnerable to acid,so they don't erode as quickly.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.The length of time required to produce sedimentary rocksB.The role of climate conditions in the creation of sedimentary rocksC.Some processes that produced a specific group of rock formationsD.Some unique geologic features found in canyons in the United States2.According to the professor,what is one characteristic that frost wedging and runoff share?A.Neither occurs in a desert.B.Neither is a frequent event.C.Both are weathering processes.D.Both are seasonal phenomena.3.Why does the professor show a picture of a slot canyon?A.To give students a sense of the size of a typical slot canyonB.To show students one of the places they will visit on their field tripC.To illustrate how many sediment layers are visible in a typical slot canyonD.To show how much slot canyons can vary based on local climate conditions4.What is the professor's attitude toward students exploring Bryce Canyon on their own?A.He worries that students may not know to take appropriate precautions if they go by themselves.B.He suspects that many students will not go on their own if such a trip requires them to get up early.C.He hopes that the class field trip will motivate students to visit Bryce Canyon on their own.D.He believes that students learn more from individual exploration than they dofrom being in a group.5.How is a hoodoo formed?A.Runoff produces large gravel deposits.B.Air pollution leads to a buildup of limestone.C.The roof of a rock window collapses.D.A flash flood washes away the base of a rock wall.6.According to the professor,what two factors explain why a hoodoo does not have a smooth shape?[Click on2answers.]A.The presence of acid in rainwaterB.The temperature swings between the summer and the winter seasonsC.The composition of the hoodoo's sedimentary layersD.The location of the cracks created by frost wedging答案C D A A C AC译文听一段地质学的讲座。
托福听力tpo64 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo64lecture1、2、3原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (11)Lecture3 (13)原文 (13)题目 (15)答案 (17)译文 (17)Lecture1原文Listen to part of a lecture in an economics class.The professor has been talking about international trade.Professor:OK,so let's recap from yesterday.Why do nations engaged in international trade?Well,it's often because of a surplus,more than they need,and they also trade for the opposite reason when they have shortages and can't produce everything they want or need domestically.So these explanations are good as far as they go.But there's another scenario we need to discuss.And that is what if a country is capable of producing something it wants or needs but it can also import the same product from another country?Now,how does the country decide whether to make the product itself or import it?OK,take an example.Um,think about the bananas that you buy in the supermarket.If you look closely,you'll see that most bananas in the United States are imported,imported from countries with tropical climates.But theUnited States has warm regions.It has greenhouse.Clearly,it would be possible to grow bananas here.So why doesn't the US do that?Scott?Student Scott:Well,it is like a lot cheaper and more efficient for countries with tropical climates,for tropical countries to grown bananas,isn't it?I mean,they don't need greenhouse to grow bananas,and they're not so limited to certain regions.Professor:Okay,good.That's exactly right.Tropical countries have what we call an absolute advantage in producing bananas.Absolute advantage is the term we use when a country can produce more of a product using fewer resources.They're the most efficient producer of something.And the United States can't be that with bananas.So it's better off specializing in other goods that it can make more efficiently.Let's take an example,say we have two countries and say they each make only two products and they trade only with each other.Simplistic I know.But well, you'll see where I'm going with this in a moment.OK,so as I was saying,two countries,two products,one country can produce both products more efficiently than the other country.Should these two countries even trade at all?Student Scott:Uh,well,no,I mean,like what's in it for the more efficient country?Professor:Well,what is in it for them?Let's,um,well,let's call these countries um,X and Y.Country X makes both TVs and chairs more efficiently than country Y does.It has an absolute advantage in producing both commodities?No question.But what economists also look at is relative efficiency.And from that perspective,we see that country X is a lot more efficient at making TVs than it is at making chairs and in country Y,ah,well,it turns out they're more efficient at making chairs than TVs.So we say that country Y has a comparative advantage at chair making.And country X has a comparative advantage at TV making.So what should happen?Well,first,both countries should specialize in the production of just one thing.The product they're most efficient at making.Country X should make only TVs and country Y should make only chairs,then two of them should trade.Specialization and trade are going to lead to increase in production and increased overall supply of goods and generally lowerprices.Right?Student Scott:Professor,I still don't see how countries figure out when and where they have a comparative advantage.Professor:Well,you can't fully understand the concept of comparative advantage without also considering the related concept of opportunity cost.Opportunity cost is what you lose,uh,the options you have to give up in order to use your time and resources for something else,countries can determine where their comparative advantages lies,uh,like making TVs instead of chairs by figuring out what they can make with the lowest opportunity cost.Ah,you know,maybe this will be clear if we apply it on a personal level.Now think about when you go out to a movie,your direct monetary cost is the price of the movie ticket.Right?But you also spend two hours at the theater.Your opportunity cost includes both,uh,whatever else you could have spent your money on.Um,ten candy bars may be and whatever else you could have accomplished during the time you were watching the movies,uh,you might have completed your homework for this class,or you might have work two hours overtime at your job,thereby earning instead of spending money.See,these lost possibilities are your opportunity cost.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.Advantages that countries can gain by making their own goodsB.Inequalities that lead to trade imbalances between countriesC.Cost and efficiency concepts that help determine trade decisionsD.Ways in which local surpluses can affect international trade2.Why does the professor talk about growing bananas in countries with tropicalclimates?A.To show how opportunity costs affect agricultural productionB.To explain how demand for a product determines its costC.To describe how domestic shortages are createdD.To illustrate the concept of absolute advantage3.According to the professor,what indicates that a country has an absolute advantage in trade?A.It can produce an item more efficiently than other countries.B.It is wealthy enough to import everything that it needs.C.It consistently exports more than it imports.D.It does not have to import any goods from other countries.4.The professor gives an example of two countries that produce televisions and chairs. What does she predict will happen if the economic decisions of both countries are based on the principle of comparative advantage?[Click on2answers.]A.The prices of televisions and chairs will go down in both countries.B.More chairs and televisions will be manufactured in each country.C.Imports of televisions and chairs will decrease in each country.D.The total supply of televisions and chairs will increase in both countries.5.Why does the professor talk about going to the movies?A.To demonstrate the difference between absolute and comparative advantageB.To provide an example to help explain the concept of opportunity costsC.To illustrate the advantages of specialization in the entertainment industryD.To show that economic theories do not always apply on a personal level6.Why does the professor say this:say we have two countries and say they each make only two products and they trade only with each other.Simplistic I know.But well,you'll see where I'm going with this in a moment.A.To reassure the students that the example will help illustrate her pointB.To apologize to the students for using an example that is difficult to understandC.To prepare the class for a shift to a new topicD.To return to a point she made earlier答案C D A AD B A译文请听经济学课上的部分内容。
托福听力Lecture 出题规律
托福听力Lecture 出题规律托福听力Lecture往往长篇大论，很多同学未听心已抖，其实Lecture并没有大家想象的那么难，重要是掌握这类提醒的出题规律，这样。
心中有数，自然做题有方啦。
经典重要出题点：1 开头→→对应了全文的主旨题，几乎99%的必考题目；关于主旨题的解题方法：一般都会出现在文章起始处的2，3句话内，但也有例外情况，就是上来教授兴致冲冲的讲了一个咱们看来无聊的例子，没关系例子不用听懂（但是如果你不巧恰好听懂了，那么恭喜你，可以帮助你选对主旨题，因为例子为了说明他的这课讲了啥）。
经验：如果main idea 特别简单或者不具体时候，那说明教授后面还会对于idea进行解释，尽量努力听懂，因为这样会让你的整篇文章做的顺利【注意】：开头主旨题有两种不同的问法：A what is the main purpose of the lecture?这种问法是需要你自己概括这篇文章的观点是什么B what is the lecture mainly about? / what is the main idea of the lecture?这种问法的时候，答案通常是对具体的例子的总结，即教授在文章开头废话的那一堆；另：最前面的例子没听懂千万不要紧张，一般那都是ETS迷惑你的，他上来就不想让你听懂，让你紧张！所以要么说的特快，要么专业术语特多。
重要的是例子后面教授说的那句话。
2 结尾→→对应大概一篇文章2～3道考试题，重尾原则；ETS爱在结尾出题，因此，一定要时不时的盯一下进度条看看～～～～别错过了亮点句；3 Lecture中间，倒霉催的学生杀出来问问题：绝对的考点，学生问了什么不重要，重要的是A 听教授的态度，这个时候教授可能态度很诡异，突然就笑了，或者是轻蔑的说了一句神马话，尤其是在这种长的Lecture里面，教授突然说了句很短的话；不过遇到这种情况的时候，恭喜你，这里考重听题的几率蛮大的（即听不懂没关系，反正做题的时候他还会再放一遍）；B 如果教授扯了一堆，那这里70%以上的就是考题所在了，通常教授回答学生问题的模式是这样的例子＋观点/ 观点＋例子；第一种情况出现的几率大一些，还是那句话，例子不重要，重要的是教授的观点；4 ETS爱考的一类文章：比较对比类文章（compare & contrast）TPO里面这类文章所占的比率也很大，这类文章，两个事物的不同点是绝对的考点。
托福听力tpo60 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo60 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (12)Lecture3 (13)原文 (13)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture1原文Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.As you know, artists today can choose from an enormous selection of media, including water colors, acrylic paints, not to mention special pains formulated for almost any surface you might wanna paint on. But even so, oil paints are still the medium of choice among most professional artists and hobbyists. So why is that? well, for one thing, oil paints extremely versatile, suitable for many different painting styles, different subjects, and different sizes of work. Another advantage is thatthey're easy to use. Even for beginners, they can be manipulated. You can apply oil paint to a canvas. And then because they don't dry right away, they can be scraped off and paint it over.So you don't have to waste expensive material every time you make a change. Unlike acrylic paint, which really can't be moved once it's applied, acrylic paints dry very quickly. So in general, when using them, it's more difficult to make changes. And with watercolors, you can't really paint over a mistake, because it really diminishes the freshness of the colors. So oil paint is the medium of choice for many painters. Nowadays, anyway, in terms of art history, oil paints actually pretty young in Europe before the invention, rather, the development of oil paint, painters mostly used Tempera. Tempera was made with egg yolk. Believe it or not, the yoke acted as a binder. A binder enables the color pigment to stick to your canvas, and no temporal wasn't always yellow. If that's what you're thinking. Artists made their own paint by mixing egg yolk with a color pigment like powdered iron ore copper. But it dried very fast, which left little room for error or change.You really had to get it right the first time. Then in the early 15th century, a Flemish painter named Jan of Van Eyck started experimenting up after that emperor in one of the Nikes paintings cracked while drawing in the sun. He decided to try to make a paint that would avoid this fate. So he tried. And oil mixture, actually other painters before him had tried using oils as a binder. So while the Nikes credited with inventing oil paint, it's not entirely true. In Greece and Italy, olive oil had been used to prepare pigment mixtures, but the paint took a really long time to dry, just the opposite of tempera. But van Eyck had a secret recipe for his oil paint. He used linseed oil. Not only did this paint dry without cracking, van dyke also discovered that it could be applied in very thin layers. This technique gave the colors of depth that was previously unknown. And just as important, the linseed oil actually increased the brilliance of the color. So as a result, pigment oil mixtures became very popular among artists. Some tried to improve the paint by developing their own recipes, like uh, by using walnut oil, for instance, or by cooking their oil mixtures. But a greatmany began using some sort of oil as their binder.Now with all this experimentation with mixtures, well, it took a long time for artists to get comfortable with using these new oil paints to get a true feeling for how to apply them to the best effect. The early painters in oil like that Ike laid the paint down in thin layers with brush strokes that were so delicate that they're practically invisible. And it really wasn't until the end of the 16th century and in the 17th century that the full potential of oil paint was realized, for example, that's when artists finally began to combine delicately painted areas with thick brush strokes. So you could actually see the marks of the brush combining the rough and the smooth gives oil paintings great textural depth. Of course, the public who are used to smooth surfaces actually complained that these paintings looked unfinished. And some of that attitude carried over until later centuries, like, well, you're probably familiar with the work of the painter Vincent Van Gogh. Van gogh's famous nowadays for his thick, swirling brush strokes. But amazingly enough, his work was not appreciated back in the 19th century, and he sold just one painting during his lifetime. Of course, the French impressionists, who were his contemporaries, attained more popular acclaim, but they used a different technique. They applied oil paint and thick dabbs to depict the effects of light on the landscape.题目1.What does the professor mainly discuss?A. The relationship between painting techniques and types of paint that are usedB. Reasons for the changes in the popularity of oil paint since the seventeenth centuryC. The historical development and use of oil paintD. The main differences between oil paint and tempera2.What reasons does the professor give for the popularity of oil paint among modern artists?[Click on 2 answers.]A. It can be used for a number of painting styles.B. It allows artists to make changes.C. It does not fade easily.D. It can be made easily even by amateur painters.3.What property do tempera and acrylic paint have in common?A. They do not stick well to the canvas.B. They tend to crack as they dry.C. They tend to make colors look dull.D. They dry very quickly.4.What are two points the professor makes about the painter Jan van Eyck?[Click on 2 answers.]A. He did not invent the use of oil as a binder.B. He improved his own oil mixtures by heating them.C. He invented tempera.D. He applied oil paint to a canvas in thin layers.5.Why does the professor talk about combining delicate brushstrokes with thickbrushstrokes?A. To explain the popularity of van Eyck's paintingsB. To describe a difference between linseed oil and olive oil as a binderC. To indicate that artists became more experienced in the use of oil paintD. To point out a similarity between the painters van Eyck and van Gogh6.Why does the professor mention Vincent van Gogh?A. To emphasize that paintings made with thick brushstrokes were unpopular in the pastB. To show that artists did not know how to use oil paints correctly until the nineteenth centuryC. To describe the origin of a painting technique used by the French ImpressionistsD. To support his statement about when painters first began to use thick brushstrokes答案C ABD AD C A译文请听艺术史课上的部分内容。
托福听力tpo49 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo49lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (8)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (17)答案 (19)译文 (19)Lecture4 (21)原文 (21)题目 (23)答案 (25)译文 (25)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class.MALE PROFESSOR:Alaska is fascinating to geologists because of its incrediblelandscapes.Uh,permafrost has a lot to do with this.That is,the areas where the ground—the soil—is always frozen,except for the very top layer—what we call the active layer of permafrost—which melts in the summer and refreezes again in the winter.The northern part of Alaska is covered in lakes—thousands of them—and most of these are what we call thaw lakes.T-h-a-w.Thaw lakes.I'm gonna show you a few sketches of them in a minute,so you'll have a good idea of what I'm talking about.So, how these thaw lakes are formed has to do with…OK,it starts with ice wedges.The top part of the ice wedge melts—Should I back up?Ice wedges form when water runs into cracks in the ground,the permafrost,then freezes.You ever see mud after it dries?Dried mud has cracks,because when it dries, it contracts,it shrinks.Well,in winter,permafrost behaves similarly.It shrinks in winter,because it freezes even more thoroughly then,and as it shrinks,it forms deep,deep cracks.Then in the summer,when the active layer—the top layer of the permafrost—melts,the melt water runs into those cracks in the permafrost,then freezes again—because that ground,the ground beneath the active layer,is still below freezing.So,you have wedges of ice in the permafrost.Now the ice wedges widen the original cracks in the permafrost,because water expands when it freezes.All right?OK,then in autumn,the active layer on top freezes again.Then in winter,the permafrost starts contracting again and the cracks open up even wider.So the next summer,when the active layer melts again and flows into the widened cracks…and…freezes…it makes the cracks even wider.So it’s sort of a cycle through which the cracks and the wedges grow wider and wider.So when the ice wedge reaches a certain size,its top part—in the active layer—turns into a little pond when it melts in the summer.And that's the beginning of your thaw lake.[pause]There are thousands of them in northern Alaska.One of the most fascinating things about these lakes—and this is important—is that they mostly havethe same shape.Like an elongated oval,or egg shape.And what's more,all the ovals are oriented in the same way.Here's an idea of what they look like,what the landscape looks like from an aerial view,with the lakes side by side.There's been considerable research done to try to figure out what causes them to be shaped and oriented this way.We know that the shape and orientation are caused by the way the lakes grow once they're formed,but the question is,what makes them grow this way?One theory sees winds as the cause.This region of Alaska has strong winds that blow perpendicular to the lakes.What happens is,wind blows straight into the longer side of the lakes.Now,wouldn’t that erode the lake bank in that direction?The same direction as the wind?Well…no.Actually,what happens is that the waves caused by the winds build a sorta protective layer of sediment—it's called a“protective shelf”—along the bank of the lake directly in front of them;so that bank is shielded from erosion,and the waves are diverted to the sides,to the left and to the right,and that’s why the left and the right banks start eroding.Get it?The bank straight ahead is protected,but the lake currents--the waves--erode the banks to the sides.That's the current model,um,the wind erosion model,which is generally accepted.But,there's a new theory that says that[deliberately]thaw slumping,not wind,is what shapes the thaw lakes.Thaw slumping,um…OK.Sometimes,in the summer,the temperature rises pretty quickly.So the active layer of permafrost thaws faster than the water can drain from the soil.So the sides of the thaw lakes get,like,mushy,and slump,or slide,into the lake.Then,the lake water spreads out more,and the lake gets bigger,OK?Also,in that part of Alaska,the terrain is gently sloped,so the lakes are all on an incline.Here.Now,this is an exaggeration of the angle—the hill isn't this steep—butsee how with the lake's banks,the side that is farther downhill…it's smaller,lower. This short bank thaws faster than the tall one does,so it falls into the lake—it slumps, much more and much faster than the other bank.When the short banks of many lakes slump,they move farther downhill and the lakes grow—all in the same downhill direction.This is a new theory,so it hasn't been tested much yet.In field studies,when we've looked at the banks of these thaw lakes,there's not much evidence of slumping. We'd expect to see cliff-like formations there,from the slumping,but we haven't really found many of those.题目1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?[Click on two answers.]A.To contrast how different kinds of thaw lakes growB.To explain why a new theory of thaw lakes is gaining acceptanceC.To explain how processes in permafrost lead to the formation of thaw lakesD.To describe two competing theories about the growth of thaw lakes2.The professor explains thaw lake formation as a cycle of events that occur repeatedly.Summarize this cycle,starting with the event filled in below.[Click on a sentence.Then drag it to the space where it belongs.The first one is done for you. One sentence will not be used]A.Meltwater flows into cracks in permafrostB.Ice wedges inside permafrost completely meltC.Freezing water expands cracks in permafrostD.Ice in the active layer melts as temperatures riseE.Permafrost shrinks and cracks as temperatures drop..3.What is the significance of the'protective shelf'discussed by the professor?A.It prevents the slumping of lake banks.B.It shields the lake surface from strong winds.C.It redirects the waves to lake banks that do not face the wind.D.It allows the lakes to grow in the same direction as the wind blows.4.According to the thaw slumping model,which side of a thaw lake grows fastest?A.The side where the bank is shortestB.The side least exposed to windC.The side that is at the highest elevationD.The side opposite the protective shelf5.What is the professor's opinion of the thaw slumping model?A.He thinks it was urgently needed.B.He is not convinced that it has a firm basis.C.He thinks it would be better if it were simplified.D.He does not think it is very different from the old model.6.Why does the professor say this:You ever see mud after it dries?A.He wants some information from the students.B.He thinks that the students may find an example helpful.C.He realizes that he forgot to mention an important topic.D.He wants to point out an important difference between frozen ground and dry ground.答案CD EDACB C A B B译文听一段地质学的讲座。
【TPO小站】托福听力完全自学讲义_非常详细
新托福强化听力讲义新托福考试听力部分介绍1.新托福和旧托福的对比考试形式预读题目笔记题型PBT旧托福Paper Yes No 1/4 multiple choiceIBT新托福Internet No Yes New types2.题量，时间，分数文章类型题量题目数时间CONVERSATION 2-3 5 / conversation 2-3 min /conversation LECTURE 4-6 6 / lecture 4-6 min / lecture TOTAL 6-9（加试）34 60-90 min SCALE SCORE: 30 见OG185评分标准3.题目的考查形式➢考场环境：独立电脑，耳机，铅笔，草稿本➢电脑环境：图片，视频，声音，板书➢新题型：双选题，重听题，表格配对题➢答题时间：总时间限制，每题分配时间不限➢答题流程：永不悔改4.文章材料的考查形式➢文章结构：删除了旧托福的PART A 部分，更加注重于对于能力的考查➢文章长度：比旧托福长➢文章语速：无所谓快慢，比旧托福更加贴近真实的学习生活➢文章类型：对话，独白，讨论CONVERSATION文章思路LECTURE文章思路5.新托福考试题型概述IBT listening comprehensionBasiccomprehensionGist questionDetail questionPragmaticunderstandingPurpose questionAttitude questionConnectinginformationOrganization questionInference question题号问题题型1Why does the student go to see theprofessor?Gist question2 According to the professor, whatinformation should the student include inher statement of purpose?Detail Question3What does the professor consider unusualabout the student’s background?Detail Question 4 Why does the professor tell a story about Detail Questionhis friend who went ot medical school?5 What does the professor imply about thepeople who admit students to graduateschool?Inference question6 What are the students mainly discussing? Gist question7 Listen again and then answer thequestion:Why does the woman say this?Purpose question8 According to the conversation, why aretransposes sometimes called “jumpinggenes”?Detail Question9 According to the conversation, what are twoways in which bacteria cells get resistancegenes?Detail Question10What can be inferred about the resistancegenes discussed in the conversation?Inference question11 What is the talk mainly about? Gist question12What is the professor’s point of viewconcerning the method of “safe yield”?Detail Question 13 According to the professor, what are two Detail Questionproblems associated with removing wter from an underground system?14 Listen again and then answer thequestion:Why does the professor say this?Purpose question15What is a key feature of a sustainable watersystem?Detail Question16 What does the professor imply about watersystems managed by the “safe yield”method?Inference question17Why does the professor talk about Plato’sdescription of society?Gist question18 Listen again and then answer thequestion:Why does the professor imply aboutplato’s ethical theory?Attitude question19 Listen again and then answer thequestion:Why does the professor ask this?Purpose question20 What are two points that reflect Plato’s Detail Questionviews about education?21 Based on information in the lecture, indicatewhether the statements below abouthuman emotion reflect beliefs held by Plato,Organizationquestion22According to Plato, what is the maincharacteristic of a good or just person?Detail Question23 What is the main topic of the lecture? Gist question24According to the professor, why did onescientist grow a rye plant in water?Detail Question25 Listen again and then answer thequestion:Why does the professor say this?Purpose question26 The professor mentions houseplants thatreceive too much water. Why does shemention them?Detail Question27 Listen again and then answer thequestion:Why does the professor intend to explain?Purpose question28According to the professor, what similarity isthere between crabgrass and rye plants?Detail Question29 What is the lecture mainly about? Gist question30 Why does the professor talk about aconstruction company that has work indifferent cities?Detail Question31 Listen again and then answer thequestion:Why does the professor say this?Purpose question32What is an example of a violation of the“unity of command” principle?Detail Question33 According to the professor, where mightthere be a conflict in an organizationalstructure based on both projects andfunction?Detail Question34 Indicate whether each sentence belowdescribes functional organization or project organization. Place a check mark in thecorrect box.Organizationquestion➢Gist question: 6➢Detail question: 16➢Purpose question: 6➢Attitude question: 1➢Organization question: 2➢Inference question: 3 6.界面展示7.IBT新托福资料说明——听力部分图片资料名称特点推荐使用方法The Official Study Guide ●题目数量不多●难度较简单●题型全面，和考试相同，质量高●精听精做●题目分类研究●文章精读研究●不建议模考ETS TOEFL PRACTICE ONLINE ●一共14套，其中新东方引进4套，还有2套是OG题目，其他全部为全真试题●难度和考试相当，已经有较全的版本出现●题型全面，场景全面●精听精做●建议最后冲刺模考DELTA 新托福考试备考策略与模拟试题●题目数量大，后面有四套模拟试题●前面的训练题目文章较短，不是托福模拟●精听精做●建议考前强化训练●对语速跟读●听力材料要比考试稍难些，速度也稍快些●题型和考试相差很多，不建议细钻模仿DELTA 新托福考试模拟试题●题目数量大，有六套模拟试题●具体特点同蓝皮delta●建议考前模拟●对语速跟读模仿BARRON 新托福考试全真模考题与精解●题目数量大，后面有7套模拟试题●难度偏小，在基础班使用●建议平时精听训练KAPLAN模考试题四套●有四套模拟试题●听力部分略难，语速略快●配合模拟光盘，有临考感觉●考前模考THOMSON模考试题两套●只有两套题，但质量很好，文章难度适中，题目难度和Barron相近，感觉上略难一些，和考试非●建议模考常相似。
托福TPOminilectures
1 What is the talk mainly aboutA Symbolism in African rock artB Differences between European and African rock artC Conservation of African rock artD New discoveries of African rock art2 According to the professor, what are two main causes of damage to African rock artClick on 2 answersA PollutionB The weatherC AnimalsD Tourists3 Why dose the professor mention the Getty InstituteA It is helping to photograph the artB It is displaying samples of the art the schoolC One of its members discovered the paintings in the SaharaD One of its members found a way to determine the age of African paintings4 How do the African rock paintings differ from European rock paintingsA The African paintings more frequently depict peopleB The African paintings are more abstractC The African paintings do not depict animalsD The African paintings are less colorful5 According to the professor, what was unusual about the paint used by some African rock artistsA Animal blood was one of its ingredientsB It was a mixture of charcoal and waterC It reflected lightD The sun and rain did not fade its color6 What was learned about the Sahara from African rock artA It was much larger than its present size.B Its people migrated to southern Europe.C It once had plenty of rainfall.D It was once separate from the African continent.7 What is purpose of the talkA To show the effect of poetry on society.B To point out stylistic similarities of two poets.C To compare the social structure of the United States before and after the Civil War.D To introduce the poetry of a particular period.8 What does professor say about fiction during the period immediately after the Civil WarA It changed more than any other type of literature.B It usually dealt with war-related themes.C It was unpopular with the general readerD It lacked the innovations found in other forms of literature.9 According to professor, what two subjects would most likely be the source of inspiration for a poem by Emily DickinsonClick on 2 answersA Children falling asleep.B The political life of a United States president.C The events of a Civil War battle.D A flower garden.10 According to the professor, what aspect of Emily Dickinson’s poetry was innovativeA The unusual rhyme scheme.B The combining of profound ideas with familiar images.C The complex vocabulary.D The length of the verses in her later poetry.11 What does the professor say makes Walt Whitman’s poetry particularly notableA It had a strong impact on Emily Dickinson’s work.B Its messages were rejected by readers.C It abandoned many literary traditionsD It mainly dealt with ordinary experiences.12 What does the professor say may have led Walt Whitman to become a poetA His love of nature.B His experiences in the Civil War..C His failure at public speaking.D His rejection of science and technology.13 What is the talk mainly aboutA Problems with farming during the 1930’s.B The documentary approach to photography.C Improvements in cameras in the 1930’s.D Dorothea Lange’s training in photographic techniques.14 What two factors contributed to the development of Dorothea Lange’s workA Improvements in photographic equipment.B The need to gain support for aid programs.C Her ability to explain to people how they should pose.D Government funding of research in camera technology.15 Why did many farmers leave the southern Great during the 19230’sA Cold weather froze their crops.B The government paid them to move off the land.C They hoped to find work in California.D Rain had flooded their land.16 Why does the professor talk about Dorothea Lange’s workA She took powerful photographs of landscapes.B She improvements to photographic equipment changed the field of photography.C She organized a government program.D Her photographs are representative of the documentary style of photography.17 what would be the most likely subject of a Lange photographA A newly built farmhouse.B A homeless farmer.C A famous politician.D A bowl of fruit.18 What was the result of Dorothea Lange’s work at the camp in CaliforniaA Photographers were restricted from entering migrant camps.B Farmers were given money to pay for the crop of peas.C Food supplies were delivered to the camp.D The workers were offered good jobs in California.19 what is the talk mainly aboutA Effects of advertising on a societyB The benefits of advertising forconsumersC The role of the FTC in international advertisingD Deception in advertising20 What is the purpose of the professor's talkA To provide a history of the FTC.B To introduce students to various methods of advertising.C To demonstrate how easily consumers are confused.D To defend advertising against criticism that it is misleading.21 What is the professor's opinion about most advertisingA It leads consumers to make unwise decisions.B It unnecessarily raises the cost of a product.C It does not deceive consumers.D It has little effect on consumers' buying patterns.22 According to the professor, what does the FTC doA It regulates international trade.B It sets standards for the advertising industry.C It imposes taxes on nonessential products.D It assists new advertising agencies.23 When is an advertisement considered deceptiveA When claims about a product are exaggerated.B When reasonable consumers are misled about an important aspect of a product.C When the FTC collects an adequate number of complaints about an advertisement.D When the majority of consumers refuse to buy a product based on information in the advertisement.24 What is pufferyA An exaggeration of a product's quality.B Intentionally deceptive advertisements.C Advertisements for beauty products.D A fine charged by the FTC.25 What is the tale mainly aboutA An experiment that measured sleep patterns.B A new way to stay awake longer.C A sleep disorder that affects many people.D An unusual method of treating sleeplessness.26 What are circadian rhythmsA The rate at which the heart beats during sleep.B Cycles of biological activities.C A series of research studies about sleep.D Social cues that signal daily functions.27 How did the subjects in the research study indicate the end of a sleeping sessionA They rang a bell.B They opened the curtains.C They turned on the lights.D They recorded the time in a special notebook.28 What did the researchers conclude about the human sleep/wake cycleA It is equivalent to the time span of one day.B It is the same for all humans.C It is substantially different from those of other organisms.D It is slightly longer than 24 hours.29 Which signals in the environment help humans reset their sleep cycleClick on 2 answers.A Telephones.B Clocks.C Outdoor sounds.D Sunlight.30 According to the professor, why must the circadian rhythm of sleep be reset eachdayA It differs from regular daily schedules.B It is affected by daily weather changes.C People go to sleep at different times each night.D People do not nap as often as they should.31 What is the talk mainly aboutA Early childhood education.B Piaget's educational background.C Infants' awareness of their surroundings.D Infants' lack of response to unfamiliar situations.32 How does recent research affect Piaget's theoriesA It shows that repeated exposure to objects does not have an impact on an infant's curiosity.B It contradicts his ideas on object permanence.C It shows that infant heart rate is not affected by exciting experiences.D It demonstrates that habituation does not take place in infancy.33 According to Piaget, how do young infants react when they see something unusualClick on 2 answers.A They become upset.B They show no emotion.C They look at it.D They become excited.34 What was Piaget's experiment on object permanence supposed to determineA Whether infants recognize something they have seen before.B Whether infants recognize variations in the sizes of objects.C Whether infants get frightened by large objects.D Whether infants believe hidden objects still exist.35 How did the more recent experiment on object permanence differ from Piaget's earlier experimentClick on 2 answers.A The recent experiment tested whether babies would react to an impossible situation.B The recent experiment involved younger children than Piaget's did.C The recent experiment examined how infants interacted with each other.D The recent experiment used only infant girls as subjects.36 To which situation did the infants have a noticeable reactionA A short carrot passing behind a solid screen.B A short carrot passing behind a window screen.C A long carrot passing behind a solid screen.D A long carrot passing behind a window screen.37 What is the talk mainly aboutA Similarities between vision in cats and in humans.B Hunting techniques of cats.C The position of the eyes on the faces of mammals.D Distinctive features of a cat's vision.38 What does the professor imply is a popular misconception about catsA They are able to see in the dark.B They are good hunters.C They rely on smell more than sight for hunting.D They are unable to see in three dimensions.39 What are two areas in which cats' visual abilities are better than humans' Click on 2 answers.A Judging distances.B Seeing images clearly.C Seeing in poor light.D Sensing movement.40 What role does guanin play in the visual processes of a catA It causes the cat's pupils to dilate.B It reflects light from the cat's retina.C It prevents the blurring of images.D It allows the cat to see colors.41 What does the professor say is one way mice are sometimes able to escape detection by catsA By running through a dimly lit area.B By jumping onto high objects.C By standing still.D By running behind the cat.42 What does the position of the eyes on a cat's face help the cat doA See animals that are not moving.B See objects in poorly lit surroundings.C Judge distances accurately.D Distinguish between shades of color.43 What does the professor mainly discussA Plants eaten by desert animals.B The differences between various types of cacti.C Why some desert plants are larger than others.D How plants are able to live in the desert.44 What does the professor say about the seeds of an annual desert plantA They sprout only under favorable conditions.B They are encased in a very thin shell.C They are attractive as a food source for desert birdsD They can hold a large amount of moisture.45 What are two features of their leaves help some desert plants avoid water loss Click on 2 answers.A They are covered with a kind of wax.B They reflect sunlight.C They are very small.D They are covered with tiny holes.46 When do the stems of a succulent plant become enlargedA When the temperature gets very hot.B When it rains.C When a predator is near.D When the plant is ready to disperse its seeds.47 What does the professor say about the roots of a succulent plantA They usually grow above the ground.B They can be eaten.C They are close to the surface of the ground.D They are filled with water.48 What are the two primary functions of the sharp spines on a cactus plantA They prevent animals from eating the plant.B They channel water toward the roots of the plant.C They allow oxygen to be released from the plant.D They attract pollinating insects to the plant.49 What is the talk mainly aboutA The diet of white-tailed deer.B Techniques used by predators to catch deer.C Types of shelter found in deer yards.D The use of trails by white-tailed deer.50 Why are the trails of the white-tailed deer important for their food supplyClick on 2 answers.A The deer follow the trails to eat in areas outside the home range.B The deer eat plants growing alongside the trails.C The deer use the trails to travel to their feeding grounds.D The deer build trails around their yards to protect their food supply.51 What is the primary function of runwaysA To connect the larger trails in the home range to each other.B To allow deer to move easily to new yards.C To provide a direct route to the deer yard.D To permit several deer to move together along a path.52 What happens to the trail system when food becomes scarce in winterA It is damaged from overuse.B It is expanded.C It is joined with another herd’s trails.D It is abandoned.53 According to the professor, why do the deer need to know the entire network of trailsClick on 2 answersA To enable them to find their yards in bad weatherB To help them guard the boundaries of the home range from other deerC To allow them to escape when pursued.D To assist them in detecting predators in their territory.54 According to the professor, why is deep snow dangerous for white-tailed deerA The deer are unable to move quickly through the snow.B Predators can easily conceal themselves in the snow.C The hooves of the deer become brittle in the cold snow.D The deer cannot see the trail underneath the snow.55 What is the purpose of the talkA To explain some factors contributing to the perception of color.B To describe the dangerous effects of sunlight.C To describe the wave patterns of ocean currents.D To argue against a popular theory of the behavior of light.56 According to the professor, what must be true of a light wave in order for the human eye to see itA It must be longer than the wavelength seen as the color red.B It cannot be reflected by objects in its path.C It must be partially absorbed by the molecules surrounding it.D It must fall within a certain range of wavelengths.57 Look at the diagram of the visible spectrum. What does the professor imply is true of the wavelength that is seen as the color orangeA It is longer than the wavelength seen as blue.B It is not a component of white light.C Its value is the same as the wavelength seen as red.D It generally does not strike obstacles in the air.58 What does the professor try to explain by discussing ocean wavesA How piers are weakened by wave action.B How prisms function.C What happens to light waves in Earth’s atmosphere.D Why it is difficult to predict patterns in ocean currents.59 To what does the professor compare the iron columns of piersA A line of soldiers.B Obstacles in the atmosphere.C Electromagnetic waves.C A prism.60 What does the apparent color of an object depend onA The texture of the objectB The wavelength of light than reflects off of the object.C The temperature of the air that surrounds the object.D The weight of the object.61 What is the talk mainly aboutA The cycle of water in the environment.B The creation of the Grand Canyon.C The stages in a stream’s development.D The effect of erosion on streams.62 According to the professor, what’s is a graded streamA A stream than does not wear down or build up is channel.B A stream than meanders from side to side.C A stream with flood plain.D A stream than deposits soil in its channel.63 What are the characteristics of a young streamClick on 2 answersA It deposits material in the channel bottom.B It follows a straight path.C It does not have rapids or falls.D It creates s V-shaped valley.64 Why is misleading to say than streams age like peopleClick on 2 answersA It is hard to estimate when a stream first flows.B Steams can flow for many years but remain youthful.C Streams can return to youth from maturity.D It is difficult to identify a stream’s stage of development.65 Why does the professor mention the Colorado RiverA To show than an ancient river can have youthful qualitiesB To demonstrate the process of canyon formation.C To give an example of a river cutting through soft material.C To illustrate the characteristics of a river in old age.66 How does a stream become rejuvenatedA Its starts to meander.B Its valley becomes wider.C Its channel becomes deeper.D Its elevation rises.67 What does the professor mainly discussA The need to build reservoirs.B The melting of ice at the North Pole.C Why planets rotate at a constant rate.D How human activity may affect the whole Earth.68 What does the professor say about ocean currentsA They cause air pressure patterns to vary.B They may be used someday to generate electricity.C They influence the Earth’s rotation.D They are breaking up the polar ice sheets.6970 Why does the professor compare the spinning Earth to an ice-skaterA To illustrate the most efficient use of energy.B To show the effect of shifting mass toward the axis.C To demonstrate how wind resistance affects rotation.D To explain the relation between science and art.71 What does the professor imply might be one effect of building more large reservoirsA The Earth would rotate faster.B The atmosphere would warm less rapidly.C Floods would occur more frequently.D The level of the oceans would rise.72 What does the professor say about the length of a dayA It is a constant on which many other measurements are based.B It has increased very slightly over the last forty years.C It may be affected by the size and location of reservoirs.D It seems to have increased greatly due to electric power.73What is the discussion mainly aboutA Different kinds of pianos.B The history of the harpsichord and the piano.C The mechanics of two keyboard instruments.D Music written for different keyboard instruments.74 Why does the class meet in a studioA To make a recording.B To see the instruments in the studioC To attend a concertD Because their classroom is not available.75 What three features are common to both the piano and the harpsichord Click on 3 answersA HammersB StringsC KeysD PlectrumsE A frame76 What does the professor say about the strings inside a pianoA They are arranged according to length.B They produce higher tones than the strings inside a harpsichord.C They all have the same thickness.D They are held in place by a piece of leather.77 What will the students most likely do nextA Play a piece on the pianoB Watch how a sound is produced on a harpsichordC Take a quiz about keyboard instrumentsD Compose a piece for a keyboard instrument78 What is the discussion mainly aboutA Variations in children’s writing abilityB Children’s knowledge of written languageC Classroom techniques for teaching children how to readC Differences between spoken and written language forms79 According to the discussion, what is the relationship between written and spoken languageA Written language is a way of representing spoken languageB Written language develops independently of spoken languageC Written language is more precise than spoken languageC Written language requires a broader vocabulary than spoken language8081 According to the discussion, which activity can help young children learn what written symbols representA Reciting the letters of the alphabetB Looking at many words in printC Attending school at an early ageC Practicing forming letters on a page82 What is “metalinguistic awareness”A The knowledge of a number of different languagesB An awareness of different approaches to language teachingC The ability to communicate using languageD An awareness of how language functions83 What is the discussion mainly aboutA Pesticides used by fruit farmersB The function of one type of chemical in fruitC The types of fruit people should avoidC How birds digest poisonous fruit84 What method of spreading seeds does the class discussA Seeds are blown by the windB Seeds stick to animal furC Seeds are collected by farmers and planted as cropsC Seeds are eaten by animals and deposited in the soil85 What two benefits of glycoalkaloids does the professor mentionClick on 2 answersA They discourage animals from eating tomatoes before they ripenB They improve the taste of nightshade berriesC They inhibit the growth of fungi on fruitD They give fruit an attractive color86 What does the professor say about the taste of certain fruits than contain glycoalkaloidsA The fruits can taste bitter to peopleB The fruits taste sweet to most birdsC The fruits are so distasteful that no animals eat thenD The fruits have naturally evolved to have a milder flavor87 What reason does the professor mention tor tomatoes going bad at the grocery storeA They are kept too coldB They contain too many glycoalkaloidsC They are covered with a thick layer of waxD They do not have enough resistance to fungi88 What is the discussion mainly aboutA A different type of cloud formationB A type of seed that needs little waterC An effort to reduce the amount of acid rainD A technique for increasing the quantity of rain89 According to the discussion, what is the main consideration when choosing a seeding agentA The direction of the windB The temperature of the cloudC The size of the cloudD The types of chemicals in the cloud90 What are super cooled cloudsA Clouds that produce ice stormsB Clouds that have been treated with dry iceC Clouds that are below freezing in temperatureD Clouds that have moved from a hot a cold location91 What happens when dry ice or silver iodide is added to a cloudA The water in the cloud turns into snowB The cloud becomes largerC The cloud releases raindropsD The water in the cloud becomes warmer92 What is preventing the large-scale use of cloud seedingClick on 2 answersA A shortage of seeding agentsB A lack of knowledge about the effect of cloud seeding on surrounding areasC A lack of laws that regulate cloud seedingD A shortage of pilots trained in cloud seeding。
托福TPO1-30听力中Lecture部分的每个Lecture文章主旨大意和中心思想
childhood amnesia,rate of forgetting
中 parenting behaviors of birds
中
different types of residential architectures in the United States
中
the state of Florida,farmers moved south,great citric industry in Florida,the impact of landscapes on temperature
How you can successfully call attention to the service or
product you want to sell
DNA,chromosomes
MBWA--managing by wandering around
难 Opera,the golden age in French literature
Animal communication systems,human language
How whales became ocean dwellers
中 Where american food ingredients originally come from
nutrient cycle,the carbon cycle,the Phosphorus cycle
Lec 4 Art history
Lec 1 Art history
Lec 2 Environmental Science Lec 3 History Lec 4 Biology Lec 1 Astronomy Lec 2 Art history Lec 3 European history Lec 4 Biology
托福听力tpo43 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo43lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (19)Lecture4 (20)原文 (20)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (25)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a botany class.FEMALE PROFESSOR:It's autumn,and as you know,in most parts of the United States the leaves on the trees are changing color from green…to yellow,orange,and lots of other colors.So this'll be a great time to talk about how and why some of these leaves turn one color in particular—and that's bright red.Well,before we discuss why leaves turn red,first let's,um—look,I know this is very old material,but just to play it safe—let's first go over why leaves are usually green.It’s chlorophyll, right?Leaves get their green color from chlorophyll—the chemical that's responsible for photosynthesis.The chlorophyll in the leaves collects energy from the Sun,in the form of sunlight,and it converts this energy into sugar,which is food for the plant. It's chlorophyll that makes leaves green most of the time.Now,the classic explanation for why leaves change color is this.In autumn,the leaves start preparing for the winter and stop synthesizing new chlorophyll.Since chlorophyll is sensitive to sunlight and to cold temperatures—both of which you get in autumn—the existing chlorophyll in the leaves breaks down.And since it's not being replaced by the new chlorophyll,the green color of the leaves gradually fades away.As this happens,the other pigments present in the leaf become visible.According to the classic theory,this is true for the red pigment as well.It was there in the leaf all along but it was hidden by the green chlorophyll.OK, so that's the classic explanation,and it's partially right.Why do I say“partially”?Well,it's probably true for pigments like yellow or orange,but it doesn't seem to hold for the red pigment.Let's back up a bit.Just what produces this red color in leaves?It's a red pigment called anthocyanin.Here's where the classic explanation doesn't seem to apply to red.What's interestingis that during the summer,there was very little if any anthocyanin in the leaves,but in the weeks before a tree is about to drop its leaves,the production of anthocyanins increases significantly.In other words,unlike those other pigments,anthocyanins are not just unmasked by the breakdown of chlorophyll in autumn;they're actually created at this time.So that raises a question.Why would a tree produce more anthocyanin just before dropping its leaves?Why does the tree spend so much of its resources doing this just before the leaves fall off?On the surface,this doesn't make sense.It'd be like spending money to,I don't know,to have your old car repainted when you know the car's not going to last more than a couple of months.All this extra anthocyanin in the autumn seems like a waste.But remember,nature is very economical with its resources,so that means anthocyanin must be serving some function that's important for the tree.Today there are some theories about what that function might be.One of them involves predatory insects;another involves fungi.You know,the more I read about these theories and the related research,it always created more questions for me than answers.So I was really glad to learn about a totally different theory…a new one.It seemed to come with research and data that give a full explanation.So here it is.Remember I said the chlorophyll breaks down?Well,in autumn,a whole lot of other chemical constituents of the leaf break down as well.I don't mean they're totally destroyed,'cause actually they break down into other,different chemicals that the tree can reabsorb from the leaves and reuse later.Now,this reabsorption process is very important for the tree,and—here's the key—it's sensitive to light,meaning that too much exposure to sunlight can interfere with this process.So where does anthocyanin fit in here?Well,anthocyanin's more stable than chlorophyll.It's not harmed as easily by the Sun or the cold.So it's still working long after the chlorophyll breaks down.But what doesit do?The theory is that anthocyanin protects the reabsorption process from the sunlight. For example,if you look closely at a red leaf on a tree,you'll notice that most of the red pigment is on the upper side of the leaf,the side facing the Sun.This new theory suggests that what the anthocyanin is doing there on top is shielding the rest of the leaf from the sunlight…and more importantly,allowing those important chemicals to be reabsorbed by the tree.题目1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?A.To explain how the red pigment in leaves breaks downB.To show that leaf color varies based on the tree speciesC.To introduce a theory about why leaves turn a particular colorD.To explain how chlorophyll protects trees in autumn2.What does the professor imply when she explains why leaves are green?A.She wants to correct a common misconception about the topic.B.She thinks the students are probably already familiar with the material.C.She believes the process is too complicated to discuss in depth.D.She knows that students are often confused about the functions of chlorophyll3.What does the professor mean when she says that the classic theory is partially right?A.It describes what happens in the summer but not what happens in autumnB.It describes what happens in tree leaves but not what happens in leaves of other plantsC.It explains how pigments are synthesized but not how they break down.D.It explains some cases of color change in tree leaves but not all cases.4.Why does the professor mention painting a car?A.To question why a large amount of anthocyanin is produced just before leaves fallB.To explain why most leaves turn red instead of other colorsC.To remind students how cooler temperatures affect the color of leavesD.To show how anthocyanin absorbs sunlight to produce food for trees5.The professor mentions theories about why leaves turn red that involve predatory insects and fungi.What is her opinion about those theories?A.They are based on careful research.B.They do not completely explain the phenomenon.C.They have not received enough attention.D.They have been proved to be incorrect.6.According to the professor,why does anthocyanin appear on the upper side of some leaves?A.To help chlorophyll absorb the sunlightB.To maximize the leaf's utilization of sunlightC.To accelerate the breakdown of chlorophyllD.To protect an important process from the sunlight答案C BD A B D译文旁白：请听一部分植物学的讲座。
托福TPOminilectures知识讲解
托福T P O m i n i l e c t u r e s1 What is the talk mainly about?A Symbolism in African rock artB Differences between European and African rock artC Conservation of African rock artD New discoveries of African rock art2 According to the professor, what are two main causes of damage to African rock art? Click on 2 answersA PollutionB The weatherC AnimalsD Tourists3 Why dose the professor mention the Getty InstituteA It is helping to photograph the artB It is displaying samples of the art the schoolC One of its members discovered the paintings in the SaharaD One of its members found a way to determine the age of African paintings4 How do the African rock paintings differ from European rock paintings?A The African paintings more frequently depict peopleB The African paintings are more abstractC The African paintings do not depict animalsD The African paintings are less colorful5 According to the professor, what was unusual about the paint used by some African rock artists?A Animal blood was one of its ingredientsB It was a mixture of charcoal and waterC It reflected lightD The sun and rain did not fade its color6 What was learned about the Sahara from African rock art?A It was much larger than its present size.B Its people migrated to southern Europe.C It once had plenty of rainfall.D It was once separate from the African continent.7 What is purpose of the talk?A To show the effect of poetry on society.B To point out stylistic similarities of two poets.C To compare the social structure of the United States before and after the Civil War.D To introduce the poetry of a particular period.8 What does professor say about fiction during the period immediately after the Civil War?A It changed more than any other type of literature.B It usually dealt with war-related themes.C It was unpopular with the general readerD It lacked the innovations found in other forms of literature.9 According to professor, what two subjects would most likely be the source of inspiration for a poem by Emily Dickinson?Click on 2 answersA Children falling asleep.B The political life of a United States president.C The events of a Civil War battle.D A flower garden.10 According to the professor, what aspect of Emily Dickinson’s poetry was innovative?A The unusual rhyme scheme.B The combining of profound ideas with familiar images.C The complex vocabulary.D The length of the verses in her later poetry.11 What does the professor say makes Walt Whitman’s poetry particularly notable?A It had a strong impact on Emily Dickinson’s work.B Its messages were rejected by readers.C It abandoned many literary traditionsD It mainly dealt with ordinary experiences.12 What does the professor say may have led Walt Whitman to become a poet?A His love of nature.B His experiences in the Civil War..C His failure at public speaking.D His rejection of science and technology.13 What is the talk mainly about?A Problems with farming during the 1930’s.B The documentary approach to photography.C Improvements in cameras in the 1930’s.D Dorothea Lange’s training in photographic techniques.14 What two factors contributed to the development of Dorothea Lange’s work?A Improvements in photographic equipment.B The need to gain support for aid programs.C Her ability to explain to people how they should pose.D Government funding of research in camera technology.15 Why did many farmers leave the southern Great during the 19230’s?A Cold weather froze their crops.B The government paid them to move off the land.C They hoped to find work in California.D Rain had flooded their land.16 Why does the professor talk about Dorothea Lange’s work?A She took powerful photographs of landscapes.B She improvements to photographic equipment changed the field of photography.C She organized a government program.D Her photographs are representative of the documentary style of photography.17 what would be the most likely subject of a Lange photograph?A A newly built farmhouse.B A homeless farmer.C A famous politician.D A bowl of fruit.18 What was the result of Dorothea Lange’s work at the camp in California?A Photographers were restricted from entering migrant camps.B Farmers were given money to pay for the crop of peas.C Food supplies were delivered to the camp.D The workers were offered good jobs in California.19 what is the talk mainly about?A Effects of advertising on a societyB The benefits of advertising forconsumersC The role of the FTC in internationaladvertisingD Deception in advertising20 What is the purpose of theprofessor's talk?A To provide a history of the FTC.B To introduce students to various methods of advertising.C To demonstrate how easily consumers are confused.D To defend advertising against criticism that it is misleading.21 What is the professor's opinion about most advertising?A It leads consumers to make unwise decisions.B It unnecessarily raises the cost of a product.C It does not deceive consumers.D It has little effect on consumers' buying patterns.22 According to the professor, what does the FTC do?A It regulates international trade.B It sets standards for the advertising industry.C It imposes taxes on nonessential products.D It assists new advertising agencies.23 When is an advertisement considered deceptive?A When claims about a product are exaggerated.B When reasonable consumers are misled about an important aspect of a product.C When the FTC collects an adequate number of complaints about an advertisement.D When the majority of consumers refuse to buy a product based on information in the advertisement.24 What is puffery?A An exaggeration of a product's quality.B Intentionally deceptive advertisements.C Advertisements for beauty products.D A fine charged by the FTC.25 What is the tale mainly about?A An experiment that measured sleep patterns.B A new way to stay awake longer.C A sleep disorder that affects many people.D An unusual method of treating sleeplessness.26 What are circadian rhythms?A The rate at which the heart beats during sleep.B Cycles of biological activities.C A series of research studies about sleep.D Social cues that signal daily functions.27 How did the subjects in the research study indicate the end of a sleeping session?A They rang a bell.B They opened the curtains.C They turned on the lights.D They recorded the time in a special notebook.28 What did the researchers conclude about the human sleep/wake cycle?A It is equivalent to the time span of one day.B It is the same for all humans.C It is substantially different from those of other organisms.D It is slightly longer than 24 hours.29 Which signals in the environment help humans reset their sleep cycle?Click on 2 answers.A Telephones.B Clocks.C Outdoor sounds.D Sunlight.30 According to the professor, why must the circadian rhythm of sleep be reset each day?A It differs from regular daily schedules.B It is affected by daily weather changes.C People go to sleep at different times each night.D People do not nap as often as they should.31 What is the talk mainly about?A Early childhood education.B Piaget's educational background.C Infants' awareness of their surroundings.D Infants' lack of response to unfamiliar situations.32 How does recent research affect Piaget's theories?A It shows that repeated exposure to objects does not have an impact on an infant's curiosity.B It contradicts his ideas on object permanence.C It shows that infant heart rate is not affected by exciting experiences.D It demonstrates that habituation does not take place in infancy.33 According to Piaget, how do young infants react when they see something unusual? Click on 2 answers.A They become upset.B They show no emotion.C They look at it.D They become excited.34 What was Piaget's experiment on object permanence supposed to determine?A Whether infants recognize something they have seen before.B Whether infants recognize variations in the sizes of objects.C Whether infants get frightened by large objects.D Whether infants believe hidden objects still exist.35 How did the more recent experiment on object permanence differ from Piaget's earlier experiment?Click on 2 answers.A The recent experiment tested whether babies would react to an impossible situation.B The recent experiment involved younger children than Piaget's did.C The recent experiment examined how infants interacted with each other.D The recent experiment used only infant girls as subjects.36 To which situation did the infants have a noticeable reaction?A A short carrot passing behind a solid screen.B A short carrot passing behind a window screen.C A long carrot passing behind a solid screen.D A long carrot passing behind a window screen.37 What is the talk mainly about?A Similarities between vision in cats and in humans.B Hunting techniques of cats.C The position of the eyes on the faces of mammals.D Distinctive features of a cat's vision.38 What does the professor imply is a popular misconception about cats?A They are able to see in the dark.B They are good hunters.C They rely on smell more than sight for hunting.D They are unable to see in three dimensions.39 What are two areas in which cats' visual abilities are better than humans' ? Click on 2 answers.A Judging distances.B Seeing images clearly.C Seeing in poor light.D Sensing movement.40 What role does guanin play in the visual processes of a cat?A It causes the cat's pupils to dilate.B It reflects light from the cat's retina.C It prevents the blurring of images.D It allows the cat to see colors.41 What does the professor say is one way mice are sometimes able to escape detection by cats?A By running through a dimly lit area.B By jumping onto high objects.C By standing still.D By running behind the cat.42 What does the position of the eyes on a cat's face help the cat do?A See animals that are not moving.B See objects in poorly lit surroundings.C Judge distances accurately.D Distinguish between shades of color.43 What does the professor mainly discuss?A Plants eaten by desert animals.B The differences between various types of cacti.C Why some desert plants are larger than others.D How plants are able to live in the desert.44 What does the professor say about the seeds of an annual desert plant?A They sprout only under favorable conditions.B They are encased in a very thin shell.C They are attractive as a food source for desert birdsD They can hold a large amount of moisture.45 What are two features of their leaves help some desert plants avoid water loss? Click on 2 answers.A They are covered with a kind of wax.B They reflect sunlight.C They are very small.D They are covered with tiny holes.46 When do the stems of a succulent plant become enlarged?A When the temperature gets very hot.B When it rains.C When a predator is near.D When the plant is ready to disperse its seeds.47 What does the professor say about the roots of a succulent plant?A They usually grow above the ground.B They can be eaten.C They are close to the surface of the ground.D They are filled with water.48 What are the two primary functions of the sharp spines on a cactus plant?A They prevent animals from eating the plant.B They channel water toward the roots of the plant.C They allow oxygen to be released from the plant.D They attract pollinating insects to the plant.49 What is the talk mainly about?A The diet of white-tailed deer.B Techniques used by predators to catch deer.C Types of shelter found in deer yards.D The use of trails by white-tailed deer.50 Why are the trails of the white-tailed deer important for their food supply? Click on 2 answers.A The deer follow the trails to eat in areas outside the home range.B The deer eat plants growing alongside the trails.C The deer use the trails to travel to their feeding grounds.D The deer build trails around their yards to protect their food supply.51 What is the primary function of runways?A To connect the larger trails in the home range to each other.B To allow deer to move easily to new yards.C To provide a direct route to the deer yard.D To permit several deer to move together along a path.52 What happens to the trail system when food becomes scarce in winter?A It is damaged from overuse.B It is expanded.C It is joined with another herd’s trails.D It is abandoned.53 According to the professor, why do the deer need to know the entire network of trails?Click on 2 answersA To enable them to find their yards in bad weatherB To help them guard the boundaries of the home range from other deerC To allow them to escape when pursued.D To assist them in detecting predators in their territory.54 According to the professor, why is deep snow dangerous for white-tailed deer?A The deer are unable to move quickly through the snow.B Predators can easily conceal themselves in the snow.C The hooves of the deer become brittle in the cold snow.D The deer cannot see the trail underneath the snow.55 What is the purpose of the talk?A To explain some factors contributing to the perception of color.B To describe the dangerous effects of sunlight.C To describe the wave patterns of ocean currents.D To argue against a popular theory of the behavior of light.56 According to the professor, what must be true of a light wave in order for the human eye to see it?A It must be longer than the wavelength seen as the color red.B It cannot be reflected by objects in its path.C It must be partially absorbed by the molecules surrounding it.D It must fall within a certain range of wavelengths.57 Look at the diagram of the visible spectrum. What does the professor imply is true of the wavelength that is seen as the color orange?A It is longer than the wavelength seen as blue.B It is not a component of white light.C Its value is the same as the wavelength seen as red.D It generally does not strike obstacles in the air.58 What does the professor try to explain by discussing ocean waves?A How piers are weakened by wave action.B How prisms function.C What happens to light waves in Earth’s atmosphere.D Why it is difficult to predict patterns in ocean currents.59 To what does the professor compare the iron columns of piers?A A line of soldiers.B Obstacles in the atmosphere.C Electromagnetic waves.C A prism.60 What does the apparent color of an object depend on?A The texture of the objectB The wavelength of light than reflects off of the object.C The temperature of the air that surrounds the object.D The weight of the object.61 What is the talk mainly about?A The cycle of water in the environment.B The creation of the Grand Canyon.C The stages in a stream’s development.D The effect of erosion on streams.62 According to the professor, what’s is a graded stream?A A stream than does not wear down or build up is channel.B A stream than meanders from side to side.C A stream with flood plain.D A stream than deposits soil in its channel.63 What are the characteristics of a young stream?Click on 2 answersA It deposits material in the channel bottom.B It follows a straight path.C It does not have rapids or falls.D It creates s V-shaped valley.64 Why is misleading to say than streams age like people? Click on 2 answersA It is hard to estimate when a stream first flows.B Steams can flow for many years but remain youthful.C Streams can return to youth from maturity.D It is difficult to identify a stream’s stage of development.65 Why does the professor mention the Colorado River?A To show than an ancient river can have youthful qualitiesB To demonstrate the process of canyon formation.C To give an example of a river cutting through soft material.C To illustrate the characteristics of a river in old age.66 How does a stream become rejuvenated?A Its starts to meander.B Its valley becomes wider.C Its channel becomes deeper.D Its elevation rises.67 What does the professor mainly discuss?A The need to build reservoirs.B The melting of ice at the North Pole.C Why planets rotate at a constant rate.D How human activity may affect the whole Earth.68 What does the professor say about ocean currents?A They cause air pressure patterns to vary.B They may be used someday to generate electricity.C They influence the Earth’s rotation.D They are breaking up the polar ice sheets.6970 Why does the professor compare the spinning Earth to an ice-skater?A To illustrate the most efficient use of energy.B To show the effect of shifting mass toward the axis.C To demonstrate how wind resistance affects rotation.D To explain the relation between science and art.71 What does the professor imply might be one effect of building more large reservoirs?A The Earth would rotate faster.B The atmosphere would warm less rapidly.C Floods would occur more frequently.D The level of the oceans would rise.72 What does the professor say about the length of a day?A It is a constant on which many other measurements are based.B It has increased very slightly over the last forty years.C It may be affected by the size and location of reservoirs.D It seems to have increased greatly due to electric power.A Different kinds of pianos.B The history of the harpsichord and the piano.C The mechanics of two keyboard instruments.D Music written for different keyboard instruments.74 Why does the class meet in a studio?A To make a recording.B To see the instruments in the studioC To attend a concertD Because their classroom is not available.75 What three features are common to both the piano and the harpsichord? Click on 3 answersA HammersB StringsC KeysD PlectrumsE A frame76 What does the professor say about the strings inside a piano?A They are arranged according to length.B They produce higher tones than the strings inside a harpsichord.C They all have the same thickness.D They are held in place by a piece of leather.77 What will the students most likely do next?A Play a piece on the pianoB Watch how a sound is produced on a harpsichordC Take a quiz about keyboard instrumentsD Compose a piece for a keyboard instrumentA Variations in children’s writing abilityB Children’s knowledge of written languageC Classroom techniques for teaching children how to readC Differences between spoken and written language forms79 According to the discussion, what is the relationship between written and spoken language?A Written language is a way of representing spoken languageB Written language develops independently of spoken languageC Written language is more precise than spoken languageC Written language requires a broader vocabulary than spoken language8081 According to the discussion, which activity can help young children learn what written symbols represent?A Reciting the letters of the alphabetB Looking at many words in printC Attending school at an early ageC Practicing forming letters on a page82 What is “metalinguistic awareness”?A The knowledge of a number of different languagesB An awareness of different approaches to language teachingC The ability to communicate using languageD An awareness of how language functions83 What is the discussion mainly about?A Pesticides used by fruit farmersB The function of one type of chemical in fruitC The types of fruit people should avoidC How birds digest poisonous fruit84 What method of spreading seeds does the class discuss?A Seeds are blown by the windB Seeds stick to animal furC Seeds are collected by farmers and planted as cropsC Seeds are eaten by animals and deposited in the soil85 What two benefits of glycoalkaloids does the professor mention?Click on 2 answersA They discourage animals from eating tomatoes before they ripenB They improve the taste of nightshade berriesC They inhibit the growth of fungi on fruitD They give fruit an attractive color86 What does the professor say about the taste of certain fruits than contain glycoalkaloids?A The fruits can taste bitter to peopleB The fruits taste sweet to most birdsC The fruits are so distasteful that no animals eat thenD The fruits have naturally evolved to have a milder flavor87 What reason does the professor mention tor tomatoes going bad at the grocery store?A They are kept too coldB They contain too many glycoalkaloidsC They are covered with a thick layer of waxD They do not have enough resistance to fungi88 What is the discussion mainly about?A A different type of cloud formationB A type of seed that needs little waterC An effort to reduce the amount of acid rainD A technique for increasing the quantity of rain89 According to the discussion, what is the main consideration when choosing a seeding agent?A The direction of the windB The temperature of the cloudC The size of the cloudD The types of chemicals in the cloud90 What are super cooled clouds?A Clouds that produce ice stormsB Clouds that have been treated with dry iceC Clouds that are below freezing in temperatureD Clouds that have moved from a hot a cold location91 What happens when dry ice or silver iodide is added to a cloud?A The water in the cloud turns into snowB The cloud becomes largerC The cloud releases raindropsD The water in the cloud becomes warmer92 What is preventing the large-scale use of cloud seeding?Click on 2 answersA A shortage of seeding agentsB A lack of knowledge about the effect of cloud seeding on surrounding areasC A lack of laws that regulate cloud seedingD A shortage of pilots trained in cloud seeding。
【托福听力资料】托福TPO11 听力文本——Lecture 2
【托福听力资料】托福TPO11 听力文本——Lecture 2众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。
相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。
TPO11 Lecture 2 ArchitectureNarrator：Listen to part of a lecture in an Architecture Class.Professor：Today, we are taking a little detour from the grand styles ofpublic architecture we’ve been studying to look at residential architectures inthe United States. Since this is something we can all identify with, I think it will help us see the relationship between the function of a structure and itsstyle or form. This has been an ongoing theme in our discussions, and we will begetting back to it in just a moment. But before we get started, I want you to take a moment to think: does anyone know what the single most popular style fora house in the United States is today? Bob?Student 1：“I bet it is the ranch-style house.”Professor：“Well, in this area, probably. But are we typical? Yes, Sue.”Student 2：“How about the kind of house my grandparents live in? They call it a Cape Cod.Professor：That’s the one. Here is a drawing of what we consider of aclassic Cape Cod house. These days, you see this style all over the United States. But it first showed up in U.S. northeast, in the New England region, around the late 1600s. For those of you who don’t know the northeast coastalregion, Cape Cod is a peninsula, a narrow strip of land that jets out into theAtlantic, and so ... so, many houses in this particular style were built on CapeCod, that the name of the place became the name of the style.Now why did the Cape Cod style house become so popular in the northeast?Well, one reason is that it’s a great example of form following function. We’vetalked about this design principle a lot about form following function. And whatdid we say it meant? Someone give me an application of this principle. What isthis concept that form should follow function? How would it be applied tohousing design?Student 2：Well, if it means that the design of a building should be basedon the needs of the people who use it. Then, well, the architect has to be verypractical to think about the people who’ll actually be living in the house orworking in the office building, whatever, so for the architect, it’s all aboutthe users not about showing off how creative you can be.Professor：Good, of course, for a Cape Cod house, it might be even moreaccurate to say that form also follows climate. Who knows what the climate’slike on Cape Cod?Student 1：Cold in the winter…Student 2：And whenever I visit my grandparents, it’s really wet. It’susually either raining or snowing or foggy and windy, too. I guess because it’sso exposed to the ocean?Professor：That’s right. So take another look at this drawing, and you can imagine how this design might be particularly helpful in that kind of climate. Notice how the house sits fairly low to the ground. This relatively low compact structure helps the house withstand the strong winds blowing off the ocean. And look at the：slope of the roof, the steep angle helps keep off all that rain and snow that accumulates in the winter.Another thing, Cape Cod houses usually face south to take advantage of the sun’s warm through the windows. That’s helpful in winter.Now what can you tell me about the chimney, about its location?Student 2：Well, it’s in the middle. Because, does that have something to do with heating the houses? I mean since the heat never has to travel very far. Student 1：That’d mean you can heat the house more efficiently, right? Professor：Exactly, now see how the house has very little exterior decoration, that’s also typical of early Cape Cod houses. The wind was one reason, nothing sticking out that might blow away in the harsh weather, but there was probably another reason, not related to the climate, more a reflection of rural New England society back then, you see Cape Cod houses were not built in the big cities, where all the rich people lived back then. These were modest dwellings, the people who built them simply couldn’t afford lots of expensive decorative details. But it was more than just a matter of money. In these rural areas, people depended on each other for survival. Neighbors had to help andsupport each other in a difficult environment, so you didn’t want to appear to be showing off. You’d want to avoid anything that might set you apart from your neighbors, the same people you might need to help you someday. So all these help to create an attitude of conformity in the community, and you can see why a modest, a very plain style would have become so widely imitated throughout rural New England.Student 2：It is plain, but you know its nice looking.Professor：Good point, and in fact it’s precisely that aesthetic appeal, the…the purity, the nearly perfect proportions of the house…that’s another reason for the Cape Cod’s enduring popularity, even in places where the climate is so mild that its functional design doesn’t matter.希望这些对你的托福备考有帮助，预祝大家托福考试能取得理想成绩。
托福TPOminilectures模板.doc
1 What is the talk mainly about?A Symbolism in African rock artB Differences between European and African rock artC Conservation of African rock artD New discoveries of African rock art2 According to the professor, what are two main causes of damage to African rock art?Click on 2 answersA PollutionB The weatherC AnimalsD Tourists3 Why dose the professor mention the Getty InstituteA It is helping to photograph the artB It is displaying samples of the art the schoolC One of its members discovered the paintings in the SaharaD One of its members found a way to determine the age of African paintings4 How do the African rock paintings differ from European rock paintings?A The African paintings more frequently depict peopleB The African paintings are more abstractC The African paintings do not depict animalsD The African paintings are less colorful5 According to the professor, what was unusual about the paint used by some African rock artists?A Animal blood was one of its ingredientsB It was a mixture of charcoal and waterC It reflected lightD The sun and rain did not fade its color6 What was learned about the Sahara from African rock art?A It was much larger than its present size.B Its people migrated to southern Europe.C It once had plenty of rainfall.D It was once separate from the African continent.7 What is purpose of the talk?A To show the effect of poetry on society.B To point out stylistic similarities of two poets.C To compare the social structure of the United States before and after the Civil War.D To introduce the poetry of a particular period.8 What does professor say about fiction during the period immediately after the Civil War?A It changed more than any other type of literature.B It usually dealt with war-related themes.C It was unpopular with the general readerD It lacked the innovations found in other forms of literature.9 According to professor, what two subjects would most likely be the source of inspiration for a poem by Emily Dickinson?Click on 2 answersA Children falling asleep.B The political life of a United States president.C The events of a Civil War battle.D A flower garden.10 According to the professor, what aspect of Emily Dickinson’s poetry was innovative?A The unusual rhyme scheme.B The combining of profound ideas with familiar images.C The complex vocabulary.D The length of the verses in her later poetry.11 What does the professor say makes Walt Whitman’s poetry particularly notable?A It had a strong impact on Emily Dickinson’s work.B Its messages were rejected by readers.C It abandoned many literary traditionsD It mainly dealt with ordinary experiences.12 What does the professor say may have led Walt Whitman to become a poet?A His love of nature.B His experiences in the Civil War..C His failure at public speaking.D His rejection of science and technology.13 What is the talk mainly about?A Problems with farming during the 1930’s.B The documentary approach to photography.C Improvements in cameras in the 1930’s.D Dorothea Lange’s training in photographic techniques.14 What two factors contributed to the development of Dorothea Lange’s work?A Improvements in photographic equipment.B The need to gain support for aid programs.C Her ability to explain to people how they should pose.D Government funding of research in camera technology.15 Why did many farmers leave the southern Great during the 19230’s?A Cold weather froze their crops.B The government paid them to move off the land.C They hoped to find work in California.D Rain had flooded their land.16 Why does the professor talk about Dorothea Lange’s work?A She took powerful photographs of landscapes.B She improvements to photographic equipment changed the field of photography.C She organized a government program.D Her photographs are representative of the documentary style of photography.17 what would be the most likely subject of a Lange photograph?A A newly built farmhouse.B A homeless farmer.C A famous politician.D A bowl of fruit.18 What was the result of Dorothea Lange’s work at the camp in California?A Photographers were restricted from entering migrant camps.B Farmers were given money to pay for the crop of peas.C Food supplies were delivered to the camp.D The workers were offered good jobs in California.19 what is the talk mainly about?A Effects of advertising on a societyB The benefits of advertising for consumersC The role of the FTC in international advertisingD Deception in advertising20 What is the purpose of the professor's talk?A To provide a history of the FTC.B To introduce students to various methods of advertising.C To demonstrate how easily consumers are confused.D To defend advertising against criticism that it is misleading.21 What is the professor's opinion about most advertising?A It leads consumers to make unwise decisions.B It unnecessarily raises the cost of a product.C It does not deceive consumers.D It has little effect on consumers' buying patterns.22 According to the professor, what does the FTC do?A It regulates international trade.B It sets standards for the advertising industry.C It imposes taxes on nonessential products.D It assists new advertising agencies.23 When is an advertisement considered deceptive?A When claims about a product are exaggerated.B When reasonable consumers are misled about an important aspect of a product.C When the FTC collects an adequate number of complaints about an advertisement.D When the majority of consumers refuse to buy a product based on information in the advertisement.24 What is puffery?A An exaggeration of a product's quality.B Intentionally deceptive advertisements.C Advertisements for beauty products.D A fine charged by the FTC.25 What is the tale mainly about?A An experiment that measured sleep patterns.B A new way to stay awake longer.C A sleep disorder that affects many people.D An unusual method of treating sleeplessness.26 What are circadian rhythms?A The rate at which the heart beats during sleep.B Cycles of biological activities.C A series of research studies about sleep.D Social cues that signal daily functions.27 How did the subjects in the research study indicate the end of a sleeping session?A They rang a bell.B They opened the curtains.C They turned on the lights.D They recorded the time in a special notebook.28 What did the researchers conclude about the human sleep/wake cycle?A It is equivalent to the time span of one day.B It is the same for all humans.C It is substantially different from those of other organisms.D It is slightly longer than 24 hours.29 Which signals in the environment help humans reset their sleep cycle?Click on 2 answers.A Telephones.B Clocks.C Outdoor sounds.D Sunlight.30 According to the professor, why must the circadian rhythm of sleep be reset each day?A It differs from regular daily schedules.B It is affected by daily weather changes.C People go to sleep at different times each night.D People do not nap as often as they should.31 What is the talk mainly about?A Early childhood education.B Piaget's educational background.C Infants' awareness of their surroundings.D Infants' lack of response to unfamiliar situations.32 How does recent research affect Piaget's theories?A It shows that repeated exposure to objects does not have an impact on an infant's curiosity.B It contradicts his ideas on object permanence.C It shows that infant heart rate is not affected by exciting experiences.D It demonstrates that habituation does not take place in infancy.33 According to Piaget, how do young infants react when they see something unusual?Click on 2 answers.A They become upset.B They show no emotion.C They look at it.D They become excited.34 What was Piaget's experiment on object permanence supposed to determine?A Whether infants recognize something they have seen before.B Whether infants recognize variations in the sizes of objects.C Whether infants get frightened by large objects.D Whether infants believe hidden objects still exist.35 How did the more recent experiment on object permanence differ from Piaget's earlier experiment?Click on 2 answers.A The recent experiment tested whether babies would react to an impossible situation.B The recent experiment involved younger children than Piaget's did.C The recent experiment examined how infants interacted with each other.D The recent experiment used only infant girls as subjects.36 To which situation did the infants have a noticeable reaction?A A short carrot passing behind a solid screen.B A short carrot passing behind a window screen.C A long carrot passing behind a solid screen.D A long carrot passing behind a window screen.37 What is the talk mainly about?A Similarities between vision in cats and in humans.B Hunting techniques of cats.C The position of the eyes on the faces of mammals.D Distinctive features of a cat's vision.38 What does the professor imply is a popular misconception about cats?A They are able to see in the dark.B They are good hunters.C They rely on smell more than sight for hunting.D They are unable to see in three dimensions.39 What are two areas in which cats' visual abilities are better than humans' ?Click on 2 answers.A Judging distances.B Seeing images clearly.C Seeing in poor light.D Sensing movement.40 What role does guanin play in the visual processes of a cat?A It causes the cat's pupils to dilate.B It reflects light from the cat's retina.C It prevents the blurring of images.D It allows the cat to see colors.41 What does the professor say is one way mice are sometimes able to escape detection by cats?A By running through a dimly lit area.B By jumping onto high objects.C By standing still.D By running behind the cat.42 What does the position of the eyes on a cat's face help the cat do?A See animals that are not moving.B See objects in poorly lit surroundings.C Judge distances accurately.D Distinguish between shades of color.43 What does the professor mainly discuss?A Plants eaten by desert animals.B The differences between various types of cacti.C Why some desert plants are larger than others.D How plants are able to live in the desert.44 What does the professor say about the seeds of an annual desert plant?A They sprout only under favorable conditions.B They are encased in a very thin shell.C They are attractive as a food source for desert birdsD They can hold a large amount of moisture.45 What are two features of their leaves help some desert plants avoid water loss? Click on 2 answers.A They are covered with a kind of wax.B They reflect sunlight.C They are very small.D They are covered with tiny holes.46 When do the stems of a succulent plant become enlarged?A When the temperature gets very hot.B When it rains.C When a predator is near.D When the plant is ready to disperse its seeds.47 What does the professor say about the roots of a succulent plant?A They usually grow above the ground.B They can be eaten.C They are close to the surface of the ground.D They are filled with water.48 What are the two primary functions of the sharp spines on a cactus plant?A They prevent animals from eating the plant.B They channel water toward the roots of the plant.C They allow oxygen to be released from the plant.D They attract pollinating insects to the plant.49 What is the talk mainly about?A The diet of white-tailed deer.B Techniques used by predators to catch deer.C Types of shelter found in deer yards.D The use of trails by white-tailed deer.50 Why are the trails of the white-tailed deer important for their food supply?Click on 2 answers.A The deer follow the trails to eat in areas outside the home range.B The deer eat plants growing alongside the trails.C The deer use the trails to travel to their feeding grounds.D The deer build trails around their yards to protect their food supply.51 What is the primary function of runways?A To connect the larger trails in the home range to each other.B To allow deer to move easily to new yards.C To provide a direct route to the deer yard.D To permit several deer to move together along a path.52 What happens to the trail system when food becomes scarce in winter?A It is damaged from overuse.B It is expanded.C It is joined with another herd’s trails.D It is abandoned.53 According to the professor, why do the deer need to know the entire network of trails?Click on 2 answersA To enable them to find their yards in bad weatherB To help them guard the boundaries of the home range from other deerC To allow them to escape when pursued.D To assist them in detecting predators in their territory.54 According to the professor, why is deep snow dangerous for white-tailed deer?A The deer are unable to move quickly through the snow.B Predators can easily conceal themselves in the snow.C The hooves of the deer become brittle in the cold snow.D The deer cannot see the trail underneath the snow.55 What is the purpose of the talk?A To explain some factors contributing to the perception of color.B To describe the dangerous effects of sunlight.C To describe the wave patterns of ocean currents.D To argue against a popular theory of the behavior of light.56 According to the professor, what must be true of a light wave in order for the human eye to see it?A It must be longer than the wavelength seen as the color red.B It cannot be reflected by objects in its path.C It must be partially absorbed by the molecules surrounding it.D It must fall within a certain range of wavelengths.57 Look at the diagram of the visible spectrum. What does the professor imply is true of the wavelength that is seen as the color orange?A It is longer than the wavelength seen as blue.B It is not a component of white light.C Its value is the same as the wavelength seen as red.D It generally does not strike obstacles in the air.58 What does the professor try to explain by discussing ocean waves?A How piers are weakened by wave action.B How prisms function.C What happens to light waves in Earth’s atmosphere.D Why it is difficult to predict patterns in ocean currents.59 To what does the professor compare the iron columns of piers?A A line of soldiers.B Obstacles in the atmosphere.C Electromagnetic waves.C A prism.60 What does the apparent color of an object depend on?A The texture of the objectB The wavelength of light than reflects off of the object.C The temperature of the air that surrounds the object.D The weight of the object.61 What is the talk mainly about?A The cycle of water in the environment.B The creation of the Grand Canyon.C The stages in a stream’s development.D The effect of erosion on streams.62 According to the professor, what’s is a graded stream?A A stream than does not wear down or build up is channel.B A stream than meanders from side to side.C A stream with flood plain.D A stream than deposits soil in its channel.63 What are the characteristics of a young stream?Click on 2 answersA It deposits material in the channel bottom.B It follows a straight path.C It does not have rapids or falls.D It creates s V-shaped valley.64 Why is misleading to say than streams age like people?Click on 2 answersA It is hard to estimate when a stream first flows.B Steams can flow for many years but remain youthful.C Streams can return to youth from maturity.D It is difficult to identify a stream’s stage of development.65 Why does the professor mention the Colorado River?A To show than an ancient river can have youthful qualitiesB To demonstrate the process of canyon formation.C To give an example of a river cutting through soft material.C To illustrate the characteristics of a river in old age.66 How does a stream become rejuvenated?A Its starts to meander.B Its valley becomes wider.C Its channel becomes deeper.D Its elevation rises.67 What does the professor mainly discuss?A The need to build reservoirs.B The melting of ice at the North Pole.C Why planets rotate at a constant rate.D How human activity may affect the whole Earth.68 What does the professor say about ocean currents?A They cause air pressure patterns to vary.B They may be used someday to generate electricity.C They influence the Earth’s rotation.D They are breaking up the polar ice sheets.6970 Why does the professor compare the spinning Earth to an ice-skater?A To illustrate the most efficient use of energy.B To show the effect of shifting mass toward the axis.C To demonstrate how wind resistance affects rotation.D To explain the relation between science and art.71 What does the professor imply might be one effect of building more large reservoirs?A The Earth would rotate faster.B The atmosphere would warm less rapidly.C Floods would occur more frequently.D The level of the oceans would rise.72 What does the professor say about the length of a day?A It is a constant on which many other measurements are based.B It has increased very slightly over the last forty years.C It may be affected by the size and location of reservoirs.D It seems to have increased greatly due to electric power.73What is the discussion mainly about?A Different kinds of pianos.B The history of the harpsichord and the piano.C The mechanics of two keyboard instruments.D Music written for different keyboard instruments.74 Why does the class meet in a studio?A To make a recording.B To see the instruments in the studioC To attend a concertD Because their classroom is not available.75 What three features are common to both the piano and the harpsichord?Click on 3 answersA HammersB StringsC KeysD PlectrumsE A frame76 What does the professor say about the strings inside a piano?A They are arranged according to length.B They produce higher tones than the strings inside a harpsichord.C They all have the same thickness.D They are held in place by a piece of leather.77 What will the students most likely do next?A Play a piece on the pianoB Watch how a sound is produced on a harpsichordC Take a quiz about keyboard instrumentsD Compose a piece for a keyboard instrument78 What is the discussion mainly about?A Variations in children’s writing abilityB Children’s knowledge of written languageC Classroom techniques for teaching children how to readC Differences between spoken and written language forms79 According to the discussion, what is the relationship between written and spoken language?A Written language is a way of representing spoken languageB Written language develops independently of spoken languageC Written language is more precise than spoken languageC Written language requires a broader vocabulary than spoken language8081 According to the discussion, which activity can help young children learn what written symbols represent?A Reciting the letters of the alphabetB Looking at many words in printC Attending school at an early ageC Practicing forming letters on a page82 What is “metalinguistic awareness”?A The knowledge of a number of different languagesB An awareness of different approaches to language teachingC The ability to communicate using languageD An awareness of how language functions83 What is the discussion mainly about?A Pesticides used by fruit farmersB The function of one type of chemical in fruitC The types of fruit people should avoidC How birds digest poisonous fruit84 What method of spreading seeds does the class discuss?A Seeds are blown by the windB Seeds stick to animal furC Seeds are collected by farmers and planted as cropsC Seeds are eaten by animals and deposited in the soil85 What two benefits of glycoalkaloids does the professor mention?Click on 2 answersA They discourage animals from eating tomatoes before they ripenB They improve the taste of nightshade berriesC They inhibit the growth of fungi on fruitD They give fruit an attractive color86 What does the professor say about the taste of certain fruits than contain glycoalkaloids?A The fruits can taste bitter to peopleB The fruits taste sweet to most birdsC The fruits are so distasteful that no animals eat thenD The fruits have naturally evolved to have a milder flavor87 What reason does the professor mention tor tomatoes going bad at the grocery store?A They are kept too coldB They contain too many glycoalkaloidsC They are covered with a thick layer of waxD They do not have enough resistance to fungi88 What is the discussion mainly about?A A different type of cloud formationB A type of seed that needs little waterC An effort to reduce the amount of acid rainD A technique for increasing the quantity of rain89 According to the discussion, what is the main consideration when choosing a seeding agent?A The direction of the windB The temperature of the cloudC The size of the cloudD The types of chemicals in the cloud90 What are super cooled clouds?A Clouds that produce ice stormsB Clouds that have been treated with dry iceC Clouds that are below freezing in temperatureD Clouds that have moved from a hot a cold location91 What happens when dry ice or silver iodide is added to a cloud?A The water in the cloud turns into snowB The cloud becomes largerC The cloud releases raindropsD The water in the cloud becomes warmer92 What is preventing the large-scale use of cloud seeding?Click on 2 answersA A shortage of seeding agentsB A lack of knowledge about the effect of cloud seeding on surrounding areasC A lack of laws that regulate cloud seedingD A shortage of pilots trained in cloud seeding。
托福TPO40听力Lecture真题解析
TPO，即toefl Practice Online的首写字母，就是托福在线练习的意思，TPO可以为考生提供全真的模拟考试环境和过往真题，而TPO题库也是有着不断的更新。
在托福听力备考中，想要快速提升自己的托福听力能力，选择好适合的练习材料是个非常重要的环节。
而对于很多备考托福的学生来说，TPO往往就是一个首先的备考材料。
托福TPO40听力Lecture11. What point does the professor make about the writing of a formal analysis in art history?a. Its objective is to identify common features of several works of art.b. Its most important part is the explanation of an artwork's significance.c. Several styles of writing a formal analysis are used by art historians.d. A particular approach is required to present Information about an artwork.答案：D破题关键词汇：formal analysis in art history解析：(从第22秒开始，原文重现：I gave you a list of appropriate works of art for you to write about, so your next step in this process needs to be, to go look at the work you selected as your topic, and bring a pencil and a notepad with you, because I don’t mean you should just drop by at the museum, and glance at it, so you can say you see it in real life, you need to go and sit in front of the work, and really look at it, carefully, slowly, and keep careful notes about what you see, you need them for the kind of art history paper you are going to be writing, it’s what we call a formal analysis. A formal analysis of a work of art, any kind of art, is based on its formal qualities, which means qualities related to the form, things like color,texture, line, shapes, proportion, and composition.)教授在开篇就对formal analysis进行了介绍，它是用一种特殊的方式用来呈现一件艺术品的信息，比如需要基于它的一些属性，如颜色，质地，线条，形状，比例，组成等等，所以D选项正确。
托福TPOminilectures
1 What is the talk mainly about?A Symbolism in African rock artB Differences between European and African rock artC Conservation of African rock artD New discoveries of African rock art2 According to the professor, what are two main causes of damage to African rock art?Click on 2 answersA PollutionB The weatherC AnimalsD Tourists3 Why dose the professor mention the Getty InstituteA It is helping to photograph the artB It is displaying samples of the art the schoolC One of its members discovered the paintings in the SaharaD One of its members found a way to determine the age of African paintings4 How do the African rock paintings differ from European rock paintings?A The African paintings more frequently depict peopleB The African paintings are more abstractC The African paintings do not depict animalsD The African paintings are less colorful5 According to the professor, what was unusual about the paint used by some African rock artists?A Animal blood was one of its ingredientsB It was a mixture of charcoal and waterC It reflected lightD The sun and rain did not fade its color6 What was learned about the Sahara from African rock art?A It was much larger than its present size.B Its people migrated to southern Europe.C It once had plenty of rainfall.D It was once separate from the African continent.7 What is purpose of the talk?A To show the effect of poetry on society.B To point out stylistic similarities of two poets.C To compare the social structure of the United States before and after the Civil War.D To introduce the poetry of a particular period.8 What does professor say about fiction during the period immediately after the Civil War?A It changed more than any other type of literature.B It usually dealt with war-related themes.C It was unpopular with the general readerD It lacked the innovations found in other forms of literature.9 According to professor, what two subjects would most likely be the source of inspiration for a poem by Emily Dickinson?Click on 2 answersA Children falling asleep.B The political life of a United States president.C The events of a Civil War battle.D A flower garden.10 According to the professor, what aspect of Emily Dickinson’s poetry was innovative?A The unusual rhyme scheme.B The combining of profound ideas with familiar images.C The complex vocabulary.D The length of the verses in her later poetry.11 What does the professor say makes Walt Whitman’s poetry particularly notable?A It had a strong impact on Emily Dickinson’s work.B Its messages were rejected by readers.C It abandoned many literary traditionsD It mainly dealt with ordinary experiences.12 What does the professor say may have led Walt Whitman to become a poet?A His love of nature.B His experiences in the Civil War..C His failure at public speaking.D His rejection of science and technology.13 What is the talk mainly about?A Problems with farming during the 1930’s.B The documentary approach to photography.C Improvements in cameras in the 1930’s.D Dorothea Lange’s training in photographic techniques.14 What two factors contributed to the development of Dorothea Lange’s work?A Improvements in photographic equipment.B The need to gain support for aid programs.C Her ability to explain to people how they should pose.D Government funding of research in camera technology.15 Why did many farmers leave the southern Great during the 19230’s?A Cold weather froze their crops.B The government paid them to move off the land.C They hoped to find work in California.D Rain had flooded their land.16 Why does the professor talk about Dorothea Lange’s work?A She took powerful photographs of landscapes.B She improvements to photographic equipment changed the field of photography.C She organized a government program.D Her photographs are representative of the documentary style of photography.17 what would be the most likely subject of a Lange photograph?A A newly built farmhouse.B A homeless farmer.C A famous politician.D A bowl of fruit.18 What was the result of Dorothea Lange’s work at the camp in California?A Photographers were restricted from entering migrant camps.B Farmers were given money to pay for the crop of peas.C Food supplies were delivered to the camp.D The workers were offered good jobs in California.19 what is the talk mainly about?A Effects of advertising on a societyB The benefits of advertising for consumersC The role of the FTC in international advertisingD Deception in advertising20 What is the purpose of the professor's talk?A To provide a history of the FTC.B To introduce students to various methods of advertising.C To demonstrate how easily consumers are confused.D To defend advertising against criticism that it is misleading.21 What is the professor's opinion about most advertising?A It leads consumers to make unwise decisions.B It unnecessarily raises the cost of a product.C It does not deceive consumers.D It has little effect on consumers' buying patterns.22 According to the professor, what does the FTC do?A It regulates international trade.B It sets standards for the advertising industry.C It imposes taxes on nonessential products.D It assists new advertising agencies.23 When is an advertisement considered deceptive?A When claims about a product are exaggerated.B When reasonable consumers are misled about an important aspect of a product.C When the FTC collects an adequate number of complaints about an advertisement.D When the majority of consumers refuse to buy a product based on information in the advertisement.24 What is puffery?A An exaggeration of a product's quality.B Intentionally deceptive advertisements.C Advertisements for beauty products.D A fine charged by the FTC.25 What is the tale mainly about?A An experiment that measured sleep patterns.B A new way to stay awake longer.C A sleep disorder that affects many people.D An unusual method of treating sleeplessness.26 What are circadian rhythms?A The rate at which the heart beats during sleep.B Cycles of biological activities.C A series of research studies about sleep.D Social cues that signal daily functions.27 How did the subjects in the research study indicate the end of a sleeping session?A They rang a bell.B They opened the curtains.C They turned on the lights.D They recorded the time in a special notebook.28 What did the researchers conclude about the human sleep/wake cycle?A It is equivalent to the time span of one day.B It is the same for all humans.C It is substantially different from those of other organisms.D It is slightly longer than 24 hours.29 Which signals in the environment help humans reset their sleep cycle?Click on 2 answers.A Telephones.B Clocks.C Outdoor sounds.D Sunlight.30 According to the professor, why must the circadian rhythm of sleep be reset each day?A It differs from regular daily schedules.B It is affected by daily weather changes.C People go to sleep at different times each night.D People do not nap as often as they should.31 What is the talk mainly about?A Early childhood education.B Piaget's educational background.C Infants' awareness of their surroundings.D Infants' lack of response to unfamiliar situations.32 How does recent research affect Piaget's theories?A It shows that repeated exposure to objects does not have an impact on an infant's curiosity.B It contradicts his ideas on object permanence.C It shows that infant heart rate is not affected by exciting experiences.D It demonstrates that habituation does not take place in infancy.33 According to Piaget, how do young infants react when they see something unusual?Click on 2 answers.A They become upset.B They show no emotion.C They look at it.D They become excited.34 What was Piaget's experiment on object permanence supposed to determine?A Whether infants recognize something they have seen before.B Whether infants recognize variations in the sizes of objects.C Whether infants get frightened by large objects.D Whether infants believe hidden objects still exist.35 How did the more recent experiment on object permanence differ from Piaget's earlier experiment?Click on 2 answers.A The recent experiment tested whether babies would react to an impossible situation.B The recent experiment involved younger children than Piaget's did.C The recent experiment examined how infants interacted with each other.D The recent experiment used only infant girls as subjects.36 To which situation did the infants have a noticeable reaction?A A short carrot passing behind a solid screen.B A short carrot passing behind a window screen.C A long carrot passing behind a solid screen.D A long carrot passing behind a window screen.37 What is the talk mainly about?A Similarities between vision in cats and in humans.B Hunting techniques of cats.C The position of the eyes on the faces of mammals.D Distinctive features of a cat's vision.38 What does the professor imply is a popular misconception about cats?A They are able to see in the dark.B They are good hunters.C They rely on smell more than sight for hunting.D They are unable to see in three dimensions.39 What are two areas in which cats' visual abilities are better than humans' ?Click on 2 answers.A Judging distances.B Seeing images clearly.C Seeing in poor light.D Sensing movement.40 What role does guanin play in the visual processes of a cat?A It causes the cat's pupils to dilate.B It reflects light from the cat's retina.C It prevents the blurring of images.D It allows the cat to see colors.41 What does the professor say is one way mice are sometimes able to escape detection by cats?A By running through a dimly lit area.B By jumping onto high objects.C By standing still.D By running behind the cat.42 What does the position of the eyes on a cat's face help the cat do?A See animals that are not moving.B See objects in poorly lit surroundings.C Judge distances accurately.D Distinguish between shades of color.43 What does the professor mainly discuss?A Plants eaten by desert animals.B The differences between various types of cacti.C Why some desert plants are larger than others.D How plants are able to live in the desert.44 What does the professor say about the seeds of an annual desert plant?A They sprout only under favorable conditions.B They are encased in a very thin shell.C They are attractive as a food source for desert birdsD They can hold a large amount of moisture.45 What are two features of their leaves help some desert plants avoid water loss? Click on 2 answers.A They are covered with a kind of wax.B They reflect sunlight.C They are very small.D They are covered with tiny holes.46 When do the stems of a succulent plant become enlarged?A When the temperature gets very hot.B When it rains.C When a predator is near.D When the plant is ready to disperse its seeds.47 What does the professor say about the roots of a succulent plant?A They usually grow above the ground.B They can be eaten.C They are close to the surface of the ground.D They are filled with water.48 What are the two primary functions of the sharp spines on a cactus plant?A They prevent animals from eating the plant.B They channel water toward the roots of the plant.C They allow oxygen to be released from the plant.D They attract pollinating insects to the plant.49 What is the talk mainly about?A The diet of white-tailed deer.B Techniques used by predators to catch deer.C Types of shelter found in deer yards.D The use of trails by white-tailed deer.50 Why are the trails of the white-tailed deer important for their food supply?Click on 2 answers.A The deer follow the trails to eat in areas outside the home range.B The deer eat plants growing alongside the trails.C The deer use the trails to travel to their feeding grounds.D The deer build trails around their yards to protect their food supply.51 What is the primary function of runways?A To connect the larger trails in the home range to each other.B To allow deer to move easily to new yards.C To provide a direct route to the deer yard.D To permit several deer to move together along a path.52 What happens to the trail system when food becomes scarce in winter?A It is damaged from overuse.B It is expanded.C It is joined with another herd’s trails.D It is abandoned.53 According to the professor, why do the deer need to know the entire network of trails?Click on 2 answersA To enable them to find their yards in bad weatherB To help them guard the boundaries of the home range from other deerC To allow them to escape when pursued.D To assist them in detecting predators in their territory.54 According to the professor, why is deep snow dangerous for white-tailed deer?A The deer are unable to move quickly through the snow.B Predators can easily conceal themselves in the snow.C The hooves of the deer become brittle in the cold snow.D The deer cannot see the trail underneath the snow.55 What is the purpose of the talk?A To explain some factors contributing to the perception of color.B To describe the dangerous effects of sunlight.C To describe the wave patterns of ocean currents.D To argue against a popular theory of the behavior of light.56 According to the professor, what must be true of a light wave in order for the human eye to see it?A It must be longer than the wavelength seen as the color red.B It cannot be reflected by objects in its path.C It must be partially absorbed by the molecules surrounding it.D It must fall within a certain range of wavelengths.57 Look at the diagram of the visible spectrum. What does the professor imply is true of the wavelength that is seen as the color orange?A It is longer than the wavelength seen as blue.B It is not a component of white light.C Its value is the same as the wavelength seen as red.D It generally does not strike obstacles in the air.58 What does the professor try to explain by discussing ocean waves?A How piers are weakened by wave action.B How prisms function.C What happens to light waves in Earth’s atmosphere.D Why it is difficult to predict patterns in ocean currents.59 To what does the professor compare the iron columns of piers?A A line of soldiers.B Obstacles in the atmosphere.C Electromagnetic waves.C A prism.60 What does the apparent color of an object depend on?A The texture of the objectB The wavelength of light than reflects off of the object.C The temperature of the air that surrounds the object.D The weight of the object.61 What is the talk mainly about?A The cycle of water in the environment.B The creation of the Grand Canyon.C The stages in a stream’s development.D The effect of erosion on streams.62 According to the professor, what’s is a graded stream?A A stream than does not wear down or build up is channel.B A stream than meanders from side to side.C A stream with flood plain.D A stream than deposits soil in its channel.63 What are the characteristics of a young stream?Click on 2 answersA It deposits material in the channel bottom.B It follows a straight path.C It does not have rapids or falls.D It creates s V-shaped valley.64 Why is misleading to say than streams age like people?Click on 2 answersA It is hard to estimate when a stream first flows.B Steams can flow for many years but remain youthful.C Streams can return to youth from maturity.D It is difficult to identify a stream’s stage of development.65 Why does the professor mention the Colorado River?A To show than an ancient river can have youthful qualitiesB To demonstrate the process of canyon formation.C To give an example of a river cutting through soft material.C To illustrate the characteristics of a river in old age.66 How does a stream become rejuvenated?A Its starts to meander.B Its valley becomes wider.C Its channel becomes deeper.D Its elevation rises.67 What does the professor mainly discuss?A The need to build reservoirs.B The melting of ice at the North Pole.C Why planets rotate at a constant rate.D How human activity may affect the whole Earth.68 What does the professor say about ocean currents?A They cause air pressure patterns to vary.B They may be used someday to generate electricity.C They influence the Earth’s rotation.D They are breaking up the polar ice sheets.6970 Why does the professor compare the spinning Earth to an ice-skater?A To illustrate the most efficient use of energy.B To show the effect of shifting mass toward the axis.C To demonstrate how wind resistance affects rotation.D To explain the relation between science and art.71 What does the professor imply might be one effect of building more large reservoirs?A The Earth would rotate faster.B The atmosphere would warm less rapidly.C Floods would occur more frequently.D The level of the oceans would rise.72 What does the professor say about the length of a day?A It is a constant on which many other measurements are based.B It has increased very slightly over the last forty years.C It may be affected by the size and location of reservoirs.D It seems to have increased greatly due to electric power.73What is the discussion mainly about?A Different kinds of pianos.B The history of the harpsichord and the piano.C The mechanics of two keyboard instruments.D Music written for different keyboard instruments.74 Why does the class meet in a studio?A To make a recording.B To see the instruments in the studioC To attend a concertD Because their classroom is not available.75 What three features are common to both the piano and the harpsichord?Click on 3 answersA HammersB StringsC KeysD PlectrumsE A frame76 What does the professor say about the strings inside a piano?A They are arranged according to length.B They produce higher tones than the strings inside a harpsichord.C They all have the same thickness.D They are held in place by a piece of leather.77 What will the students most likely do next?A Play a piece on the pianoB Watch how a sound is produced on a harpsichordC Take a quiz about keyboard instrumentsD Compose a piece for a keyboard instrument78 What is the discussion mainly about?A Variations in children’s writing abilityB Children’s knowledge of written languageC Classroom techniques for teaching children how to readC Differences between spoken and written language forms79 According to the discussion, what is the relationship between written and spoken language?A Written language is a way of representing spoken languageB Written language develops independently of spoken languageC Written language is more precise than spoken languageC Written language requires a broader vocabulary than spoken language8081 According to the discussion, which activity can help young children learn what written symbols represent?A Reciting the letters of the alphabetB Looking at many words in printC Attending school at an early ageC Practicing forming letters on a page82 What is “metalinguistic awareness”?A The knowledge of a number of different languagesB An awareness of different approaches to language teachingC The ability to communicate using languageD An awareness of how language functions83 What is the discussion mainly about?A Pesticides used by fruit farmersB The function of one type of chemical in fruitC The types of fruit people should avoidC How birds digest poisonous fruit84 What method of spreading seeds does the class discuss?A Seeds are blown by the windB Seeds stick to animal furC Seeds are collected by farmers and planted as cropsC Seeds are eaten by animals and deposited in the soil85 What two benefits of glycoalkaloids does the professor mention?Click on 2 answersA They discourage animals from eating tomatoes before they ripenB They improve the taste of nightshade berriesC They inhibit the growth of fungi on fruitD They give fruit an attractive color86 What does the professor say about the taste of certain fruits than contain glycoalkaloids?A The fruits can taste bitter to peopleB The fruits taste sweet to most birdsC The fruits are so distasteful that no animals eat thenD The fruits have naturally evolved to have a milder flavor87 What reason does the professor mention tor tomatoes going bad at the grocery store?A They are kept too coldB They contain too many glycoalkaloidsC They are covered with a thick layer of waxD They do not have enough resistance to fungi88 What is the discussion mainly about?A A different type of cloud formationB A type of seed that needs little waterC An effort to reduce the amount of acid rainD A technique for increasing the quantity of rain89 According to the discussion, what is the main consideration when choosing a seeding agent?A The direction of the windB The temperature of the cloudC The size of the cloudD The types of chemicals in the cloud90 What are super cooled clouds?A Clouds that produce ice stormsB Clouds that have been treated with dry iceC Clouds that are below freezing in temperatureD Clouds that have moved from a hot a cold location91 What happens when dry ice or silver iodide is added to a cloud?A The water in the cloud turns into snowB The cloud becomes largerC The cloud releases raindropsD The water in the cloud becomes warmer92 What is preventing the large-scale use of cloud seeding?Click on 2 answersA A shortage of seeding agentsB A lack of knowledge about the effect of cloud seeding on surrounding areasC A lack of laws that regulate cloud seedingD A shortage of pilots trained in cloud seeding。
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1 What is the talk mainly about?A Symbolism in African rock artB Differences between European and African rock artC Conservation of African rock artD New discoveries of African rock art2 According to the professor, what are two main causes of damage to African rock art?Click on 2 answersA PollutionB The weatherC AnimalsD T ourists3 Why dose the professor mention the Getty InstituteA It is helping to photograph the artB It is displaying samples of the art the schoolC One of its members discovered the paintings in the SaharaD One of its members found a way to determine the age of African paintings4 How do the African rock paintings differ from European rock paintings?A The African paintings more frequently depict peopleB The African paintings are more abstractC The African paintings do not depict animalsD The African paintings are less colorful5 According to the professor, what was unusual about the paint used by some African rock artists?A Animal blood was one of its ingredientsB It was a mixture of charcoal and waterC It reflected lightD The sun and rain did not fade its color6 What was learned about the Sahara from African rock art?A It was much larger than its present size.B Its people migrated to southern Europe.C It once had plenty of rainfall.D It was once separate from the African continent.7 What is purpose of the talk?A To show the effect of poetry on society.B To point out stylistic similarities of two poets.C To compare the social structure of the United States before and after the Civil War.D To introduce the poetry of a particular period.8 What does professor say about fiction during the period immediately after the Civil War?A It changed more than any other type of literature.B It usually dealt with war-related themes.C It was unpopular with the general readerD It lacked the innovations found in other forms of literature.9 According to professor, what two subjects would most likely be the source of inspiration for a poem by Emily Dickinson?Click on 2 answersA Children falling asleep.B The political life of a United States president.C The events of a Civil War battle.D A flower garden.10 According to the professor, what aspect of Emily Dickinson’s poetry was innovative?A The unusual rhyme scheme.B The combining of profound ideas with familiar images.C The complex vocabulary.D The length of the verses in her later poetry.11 What does the professor say makes Walt Whitman’s poetry particularly notable?A It had a strong impact on Emily Dickinson’s work.B Its messages were rejected by readers.C It abandoned many literary traditionsD It mainly dealt with ordinary experiences.12 What does the professor say may have led Walt Whitman to become a poet?A His love of nature.B His experiences in the Civil War..C His failure at public speaking.D His rejection of science and technology.13 What is the talk mainly about?A Problems with farming during the 1930’s.B The documentary approach to photography.C Improvements in cameras in the 1930’s.D Dorothea Lange’s training in photographic techniques.14 What two factors contributed to the development of Dorothea Lange’s work?A Improvements in photographic equipment.B The need to gain support for aid programs.C Her ability to explain to people how they should pose.D Government funding of research in camera technology.15 Why did many farmers leave the southern Great during the 19230’s?A Cold weather froze their crops.B The government paid them to move off the land.C They hoped to find work in California.D Rain had flooded their land.16 Why does the professor talk about Dorothea Lange’s work?A She took powerful photographs of landscapes.B She improvements to photographic equipment changed the field of photography.C She organized a government program.D Her photographs are representative of the documentary style of photography.17 what would be the most likely subject of a Lange photograph?A A newly built farmhouse.B A homeless farmer.C A famous politician.D A bowl of fruit.18 What was the result of Dorothea Lange’s work at the camp in California?A Photographers were restricted from entering migrant camps.B Farmers were given money to pay for the crop of peas.C Food supplies were delivered to the camp.D The workers were offered good jobs in California.19 what is the talk mainly about?A Effects of advertising on a societyB The benefits of advertising for consumersC The role of the FTC in international advertisingD Deception in advertising20 What is the purpose of the professor's talk?A To provide a history of the FTC.B T o introduce students to various methods of advertising.C To demonstrate how easily consumers are confused.D T o defend advertising against criticism that it is misleading.21 What is the professor's opinion about most advertising?A It leads consumers to make unwise decisions.B It unnecessarily raises the cost of a product.C It does not deceive consumers.D It has little effect on consumers' buying patterns.22 According to the professor, what does the FTC do?A It regulates international trade.B It sets standards for the advertising industry.C It imposes taxes on nonessential products.D It assists new advertising agencies.23 When is an advertisement considered deceptive?A When claims about a product are exaggerated.B When reasonable consumers are misled about an important aspect of a product.C When the FTC collects an adequate number of complaints about an advertisement.D When the majority of consumers refuse to buy a product based on information in the advertisement.24 What is puffery?A An exaggeration of a product's quality.B Intentionally deceptive advertisements.C Advertisements for beauty products.D A fine charged by the FTC.25 What is the tale mainly about?A An experiment that measured sleep patterns.B A new way to stay awake longer.C A sleep disorder that affects many people.D An unusual method of treating sleeplessness.26 What are circadian rhythms?A The rate at which the heart beats during sleep.B Cycles of biological activities.C A series of research studies about sleep.D Social cues that signal daily functions.27 How did the subjects in the research study indicate the end of a sleeping session?A They rang a bell.B They opened the curtains.C They turned on the lights.D They recorded the time in a special notebook.28 What did the researchers conclude about the human sleep/wake cycle?A It is equivalent to the time span of one day.B It is the same for all humans.C It is substantially different from those of other organisms.D It is slightly longer than 24 hours.29 Which signals in the environment help humans reset their sleep cycle?Click on 2 answers.A Telephones.B Clocks.C Outdoor sounds.D Sunlight.30 According to the professor, why must the circadian rhythm of sleep be reset each day?A It differs from regular daily schedules.B It is affected by daily weather changes.C People go to sleep at different times each night.D People do not nap as often as they should.31 What is the talk mainly about?A Early childhood education.B Piaget's educational background.C Infants' awareness of their surroundings.D Infants' lack of response to unfamiliar situations.32 How does recent research affect Piaget's theories?A It shows that repeated exposure to objects does not have an impact on an infant's curiosity.B It contradicts his ideas on object permanence.C It shows that infant heart rate is not affected by exciting experiences.D It demonstrates that habituation does not take place in infancy.33 According to Piaget, how do young infants react when they see something unusual?Click on 2 answers.A They become upset.B They show no emotion.C They look at it.D They become excited.34 What was Piaget's experiment on object permanence supposed to determine?A Whether infants recognize something they have seen before.B Whether infants recognize variations in the sizes of objects.C Whether infants get frightened by large objects.D Whether infants believe hidden objects still exist.35 How did the more recent experiment on object permanence differ from Piaget's earlier experiment?Click on 2 answers.A The recent experiment tested whether babies would react to an impossible situation.B The recent experiment involved younger children than Piaget's did.C The recent experiment examined how infants interacted with each other.D The recent experiment used only infant girls as subjects.36 To which situation did the infants have a noticeable reaction?A A short carrot passing behind a solid screen.B A short carrot passing behind a window screen.C A long carrot passing behind a solid screen.D A long carrot passing behind a window screen.37 What is the talk mainly about?A Similarities between vision in cats and in humans.B Hunting techniques of cats.C The position of the eyes on the faces of mammals.D Distinctive features of a cat's vision.38 What does the professor imply is a popular misconception about cats?A They are able to see in the dark.B They are good hunters.C They rely on smell more than sight for hunting.D They are unable to see in three dimensions.39 What are two areas in which cats' visual abilities are better than humans' ?Click on 2 answers.A Judging distances.B Seeing images clearly.C Seeing in poor light.D Sensing movement.40 What role does guanin play in the visual processes of a cat?A It causes the cat's pupils to dilate.B It reflects light from the cat's retina.C It prevents the blurring of images.D It allows the cat to see colors.41 What does the professor say is one way mice are sometimes able to escape detection by cats?A By running through a dimly lit area.B By jumping onto high objects.C By standing still.D By running behind the cat.42 What does the position of the eyes on a cat's face help the cat do?A See animals that are not moving.B See objects in poorly lit surroundings.C Judge distances accurately.D Distinguish between shades of color.43 What does the professor mainly discuss?A Plants eaten by desert animals.B The differences between various types of cacti.C Why some desert plants are larger than others.D How plants are able to live in the desert.44 What does the professor say about the seeds of an annual desert plant?A They sprout only under favorable conditions.B They are encased in a very thin shell.C They are attractive as a food source for desert birdsD They can hold a large amount of moisture.45 What are two features of their leaves help some desert plants avoid water loss? Click on 2 answers.A They are covered with a kind of wax.B They reflect sunlight.C They are very small.D They are covered with tiny holes.46 When do the stems of a succulent plant become enlarged?A When the temperature gets very hot.B When it rains.C When a predator is near.D When the plant is ready to disperse its seeds.47 What does the professor say about the roots of a succulent plant?A They usually grow above the ground.B They can be eaten.C They are close to the surface of the ground.D They are filled with water.48 What are the two primary functions of the sharp spines on a cactus plant?A They prevent animals from eating the plant.B They channel water toward the roots of the plant.C They allow oxygen to be released from the plant.D They attract pollinating insects to the plant.49 What is the talk mainly about?A The diet of white-tailed deer.B T echniques used by predators to catch deer.C Types of shelter found in deer yards.D The use of trails by white-tailed deer.50 Why are the trails of the white-tailed deer important for their food supply?Click on 2 answers.A The deer follow the trails to eat in areas outside the home range.B The deer eat plants growing alongside the trails.C The deer use the trails to travel to their feeding grounds.D The deer build trails around their yards to protect their food supply.51 What is the primary function of runways?A To connect the larger trails in the home range to each other.B To allow deer to move easily to new yards.C To provide a direct route to the deer yard.D To permit several deer to move together along a path.52 What happens to the trail system when food becomes scarce in winter?A It is damaged from overuse.B It is expanded.C It is joined with another herd’s trails.D It is abandoned.53 According to the professor, why do the deer need to know the entire network of trails?Click on 2 answersA To enable them to find their yards in bad weatherB To help them guard the boundaries of the home range from other deerC To allow them to escape when pursued.D To assist them in detecting predators in their territory.54 According to the professor, why is deep snow dangerous for white-tailed deer?A The deer are unable to move quickly through the snow.B Predators can easily conceal themselves in the snow.C The hooves of the deer become brittle in the cold snow.D The deer cannot see the trail underneath the snow.55 What is the purpose of the talk?A To explain some factors contributing to the perception of color.B To describe the dangerous effects of sunlight.C To describe the wave patterns of ocean currents.D To argue against a popular theory of the behavior of light.56 According to the professor, what must be true of a light wave in order for the human eye to see it?A It must be longer than the wavelength seen as the color red.B It cannot be reflected by objects in its path.C It must be partially absorbed by the molecules surrounding it.D It must fall within a certain range of wavelengths.57 Look at the diagram of the visible spectrum. What does the professor imply is true of the wavelength that is seen as the color orange?A It is longer than the wavelength seen as blue.B It is not a component of white light.C Its value is the same as the wavelength seen as red.D It generally does not strike obstacles in the air.58 What does the professor try to explain by discussing ocean waves?A How piers are weakened by wave action.B How prisms function.C What happens to light waves in Earth’s atmosphere.D Why it is difficult to predict patterns in ocean currents.59 To what does the professor compare the iron columns of piers?A A line of soldiers.B Obstacles in the atmosphere.C Electromagnetic waves.C A prism.60 What does the apparent color of an object depend on?A The texture of the objectB The wavelength of light than reflects off of the object.C The temperature of the air that surrounds the object.D The weight of the object.61 What is the talk mainly about?A The cycle of water in the environment.B The creation of the Grand Canyon.C The stages in a stream’s development.D The effect of erosion on streams.62 According to the professor, what’s is a graded stream?A A stream than does not wear down or build up is channel.B A stream than meanders from side to side.C A stream with flood plain.D A stream than deposits soil in its channel.63 What are the characteristics of a young stream?Click on 2 answersA It deposits material in the channel bottom.B It follows a straight path.C It does not have rapids or falls.D It creates s V-shaped valley.64 Why is misleading to say than streams age like people?Click on 2 answersA It is hard to estimate when a stream first flows.B Steams can flow for many years but remain youthful.C Streams can return to youth from maturity.D It is difficult to identify a stream’s stage of development.65 Why does the professor mention the Colorado River?A To show than an ancient river can have youthful qualitiesB To demonstrate the process of canyon formation.C To give an example of a river cutting through soft material.C To illustrate the characteristics of a river in old age.66 How does a stream become rejuvenated?A Its starts to meander.B Its valley becomes wider.C Its channel becomes deeper.D Its elevation rises.67 What does the professor mainly discuss?A The need to build reservoirs.B The melting of ice at the North Pole.C Why planets rotate at a constant rate.D How human activity may affect the whole Earth.68 What does the professor say about ocean currents?A They cause air pressure patterns to vary.B They may be used someday to generate electricity.C They influence the Earth’s rotation.D They are breaking up the polar ice sheets.6970 Why does the professor compare the spinning Earth to an ice-skater?A To illustrate the most efficient use of energy.B To show the effect of shifting mass toward the axis.C To demonstrate how wind resistance affects rotation.D To explain the relation between science and art.71 What does the professor imply might be one effect of building more large reservoirs?A The Earth would rotate faster.B The atmosphere would warm less rapidly.C Floods would occur more frequently.D The level of the oceans would rise.72 What does the professor say about the length of a day?A It is a constant on which many other measurements are based.B It has increased very slightly over the last forty years.C It may be affected by the size and location of reservoirs.D It seems to have increased greatly due to electric power.73What is the discussion mainly about?A Different kinds of pianos.B The history of the harpsichord and the piano.C The mechanics of two keyboard instruments.D Music written for different keyboard instruments.74 Why does the class meet in a studio?A To make a recording.B To see the instruments in the studioC To attend a concertD Because their classroom is not available.75 What three features are common to both the piano and the harpsichord?Click on 3 answersA HammersB StringsC KeysD PlectrumsE A frame76 What does the professor say about the strings inside a piano?A They are arranged according to length.B They produce higher tones than the strings inside a harpsichord.C They all have the same thickness.D They are held in place by a piece of leather.77 What will the students most likely do next?A Play a piece on the pianoB Watch how a sound is produced on a harpsichordC Take a quiz about keyboard instrumentsD Compose a piece for a keyboard instrument78 What is the discussion mainly about?A Variations in children’s writing abilityB Children’s knowledge of written languageC Classroom techniques for teaching children how to readC Differences between spoken and written language forms79 According to the discussion, what is the relationship between written and spoken language?A Written language is a way of representing spoken languageB Written language develops independently of spoken languageC Written language is more precise than spoken languageC Written language requires a broader vocabulary than spoken language8081 According to the discussion, which activity can help young children learn what written symbols represent?A Reciting the letters of the alphabetB Looking at many words in printC Attending school at an early ageC Practicing forming letters on a page82 What is “metalinguistic awareness”?A The knowledge of a number of different languagesB An awareness of different approaches to language teachingC The ability to communicate using languageD An awareness of how language functions83 What is the discussion mainly about?A Pesticides used by fruit farmersB The function of one type of chemical in fruitC The types of fruit people should avoidC How birds digest poisonous fruit84 What method of spreading seeds does the class discuss?A Seeds are blown by the windB Seeds stick to animal furC Seeds are collected by farmers and planted as cropsC Seeds are eaten by animals and deposited in the soil85 What two benefits of glycoalkaloids does the professor mention?Click on 2 answersA They discourage animals from eating tomatoes before they ripenB They improve the taste of nightshade berriesC They inhibit the growth of fungi on fruitD They give fruit an attractive color86 What does the professor say about the taste of certain fruits than contain glycoalkaloids?A The fruits can taste bitter to peopleB The fruits taste sweet to most birdsC The fruits are so distasteful that no animals eat thenD The fruits have naturally evolved to have a milder flavor87 What reason does the professor mention tor tomatoes going bad at the grocery store?A They are kept too coldB They contain too many glycoalkaloidsC They are covered with a thick layer of waxD They do not have enough resistance to fungi88 What is the discussion mainly about?A A different type of cloud formationB A type of seed that needs little waterC An effort to reduce the amount of acid rainD A technique for increasing the quantity of rain89 According to the discussion, what is the main consideration when choosing a seeding agent?A The direction of the windB The temperature of the cloudC The size of the cloudD The types of chemicals in the cloud90 What are super cooled clouds?A Clouds that produce ice stormsB Clouds that have been treated with dry iceC Clouds that are below freezing in temperatureD Clouds that have moved from a hot a cold location91 What happens when dry ice or silver iodide is added to a cloud?A The water in the cloud turns into snowB The cloud becomes largerC The cloud releases raindropsD The water in the cloud becomes warmer92 What is preventing the large-scale use of cloud seeding?Click on 2 answersA A shortage of seeding agentsB A lack of knowledge about the effect of cloud seeding on surrounding areasC A lack of laws that regulate cloud seedingD A shortage of pilots trained in cloud seeding。